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Research:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
authon:
FergusFleming,Peter Hough,
Graham Coleman,David Guyat(

- Insettrich LersinglAl(G,
London.
Johnshn/l'ltPictureUbrary.Topham
liket+ thankaf}rhosewhohdpedin
lhe X Factor.
;, TheRoundstreer
fou
Good.Dr [. H.lwire,
 h):;
+J
F*;j

.q
_.9
t 1773, Friar Orclortez - a cleric Romans - or mavbe the Eelptiarls, or the
fiom the Spanish colonv of \Iexico - Phoeniciarts, or the Greeks, or everl settlers
hearcl an extraor-dinalv ltirnour-. from the lost citl' of'Atlantis.iNoboclv con- ;
Hidd en in the. jr r ngle. not f hr f r om sider-ecl fbr a moment tl-rat they hacl found
his norkplace in tl-resotrth of the cotrtrtrl', the re rnains of a civilization as great as anv
.9
\\:asiln er)ormous, empty cin'. His cur-iosit1, in Er.rrope's past - the Mal'a.
arousecl,he rr-radehis parishioncrs crarrv 5

hirn to the site. There, sure enor.rgh,\\'asa aI-€|!-,xJ,_P,,!."9_.|_.ty."l_,!,!!.._9*.:=*....,.'_,". o

cit\', but it r,r''as trnlike air)rcitv Ordonez had The Ma1'a first erncrged :rs a distinctive
E
ever encoLlntered. Strup;gling throuel'r the group il arbotrt2,6008C1. In the follorvins r The Moyo builr o
o
r:rinfbrest, he sarv monunfental str-ucttrres centuries, thev expandeclthr-ough Clerltral dozens of :
o
exceeding;in scaleand gratrdeur Lrnvthing Amcrica forrning ir series of citl' states observotories, whelb =o
to be found in Europe. There were pvra- bound together b1'shar-edrelisious beliefs priests chorted the u:

micls. palaces, streets and cburtyards, all and, p:rrticuliu'ly, bv Lracle. movemenls of lhe
brrilt to an astonishing degree of crafts- For' ol t' r a mi l l errrri rrnll h(' \ \\(' l c anl crl l fl plonets with
. \ r r d c ove ri r)g l h e i r rv a l l s r,rt' rc
rrr:rrr s lr ip. the most adr,anceclraces in the rvorlcl.Thc,v omozing dccurocy.
lincs of inclecipherzrble hieroglyphic.s. built better roarls than the Romans, and In turn, priests
\\-l'ren Orcloncz reportecl his fincl - he w-erc better scientists th:rn the flreeks. become revered
gar.eit the name Palenque, after a nearbv Their- pvrarnids were the eqr-ralof thosc in figures, ond rheir
i'ill:rSe - an offrciai ;,survey u,as put iu Egl,pt. Tl-rev had the highest population effigies qdorned
motion. Its conclrrsionswere that Paltnque dcnsitiesin pre-industrialArnerica - Tikal, mony buildings, pots
must. somel-iorv.have been the work of the fo r t xarrrpl e. l r ci l r i rr rrhat i s no\\ ond voses (inser).
flunternirla, cor,eled all :ueli o1' 129 sq kltl
ancl contirinecl :ul estilnatcd populatiorr of t._t
-..
ar le a\r r0 .{XX).
Theu,.in aborrt ,\11900, it all coll:rpsecl.
Only ir feu, satellite states sul'\'ivecl. Ancl
rrlrt rr tlrc 5p :rr r is lr ir r v ader l ( . t . r r t lal
Arnelica in the ltith centrrr\,, these statcs
also clisappe:rlecl. \,\rhat underpinned this
dramatic rise? Wrat lay bchincl its sudden
Iall? Fol centuries it rcntainecl tr nl)'ster\,, ] ;:'=.= ,
and onlv recentl)' have lve bcirun to piecre *$5 --;-f*,r" I
toscther the jiesar,r.of tr{:rva historr'.

