Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.
Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH
USING FLYASH AND RICE HUSK ASH
Satish D. Kene1, Pravin V. Domke2, Sandesh D. Deshmukh3, R.S.Deotale4
1,2,3
(Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur-10, Maharashtra, India.
Email: satishkene2285@gmail.com, pravindomke@rediffmail.com, sandesh_deshmukh31@rediffmail.com)
4
(Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur-10, Maharashtra, India.
Email: : rsdeotale1@rediffmail.com)
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRAC
In the ancient period, construction work was
Keywords Admixture, Concrete, Compressive
mostly carried out with help of mudstone from industry.
Strength, Fly Ash, Multiple Regression Analysis,
Fly ash is a by-product of burned coal from power
Rice husk Ash.
station and rice husk ash is the by product of burned
rice husk at higher temperature from paper plant.
Considerable efforts are being taken worldwide to
utilise natural waste and bye product as supplementary
cementing materials to improve the properties of
cement concrete. Rice husk ash (RHA) and Fly ash
(FA) is such materials. RHA is bye-product of paddy
industry. Rice husk ash is a highly reactive pozzolanic
material produced by controlled burning of rice husk.
FA is finely divided produced by coal-fired power
station. Fly ash possesses pozzolonic properties similar
to naturally occurring pozzolonic material. The detailed
experimental investigation done to study the effect of
partial replacement of cement with RHA and FA on
concrete. In this paperI started proportion form 30% FA
and 0% RHA mix together in concrete by replacement
of cement ,last proportion taken 0% FA and 30% RHA,
with
gradual
increase
of
RHA
by
1%
and
simultaneously gradual decrease of FA by 1%. It is
observed that though the strength of RHA concrete goes
on decreasing
after the 15% addition of RHA, the
composition of 10% RHA + 20% FA gives maximum
strength results as well as shows the potential to be used
as useful material for different building materials
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete as is well known is a heterogeneous mix of
cement, water and aggregates. The admixtures may be
added in concrete in order to enhance some of the
properties desired specially. In its simplest form,
concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. Various
materials are added such as fly ash, rice husk, admixture
to obtain concrete of desired property. The character of
the concrete is determined by quality of the paste. The
key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the
careful proportioning, mixing and compacting of the
ingredients. The detailed experimental investigation
done to study the effect of partial replacement of
cement with RHA and FA on cement. In this project I
started proportion form 30% FA and 0% RHA mix
together in concrete by replacement of cement ,last
proportion taken 0%FA and 30% RHA. Numerous tests
are performed on wet concrete such as workability tests
such as compaction factor test and slump test. The tests
on hardened concrete are destructive test while the
destructive test includes compressive test on concrete
cube for size (150 x 150 x 150) mm, Flexural strength
on concrete beam (500 x 100 x100) and split tensile
524
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
strength on concrete cylinder (150 mm x 300mm) as
To investigate the physical properties of the RHA
per IS: 516 1959, IS: 5816 1999 and IS: 516 1959
and FA density (lightweight), strength (bending
respectively.In actual practice, test on workability of
and compression), water absorption and moisture
wet concrete are carried out to ensure uniform quality
content.
concrete only. Strength is not a measurable at that stage
with the available technology. Therefore the concrete
samples are to be cured for 28 days in normal method to
arrive at the compressive strength and for necessary
To study the relative strength development with
age of (RHA + FA) concrete with control concrete.
Use of industrial waste in a useful manner.
To conduct compression test on (RHA+FA) and
follow up action. It is not only difficult to dismantle the
control concrete on standard IS specimen size (150
suspected portion of concrete at such a stage but also
x 150 x 150) mm.
expensive in terms of time and money. Predicting the
To conduct Flexural test on (RHA+FA) and control
strength at the manufacturing stage, however, is yet to
concrete on standard IS specimen size (100 x 100 x
receive due attention of engineers. Hence, any new
500) mm.
approach that is capable of predicting reliably the
To conduct split tensile test on (RHA+FA) and
compressive strength of hardened concrete based on the
control concrete on standard IS specimen size (150
properties of the ingredients and the wet concrete will
mm x 300mm) mm.
be helpful to practicing engineers. Besides, such tests
could be performed with the same ease as the
Provide safeguard to the environment by utilizing
waste properly.
workability tests. RHA has two roles in concrete
manufacture, as a substitute for cement, reducing the
To provide economical construction material.
