WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER
WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER
WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER
USING ELECTRICAL BULB
THE REPORT OF DESCRIPTIVE
PROJECT REPORT
S U B B M I T E D I N P A RTI A L F U L F I L L M E N T O F T H E R E Q U I R M E N T
FORTHE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF S CI ENCEI NP HYSI CS
PARMAR PARSHOTAM S.
D. K. V. ARTS & SCIENCE COLLAGE JAMNAGAR
2014-2015
D. K. V. ARTS & SCIENCE COLLAGE
JAMNAGAR
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
PARMAR PARSHOTAM S.
ROLL NO.-5232, STUDENT OF 6TH SEMESTER, T. Y. B.SC
PHYSICS D. K. V. COLLAGE JAMNAGAR, SAURASHTRA
U N I V E R S I T Y , H A S S A T I S F A C T O RI L Y S U B M I T T E D A R E P O R T
ON
DATE OF SUBMISSION - ____/____/2015.
INDEX
Sr.
No.
Topic
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Part List
10
Circuit Components
5a
- Resisters
12
5b
- Capacitor
17
5c
- IC 7400
19
5d
- Transistor
23
5e
- Transformer
24
5f
- Relay
25
5g
- Circuit Diagram
27
Working
28
PCB Layout
29
Application
30
Conclusion
31
10
Reference
32
11
Cost Schedule
33
12
Bibliography
34
Page
No.
DECLARATION
I undersigned PARMAR PARSHOTAM S. a student of B.Sc.
6 t h semester declares that I have prepared this project report on
WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER .
I declared that this project create is my own preparation.
PARMAR
PARSHOTM S.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Its a matter of great pleasure for us, to get this
opportunity of expressing our deep and sincere of gratitude to
all our professors and concerned faculties specially, DR. A.H.
RAVAL (H.O.D. OFPHYSICS).
With
the
help
of
their
continuous
inspiration,
guidance and generous support, we were able to successfully
prepare this project t and of course, without their continuous
help and support we wouldnt have been able to complete this
project in given time.
We would also specially like to thank Prof. V. G.
PARMARSIR, Prof. V. C. SHIKHALIYASIR and DR. P.
VACHHANISIR who always helped us to solve many of our
queries and problems whenever required.
7
Finally, I am thankful to our loving parents for their
valuable cooperation during the academic year.
Only the token of thanks cannot appreciate the
valuable contribution and assistance by these wonderful
people, but these token of thanks gesture is a least that we
can do.
INTRODUCTION
Here in this project we show that how use sensor to control
the working of the pump is controlled by the water level of
the source tank, if the main tank is empty then pump gets
automatically on and when it is fully filled then pumps get
automatically off. But even when there is on weter in the
source the pump totally depends upon both, the source as well
as main tank.
The water level of the overhead tank should be monitored
using sensors and when water level drops below the resold
level the water pump should be turned on. When the level of
water is above a predefined level the pump should be turned
off.
When the pump is turned on the water level in the ground
tank should is monitored. If that level drops a below a
defined value the pump should be turned off.
A user should be able to disable the whole automatic system
and switch on or off the pump manually.
In the manual mode the water level in both tanks should
displayed so that the user can operate the motor by observing
the indications of the display.
9
LIST
OF PARTS
* RESISTOR :-R1, 2, 3 ,4,5 :-
1K
-R6,7,8,9 :-
4K7
* SEMICONDUCCTOR :- U1
:-
-U2(IC)(N1-N4)
-U3(IC)(N5-N8)
-T1..T4
-T5
7805
:-
7400
:-
7400
:-
BC 548
:-
SL 100
-D1
:-
IN 4007
* MISCELLANEOUS :- Relay
:-
12V-15E
10
* CAPACITORS
-C1
:-
-C2
:-
-C3..C5
:-
1000uF/16V
47uF/16V
0.1u Disc
11
RESISTOR
It may be defined as the property of a substance due to
which it opposes the flow of electricity through it metals acids
and salts are good conductor of electricity. Amongst pure
metals silver copper and aluminum are very good conductor in
given order.
12
This as discussed earlier is due to the presence of a large
number of free or loosely attached electrons in their atoms.
These vagrant electrons assume a directed motion on the
application of an electric potential difference. These electrons
while following pass through the molecules or the atom of
conductor collide and other atoms and electrons thereby
produced heat.
13
THE UNIT OF RESISTER
The practical unit of resistance is Ohm. A conductor is
said to have resistance of one ohm if it permits one ampere
current to flow through it when one volt is impressed across its
terminals.
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to
the
voltage across the resistors terminals, the
relationship is represented by Ohms low:I = V/R
Where I is the current through the conductor in units of
amperes V is the potential d
For insulters whose resistance are very high a much
bigger unit is used i.e. mega-ohm=10 6 ohm.
14
15
LAWS OF RESISTER
Ohms
low
Main article: Ohms law
The behavior of an idle resistor is dilated by thy
relationship specified by ohms law:
V = I.R
Ohms law states that voltage (V) across a resistor is
proportional to the current (I), Where (I), where the
constant of proportionality is the resistance (R)
The resistances are offered by a conductor depends on the
following factor...
1) It varies its length L.
2) It varies as the cross section A of conductor.
3) It depends on the nature of materials.
4) It also depends on the temperature of conductor.
Hence specific resistance of material may be defined as
THE RESISTANCE BEETWEEN THE OPPOSITE FORCE OF
A METERIAL CUBE OF THAT METERIAL
16
CAPACITORS
* Definition
A Capacitor is an electronic device that is used to store
electrical energy. They are only used to store the electrons and
they are not capable of producing them.
