Nia R.

Rosales
Agriculturist II
BPI-Los Banos National Crop Research and Development Center

Table of Contents
Title
Cover Page
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
The TOMATO Plant
Varieties
Culture and Mangement
Seedling Production
Land Preparation
Transplanting and Fertilizaer Application
Weeding and Cultivation
Trellising
Pest Management
Major Pests of Tomato
Other Physiological Disorders
Harvesting
Post Harvest Handling
References

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List of Tables
Table
No.
1
2
3

Title

Page

Onion varieties listed in the PSIA Seed Catalogue

Tomato Estimated Average Production Costs and Returns at Year 2010
Price
Cost and Return for Tomato Seed production

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9

List of Figures
Table
No.
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2
3
4
5

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Title
BPI-TmP1
PSB-Tm9
Fresh market tomatoes
The cutting of tomatoes in half and squeezing our seeds; fermentation;
floating of seeds and; drying process
Using of glass jars for packaging of seeds and storage

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The TOMATO Plant

Tomato belongs to Family Solanaceae originated
in Tropical America. It is an annual herbaceous plant,
stems are soft, brittle and hairy when young, hard and
woody when old. The 5-16 inches long leaves are
alternately arranged. Flowers are borne in clusters and
the fruit has two to many celled-berries. The seeds are
kidney-shaped covered with short hairs.
Tomato is a common ingredient vegetable to
many dishes (fresh market tomatoes) and can also be
processed into ketchups, sauces and seasoning
(processing tomatoes). The fruit is rich in Vitamin C,
Beta-carotene and lycopene. The stem can be used in
paper manufacture. An antibiotic tomatin can be extracted from the seeds. The dried tomato pulp mixed
with pectin is used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.
Tomato requires a relatively cool, dry climate for high yield and premium quality and is adapted to
a wide range of climatic conditions. The optimum temperature requirement is 21-24 C.
Tomatoes can be grown in varied soil types such as sandy loam to clay-loam with rich organic
matter but should not be planted in areas with long period of flooding. The ideal soil pH is 6.0-6.5. It can be
harvested in 90-100 days after transplanting during the cool season and 60-90 days after transplanting
during hot season
In the Philippines, a total of 204,272 metric tons was produced in 2010 with a total land area of
17,663 hectares (BAS, 2010).
VARIETIES
1. BPI-TmP1 (Mapula) (Figure 1) : A processing type from AVRDC (CL-2784-1-1-4), officially released as
seedboard variety in 1986. Fruits are round, relatively soft, intense red color, resistant to cracking with
high Total soluble solids (TSS) content and yields 36 t/ha.
2. PSB Tm9 (Figure 2) : A fresh market determinate tomato from AVRDC, commercially released in
1999. The semi-globe fruits weigh 30 gms with potential yield of 25 t/ha. The variety is moderately
resistant to bacterial wilt and tomato mosaic virus.

Figure 1. BPI-TmP1

Figure 2. PSBTm9

Table 2. Onion varieties listed in the PSIA Seed Catalogue.

Shape
Round

FRUIT TYPE
Color
Weight (g)
12-13
Medium firm

SEASON

FEATURES

All year round

Sweet taste, with a brix value of 7.5

Round

130-200

Very firm

All year round

55

Plum

50-70

Firm

All year round

75

Oblong

85-150

Good

Year round

Noted for extended shelf life. Resistance

to fusarium wilt, verticullum wilt and
tobacco mosaic virus
Very vigorous semi-determinate with
good foliage cover. Resistanct to
bacterial wilt
Fresh market, very high yield

90

Round

170-200

Very firm

63

High
round

70

Firm

All year round under

green house condition
All year round

90

Round

200

Very firm

66

Slightly
flattened

150-200

Firm

All year round under

greenhouse condition
All year round

Maxima F1

55-66

150-200

Moderate

Regular

Menhir F1
(nunhems)
NP 7704 F1
(nunhems)
Sweet million F1
(sakata)

75

160-190

Very firm

75-80

Flat
round
Flattened
Round
Oblong

80-90

Very firm

All year round under

greenhouse condition
All year round

Early

Round

15-20

Firm

All year round

60-65

Deep
oblate

70-80

firm

Post rainy season

OWNER

VARIETY

Harveson

Anant F1
(nunhems)
Anath
(FA-189)
(hazera)
Apollo
Select
(condor)
Apollo white
OP
Astona F1
(nunhems)
Hybrid rising
Sun
(condor)
Jakarta F1
(nunhems)
Jet star F1
(ferry morse)