II. Materials and Methods
cost and weight of concrete in the production of low
cost building blocks. The workability of RHA concrete
has been found to decrease but FA increases the
workability of concrete so RHA and FA mix together in
concrete to improve the workability of concrete. The
work presented in thispaper reports an investigation on
the behavior of concrete produced from blending
cement with FA and RHA.
The
work
presented in
this
paper
reports
an
investigation on the behaviour of concrete produced
from blending cement with RHA and FA. The physical
and chemical properties of RHA, FA and OPC were
first investigated. Mixture proportioning was performed
to produce high workability concrete (200- 240 mm
slump) with target strength of 32.1 Mpa (M25) for the
control mixture. The effect of RHA on concrete
Regression analysis method for predicting the
properties was studied by means of the fresh properties
7,14,28,90 days compressive strength of concrete is
of concrete and the mechanical properties. I.e.
presented in this project. The proposed method is aimed
Compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, flexural
at establishing a predictive relationship between
test was studied as the time dependent property.
properties and proportions of ingredients of concrete,
A. Cement
compaction factor, weight of concrete cubes and
strength of concrete
The objectives and scope of present study are.
The cement used was Ordinary Portland cement (43
Grade) with a specific gravity of 3.15. Initial and final
setting time of the cement was 50 min and 365 min,
To find the optimum mix design with regards to
respectively. Its chemical composition is given in Table
the amount of water, RHA, FA and cement ratio.
1.
525
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
Table 1: Following are the Chemical properties of cement (OPC), Fly ash and Rice husk ash
Materials
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
LOI
SO3
K2O
Na2O3
Cement
19.71
5.20
3.73
62.91
2.54
0.96
2.72
0.90
0.25
Fly ash
40
25
20
3.71
3.0
1.74
0.80
0.96
Rice husk
ash
78.21
0.99
4.89
--------
--------
---------
---------
(SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3)
=82.64
B. Rice Husk Ash
Rice husk ash used was obtained from Ellora Paper
Plant located in Tumsar Bhandara .The Specific gravity
of rice husk ash is 2.10 and bulk density is 0.781 g/cc
RHA, produced after burning of Rice husk (RH) has
high reactivity and pozzolanic property. Indian Standard
code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS
456- 2000, recommends use of RHA in concrete but
does not specify quantities. Chemical compositions of
RHA are affected due to burning process and
temperature. Silica content in the ash increases with
higher the burning temperature. As per study by
Houston, D. F. (1972) RHA produced by burning rice
husk between 600 and 700C temperatures for 2 hours,
contains 90-95% SiO2, 1-3% K2O and < 5% unburnt
carbon. Under controlled burning condition in industrial
bottom of the furnace. In the past, fly ash was generally
released into the atmosphere via the smoke stack, but
pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades
now require that it be captured prior to release. It is
generally stored on site at most US electric power
generation facilities. Depending upon the source and
makeup of the coal being burned, the components of the
fly ash produced vary considerably, but all fly ash
includes substantial amounts of silica (silicon dioxide,
SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline) and lime
(calcium oxide, (CaO). Fly ash is commonly used to
supplement Portland cement in concrete production,
where it can bring both technological and economic
benefits, and is increasingly finding use in synthesis of
geopolymers and zeolites.
D. Aggregate
furnace, Studies have shown that RHA resulting from
the burning of rice husks at control temperatures have
Good quality river sand was used as a fine
physical and chemical properties that meet ASTM
aggregate. The fineness modulus, specific gravity
(American Society for Testing and Materials).Standard
and dry density are 2.32, 2.68 and 1690 kg/m3.
C 618-94a. Studies have shown that to obtain the
Coarse aggregate passing through 20mm and
required particle size, the RHA needs to be grown to
retained 10mm sieve was used.Its specific gravity
size 45 m 10 m.
and dry density was 2.7 and 1550 kg/m3.
C. Fly Ash
E. Chemical Admixture
Fly ash used was obtained Koradi Power Plant Nagpur.
A commercial AC- Green Slump-GS-02 black cat
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the
Chemical Limited and Glenium- AG-30 JP BASF
combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured from
Const. Chemical Limited type hyper plasticizer was
the chimneys of power generation facilities, whereas
used to maintain the workability of fresh concrete. The
bottom ash is, as the name suggests, removed from the
dosage of hyper plasticizer was kept constant in mass
526
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
basis; it was 1%-1.6% of cement weight. The aim of
if any, the influence of plasticizer on the properties of
keeping the amount of plasticizer constant is to neglect,
hardened concrete.
