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CE 201 - Surveying
Lecture 1
Introduction to the course
Where we need it?
Fundamental to all civil engineering activities
Engineering projects cannot commence
without survey data - design and execution of
projects
They include construction of buildings,
bridges, roads and roadways, pipelines, dams,
ports, and harbors
Also in important in delimitation of land and
property
Collect data for planning, designing, and an
integral part of execution of engineering
projects
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What it means?
Locating points on a surface as well
as above or below it.
It essentially involves locating a point
or finding its coordinates
Surveying techniques are used to
collect accurate data for planning,
designing, and the precise realization
of a project on ground.
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Recent advancements in surveying
instrumentations
Conventional instruments such as chains,
tapes, compass, levels for measuring
horizontal and vertical distances
Versatile digital instruments such as digital
levels, theodolites, electromagnetic distance
measuring devices (EDMs) and total stations
Remote
sensing
and
satellite-based
positioning systems
What does surveying mean to civil
engineers?
The art of determining the relative
positions of points on the surface
of the earth
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What does relative position
mean?
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Relative position
Relative position means location with respect
to a reference point, obtained by measuring distances,
both horizontal and vertical, and angles or directions
Objectives of surveying
Enables us to acquire data on the relative positions,
horizontal distances, and elevations of points
These data are then used for operations such as
preparing plans, maps, land records, layout of
engineering works, calculating areas and volumes
Collect and record data on the relative positions of points
on the surface if the earth
Compute areas and volumes using this data
Prepare plans, maps required for various activities
Lay out using survey data of the various engineering works
in correct positions
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Conventional instruments
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Accessories
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Accessories
Levelling
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Automatic digital instruments
Total Station
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Digital levels, Theodolites
A glance over different surveys
According to the purpose and place surveys
can be classified
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Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Reconnaissance
To get an idea about the terrain, its difficult and special features. No
instruments are used
Preliminary surveys
Detailed in scope. Prominent features can be located on a map
Engineering surveys
Very detailed features required to locate engineering projects roads, bldgs.
Geographical surveys Geographical maps for national boundaries, land use, contours, resources
Mine surveys
Include both surface and underground surveys, special techniques to
transfer surface data to underground, general layout of the mines,
underground map for tunnel, shaft designs
Route surveys
For locating roads, railway networks, earth work cutting and banking
Location surveys
To locate points in the grounds based on the plans prepared
Geological surveys
Surface and sub-surface surveys are conducted to locate ore and mineral
deposits, fold and faults
Defense surveys
Aerial surveys conducted by military establishment to locate strategic
positions in the enemy area.
Archaeological
surveys
Conducted to locate relics of antiquity, civilizations, etc.
Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Reconnaissance
To get an idea about the terrain, its difficult and special features. No
instruments are used
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Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Preliminary surveys
Detailed in scope. Prominent features can be located on a map
Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Engineering surveys
Very detailed features required to locate engineering projects roads, bldgs.
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Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Geographical surveys Geographical maps for national boundaries, land use, contours, resources
Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Mine surveys
Include both surface and underground surveys, special techniques to
transfer surface data to underground, general layout of the mines,
underground map for tunnel, shaft designs
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Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Route surveys
For locating roads, railway networks, earth work cutting and banking
Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Location surveys
To locate points in the grounds based on the plans prepared
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Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Geological surveys
Surface and sub-surface surveys are conducted to locate ore and mineral
deposits, fold and faults
Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Defense surveys
Aerial surveys conducted by military establishment to locate strategic
positions in the enemy area.
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Purpose based survey
Method
What and why?
Archaeological
surveys
Conducted to locate relics of antiquity, civilizations, etc.
Place based survey
Method
What and why?
Land survey
For partitioning of land, determine their areas, locate boundaries of
properties, topo surveys to locate important features like buildings, rivers,
dams, cadastral surveys for agricultural fields, houses, other property, city
surveys for exact locations of the features.
Hydrographic survey
Deals with water bodies, lakes, streams, rivers, coastal areas, data to design
water navigation system, determine shorelines, for structures built in waters
Aerial survey
Takes photographs of the surface of the earth in overlapping strips of land.
Extensive areas can be covered. Also known as photogrammetric survey.
Expensive and used for large projects
Underground survey
In case of mines and tunnels. Done by transferring ground points to the
underground level and conducting surveys of tunnels, caves, mines, etc.
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Place based survey
Method
What and why?
Land survey
For partitioning of land, determine their areas, locate boundaries of
properties, topo surveys to locate important features like buildings, rivers,
dams, cadastral surveys for agricultural fields, houses, other property, city
surveys for exact locations of the features.
Place based survey
Method
What and why?
Hydrographic survey
Deals with water bodies, lakes, streams, rivers, coastal areas, data to design
water navigation system, determine shorelines, for structures built in waters
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Place based survey
Method
What and why?
Aerial survey
Takes photographs of the surface of the earth in overlapping strips of land.
Extensive areas can be covered. Also known as photogrammetric survey.
Expensive and used for large projects
Place based survey
Method
What and why?
Underground survey
In case of mines and tunnels. Done by transferring ground points to the
underground level and conducting surveys of tunnels, caves, mines, etc.
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Satellite-based survey
Significance
Surveying is a core subject for Civil Engineers
It is the starting point for many projects
Several projects, for example, transportation
systems such as roads and railways, buildings,
bridges, dams and so on have to start with
surveying as the basic operation
Knowledge of surveying is thus fundamental
and very useful to the civil engineering
professionals
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