.ry*y4:"t9
-t".t.9-9-:*y*J t!__-.=_';_ -
The reason fbr otrl ignorance lies, primar--
ilr. rr'ith tlrt'5p :rrris lr . \ \ ' lr er r r lr t ' r r r r liv er l in
(lcntral Arncr-ica, tl'rev colonized it rvith sys-
tern:rtic thororrghrrcss. Not sittisfiecl rvith
killirru llre ir errt rr r ie. lr r r r l c les t lor ir r q t lr eir
cities, thev also clirl thcit- best to eradicate
€z
-=
{=.
-T*
F

lul\ tl'lr((' o I tlre inc liger r or r r r ] r r lt r r lc . Pr ic s t s +

-"#*
lr-
brrr-neclu.r'itten recorcls, believins then to 'r'l",li ,r

be l-reretical.A ver-t,fen, manuscripts - four

in irll - n,er-ckept :rs itcms of culiosi[', brrt
other\\'isc a rnillennirrnr of accrrrrrulatccl
rr,isclornrr.asconsigrred to thc fl:rrnes.
Shortlv a{icl Ordorrcz lediscovelecl tlie
\,l:rva civilizirtion iu the l8th celltur\', a
nuntber of scientists investig:itcd the nrirrs
*.
*
"Jr' "", ,

A The pyromid of of P :rl enqr,re. L,ach n'as prrzzl ecl bv tl -re

Kukulcon or Chich6n Iti et'ogl r pl ti cs. Tl tcr \\ ( l e {'l rr i , '11 .11 16;n.
Itzi is built to on kind o1' rvr-iting, but n-h:rr rlicl ther nrearn?
exoct ostronomicql The first breaktl-rr-ough canre in the r.r.ricl-
configurolion. At 19th centtrrv rvhen a French pliesr. Clhalles
eoch equinox, the BrasseLrr, cleciclecl tci inlestig:rte Clentral
setling sun cqsls o America. Diegiug thlough \ aticarr alchives
shodow on the itr Rorle, he unearthecl a rnarrrrsclipt rvr-it-
steps in the shope tetr bv tl-re Spanish clerics u'ho hacl over--.
of o moving snoke. seen the clestnrction of \lir|a |ecor-cls. Iti
nas a firll clcscription of the \Izrvurcalendar.
Anc,l zrlongsicleeach hieloelr 1th lr'as-rr'ritterr
a Spalrislr tllrnsllrtiorr.
F o l t l r e f i r ': r l i r r r c . i r r t l r r s r l i : r l r r r r r r rIi r d a
c l i r n l - l s c o f r r l l r t l r i s l r r r l l r a l i l r r r ' p r t,r l cce s-
sors coulcl cio. The ,\Iar.:r,it becirnte clear,
rvere superbll acconrplishecl :rstronorners
:rrtclmatheuratici:lns. Ther'hacl not olle but

o
thlee interc'onnectecl c:ilend:rrs. The first
-_9 t t t e l r s r r r tt l t i r r r c i n 2 6 ( ) - r l a r c r t l t 's i r r 2 0 - d a r
o 'tnonths'. This, in ttrrn, \,oulcl interact rvith
@
' -c
,r,"..rn.1, 365-cl:u',c:rlenclar'.The hvo calen-
3 clirrsrtere arrangecl to coincicle ol)cc evel'\'
.: i-r2r'e:rrs to give rise to a 'bundle ', the Mar':r
 deeper. Usirrir ttre latest cocle-cracking
computers, thcr, cleciphered sorne rnore
N l arrthi t' rocl l pl ri c' . \A l rat tl rev cl i scor cr cr l
:==::: =-
rvasa blooclr"ancl terrifvirrp socieq,i
The Ma1'a possesseda staggcring^rlrra)'
of gods - at lcr:rst 166 - r'r,iro hacl to be
appezrseclrvith constant ritrrals. For the
nto\l l )1i 1.
l tl tese| i trral si rrrtl l red l l l o or l. lr r
eariv Mava historl', urnirnalbloocl sufficecl,
br.rt they soon proql-essed to hurnans.
Priestsand rulers endrrreclhorrible acts of' ' rl

6ffi 1k
W e found o lor ge num be r of
books... ond qs they
confoined nothing Ibut]
super gtition ond lies of the
devil, we bur ned them ol l
,l562
B i s h o pD i e g od e L o n d o ,