III. Experimental Programme
coarse aggregate is taken 1242.62kg/m the water to
Experimental programme comprises of test on cement, RHA,
binder
FA, cement concrete with partial replacement of cement with
Superplasticizer content was varied to maintain a slump
RHA and FA.
of (200-240 mm) for all mixtures. The total mixing time
ratio
was
kept
constant
as
0.44,
the
was 5 minutes, the samples were then casted and left for
A. RICE HUSK ASH
24 hrs before demoulding They were then placed in the
1) Normal Consistency = 17%
curing tank until the day of testing Cement, sand, Fly
2) Initial and Final Setting time = 195min.
ash, Rice husk ash and fine and coarse aggregate were
and 265min.
3) Compressive Strength = 11 N/mm2
properly mixed together in accordance with British
Standard Code of Practice (BS 8110)19 in the ratio
1:1.1:2.85 by weight before water was added and was
4) Specific Gravity = 2.09
properly mixed together to achieve homogenous
B. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
material. Water absorption capacity and moisture
OPC 43 grade cement is used for this whole experimental
study. The physical test results on OPC are as follows.
content were taken into consideration and appropriately
subtracted from the water/cement ratio used for mixing.
Muthadhi et al. 9 reported the blending of rice husk ash
1) Normal consistency = 22%
(RHA) in cement is recommended in most international
2) Initial Setting time = 30 min.
building codes now. Hence, cement was replaced in
3) Final Setting Time = 10 hrs.
percentages of 0, 1,2,3,4, 5 up to 30% with rice husk
ash and fly ash and 150 150 150mm3, Beam and
4) Specific Gravity = 3.15
Cylinder moulds were used for casting. Compaction of
C. TEST ON CONCRETE
concrete in three layers with 25 strokes of 16 mm rod
An M25 mix is designed as per guidelines in IS 10262, 1982
was carried out for each layer. The concrete was left in
based on the preliminary studies conducted in the constituent
the mould and allowed to set for 24 hours before the
materials. Tests on fresh concrete are obtained as follows.
cubes were de moulded and placed in curing tank. The
1) Slump Test=55mm
concrete cubes were cured in the tank for 7, 14, 28 and
90 days.
2) Vee-Bee = 13sec.
3) Compaction factor =0.95
E. Testing methods
4) Flow Test =78 %.
Testing is done as per following IS code. The testing
D. Mixture Proportioning
done for compressive strength of cubes as per IS : 516
1959 ,the testing done for flexural strength of beam as
The mixture proportioning was done according the
Indian Standard Recommended Method IS 10262-
per IS : 5816 - 1999 and the testing done for split tensile
strength of cylinder as per IS : 516 1959.
1982.The target mean strength was 32.1 Mpa for the
OPC control mixture, the total binder content was
435.45 kg/m ,fine aggregate is taken 476kg/m and
527
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
Table No. 2 Table for compressive strength, Flexural strength, Split tensile strength
MIX
STRENGTH AFTER CURING IN DAYS in N/mm2
MIX PROPORTION
SR.NO.
FLYASH
RICE H.
BY %
ASH BY
CEMENT %CEMENT
Control mix
7DAYS
14
DAYS
28
DAYS
90
DAYS
24.56
26.78
40.52
45.21
30
19.11
24.52
36
40.44
29
30.66
35.86
33.77
36.00
28
20
25.66
37.77
42.67
27
22.22
26.32
36
40.89
26
35.11
43.55
44
48.89
25
43.55
44
45
53.33
24
42.66
44
44
49.78
23
35.55
42.22
44.44
53.33
10
22
40.44
42.66
44.03
51.56
11
21
33.77
40.88
42.66
52.44
12
20
10
26.66
28.44
28.88
35.11
13
19
11
25.77
35.11
35.55
40.89
14
18
12
26.22
35.55
36
40.89
15
17
13
28.44
32
35.55
43.11
16
16
14
33.33
36
40
42.22
17
15
15
31.11
33.77
34.22
39.56
18
14
16
25.77
28
32
39.56
19
13
17
27.11
29.33
33.33
43.56
20
12
18
26.66
29.33
29.77
34.67
21
11
19
25.77
28.88
31.11
36.00
22
10
20
27.11
29.77
30.66
33.78
23
21
25.33
27.55
28.88
34.67
24
22
28.44
32
37.77
