Brief Contents
Preface xvi
PART
PART
PART
PART
vi
The Practice of Public
Speaking
Adapt for Speaking
Success 2
2
3
Manage Speech Anxiety 14
Speak Ethically 37
Practice and Promote
Effective Listening 25
Getting Started with
Your Speech
Know and Adapt
to Your Audience 50
Determine Your Purposes
and Select a Topic 69
Supporting Your Speech
Locate Supporting
Materials 84
Evaluate Supporting
Materials 104
Cite Sources in
Your Speech 120
Organizing and Developing
Your Speech
10
11
Outline Your Speech 136
Organize the Body of
Your Speech 152
PART
PART
12
Introduce and Conclude
Your Speech 167
13
Use Language Expertly 181
Forms of Speeches
14
15
16
17
18
19
Speak to Inform 206
Presenting Your
Speech
20
Choose and Rehearse a
Method of Delivery 336
21
Use Your Body and Voice
Effectively 353
22
Use Presentation Aids
Effectively 368
Speak to Persuade 228
Practice Persuasiveness 254
Speak in Small Groups 274
Speak on the Job 292
Speak on Special
Occasions 314
Appendix: Sample
Speeches 392
Glossary 401
Notes 409
Credits 416
Index 419
Brief Contents
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Contents
PART
The Practice of Public
Speaking
Note the professional benefits
Note the personal benefits
Desensitize yourself
Stay positive
Trace the History of Public Speaking 9
Acknowledge the Fear of Public
Speaking 9
Adapt to Anxiety Visualizing
Communication Success 10
Appreciate the Importance of Ethical
Speaking 11
Adapt to Ethics Deciding Where to Draw
the Line with Offensive Language 11
Prepare to Succeed Use This Handbook
to Build Your Public Speaking Ability 12
Exercises: Apply It Now 12
21
23
Exercises: Apply It Now 24
Practice and Promote Effective
Listening 25
Understand the Importance of Listening 26
Appreciate how often you listen
26
Distinguish hearing from listening
26
Acknowledge the difference between active
and passive listening
27
Describe the Listening Process 28
Hearing
28
Understanding
28
Remembering
28
Understand Why Public Speaking
Can Be Frightening 15
Interpreting
Evaluating
Speaking anxiety makes your mind go
22
Prepare to Succeed Manage Speech
Anxiety Effectively 23
Manage Speech Anxiety 14
Responding
29
29
29
Identify the Forms of Listening 30
15
Speaking anxiety makes you want to flee 15
Recognize Speech Anxiety as a Form
of Stress 16
Adapt to Ethics Maintaining an
Environment of Respect 17
Speaking anxiety affects the mind
21
Adapt to Technology Rehearsing
in Virtual Reality 22
Know the components of communication 6
blank
21
Visualize a successful performance
Understand Public Speaking as a Type
of Communication 5
19
Focus your nervous energy
Know the types of communication
Speaking anxiety affects behavior
Accept speaking anxiety as normal
Consider the Benefits of Public Speaking 3
3
18
Consider How to Use Stress to Your
Advantage 21
Adapt for Speaking Success 2
Note the educational benefits
Speaking anxiety affects the body
18
Practice appreciative listening
30
Practice informational listening
30
Adapt to Context Shifting Your
Listening Style 31
Practice critical listening
31
Practice empathic listening
32
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Avoid Barriers to Effective Listening
Avoid pseudolistening
Limit external noise
32
Adapt to Ethics Using Inclusive
Language 54
32
Appreciate listeners cultural values
33
Adapt to Culture Making Language
Culturally Accessible 33
Reduce internal noise
characteristics
Manage receiver apprehension
Consider the purpose of the audiences
34
attendance
34
61
Identify the audiences prior knowledge
61
Acknowledge listeners competing
Speak Ethically 37
demands
Prepare your speech ethically
38
Do formal research
Present your speech ethically
38
Administer a questionnaire or a poll
Establish your credibility
41
42
Deliberately misguiding listeners
Defaming others
Avoid Plagiarism
63
65
44
Find common ground
45
Adapt to Technology Using Online
Materials Responsibly 45
Prepare to Succeed Apply Ethical
Principles to Every Skill in This Course 47
Exercises: Apply It Now 47
Getting Started with
Your Speech
66
Prepare to Succeed Apply Audience
Analysis to a Successful Speech 66
Exercises: Apply It Now 67
Determine Your Purposes and
Select a Topic 69
Articulate the General Purpose of Your
Speech 70
Speak to inform
Know and Adapt to Your
Audience 50
70
Speak to persuade
Speak to entertain
51
Recognize listeners demographic traits
65
Adapt to Culture Giving Voice to
Dissenting Opinions 65
44
Know Who Your Listeners Are