*n !' # ' u i
'';{-.,#FE:
.
.::'i
'* .r. blooclletting u,hich, on particular-lf irnpor-
*F
={,;rL -*-'* 'f
.r.
j l
,{- .+ ' :g:= tant occasions, incluclecl hurnan sacliflce.
k u o',
t't.
{, & S t ) i u r p o | l a l l l r u r s l h c i d t 'a o l b l o ,r cl tl r a t
.- # '{
.+' ,{ 5l{ii*; it pclrncatccl everv uspect of N'lavzrlife -
& .
c\-en slz)rt. A traclition:rl game u'as plaved
:i'

o
rc
'j:*' & .q
(., in a uicle, steppe<1 corrrtvarcl rvitl-r trvcr
tealns cornpetiDg to pass i'r bzrll th|otrsh zr
o
.* = stone ring rncirurtcd high ?rn thc n'all, cin
2
either sicle of the court. lt rvlis :r little like

equivalent of a century.
\eitlrer of the :e. [ r or v erer . wc lc us c f ul o
j
for- measuring lar$e periocls of time, so the :
E
\'Iar,ir devised a thircl calenclar known as
ilre Lorrg Corrrrt. T his als o c or r es por r ded o

nith o
the 52-year c,vcle, br-rt rneasured time
in blo cks e qrrita len t t o i. 125 r ear s . Thc
\lara rrsed th is srstc m t o c alc r r lale ev er r t s ir r '-
their ancient history, The rvhcjie sy.item was o

strtrctrrled aro rrrrd ur ec i: e olr s elv aiior r . of

the pla rret \ e rrrrsrvhos e c olr r s e t lr ey plot t ed
rr' it lr arr erro r o f o rrh 1, 1s qc onc ls pc r \ c al.
,6

Mo ?ElxJ*Y_E _sJlg"4Jl*o***."
Later archaeologicai Iincls rgveaiecl more
I,Iar-a secrets. Almost er,ery major builcling
rvas placed to chart the pattem of the stars.
It seerned as if the Vlava rverc obsessed by
the hear-ens and the calgndars. Onb tem-
ple in Pa lerrq rre.fo r ex ar nple. r , r asI bt r nd { c r
har€ 365 steps, corresponcling exactlv to
llt e r rtrrrrb er of d ars ir r a r ear .
I t rras rrol un lil t lle l9i0s ar r d l9f i0s .
Itc-' rr'e ve r'.
rlra t scier r lis ls \ \ c l' e ablc t o dig
 thing happened, Maybe theywere attacked
by outsi ders;perhaps one of the ci t y st at es
became ambitious. Nobodv knows for
sure. But the war glyph =.,.a-star sign -
sprouted on temples throughdtt,rhe land.
In the absence of an overall ididbi,'-the
result was disintegration. One by one, the
Maya retreated to thei r sfrorrgho lds and
were destroyed.

HAND OF GOD
A rrother theory rel ati ng to the Maya'sdis-"-
appearance concerns their reliance on the
cal endaras a tool of predi cti on.The M aya
were an extremely fatalistic race who
believed that all events w.ere predeter-
mined by the gods and therefore
uncharigeable. Moderr-r interpretatious of ,.
hieroglyphs and the calender show that
the Maya predicted the arrival of a hr.reely

basketball but with one major di{I'erence:if'

yo u los l. y oll c t led . I h e l o s l n g l e a m c o u l (t
expect one of tlvo options. Either their
heads were used as balls .for the next
match, or they were tiecl together in a riast,
human ball and rolled clown the courtyarcl .
stepsuntil they were dead.
Maya blood did not flow indiscrimi-
nately, however. It was linked to the sun as
a sym bol of t he lif e ftrrc e .a n d e v e ry c l e a th
was seen a3 a benefit to their extensive net-
work of cities and asricultural subnrbs. \
Sa cr if ic e anc l blo o c l l e tti rrg s u p p o rl e d .
rather than destroyecl,their lif-estyle.
1 - i {. .