38.62
25
23
26.22
28.88
29.77
33.78
26
24
24.88
27.55
30.22
34.67
27
25
23.55
24.88
25.33
30.67
28
26
24.88
26.22
29.33
31.56
29
27
29.33
31.55
32.44
38.22
30
28
18.22
20.44
23.11
26.22
31
29
19.55
20.44
21.33
25.78
32
30
18.33
20
20.44
25.78
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
N/mm
SPLIT
TENSILE
STRENGTH
N/mm
10.58
10.58
10
11
11.25
12
13.75
12.5
11.25
10.98
8.5
9.2
8.32
7.5
7.0
6.3
6.2
5.8
5.7
5.4
5.5
5.25
4.25
4.12
4.08
5.0
4.36
4.08
3.85
3.65
3.65
3.45
6.5
3.4
3.25
3.39
3.67
3.67
3.53
3.4
3.53
3.58
3.67
3.25
3.11
3.53
3.25
3.21
3.11
2.82
2.68
2.97
2.94
2.91
2.85
2.68
2.82
2.81
2.81
2.82
2.68
2.54
2.54
2.26
528
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
Fig. 1 Compressive Strength of Cubes at 90 Day
Fig.2 Compressive Strength of Cubes at 28 Day
Fig. 3 Compressive Strength of Cubes at 14 Day
Fig. 4 Compressive Strength of Cubes at 7 Day
Fig. 6 Split Tensile Strength of Cylinders at 28 Days
Fig. 5 Flexural Strength of Beams at 28 Day
Fig. 7 Relation between Workability of concrete and % of
529
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
Table
3:
SUM M ARY OF ACTUAL STRENGTH,
PREDICTED STRENGTH WITH SUPERPLASTICIZER 28
DAYS STRENGTH USING FOUR VARIABLES.
Fig.8 Relation between Deflection in mm and % of
(FA+ RHA)
IV. METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
The data of 30 trials of mixes are used for the
analysis. From the data of 30 trials with adding
plasticizer
equations
are
developed
Multiple
Regression and correlation Analysis was applied to
derive the equations. In Multiple Regression Analysis,
various formulae were developed, by varying the input
parameters to predict the 7, 14, 28 and 90 days strength
of concrete cube. Selection of following equations with
different inputs, which would help the user to predict
the strength of concrete cube with available data / input
parameters, is based on the results of analysis and the
validation of formula.
EQUATION WITH PLASTICIZER
1) 28 Days St rength Using Four Variables: (Sample
No. 1-15)
STR28 = -0.170 x RHA + 74.364 x AD.WT. 0.617 x
AD.QU. 1.202 x STR7 + 2.192 x STR14...... (1)
2) 28 Days St rength Using Four Variables: (Sample
No. 16-31)
STR14 = -0.111 x RHA + 2.245 x 10-3 x AD.QU. +
0.642 x STR7 + 0.453 x STR28...... (2)
530
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
Table
4:
SUM M ARY
OF
ACTUAL
STRENGTH,
PREDICTED STRENGTH WITH SUPERPLASTICIZER 28
DAYS
STRENGTH
USING
FOUR
VARIABLES.
V. Conclusions
Based on the results presented above, the following
conclusions can be drawn:
1) Compressive strength increases with
SR
NO
PREDICTED
STRENGTH
in N/mm2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
32.67
27.56
28.23
28.40
28.06
28.60
27.41
33.28
28.14
27.31
25.42
26.13
30.55
22.67
22.37
22.11
ACTUAL
STRENGT
H
in N/mm2
34.22
32
33.33
29.77
31.11
30.66
28.88
37.77
29.77
30.22
25.33
29.33
32.44
23.11
21.33
20.44
the increase in the percentage of Fly
DIFF.
-1.55
-4.44
-5.1
-1.37
-3.05
-2.06
-1.47
-4.49
-1.63
-2.91
0.09
-3.2
-1.89
-0.44
1.04
1.67
ash and Rice Husk Ash up to
replacement (21%FA and 9% RHA) of
Cement in Concrete for different mix
proportions.
2) Concrete requires approximate
increase in water cement ratio due to
increase in percentage of RHA.
Because RHA is highly porous
material.
3) The workability of RHA concrete has
been found to decrease with increase in
RHA replacement.
4) It was found that rice husk when
burned produced amount of silica
(more than 80%). For this reason it
provides excellent thermal insulation.
5) Rice husk ash contains more silica, and
hence we prefer rice husk ash use in
concrete than silica fume to increase
the strength.
6) Through Rice husk ash is harmful for
human being, but the cost of rice husk
ash is zero and thus we prefer RHA use
in concrete as compared to silica
fumes.
