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Ch02 Bones Coloring The Anatomy

anatomy coloring book

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634 views24 pages

Ch02 Bones Coloring The Anatomy

anatomy coloring book

Uploaded by

kthw16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEMS: BOWE STRUCTURE CH: Use ght ue foe ©, tan coor fr, vary light coer for Eand F, yoo fr | and red for J (1) Tha ttle "od marrow” s nat fo be coleed a the red marow inthis bones ot shown, having been replaced by yellow marow during alr. Ony pate he yew marow inte medulary avi shown. Lave tha avy (6) a encolered 2) Color te vertoel Ba hs ght which represents the eiphyale (A) end te clpayai(8) ef fe long bone, Bone is Iving, vascular structure, composed of organic tissue (cel, bers. extracel: lular mattx, vessels, nerves—about 35% ofa bore’s weight and mineral (calcium hyoronyapatite—about 65% of a Bones weight), Bone functions as @ suppert structure, site o attachment for skeletal muscle, igaments, tendons, an joint capsules, a ‘Source of calum, and a significant ste of blood call development (hematopoiesis) for the entre body. Here we show a long bone, spectically the femur, the Bone othe thigh, SPIPWYSISs ‘The epiphysis isthe end a along bone or any part of a bone separated from the main ‘body of an immature bone by cartilage tis formed trom a secondary site of osstica- tion Its largely cancellous bone, and ts articulating surface Is ined wih 3-6 mm of hyaline (arcu) cartage. The epiphysis Is suppled by vessels trom tne joint capsule. DIAPHYSISe “Tho Glapysis i the shat or central pat of along bone. Ithas a martow-ilad cavity (rmedulary cavity) suroundea by compact bone which Is lined externally by periosteum ‘and internally by andosteum (not shown}. The dlaphysts is formed from one or more primary sites cf osstcaton and is supplied by one or more nuent arteries, ARTIGULAR CARTILAGE < ‘Aticular catlage is emocth, slippery, porous, mallesble, nsenstve, and bloodless; It isthe only remaining evidence of an aduit bones carilaginovs past. itis massaged by ‘movement, parmiting absorption o! synovial tid, oxygen, and nutiens. articular (hyaline) cartlage is elso nourished by vessels from the subchondral bone. Bones ‘ofa eynovial joint make physical contac at ther cartiaginaus ends. The degenerative process of atts volves the breakdown and fsrilation of articular cartage, PERIOSTEUM > Periosteum isa fibrous, cell, vascular, and highly sensitive fe support sheath for ‘bone, providing nutient blood for bone cells anc! a source of osteoprogenite cells throughout if, it does not cover articular cartlage. CANCELLOUS (SPONGY): BOWE e CCancallous (pong) bone consists of interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone Inthe eplphyeee of lng bones, the bodies ofthe verlabrae, and other bones wihout caves, ‘The spaces among the trabeculae ara filed with red or yellow martow and blood vee sels, Cancellous bone forms 2 dynamic aticed truss capable of mechanical alteration (reorientation, construction, destruction) in response tothe stresses of weight, postural change, and muscle tension. GOMPACT BOWGr ‘Compact bone ls dense bone characterized In long bones by microscopic hollow cin {ere of bone (naversian systems) interwoven wih non-cylindtcal tamale of bone It forms the tout walls ofthe claphyeis of lng bones an the inner outer surface of ther bones wnere there I ro articular carllage—e.g., he flat Bones ofthe skull Blood vse reach the bane cela by a sytem of integrated canals. MEDULLARY CAVITYe:- ‘The macuilary eaiy isthe cavity ofthe dlaphysie. contains marrow redin tne young, turing to yellow in many ‘ong bones In maturty. iis lined by endosteal isu (hin connective tseue with many esteoprogenitor cel) BED, MARROW. Fed marrow isa red, gelatinous substance composed of red and white blood calls ina variety of developmental fxm (hematopoletic issue) and specialized cepilaries {Ginusokds) enmesned'in reticular aue. in adit, red marrow is generally limited to the sternum, vertebrae, 18, hip Benes, clavices, and cranial bones. YELLOW MARROW, Yellow marrow i aly connective isaue that Is not productive of blood cel. replaces ed marrow in the epiphyses and medullary caviles of long bones, and cancelous bone of other bones. WUTHIENT ARTERY. /ORANCHES - “The nutrient artery isthe principal artery and major supplier of oxygen and rsrients to the shaft or body ofa bone: its branches snake through the labyrinthine canals of tne haversian systems and other tubular cavities of bones. 