Get your listeners attention
Use compelling evidence
Plagiarism comes in several forms
63
Choose your language
42
43
Plagiarism is a serious offense
Select an appropriate topic
LIVE WORK SPEAK Know Your
Audience 64
Confront Ethical Challenges 42
Fabricating evidence
62
63
Adapt to Your Audience 63
40
Adapt to Culture Building Credibility 41
Generate goodwill
62
Conduct casual observations
Earn and Keep Your Listeners Trust 40
PART
61
Consider Ways to Gather Audience
Information 62
Know What It Means to Speak
Ethically 38
viii
60
Be mindful of listeners time
Exercises: Apply It Now 35
60
Know the audience size
Prepare to Succeed Help Your Audience
Listen Better 35
59
Understand Your Listeners Situation 60
34
Minimize closed-mindedness
56
Determine listeners social
51
70
70
Adapt to Context Observing the
Boundaries of Your Assignment 71
Contents
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Speak to introduce
LIVE WORK SPEAK Conduct Supporting
Research 100
Create Effective Research Notes 101
Prepare to Succeed Find The Right
Supporting Materials for Your Needs 102
71
Speak to mark a special occasion
Brainstorm Potential Topics
Consider what you care about
See whats popular online
Choose a Specific Topic
71
72
73
73
Exercises: Apply It Now 103
74
Identify topics that are right for you
74
Identify topics that are right
for your audience
75
Distinguish Among Types of Sources
Identify topics that are right
for the occasion
Evaluate Supporting
Materials 104
Distinguish between primary and secondary
75
sources
Adapt to Anxiety Not Giving Up
on Finding a Good Topic 76
State Your Specific Purpose 76
Identify Your Thesis Statement 78
Prepare to Succeed Find the Best Topic
for You 81
Exercises: Apply It Now
105
Distinguish between scholarly and popular
sources
106
Adapt to Anxiety Facing the Dilemma of
I Cant Find Any Good Evidence! 107
Evaluate the Merits of Supporting
Material 108
81
Check the relevance
PART
Appraise the credibility
Supporting Your Speech
Locate Supporting Materials
109
Gauge the objectivity
109
Assess the accuracy
110
Consider the currency
84
108
110
Calculate the completeness
Assess the Forms of Support
You Need 85
Consider several forms of support
85
Match your claim to your evidence
86
Consult a general search engine
Use a research search engine
89
Quote or paraphrase evidence
91
Adapt to Technology Researching
Online: What About Wikipedia? 91
Take Advantage of Library
Resources 92
Conduct a Personal Observation 96
Do a Survey 97
97
Distribute a questionnaire
97
Refer to evidence in multiple ways
91
Conduct a website-specific search
111
Avoid the Confirmation Bias 111
Adapt to Ethics Dealing with Data That
Dont Quite Fit 114
LIVE WORK SPEAK Evaluate Supporting
Material 115
Incorporate Supporting Material
Effectively 116
Adapt to Context Choosing the Right
Evidence for Your Audience 88
Locate Supporting Materials Online 89
Perform an interview
116
116
Prepare to Succeed Become a Critical
Consumer of Research 117
Exercises: Apply It Now 118
Cite Sources in Your
Speech 120
Gather the Details Necessary to Cite
Your Sources 121
Deliver Verbal Footnotes 123
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Adapt to Ethics Using Material Without
Citing Sources Is Stealing 126
Use an Appropriate Style Manual to Create
a Bibliography 126
Adapt to Technology Using Citation
Management Software 127
Establish the Credibility of Your
Sources 129
Note your sources education
11
Articulate Your Main Points 153
Point out your sources affiliations
130
131
132
10
Understand the Benefits of Outlining 137
Identify the Components of an Outline 137
Follow the Guidelines for Creating an
Effective Preparation Outline 138
138
Adapt to Culture Being Sensitive to
Language as You Outline 139
140
Follow the rule of subordination
Observe the rule of division
141
Cite sources in your outline
141
140
Put everything in a proper outline
format
142
Draft a Preparation Outline 143
Adapt to Technology Applying the
Outlining Function in Microsoft Word 144
Create a Speaking Outline 147
Prepare to Succeed Craft a User-Friendly
Outline 150
Exercises: Apply It Now 151
157
158
Include nonverbal transitions
158
Understand the Options for Organizing
Your Speech Body 159
Adapt to Anxiety Keeping Perspective
When Organizing Your Speech 164
Prepare to Succeed Select the Right
Organizational Strategy 165
Outline Your Speech 136
Address one idea at a time
155
Incorporate signposts
Organizing and Developing