7) The workability of RHA concrete has
been found to decrease but FA
increases the workability of concrete
531
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
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Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
so RHA and FA mix together in
with 23% fly ash 7% rice husk ash
concrete to improve the workability
mix.
of concrete.
8) Rice Husk Ash can be used with
admixtures, plasticizers, and super
plasticizers, for increasing the
13) The maximum 28 days split tensile
strength was obtained with 25% fly
ash 5% rice husk ash mix.
14) The maximum 28 days flexural
strength of concrete with partial
strength was obtained again with
replacement of cement.
25% fly ash and 5% rice husk ash
9) In the presented work many factors
are considered, which are believed
mix.
15) The transition zone gets improved
to affect strength of concrete.
and densified with the use of
MULTIPLE REGRESSION
ternary mix concretes containing
ANALYSIS is effectively used as
rice husk ash and fly ash.
a predictive tool.
10) Regression analysis as is well-
16) Due to the high specific surface
area of the RHA, the dosage of
known, gives explicit formula,
superplasticizer had to be increased
which we can be directly used to
along with RHA fineness to
predict the strength of concrete.
maintain the desired workability.
Prediction of strength of concrete
17) The mechanical properties in terms
cube with regression analysis is
of flexural and tensile strength
easy and handy. The formulae can
have been significantly improved
predict only 7 days, 14 days, 28
with the addition of RHA.
days and 90 days strength of the
18) Rate analysis shows that as the
same concrete cube.
11) Present work is aimed at
developing predictive tool with
respect to normal density aggregate
percentage of RHA and FA added
on the concrete the cost goes
decrease up to 29%.
19) RHA when added in the concrete
and normal weight concrete.
reduces the weight of the concrete
However, the work can be
up to 15% after 90 days of curing.
extended to the concrete of light
weight and heavy density
12) The maximum 90 days
REFERENCES
1. D.V. Reddy, Ph. D, P.E. Professor
compressive strength was obtained
532
Satish D. Kene, Pravin V. Domke, Sandesh D. Deshmukh, R.S.Deotale/ International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com
Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.524-534
and Director of the Centre for
Marine Structures & Geotechnique
P.E,
Department
of
Civil
Engineering,
Florida
Atlantic
University and Marcelina Alvarez,
B.S. Structural Engineer, URS
Corporation, Boca Raton developed
Marine Durability Characteristics
of Rice Husk Ash Modified
Reinforced Concrete.
2. Rice Husk Ash Properties and its
Uses: A Review by A. Muthadhi, R.
Anita and Dr. S. Kothandaraman .
3. G. A. Habeeb, M. M. Fayyadh
Department of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of
Malaya, Malaysia developed Rice
Husk Ash Concrete: the Effect of RHA
Average Particle Size on Mechanical
Properties and Drying Shrinkage.
4. International Conference, Waste
and Byproducts as Secondary
Resources for Building Materials,
13-16 April, 1999, New Delhi,
India.
5. IS 10262 -1981 IS Method of Mix
Design,
Bureau
of
Indian
Standards, New Delhi
6. IS 516 -1959 Methods of Tests for
strength of concrete, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi
7. IS 456 -2000 Code of Practice for
Plain and Reinforced Concrete,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
8. Shetty M. S. "Concrete Technology" S.
Chand & Co.Ltd, 1997.
9. Alireza Naji Givi , Suraya Abdul
Rashid , Farah Nora A. Aziz ,
Mohamad Amran Mohd Salleh
developed Contribution of Rice
Husk Ash to the Properties of
Mortar and Concrete:A Review.
10. Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar,
Ramadhansyah PutrajayaC and
Hamidi
Abdulaziz
developed
Malaysian Rice Husk Ash
Improving
the
Durabilityand
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete:
Pre-review.
11. A dimensional analysis method for
predicting the 28-day compressive
strength of 53-grade cements is
presented in the paper by Dr. D. R.
Pathak, N. P. Deshpande (J. Mat. in
Civ. Engrg. (November/December
2005).
12. Dao Van Dong- Doctor, Pham Duy
Huu- Professor, Nguyen Ngoc LanEngineer developed Effect of rice
husk ash on properties of high
strength concrete.
13. Dr Kedar Mohan Paturkar
developed Effect of cement
replacement by silica fume and fly
ash
Books
1)
M.
S.
Shetty,
Concrete
Technology, 5th ed., S.Chand & Co.Ltd,
2002.
533