RITUA T M URD E R
In the last few years,cryptologists, building
on the findings of the 1950s and 1960s,
have discovered a nelv element"to Maya ) The sun god
hieroglyphics. T\€y were not only pictorial odorned dozens of
but phonetic, relying on a subtle combina- Moyo buildings, ondl
l i o n ot v is ual and a rrra l m e s s a g e sMa . rry mony people were
g l yphs ar e s lill ir r d e c i p h e ra b l e .b u t th o s e socrificed to invoke his
th a l hav e been lr au s l a te dp o rtra y a l a ta l l y fqvour. Among those
fractureclsociety. socrificed were losers
l ner e was no s i l rg re .u n i l y rn g p o w e r l n of the troditionol
the Maya world. Individual city statesrr,rled Moyo bollgome - o
i'their own territogy, relying on mutual sport where o'boll
tra d e benef it ar r d a s h a re dc u l tu re to k e e p hod ro be possed
the peace. In abor.rtAD900, howeveq some- . through o hoop (inset).
 il '"
ii

clestr-r.rctivcforce - u,hich took tl-rc form of 8

q

:r powcrful grid - around the time o{'

o
\ D g U ( ) .T l r i s . f o l t l r c M a r a . n a s : r l o r ce l h cy
o
t o r r l d r r e i t l r e r f i g h r r r o l d e n r . l t s c e n r e d to =
'o

sigr-rifv thc cncl of tl'reir'face . j

_9.
I r i s p o s s i t i l e t l r l r t ( l r t ' \ l r r r ': r . l r a r i r r g o

e r r r l r r l r i d f o r o v c r 2 . j 0 0 'r t 'l r r ': . r r c l e i rr r l d cd

arouncl ,\D900 by a rzrce that they inter-
preted as this clestructive god. ()nc- theorv
stzrtesthat rather tharn ofl'e r rcsistance. the
\{aLya acceptecl their destnrction as preor-

. .'tQffi@+-*--
They offered socrifices of
their own blood, sometimes
eutfing fhemselves qr oun d i n
pieces ond they lefr them in
fhis woy qs q sign
Moyo Trcnslotion
by AlfredM. Tozzer
.:__====-**;%.n.
- '
--:
daineclb1' thc eods, zrndsirnplvallowed
I h e t t l s c l v t 's l o l r e s l t r t r g l t t e l e d .
H , , \ r e r e r '. : r s r r i l l r r n r r c l r o f l l r e \ l a va r va v
o f l i l - e . t l r i s i s o r r t ' o f r n a r r r i r r l e l p r e t r r ti o r r s.
o
rc Attempts at obliter-ating Mal'a heritauer b,v
o
o the l6th celltrlrv Spanish cxplorers - com-
binccl nith general erosior-r catrsecl b_vthe
I hot, tropical climirte - almost succeeded in
>
concealing tl-rc Maya's existence fbrer,er.
Artd todal', despite lticlespread irttct-est iu
E

o
the Nlzrva peopie, the tnrth bchincl their
E
I rrltirnalc tlcrrtist r t 'r n a i r r s o r r e o f o
o
l l i \ l o r \ 's l r c s t - k c p t \ e c r e l s . ilj
TOI]CFI O F P E O P L EW H O HAVE BEEN
AnT S T O RIE S
C UREDB Y P S Y C H I CH E A T I N GEVIDENCE
OF
THE PARANORMATPOWERSOF THE MIND
OR A RE T H E YJ U S TA C A S EO F NAT URE
COUNST?
TAKING ITS OWN INEXPTICABTE

et ir ed c ir il s e rra n tJ i m Hodghton. After Len 'heard a

Williams, OBE, began to v o i c e ' i n structi ng hi m to hel pJi m,
suspectthat something rvas the couple administered healing
sel$e seriousl,vwrong nith his three times a week. On the da,vs
health after a knee-replacement thel' did not attend,June took
operation in Novernber 1993. over. At the same time, Mr
Over the next ferv months, he lost \{illiams was pllt on a low-fat
a considerableamount of $,eight, vegetarian diet bv Dr Lawson.
suffered from extrerne tiredness Remarkablr', his condition started
and swollen ankles, and began to to improve almost immediately'.
look gaunt and jaundiced. 'After one rveek,'Len
In April 1994,Mr Williarns'w'ent Hodghton explains, 'he was
to hospital in \{eston-super-Nlare eating, had lost his yellor'v
for a biopsy. The surgeons found r o mp l e xi on and rrascomi ng
a massivetumour on his liver, dorvnstairs.At the end of the
equivalent in size to a grapefiuit. second,he wanted to be taken out
It was diagnosedas malignant and
inoperable. In fact, the tumour was
so advanced that radiotherapv and
ch em ot her ap)\ r er e .u l e c t o ,,i .