Allied Botanical
Allied Botanical

Harveson
Allied Botanical
Harveson
Allied Botanical

Harveson
Harveson
Allied Botanical

Harveson

s-7610 F1
(nunhems)

MATURITY
(DAT)
45-50

Strong tolerance to blotchy

Very vigorous, resistant to bacterial wilt
Strong against cracking and blotchy
Can be grown in lowland and highland
under open field or tunnel culture.
Resistant to fusarium wilt. Verticullum
wilt and bacterial wilt.
Green shoulder, strong plants, good for
extended season in mid to highland
It has a long shelf life ang highly tolerant
to all types of cracking
Good foliage cover
Very sweet and has outstanding eating
quality. Tolerant to cracking and has
excellent keeping quality. Cherry type
tomato
Early maturity, resistance to
verticullum, fusarium 1 & 2 and high
level of partial resistance to bacterial
wilt

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CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT

A. Seedling Production. Fill the flats with equal amounts of garden soil, compost or hog manure and

burnt rice hull. Draw a shallow line, 5 cm apart. Sow the seeds along the lines and cover thinly with
soil mixture or use seedling trays for better seedling growth. Pricking and thinning can be done one
week after sowing. Drench foliar fertilizer if necessary and harden the seedlings one week before
transplanting.

B. Land Preparation. Select a well drained sandy, or sandy loam soils with pH of 6.0 to 7.0. Plow and

harrow the soil twice. Set furrow distance at 0.75 to 1 meter for determinate and semi-determinate
varieties and 1.5 m for indeterminate varieties.

C. Transplanting and Fertilizer Application. Transplant the seedlings 3 to 4 weeks after sowing,

compost or hog manure maybe applied directly to the hole where seedlings will be planted at the
rate of 2-5 t/ha or 1-2 kg/5 meter row at planting time. Basal fertilizer is also applied at planting time
at the rate of 10 g/hill of complete fertilizer (14-14-14). Second application of fertilizer will be 2 weeks
after transplanting using 2:1 parts of Urea (46-0-0) and Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) at the rate of 1.5
tablespoon (15 grams) per hill, about 6-8 cm away from the base. The third and last application will be
4 weeks after transplanting using the same rate as the second application.

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D. Weeding and Cultivation. Off-barring is done before the first sidedressing and hilling-up after

fertilizer application. Hand weeding should be done within the first month (before sidedressing) from
transplanting by removing the weeds near the base of the plants.

E. Trellising. Trellising is recommended in growing semi-determinate and indeterminate varieties. Use

bamboo or Ipil-ipil poles as post, A-type trellis can be used to train the vines using plastic straw.

Figure 3. A-type trellis

PEST MANAGEMENT
Major Pests of Tomato

Tomato Fruitworm (Helicoverpa zea)

Damage symptoms: A small darkened partially healed hole at the

base of the fruit pedicel is evident. The inside of the fruit has a watery
cavity that contains frass and decay.
Tomatoes ripen early but are not usually marketable.
Control: Monitor the pest by selecting a leaf from 30 random
tomato plants. Choose leaves located below the highest open flower.
Healthy eggs are white with a reddish ring. If more than five healthy eggs
appear, begin treatments. Pesticide treatments are also required when
large numbers of small caterpillars are found feeding on leaves. Parasitic
wasps, especially Trichograma spp., are important natural enemies, release egg
parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis 2 WAT at 1 card per 10 sq.m at weekly
interval. Fruitworm eggs turn black when parasitized. In severe cases spray
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commercially available biological insecticides. Avoid planting tomato near corn or cotton to prevent heavy
pest infestations

White Flies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Damage Symptoms: Leaves have numerous chlorotic spots or areas. These spots grow together forming
different sized yellow areas. In severe cases, only the veins remain green. Some leaves appear completely
brown and dried. Wilting and leaf drop may occur. A sticky, black mold may be found on leaves and stems.
Control: Whiteflies are most damaging when they spread viruses, especially Tomato Yellows
Leaf Curl Virus. Protect seedlings from infection by growing them under 60-mesh screening. The traditional
32-mesh screen is not fine enough to prevent whitefly infection.