Your Speech
Write in complete sentences
155
Provide previews and summaries
Exercises: Apply It Now 133
Make your main points distinct
important
Prepare to Succeed Give Credit Where
Credit Is Due 133
PART
153
Adapt to Context Determining the
Importance of Your Points 155
Support Your Main Points
with Subpoints 156
Incorporate Effective Transitions 157
Explain your sources professional
reputations
Keep your main points related
Ensure that your main points are equally
130
Describe your sources experience
Organize the Body
of Your Speech 152
Exercises: Apply It Now 166
12
Introduce and Conclude
Your Speech 167
Capture Your Listeners Attention 168
Adapt to Ethics Going Too Far for
Attention 171
Build Your Credibility 172
Preview Your Main Points 173
LIVE WORK SPEAK Craft a Powerful
Introduction 174
Signal the End of Your Speech 175
Summarize Your Central Message 176
Create a Memorable Moment 176
Adapt to Technology Using Technology
to Create Memorable Moments 178
Prepare to Succeed Make Your
Introduction and Conclusion Work
Together 179
Exercises: Apply It Now 179
Contents
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13
Choose a Method of Informing 211
Use Language Expertly 181
Know Why Your Words Matter
Connect words to meaning
Speak to define
182
182
Connect words to culture
182
Connect words to ethics
184
Speak to explain
Create Clear and Credible Language
Select concrete language
Use the active voice
186
186
187
187
Make your message understandable
188
Aim for correct grammar
and word usage
189
192
Adapt to Culture Speaking Sensitively
About People with Disabilities 192
Attack ideas, not people
193
Beware of euphemistic language
194
Connect with Your Listeners 195
Adapt your speaking style
195
Incorporate personal pronouns
Make your speech distinctive
197
Add rhythm to your language
198
Exercises: Apply It Now 201
14
15
Speak to Persuade 228
Understand What It Means
to Persuade 229
Select a Type of Persuasive Speech 230
Persuade beliefs with propositions
197
Prepare to Succeed Make Your Speech
Personal 201
PART
215
Bring It All Together: An Informative
Speech 222
Exercises: Apply It Now 226
Speak Ethically and Civilly 191
Speak respectfully about others
214
Fit Your Method of Informing into an
Organizational Pattern 216
LIVE WORK SPEAK Choose a Method
of Informing 217
Rehearse Your Delivery 218
Adapt to Anxiety Slowing Your
Speaking Rate 220
Speak Ethically 221
Prepare to Succeed Maintain a Focus
on Informing 222
185
Choose speech-ready words
213
Speak to demonstrate
Adapt to Context Speaking Like Your
Listeners 185
Connect words to power
212
Speak to describe
Forms of Speeches
of fact
230
Persuade opinions with propositions
of value
231
Persuade actions with propositions
of policy
232
Adapt to Context Talking Values with
Different Audiences 232
Use more than one type of proposition
if necessary
233
Choose a Method of Persuading 233
Speak to Inform 206
Understand What It Means to
Inform 207
Select a Type of Informative Speech 208
Adapt to Technology Mining Online
Resources for Informative Speech
Topics 211
Appeal to character
Appeal to emotion
Appeal to reason
234
235
236
Appeal to human needs
Appeal to relevance
238
Appeal to personal gain
Appeal to harmony
237
239
240
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Use an Effective Organizational
Pattern 241
Use a refutational approach
241
Try the comparative advantage method 242
Bring It All Together: A Persuasive
Speech 248
Exercises: Apply It Now 252
Practice Persuasiveness 254
Maximize Your Credibility 255
Showcase your competence
Highlight your similarity
255
256
Identify the Parts of an Argument 257
Recognize the claim
Find the evidence
257
257
Spot the warrant
258
Consider Various Types of
Arguments 260
Argue by deduction
Argue by induction
Argue by analogy
260
261
262
Adapt to Ethics Cherry-Picking Evidence
for an Inductive Argument 263
263
Argue by authority
264
Avoid Logical Fallacies 264
Adapt to Your Audience 269
Prepare to Succeed Choose the Right
Argument for Your Situation 271
Adapt to Culture Considering Cultural
Influences in Persuasion 272
Exercises: Apply It Now 272
xii
are interdependent
275
275
Note the many functions of small
groups
275
Understand that people are socialized into
small groups in stages
277
Adapt to Technology Communicating
Successfully in Online Groups 277
Observe that small groups often interact
online
278
Distinguish Among the Styles of
Group Leadership 278