HAN DS . O N H EtP
Dr Richard Lalson, Mr William's
GP, suggestedhe be admitted to a
hospice fbr the terminally ill.
'I rvasflattened and then began
to mentall,v prepare m,vselffbr
death,' the cancer r,ictim said. 'I
wasn't scaredor frishtened but felt
a senseof acceptar"rce.'
Mr Williarns and his rvife,June,
were on friendl,v terms r,vithhvo
psychic healers, Len and Rae
 to a restalrrant. At the end of the
third rveek, he wanted to go to see
a shorr'A. w eek al tcr that. he dr ove
R ae.mrsel f arrrl.l rrrreal l the way
around rhe Merrdi p H i l l s.'
In early August 1994, Dr Lawson
senl Mr \\ i l l i ams Ibr an ul tra - sound
scan.It shorr' ccl that the tumo ur
had shrunk bv arorrnd 50 per cent .
81 October.i t had reduced by
another 20 per cent.
A further test, zrlrewmonths
Iater, shorved the grorvth was now
barelv 2 sq cm. Incredibly,
Jim Williams' recovery continued
to accelerate,and soon the tumour
had completelv disappeared.

MIN D OV E R MA TTE R ?

Jim Williams' 'miracle' cure is far

from r-rnique.In the UK alone,
there arc many thousandsof
pcopl c rri th si rni l al stori csof
l ravi rrgheerrcrrredthrough
l-realing,:rnd rnany healers who
lav claim to a high rate of'success.
So does psvchic healing rv<irk?
The simple alls\\'er is that,
despite y'earsof extensive research,
llo one reallr' knor'r's.Ir-rthe first
place, there is tr-emendous
conftrsion abtlut \rl)at is mearrI
b,vpsychic healing. Unorthodox
healing techniques come in such
a bervildering arrav of forrns that

!
.9

o
€
I
o

i
,9

.q
E

o
 it is extremelv difficrilt to establish
whether healing takes place
paranormally or through some
other inflr,rence,such as auto-
suggestion.Dr Daniel Benor, a
leading researcherin this area,
b e l i ev esps v c hiche a l i n g i s a n
umbrella term that best describes
a l l fbr m s o[ ' healin e i n ro l ri n c
mind over matter.

,ENE RG Y M E D IC IN E '
Central to virtr.ralh'all these
healing methods is the belief that
some form of energv is channelled
through the healer to the 'patient'
which is believed to bring abor-rt
the cure. Indeed, manv patients
report feeling heat, cold or a
ti n gling s ens at iond u r i n g
treatment - e\ren in casesrvhen
they were unaware that tirev rvere
being treatecl. But just lr'hat this
energy is, or where it comes from,
is a source of huge contro\rers\r.
Depending on their personal
beliefs,some healersdescribe this
energy as 'universallot'e', or the
power of God. Indeed, pra,verhas
been sholt'nin a number of'case
ir,..' stu diest o pr odr r c ei m p rc s s i re
ilrl.,., results.Other healers,such

N as Harry Edrvards,rvho forurded

the UK National Federation of
iSrir:.,
ri-:i:i:ij:,1,i:l:,
Spiritual Healers in I955, beiieve
that they have no special po\{ers

o
A Psychicheoler Mothew Monning hos
o
.= been rigorously tested by o number of
.!
5
scienfists.In one experiment (insef
_9 righr) Monning wos oble lo offect the
growfi role of gross seeds. In onother,
(inser lefi) his obility to influence the
mind of o mole volunleer wos
monitored on on EEG,which
showed o
morked
convergencein
the broinwove
octivity of the
fwo men.
 coincides with the natural
remi ssi onof an i l l ness.In other s.
medical researchhas shown that
belief in the effectivenessof th,e,,'.:l:'.rii.
r'
healer is enough to trigger the,:,,rr','::::::r:
body's self-healing mechanisms.':l..,a.jiii
This brings the charge from ,,,,..,,.,:r,,*
sceptics that if someone wants to,.;rlr!tl..li
be cured, they will believe they ar*,iii
cured. The recovery may be short
lived, however.becauseall that has
happened i s that the sympto m s
have been temporarily suppressed
bv the mi nd.