Beet Army Worm

Damage Symptoms: Feeding scars on the fruit surface are shallow and
dry. The inside of the fruit is often hollowed out. This cavity is usually
dry and may have frass and decay.
Control: The use of alternative, biological control measures are very
useful. Parasitic wasps and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) that
target armyworm are commercially available. Strains of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) are useful for killing armyworm larvae. Pheromones
for armyworm are commercially available. They are useful for monitoring, and especially to determine the
entry of the pest into the field. Pheromones by themselves will not control beet armyworm. They need to
be accompanied by chemical or biological control measures.

Bacterial Wilt

Symptoms: Wilting first appears on the youngest leaves of plants during

hot daytime temperatures. The infected plants may recover, temporarily,
in the evening, when temperatures are cooler. A few days later, a sudden
and permanent wilt occurs. The roots and lower portion of the stem have a
browning of their vascular system. The invaded roots may rot due to
infection from secondary bacteria. Diseased stems that are cut and placed
in a small container of water will show yellowish or grayish bacterial ooze
coming from the cut end. When conditions are less favorable for disease
development (for example, cool and dry), the infected plants may only
show signs of stunting, and adventitious roots may develop on the main
stems. The lower leaves will turn yellow before wilting symptoms occur.
Symptoms of this disease are distinguished from those of bacterial canker,
which causes leaf chlorosis, stem cankers, and birds eye spots on fruits.
Bacterial wilt symptoms are distinguished from those of Fusarium wilt
because of the rapidity of the wilt, under favorable conditions, for the
former, and the drier, firmer stem rot of the latter.
Control: Avoid contaminated land. Suitable rotations can only be determined through local experience
because of the diversity of R. solanacearum strains and races, and the many agro-climatic zones where
reports occur. Rotations of several years duration with maize, cotton, soybeans, grasses, and rice are used
in various areas. Eradicate weed hosts. Remove wilted plants, root debris and volunteer hosts, and burn
them to reduce spread of the disease from plant to plant. Disinfest tools when used in an infested field.
Wash with water or bleach or sterilize by flame. Wash the soles of shoes after working in an infested area.
Work in the infested portion of a field after working in the noninfested areas. For transplant production,
use disease-free transplants, pasteurized soil medium, or fumigated plant beds. Use proper sanitation
measures for transplant production, and avoid damage to roots during transplanting. Grafting susceptible
tomato varieties onto the rootstock of resistant eggplant lines is widely practiced in developed countries of
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Asia. There are tomato varieties with some tolerance to bacterial wilt. Variations in race and strain of R.
solanacearum make it difficult to utilize these varieties in some regions. Consult with your local extension
agent to determine if these are available and suitable for your region. Control root-knot nematodes
(meloidogyne incognita) and root-feeding insects since they may help the disease to establish and spread.

Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus

Symptoms: Plants are severely stunted with shoots becoming erect. Leaflets are reduced in size and
pucker. Leaflets curl upwards, become distorted, and have prominent yellowing along margins and/or
interveinal regions. Flowers wither. Plants will set very few fruit after infection
occurs; therefore any plants infected before flowering stage will produce
extremely low yields. The appearance of the fruit is unaffected.
Control: Grow seedlings in an insect-proof nethouse (50-mesh size or finer) or in
a greenhouse, and maintain good control of whiteflies in these structures in order
to prevent early infection of seedlings by whitefly feeding. If noninsect-proof nets
are used with transplants, then they should be sprayed with insecticides to control
entry of whitefly into the structures.
Other methods include a 1% soap solution carefully applied to the leaf
undersurface to control the adult vector. Care should be taken to avoid
development of phytotoxicity if spraying occurs during very high temperatures.
Oil sprays may also be effective in reducing levels of infestation. Neem tree seed extracts control young
nymphs, inhibit the growth and development of older adults, and reduce egg-laying by adults.

Southern Blight

Symptoms: Young infected plants wilt suddenly and permanently. On older

plants, symptoms first appear as a dark brown lesion on the stem near the
soil surface. The lesion girdles the stem, causing leaf yellowing and wilting.
White mats of fungal growth are produced on the stem and nearby in the soil
on any organic debris. Wilting in infected plants may be more evident when
soils begin to dry out. After a few days, mustard seed-sized (0.5 mm
diameter), round, tan to dark brown overwintering structures known as
sclerotia appear on the white fungal growth. The abundant sclerotia that form
on the outside of the stem tissue are a good diagnostic feature. They are
round, soft, and smaller in diameter, and lighter in color than those caused by
another fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which also causes a disease in
tomato. The sclerotia of the latter are found inside tomato stem tissue.
Control: Crop rotation has a strong influence on survival of the fungus. Grow tomato after non-host crops
such as maize, sorghum, small grains, or cotton. Allow ample time for breakdown of green manure before
planting the tomato crop. Bury crop debris to a depth of 24 cm. Eradicate weeds, avoid dense planting, and
choose fields that are well drained, rich in humus, and not too acidic. Plastic mulch may shield the branches
and fruit from sclerotia. Disease levels have been reduced by application of ammonium nitrate either
before planting or as three sidedressings at monthly intervals while the crop is growing. Efforts are being
made to develop solarization and biological control practices
Other Physiological Disorders

