DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
(Reported Speech)
When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for
example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell
someone else what the first person said.
Here's how it works:
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell' If this verb is in the present tense,
it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:
direct speech: I like ice cream
reported speech: She says she likes ice cream
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the
'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like
'my' and 'your'.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses
in the reported speech:
direct speech: I like ice cream
reported speech: She said she liked ice cream
Tense
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
present simple I like ice cream
She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present
continuous
I am living in
London
She said she was living in London.
past simple
I bought a car
She said she had bought a car OR She said
she bought a car.
past
continuous
I was walking along
the street
She said she had been walking along the
street.
present
perfect
I havent seen Julie She said she hadnt seen Julie.
past perfect*
I had taken English She said she had taken English lessons
lessons before
before.
will
Ill see you later
She said she would see me later.
would*
I would help, but..
She said she would help but...
can
I can speak perfect
She said she could speak perfect English.
English
could*
I could swim when I
She said she could swim when she was four.
was four
shall
I shall come later
She said she would come later.
should*
I should call my
mother
She said she should call her mother
might*
"I might be late"
She said she might be late
must
"I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
weekend"
She said she had to study at the weekend
* doesnt change
Occasionally, we dont need to change the present tense into the past if the
information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are
general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):
direct speech: The sky is blue
reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue
PASSIVE VOICE
Read the following story!
Tommorow will be my test. I was told by my mother to study hard. The
test will be conducted at 7 oclock. The students will be given some
written tests and oral tests. When the test have done, the result will be
announced the next day.
My bicycle has been stolen.
Explanations:
Formula untuk kalimat pasif adalah:
tobe + V3
Kalimat pasif digunakan untuk lebih menekankan Obyek, dengan cara
merubah Obyek menjadi Subyek. Seperti :
Me
I
You You
Him He
Her She
Us
We
Them They
Kalimat pasif dibentuk sesuai tensesnya misalnya:
Simple Present
: I eat bread
The bread is eaten by me.
Simple Past
: I ate bread yesterday
The bread was eaten by me yesterday.
Simple Future
: I will eat bread later
The bread will be eaten by me later.
Present Continuous : Iam eating bread now
The bread is being eaten by me now.
Present Perfect Tense: I have eaten bread
The bread has been eaten by me.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The bread has been being eaten by me.
Modal Auxiliary: We can teach English
English can be taught by us.
Exercise
Direct speech
Indirect speech
He said'I live in Paris'.
He said'I am cooking dinner.'
He said' I have visited London twice.'
He said' I went to New York
He said 'I had already eaten'.
He said, 'I am going to find a new job'.
He said,'I will give Jack a call'.
1. 'I am very tired.' She said she
very tired.
2. 'You play the piano very well.' Mr Jones told me I
well.
3. 'Can you give us a hand?' They asked if we
4. 'We 're leaving the town.' He told me they
the piano very
give them a hand.
the town.
5. 'He hasn't shaved.' I noticed that he
.
6. 'Your parents have had an accident.' Sally rang to say that your
parents
an accident.
7. 'I left home at seventeen.' Her letter said that she
seventeen.
home at
8. 'Don't worry! He won't say anything to the police'. I was sure he
anything to the police.
9. 'None of our relatives will come.' They knew none of their
relatives
.
10. 'This parcel has been opened at the customs.' I could see the
parcel
at the customs.
Please change the following sentences into passive forms!
Example:
-
She is washing some clothes
Some clothes are being washed by her
1. I am watching tv in the bedroom now
..........................................................................................................................................
2. My father gave me much money
..........................................................................................................................................
3. We are studying english now
..........................................................................................................................................
4. I draw a picture
..........................................................................................................................................
5. They wore the blue shoes
..........................................................................................................................................
6. They will help you
..........................................................................................................................................
7. He will take his book
..........................................................................................................................................
8. My younger sister was cleaning her bedroom
..........................................................................................................................................
9. My wife and her friends were cooking food for us
..........................................................................................................................................
10. My father is reading a novel
..........................................................................................................................................