focus on their patients mentally SEARCH FOR PROOF

and 'direct' healing thoughts at On the other hand, cures that are I : ri
them. This is apparently what effected without faith and :,.,,:r
happened to Tony Pritchard in with no knowledge that such a i:,.1l
5
September 1994. -
treatment is being attempted ut . , .,,li:i.:ll
5.
After treading on a drawing pin, in the caseof Tony Pritchard - .,,,{
I
o Mr Pritchard's leg became seriously would seem to suggest that Some il:..,1..r:i*
.E infected. Antibiotics failed to treat paranormal influence occurs t t.'..:l.ll'.:.:.l.\
o
2 the infection, and he was admitted between healer and patient. Onel , '':'r,,,.,.,1i:
] to Wycombe General Hospital. An area w here thi s appearsto wor k is
: operation was performed on the in the psychic healing of animals.
',,.
!
leg without success,and doctors Healers such as Betqt Shine and , ':,,,
consideredamputation. Charles Siddle treat animals as ' 'li:.
s
,9
w el l as humans.They have many
I
D IST A N T H E A TIN G testimonials from vets certifying ,r' r'.
.9

o Mr Pritchard's wife, Linda, got in that animals they were unable to

.E

=
o
touch with healer Ray Brown and help improved considerably after
j
asked him to help. \Alhen he heai i ng had taken pl ace.
o
arrived at the hospital, Mr Brown In an attempt to discover what
u
was refused admittance because
o visiting time was over. Undaunted,
he returned to his car and went
other than the ability to awaken a into a trance, allowing his 'spirit
healing force within the patient. guide' to take over.
In rare cases,such as the British Mr Pritchard was unaware of
'psychic slrrgeon' George any of this. But that night, he 'felt
Chapman, the healer claims to be something going on' inside his leg.
the 'instrument' of a deceased The strange sensation continued
physician.In a healing session. the following day. \Alhen the
Chapman goes into a trance during hospital doctors next examined his
which he is controlled by his spirit leg, they were astonished.It was
doctor, who then proceeds to completely free of infection, and
'operate' with invisible surgical the patient's leg was saved.
instruments on the spirit body of No one can deny the incredible
the patient. This body is thought to recoveries of some patients, but is
be a duplicate of the physical body, there any evidence that
and a change in one is reflected in paranormal forces are at work?
the otheq for good or bad. Just because healing
Many healers also claim to work is unorthodox does not mean that
effectively without ever having to i t i s p s y chi c.In some cases.i t i s
see their patients. They simply reasonable to assume that healins
 lt,
4
I

Hi. c. ,(. Hci{4.

ii.#*;"" 7?. -lrrc*rta

no^a

J;;i;"#;,* .'o',-,.o-
*strct

a .* f !r .!l * ..,
2iri
J4& ! aiJ
rl9?,

,iii.eihnisms are at work in psychic glands and some muscles.