Blossom-end Rot

Symptoms: This is a non-infectious disease that is

associated with environmental conditions and caused
by calcium imbalance. It can occur at any growth stage
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but often is found on the first fruit clusters. At the earliest stage, light brown patches appear at the blossom
end on young fruits that are a third or more developed. These patches darken and an area of sunken black
leathery tissue forms that is dry and firm. An area up to half the fruit may be affected. The dead tissue may
be invaded by secondary organisms, which causesn a soft fruit rot. Internal blackening can be found when
the fruit is cut open.
Control: Ensure steady plant growth and a constant moisture level in the soil through careful irrigation.
Enrich the soil with organic matter as this will help the soil to retain moisture during dry periods. Use
mulches that conserve soil moisture to avoid fluctuating moisture levels in the soil especially during the
flowering and fruiting stages. Provide balanced fertilization and avoid root damage of young plants. Keep
cultivation shallow to avoid destroying feeder roots. Test the soil for calcium levels; if found deficient, apply
dolomitic or high-calcium limestone 24 months before planting. Apply foliar sprays of calcium chloride or
calcium nitrate prior to onset of symptoms when fruit are about 2.5 cm in diameter. If available, use
varieties that are less susceptible to the disorder.

Sun Scald

Symptoms: White, shiny, blistered tissue develops on portion of fruit

suddenly exposed to sun. The lesion often becomes sunken and wrinkled.
Mature green and breaker tomatoes are most susceptible.
Control: Be careful when pruning or harvesting so as to minimize exposure
of fruits to direct sunlight. Use trellising methods that protect fruit from
sunlight. Fungicide spray programs will protect foliage from disease
infection. Use cultivars that provide good foliage cover.

Cat facing

Symptoms: This is a physiological disorder that occurs most ofte on the

first-formed fruits. It in more prevalent on largefruited, fresh-market
tomatoes. Tomato fruit are misshapen with large scars and cavities in
the blossom end. Streaks and bands of scaly dark greenish and tan scar
tissue occur between the swellings. The fruit may be kidney-shaped or
distorted into other shapes.
Control: Maintain temperatures above 16C for production of field
transplants. Avoid high levels of soil nitrogen and excessive pruning. Avoid growing large-fruited tomato
varieties if the disorder persists. Avoid periods where water is lacking.
HARVESTING
Fresh market tomatoes are harvested at green ripe stage. Processing tomatoes are harvested at red
ripe stage to assure good color of processed products.

Green ripe (fresh market type)

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Red ripe (for processing)

Figure 3. Fresh market tomatoes

POST HARVEST HANDLING
1. Fresh Yield. Green ripe tomatoes should be placed in well-ventilated containers such as wooden
crates in transporting to packing house. Sorting of fruits will be done in the packing house according to
sizes such as big, medium or small and the different size fruits will be placed in different containers.
2.

Seed Processing. For seed processing; cut fruits in half and squeeze out the seed with the juice into a
container. Allow mixture to ferment 1-2 days for easier removal of mucilaginous seed coat. Dip a finehold strainer and rub seeds gently into the strainer to remove the coating. Put the seeds in a pail of
water to allow immature seeds to float. Discard water together with the floating seeds, leaving the
good seeds that settled at the bottom of the pail. Repeat the procedure until no floaters can be found.
Put seeds in a net bag and air dry them for 2 to 3 days before sun drying for 4 to 5 days. Increase the
sun drying time as the seeds dry. For over dying, dry seed initially to no more than 30C as the seeds
dry. For dry-sealed packaging, dry the seeds to 8% moisture content.

Figure 4. The cutting of tomatoes in half and squeezing out of seeds;

fermentation; floating of seeds and; drying process
3. Seed Packaging and Storage. Use moisture resistant packaging materials such as thick
polyethylene plastic, aluminum foil, tin cans, or glass jars and seal them well. Keep seeds away
from moisture and high temperature. The cooler and drier the area, the longer will be the life of
the seeds.