Recognize democratic leadership
278
Acknowledge autocratic leadership
Identify laissez-faire leadership
255
Enhance your attractiveness
Argue by cause
Recognize Small Group
Communication 275
Recognize that members of small groups
243
Rehearse Your Delivery 245
Practice Ethical Persuasive Speaking 246
Adapt to Ethics Coming Along
on a Guilt Trip 247
Prepare to Succeed Be Persuasive,
not Manipulative 248
16
Speak in Small Groups 274
Distinguish small groups by their size
Consider Monroes motivated
sequence
17
279
279
Appreciate the strengths of each
leadership style
280
Understand the Roles of Group
Membership 280
Respect task roles
281
Value relational roles
281
Avoid counterproductive roles
282
Explain the Processes of Group
Decision Making 282
Understand unanimous consensus
Investigate majority rule
282
283
Consider minority rule
283
Explore expert opinion
284
Appreciate authority rule
284
Recognize that decision-making
processes vary
284
Create a Group Presentation
Select an appropriate format
Craft your presentation
285
286
287
Rehearse and deliver your
presentation
287
Contents
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LIVE WORK SPEAK Plan a Group Oral
Report 288
Prepare to Succeed Avoid the Pitfalls
of Group Communication 289
Adapt to Anxiety Im Doing All
the Work! Responding to Social
Loafing 290
Exercises: Apply It Now 290
18
Prepare to Succeed Communicate
Ethically in the Workplace 312
Exercises: Apply It Now 312
19
Speak on Special
Occasions 314
Appreciate the Functions of a Special
Occasion Speech 315
Some speeches celebrate
Speak on the Job 292
Some speeches inspire
Deliver an Impressive Business
Presentation 293
Some speeches commemorate
Some speeches entertain
Determine your general purpose
Identify your audience
293
294
Adapt to Context Choosing an
Organizational Pattern for Your Sales
Proposal 295
295
Determine the function and type
Consider cultural factors
296
Create presentation aids
297
of speech
Rehearse, evaluate, and revise
297
298
Create and distribute an agenda
End on time
301
301
Learn to read your audience
301
Practice your delivery
Be ethical
302
Adapt to Anxiety Responding to Illegal
Questions in a Job Interview 305
Prepare to conduct a successful
306
Prepare for electronically mediated
interviews
326
Know the various forms of humor
Communicate Constructively in
an Employment Interview 302
interview
324
LIVE WORK SPEAK Prepare
a Toast 325
Incorporate Humor Effectively 326
299
Prepare to be interviewed successfully
321
321
Rehearse and revise your speech
299
Keep the conversation on-topic
320
Understand the tone of the event
Outline your presentation
Lead a Meeting Effectively 299
Communicate the purpose
320
Know your audience
Adapt to your communication channel
Begin on time
315
315
Understand the Types of Special Occasion
Speeches 316
Adapt to Technology Finding Special
Occasion Speeches Online 319
Articulate Your Priorities for a Special
Occasion Speech 319
293
Choose an organizational pattern
Do your homework
315
315
308
326
327
328
Adapt to Culture Accommodating
Cultural Preferences in Humor 329
Prepare to Succeed Adapt to the
Moment 330
Bring it All Together: An Introduction
Speech 330
Exercises: Apply It Now 333
Participate in a Performance Review 310
Receive a performance review
Deliver a performance review
310
311
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PART
20
21
Presenting
Your Speech
Focus on Your Personal Appearance 354
Monitor Your Facial Expressions
and Eye Contact 356
Choose and Rehearse a Method
of Delivery 336
Communicate with facial expressions
Distinguish Among Methods
of Delivery 337
Impromptu speaking
Scripted speaking
Keep an eye on eye contact
337
338
Memorized speaking
338
Move your body
Practice Speaking Impromptu 340
Dont panic
340
Draw from what has happened
340
Find your rate
Adapt your volume
Rehearse an Extemporaneous
Speech 342
Vary your pitch
Avoid sounding underprepared
Attend to articulation
345
346
349
349
Practice recovering from memory
350
Prepare to Succeed Learn to Think
on Your Feet 350
Exercises: Apply It Now 351
xiv
365
Exercises: Apply It Now 366
Adapt to Culture Modifying Eye
Contact 348
Memorize Your Presentation 349
failures
Focus on fluency
363
364
Prepare to Succeed Look and Sound
Confident, Even When Youre Nervous 366
345
Handle the manuscript properly
Polish your delivery
363
Practice pronunciation
343
LIVE WORK SPEAK Rehearse an
Extemporaneous Speech 344
Practice Speaking from a