20 0012, 168 [ANTERIOR VIEW (Uettemur Creal secon thous proximal elon “Gnd sasclon of redsary Cay yet on foramen | Sac SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEMS 21 AVIAL /APPENDIGULAR SUELETON ‘ON: Use Sah but contrasting colors for A and (1) Cole the axa skoiton (A in al ee views, ‘Bp not coo the spaces between the rs (necostal, (21 Cole the darker, ullned appencicua skeleton (8) (3) Cole the srowe Kenting Bone shapettosscaton CLASSIFICATION OF BOWES... 2OWG- SHORT. PLAT. IRREGULAR SESAMOID BAL SBELSTOMs ‘The exal skeleton, the principal supportive ‘stucture ofthe body, i viene slong is ‘adian longludinal ss It Includes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and hyoid bons. Much ofthe mabilty ofthe tors is due to the multiple ‘aticulations throughout the vertebral column, QAPPEUDIGULAR SRELETOW ‘The apponsieuar skeleton includes the pectoral and peivic girdles and the bones ofthe rms, forearms, wists, hands, thighs, logs, end eet. Tha joints ofthe appencicular skeleton make pssble a considerable degree o freedom for the upper and lower limbs. Fractures and lalocations are more common inthis part ofthe skeleton, but mote serious Inthe axial skeleton, ‘ones have a verity of shapes and dely classification by shape; yet such a classica tion historically exists. Long bones are clearly longer in one axls than in another they are characterized by @ medullary cavity, a hollow diaphysis of compact bone, and at least wo epipnyses—e.g, femur, phalanx. Shor! bones are roughly cube-shapedt they fare predominantly cancellous bone wih a thin coriex of compact Bone and have no cavily—e.9,, carpal and tarsal bones, Fl bones (cranial bones, scepulee, ribs) are {generally more fat than ound, and iregular Bones (vertebrae) have two or moee dif ‘nt shapes. Bones not specifically long or shot this later category Sesamoid Bones ‘are developed in tendons (8g, patellar tendon); they are mostly bone, often mixed ‘with fibrous tissue and cartilage. They have e carilaginous articular suriace facing en ariouar eurface ofan adjacent bone; they may be part of synovial joint enshesthed ‘within the fforous joint eansule, The structures are ganeraly pea-sized and are most ‘commonly found In certain iondons/joint capsules in hands and feet, and occasionally In other aticuir sites ofthe upper and lower limos. The largest isthe patel, inte ‘tated i te tendon of quadriceps femaris. Sesamoid bones resist friction and com. pression, enhance joint movement, and may assis lace! eicultion, SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS Bones are connected atolnis(ariculatons) All bones move at joins. Joints are func tionally classifiad as immovabie (aynartroses), party movable (amphiathroses) or freely movable (diartwoses) The structural classifcation of jolts is given below. BIBROUS DOIWT:- (OMMOVABLE: /PARTLY MOVABLE, Fibrous joints (eynarthroses) are those In which ie articulating bones are connected by fibrous tissue. Sutures ofthe skul are essentially immovable fovous joni, espe claly after having ossfed wih age. Teeth in their sockets are fixe fibrous joints {gomphoses). Syndesmoses are party movable fibrous joins, such as the interossecus igements betwean ones othe forearm or te Bones of the leg. CARTILAGINOVS IOIWT-. OMMOVABLEs/ PARTLY MOVABLE: Caritaginousjont (eynchendroses) are essentially immovable joints seen during ‘glowi2.9., grown (spiphyeeal) plates (a2e Plate 168). Flrocartlaginovs joints {amphiartvoses) are party mavadie—eg, he interverigral disc. Symphyses also fre parly movable librocartlagious joins, as between the pubic bones (symphysis Dubie) and the manubrium and body of the sternum (sternal angle). SYWOVIAL IOIWT (CREELY MOVABLE). ARTICULATING BOUESc:- ARTICULARB CARTILAGE > SYUOVUAL MEMERAVS= SYMOVIAL CAVITY FLUID). IOWNT CAPSULE s BURSA CAPSULE COLLATERAL LIGAMENT: + bony archtactue. They are characterized by articulating Capped with arioular cartilage and are enclosed ina igement-eitorced, sensitive, fibrous (jit) ogpeut nd internaly wit 2 vascular synovial membrane hat secretes a lubricating fuld within tha caviy. The synovial membrane does not cover articular cartilage. A ibrous issue~ined synovial sac o lid (bursa) oft exists Between moving structures cutsie the jin, as between tendon and bone. Bursae faclitate friavon-ree movement; eon may induce pain inflammation (urs). TYPES SYWOWAL JOINTS :- ‘alrand-scket jit are best Seen athe ‘shoulder Noverans in all drooton ao porited es fesen, exonle, adduction, abductor, internal an extern otao, and cecurducon Aexionfeonson. The ane, erpalengeal, snd bow fherouiar) jis ae hinge ons BOVOT. Ses oe sound & peg: 0.0. {he Cr vertebra oles about te dene C2, 2 ‘ounded humeral eaulum on wei he aca eed pots (tats), SLLIPSOID. ANY