Figure 5. Using of glass jars for packaging of seeds and storage

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Table 3. Tomato Estimated Average Production Costs and Returns at Year 2010 Price
CASH COSTS
62,353
Seeds/Planting Materials
910
Fertilizers
20,874
Mulching Materials
0
Pesticides
9,257
Other Material Inputs
0
Hired Labor
19,752
Land Tax
160
Rentals:
1,604
Fuel and Oil
1,407
Transport of Inputs
586
Irrigation Fee
29
Interest on Crop Loan
433
Food Expense
2,228
Repairs
4,572
Landlord's Share
0
Wages for Overseer
0
Electricity
0
Others
541
NON-CASH COSTS
2,676
Seeds/Planting Materials Paid in Kind
480
Hired Labor Paid in Kind
153
Landlord's Share Paid in Kind
875
Harvester's Share
76
Other Laborer's Share
0
Lease Rental
1,092
Others Paid in Kind
0
IMPUTED COSTS
19,466
Operator Labor
0
Family Labor
0
Operator and Family Labor
7,065
Exchange Labor
348
Depreciation
2,999
Interest on Operating Capital
8,127
Rental Value of Owned Land
927
TOTAL COSTS
84,495
GROSS RETURNS
141,324
RETURNS ABOVE CASH COST
78,971
RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS
76,295
NET RETURNS
56,829
NET PROFIT-COST RATIO
0.67
Cost Per Kilogram in Pesos
7.31
Yield Per Hectare in Kilograms
11,565
Farmgate Price in Pesos Per Kilogram
12.22
.. - Data not available
R - Revised estimates
P - Preliminary estimates
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Latest update:2011-08-15 09:00

Source:Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

Table 4. Cost and Return for Tomato Seed Production

Farm Expenses
Expenditures

Quantity and Unit

A. Labor Cost
1. Land preparation (mechanized)
Mowing
Disking
Plowing
Harrowing (2x)
Rotavation
Furrowing
2. Seedling preparation
Sowing
Land preparation/Potting
Pricking
Maintenance
3. Transplanting/Basal fertilization
4. Hilling-up
5. Field maintenance
Irrigation (Furrow-10x)
2 MD/Irrigation
Side dressing
Weeding (3x)
Spraying (10x)
6. Roguing
7. Harvesting/hauling
8. Seed extraction/Cleaning/Drying
9. Seed sorting
10. Seed treatment

Unit Cost1 (P)

Total Cost (P)

2,164
1,640
2,617
2,164
3,001
1,640

2,164
1,640
2,617
4,328
3,001
1,640

1 MD
2 MD
10 MD
5 MD
20 MD

210
210
210
210
210
2,350

210
420
2,100
1,050
4,200
2,350

20 MD
2 MD

210
210
3,000
210
210
210
210
210
210
Sub-total

4,200
420
9,000
3,780
420
16,800
21,000
2,100
210
83,650

0.25 kg

3,750

938

4 bags
8 bags
3 bags

1,200
1,020
1,800

30 pcs
30 pcs
1 sack
1 sack

12
10
30
30
Sub-total
Grand Total

4,800
8,160
5,400
1,500
5,000
360
300
30
30
26,518
110,168

18 MD
2 MD
80 MD
100 MD
10 MD
1 MD

B. Supplies and Materials

1. Seeds
2. Fertilizers
Complete (14-14-14)
Urea (46-0-0)
Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
3. Fungicide
4. Insecticide
5. Jute sacks
6. Net bags
7. Coir dust
8. Garden soil

II. Economics
Seed Yield (kg/ha)
Gross Income (P3,000/kg
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Low
50
150,000

Medium
80
240,000

High
120
360,000

Cost of Production
Net income
Return on Investment (ROI, %)

110,168
39,832
36

110,168
129,832
118

110,168
249,832
227

1Based

on prevailing prices of labor and supplies as of January 2010.

MD Man-day.
Source: PCARRD Info Bulletin No. 307/2010

References:
Plant Industry Production Guide
BPI-LBNCRDC Leaflet No. 11
PCARRD IPB Information Bulletin No. 307/2010
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Downloaded Information (2010)
AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center Online Library (2012)

Editorial Team:
Dr. Vivencio R. Mamaril
Ms. Solita R. Sicat
Ms. Elenita Sison
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Ms. Ma. Teresa S. Buo

Printed at the Information Section

Bureau of Plant Industry

January, 2013

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