Manuscript 345
Commit your text to memory
361
Keep Your Voice Clear and Fluent 363
342
Avoid sounding overprepared
Maintain sufficient eye contact
361
Adapt to Technology Making the
Microphone Your Ally 362
341
Avoid readers voice
359
Speak at an Appropriate Rate, Volume,
and Pitch 361
Adapt to Anxiety Avoiding Paralysis
Through Reframing 341
Be brief
358
Generate effective gestures
340
Think in threes
356
356
Adapt to Ethics Feigning Emotions
for Effect 357
Use Movement and Gestures
Deliberately 358
337
Extemporaneous speaking
Use Your Body and Voice
Effectively 353
22
Use Presentation Aids
Effectively 368
Understand the Benefits of Presentation
Aids 369
Presentation aids help you capture
attention
369
Presentation aids improve listeners
learning
369
Presentation aids generate emotion
369
Presentation aids assist with audience
recall
369
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Presentation aids facilitate communication
across cultures
369
Presentation aids help a speaker stay
organized
Focus on your message
370
Consider the context
Plan your timing
Be ethical and safe
Have a backup plan
375
Begin with a plan
376
Choose a template
376
Select slide layouts
376
388
388
375
389
Prepare to Succeed Make Your
Presentation Aids Work for You Rather
Than against You 390
APPENDIX: SAMPLE SPEECHES 392
380
GLOSSARY
401
NOTES 409
Rehearse your slide show
381
381
CREDITS 416
INDEX 419
Contents
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389
Exercises: Apply It Now 390
Place slides in order and select
Consider using Prezi
382
388
Practice with your presentation aids
Learn to Use Presentation Software
transitions
Concentrate on the visual presentation
373
Video and audio
382
Adapt to Culture Noting Cultural
Meanings for Color 386
Ensure the Success of Your Delivery 387
373
Graphic slides
382
Forget the bells and whistles
Identify the Types of Presentation
Aids 370
Adapt to Context Choosing the
Right Presentation Aids for the
Situation 372
Create Compelling Audiovisual
Aids 373
Text slides
Design Presentation Aids for Maximum
Impact 382
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Public Speaking Matters
Skills for Life, Not Just for School
Public Speaking Matters provides the essential skills that todays
diverse student population needs and teaches them that adapting
to the situation is crucial to speaking success across all segments
of their lives. The Public Speaking Matters program provides a
revolutionary learning system that combines a continually adaptive experience with personalized learning resources.
In virtually all walks of life today, speaking effectively to groups, large and small,
is a fundamental life skill. College students increasingly find their academic and
professional success hinging on their proficiency in conveying messages to public audiences. Research demonstrates that public speaking skills greatly enhance
competence and credibility, two key predictors of success in a wide range of industries and professions, as well as effective engagement in personal and civic life.
With the rise of online communication, especially social media, most students are used to communicating information and sharing themselves regularly
in forums that are virtual, public, or both. However, many find the leap between
enacting those digital, often casual, interactions and speaking competently and
engagingly to a live audience to be a bigand dauntingone.
Public Speaking Matters provides the essential skills public speaking requires
to help todays students develop speaking confidence and bridge the gap:
Proficiency in finding, evaluating, and using research
Adeptness in speechcrafting
Listening-related skills and knowledge
Polished delivery skills
Proficiency with a variety of communication media
THE BEST SPEAKERS ARE ADAPTABLE SPEAKERS
Whatever the communication medium, audience characteristics, or speaking
occasion, students will learn that success as a public speaker depends on their
ability to adaptnot to change their messages to suit what they believe the audience wants to hear, but rather to adapt to the audience, to the occasion, and to the
situation at hand. An expert public speaker knows how to modify speech topics,
language, examples, level of detail, use of humor, sensory aids, volume, formality, and gesture size to adapt to the occasion. Adaptability is a key to success.
xvi
Preface
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