Whi Sak toiaion ergy exolded-o.9, the bicondyia kes, temporomancibul, and racicarpal writ) js 22 IDEALIZED SYNOVIAL, JOINT AND BURSA SADDLB« [By ee if any) ’ amp atthe base of he thumb haa tvs concave fing surteoes, poring el rotons butt ee. (Cs Ging ont (69. te facet jos o the vertebrae, the acromioclavicul, nttearpl, and irtrtarsal Jpn) has general st arte SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEMS 23 TERMS OF MOVEMEWTS (ON: Color the arome pointing othe oints demonstrating the ‘etous movernensof the body. Iverion (A) and sversion(L) 2. ‘movernants occur among bones of the foot, not at the ankie, (on, ‘I Y Of fipmoue EXTEUSION, coe sree DORSIFLERIOM» \ me FLSLOOMe | \Se PLANTAR FLSRIOM> Bremaos ADDUSTION: Wea QBOUCTION- Koa CIVEVMBUSTIONs 4 ROTATIOM: | | SUPIMATION: ima CRO VATION, PORTION ee [Sess GVERBSION. ane Movernents of bones occur at ins, Terms ol movemont are therefore applicable to joins, not Bones (Hexion of the humerus | ‘would break ht) Ranges of motion are limited by the bony ‘architecture ofa joint, related igaments, and the muscles Crossing that oi [tis fom the anatomical poston that spe- ait 18 of mavemant can be clearly delineated end anges of motion measure. FE Syl So Shee ‘ C} Ss Extension of jlnt sto generally straighten I nthe anatoml ‘cal postion, mast joints re In relaxed extension (nevi). In felation fo the anatomical position, moveronts of extension are Sirected in the saaital plane, Extreme, even abnormal exter Sion is ealleg hyperextension, At the ankle and walt jlns, extension Ie termed dossitxion, Flexion of jin Isto bend it or decrease the angle between the Bones ofthe joint. Movements o lexion are inthe sagital plane, At the ankle jit, Hexion i also called plantar flexion, Acddction ofa joint moves @ bone toward the min ofthe body (ri the ease ofthe fingers or toa, toward the micine of the Nand or foot) In elation to the anatomical poston, move= ments of adduction are directed in the corona pian, [Anauetion ofa Joint movas a bone away fom the midline of the body (or nand or foc). Movements of abduction are drectectin the coranal pian. Circumducton Is @ crcular movement, permited at ball and socket, condyar, and sedcle Joints, characterized by flexion, ‘2bdueton, extension, and eduction dona in sequence, Rotation ofa joint ist turn the moving bone about Is exis. Boiation tower te body i Internal or aca rotation; cition ‘away tom the body is extemal or lateral rotation. ‘Supination is external atti ofthe reciohumeal joint. nthe foot, supination inves ing the medial aspect ofthe fot all. In the pect ofthe foo Inversion tins the soe ofthe foot inward so thatthe mec bbordar ofthe footie elevated. Pronation I Intemal rotation ofthe rad foot, pronation Involves rising the lterl Everson tuns the sole of the foot outware so that its lateral border is slovated SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEMS _ GOWES OF THE SKULL (4) BERAMIAL + OCCIPITAL: 2 PARIETAL: 24 FRONTAL: BTEMPORAL GTHMOID: SPHENOIDr 96 FARCIAL+ BMAGRL. VOMER. 2 LACRIMAL: B2YEGOMATIC, 2 PALATINE: BMARILLA MANDIGLE ZIMESRIOR WASAL CONCHA” ‘ON: Save ine bghtet color or he snallost baras are he Highest cols forthe largest (1) Cob one bona nas many iw as appears belore {gelngon otha nen (2) There ate some very argh bones calor nthe ‘The skulls composed of cranial bones (arming @ vault for the brain) and fatal bones (aving origin tothe muscles of facial expression and providing butesses protecting the bran). Ex¢0p forthe temporemandouler joint (a synovial jin), all Bones are connected by generally immovable fibrous sutures ‘The orbit is composed of saven bones, has three significant fissures/canals, and ismome tote eve and related muscles, nerves, and vessel. The most delicate of xtornal nose is largely catlagi+ the skull bones is atthe meclat orbital wal nous and i therefore not par ofthe bony sk tnkatompot ‘oan SUPERIOR VIEW cxtis and inthe lower pat ofthe posterior vow ofthe sal. Study these tes caretly bere coloring fo determine tha color boundaries (3) Oo net ‘oo the Garand areas ne ois and nasal cay in the anterior lw Corona ingeromandbusroiet J) Peraiowcorss arena Cheomoora bene, MATERA Lamedota-| tera Lateran esac nites Sepa POSTERIOR VIEW SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEMS 25 BOWES OF THE SKULL (2) CRAMIALS; OGCINITAL, PARIGTAL. FRONTAL: TEMPORAL ETUMOID: SPHEVOID- FACIALS: MAGAL. VOMER, SYGOMATIG, PALATINE. MABILLA. INFERIOR WASAL COUGHAn Impression of ranches of Ica moningeal artery fete ofthe sl ntti toi la Tr io visualize tose fossae Inthe lager view ore spe Ira uttory mies

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