Working of a Capacitor
A Capacitor consists of two metal plates which are separated
by a non-Conducting substance or dielectric. Take a look at the
figure given below to know about dielectric in a Capacitor.
Thorough any non -conducing substance can be used as a
dielectric, practically some special materials like porcelain,
Mylar, Teflon, Mica, Cellulose and so on. A Capacitor is
defined by the type of dielectric selected. It also defines the
application of the capacitor. According to the size and type of
dielectric used, the capacitor can be used for high voltage as
well as low-Voltage applications. For applications in radio
tuning circuits air is commonly used as the electric. For
applications in timer circuits Mylar is used as the dielectric.
For high voltage applications glass is normally used. For
application in X-ray and MRI machines, Ceramic is mostly
preferred. The metal plates are separated by a distance d,
and a dielectric constant of the dielectric material is placed inbetween the plates. The dielectric constant of the dielectric
material=e0e..e0 is the dielectric of air.
The dielectric material is the main substance that helps in
storing the electrical energy.
17
UNIT
OF CAPACITOR
Farad:The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in units
called Farads. A Capacitance is said to have 1 Farad
of capacitance when the capacitor can hold 1ampsecind of electrons at 1volt at a rate of electron flow
of 1coulomb of electrons per second. As 1 Farad is a
big value, the Capacitors are usually denoted in
micro farads.
18
IC
7400
PIN DIAGRAM
19
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
The IC 7400 UBC hex buffers are monolithic complementary MOS
(COMS)
integrated circuits Constructed with N- and p- channel
enhancement mode transistors. These devices feature logic level
conversion using only one supply voltage (VDD) .The input signal
high level (VIH) can exceed the VDD supply voltage when these
devices are used for logic level conversions. The eservices are
intended for use as hex buffers,
CMOS to DTID/TTL Converters, or as CMOS current drivers, and at
VDD=5.0, they can drive directly two DTL/TTL loads over the full
operating temperature range.
20
FEATURES
Wind supply Voltage range :3.0V to 15V
Direct drive to 2 TTL loads at 5.0V over full
temperature
Range
High source and sink current capability
Special input protection permits input
voltages greater
Than VDD
21
APPLICATIONS
COMS hex inverter/duffer
CMOS to DIL/TTL hex converter
CMOS Current sink or source driver
CMOS HIGH to LOW logic level converter
22
TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to
amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with
at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistors terminals changes the current flowing thro
ugh another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be higher than the controlling
(input) power, s transistor can amplify a signal.
Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
23
TRANSFORMER
230V ac is converted to 12V ac by transformer and this ac
current is converted to dc by diode.
24
RELAY
25
RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use
an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism
mechanically, but other operating principles are also used.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit
by a low- power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to
directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a
contractor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to
perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are
used to protect electrical circuits form overload or faults;
in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called protective
relays .
26
CICUIT
DIAGRAM:
27
WORKING
The circuit is mainly based in IC 7400. It is a inverter
IC pin No.1 of this IC is positive supply pin Electrical
Bulb cathode are connected no pin No.2, 4, 6, 10 & 12
of this IC form anodes of these Electrical Bulb 100E
resistance is connected to ground these all pins of IC are
OUTPUT pins of inverter gates, Which are high in
normal course form input pins serial 3, 5, 7, 9 & 11.
Sensor connecter wires connected serial wise at A, B, C,
D & E. These all wires are mounted in water tank at
different water levels, other than that a one converter
wire is taken form positive supply which is mounted at
extreme depth in the tank.
When tank water level is at S then through a sensor
connected wire because of getting high level at pin No.
3 of IC output received at pin No.2 becomes low and
Electrical Bulb A begin slowing in same way when
comes at B Level Electrical Bulb B, at C- level Dlevel E- level Electrical Bulb E becomes ON.
Sensor connecter wire A to E and Q used in this circuit
should be used in the shape of thin metallic rods. These
tighten these with a clop on non- Conductive frame.
28
PCB LAYOUT
29
APPLICATION
This is an effective system for knowing the level of water in
the tank.
This project can also be successfully implemented in minor
and major projects for knowing the level of water. Instead of
employing electric probes for knowing the level of water we
can also use the signaling method.
The level of water is known by the time taken by the signals
to come back.
30
CONCLUSION
I would like to conclude this project as a very great and enriching
experience.
During the project labs I familiarized myself with P.C.B designing
application of I.C.(its pin diagram), mounting of components
using soldering process and interfacing of the hardware circuit
with the computer.
The circuit can be used at all places starting from domestic to the
industrial sectors. The simplicity in the usage of this circuit helps
it to be used by a large number of people as people with less
knowledge of hardware can also use it without facing any
problem.
I also learned about the ELECTRONICS, Responsibility and
about their hard work. This project was not only in tams of
imparting practical knowledge.
Thus I conclude our project with a very nice and wonderful
experience.
31
REFERENCES
1. WWW.SCRIBD.COM
2. WWW.ELECTONICSCHEMATICS.IN
3. WWW.CIRCIUTEASY.COM
4. WWW.KPSEC.COM
5. WWW.BUILDCIRCUIT.COM
6. WWW.ELECTRONICSFORU.COM
32
COST SCHEDULES
Sr. No.
Component
Specification
Digital IC
Quantity
Price
70
IC-7400
Resistance
70
Capacitors
20
PCB
50
Transformer
12 v/300ma
120
Relay
12V-150E
30
Transistor
20
Electrical Bulb
100V
20
Total
33
400/-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dr. A. H. RAVALSIR.
Prof. V. G. PARMAR.
Prof. V. C. SHIKALIYASIR.
DR. P. VACHHANISIR.
EFY (ELECTRONICS FOR YOU) PROJECT VOLUME.
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