ihe'aling, US and Canadian At a point in the experiment cancer cells and to prevent the
',scientistsenlisted the help of the selectedaI random. Manning destruction of red blood cells.
:.;gifled British healer Matthew imagined the volunteer, who was in Professor F. W. Lorenz of the
,,,Manning. Extensive tests and a separateroom. becoming Department of Animal Phlsiology
'experiments were carried out emotionally disturbed, and at the at the University of California also
,'between 1977 and 1982. same time pictured the pen on the tested Manning. He used a number
polygraph, which was recording of volunteers, and monitored
NVINCING RESULTS the volunteer's physiological their brain activity w'ith an
Mind Science Foundation responses,making large sweeps. electroencephalograph (EEC)
Antonio, Texas, a seriesof After twenty trials, the scientists machine. The tests demonstrated
rirrrents was conducted under concluded that Manning had that Manning's brainrr'avesbecame
irlaboratory conditions to see successfully activated the synchronized with those of the
i f Manning c ould in fl u e n c e a volunteer's nervous systemby the volunteers. Earlier expenments by
:,rVolunteer'sautonomic rrervous power of his mind alone. In other scientistsin Toronto, Canada,
system,which controls the testsit was found that he was indicated that these rvaves
involuntary actions of the heart, able to reduce the growth of originated in a part of the brain
that is dormant in most people.
{ Chorles Siddle
describes himself S P IR .ITU A L D IME N S ION?
os o spirituolisf These results provide tantalizing
onimol heoler ond er.idence that psychic healing can
cloims fo work with affect biophysical systems,and
o spirir guide, suggestthat a paranormal
Buster Lloyd Jones, component may well be involved
o veferinory in at least some healing processes.
surgeon who died But, whether this is proof of the
3O yeors ogo. existence of a spiritual realm,
Siddle olso cloims which many healers are convinced
fhqt he con defecl o lies at the root of their abilities, is a
condition iusr by question that has so far proved to
plocing his honds be beyond the reach of
on on onimol. parapsychological research.
 n 1985, astronaut Colonel Gordon many flights of "them",
Cooper, one of the first Americans of different sizesflying
to orbit the earth, stood in front of a in fighter formation... the,vrvereat a higher
wr United Nations panel chaired by the altitude than we could reach.' A An onomqlous .,,:::. :':
then Secretary General, Kurt Waldhiem, Here, then, was one the US's greatest sfreok of light posses
and made an alarming statement. 'I believe pioneers, a man who had held the record over the surfoce of
that... extraterrestrial vehicles and their for the longest flight into space - 34 hours the Moon in this
crews are visiting this planet from other - admitting to some of the most powerful photogroph token
planets, which are a little more technically people in the world that he had had during the Apollo l2
advanced than we are on earth. I feel that encounters with intelligently controlled mission.A number
we need to have a top-level programme to alien craft. But could these alleeations of photos from ihis
scientifically collect and analyse data con- possibly be true? mission contoin
cerning any tl?e of encounter, and to strqnge lights or .,,
determine hou.best to interfere with these A H IS TOR Y OF S IGH TIN GS o b i e c t s , i n c l u di n g :, .l
visitors in a friendly fashion.' Since the formation of NASA in 1958, a one showing whof
Cooper's qualifications for this state- number of its test pilots and astronauts mony UFOlogists
ment, he claimed. were that he had 'been have testified to witnessing UFOs and air- cloim is o brighrly
into the fringes of the vast areas of which craft of unknown origin. The first to for- lit croft hovering
"the1"' travel. Also, I did have occasion in mally announce a sighting was Joseph over one of lhe
1951 to have two davs of observation of Walker, pilot of the pioneering X-15 air- oslronouts (inse!).
 An FBI file, dated 2 Septernber 1965,
states: 'The solrrce believes that the infor-
rnation rnay be classified. Thc sourcc said,
for example, that fcensored] had seen a
motion picture frlm showine a missile sepa-
rating and a UFO appearing on the screen.
Prior to the flight of Gemini 4, lcensored]
said to r,vatchout for something interesting
because the spaceship had devices aboarcl
to detect U FOs...'

EV ID E N C E OF A C OV E R -U P
z
A studl' of the FBI's documentation on this
o

caseraisestr,r,osignificant points. Firstlr',the o

reference to a'motion picture film' held bv 4-o
NASA shor'ving a UFO in flight confirrns
s
that NASA has in its possession data on
UFOs to which the public at large is being z
denied access.Secondly',the
mention of the Gemini 4
mission is intriguinu, since
o ne of thc pi l ots, James
McDivitt, has confirmed
that during the rnission he
clid indeecl vierv some form
o f rrni denti fi ed ob-j ect.
Although McDivitt does
not belier.e that the object
was anomalous,he does not
adhere to the theorl' of
UFO sceptic James Oberg
F
that the object lvas merely *
the second stage of the
Titan rocket that launched
G.emini 4. As researcher
Timothl' flood stares in his 1996 book,
Be\ord,lbp Secret,'ifthis is the case,the onlv
puzzle remaining is McDivitt's apparent fail- A This glowing disc
a:a:t.:,:t self part of a formation oI'UF()s r'vhile flvins Lrre to recognize his or'vnrocket'. wos photogrophed
':..,:.,::i""'ar 314,ooofcet. from lhe Apollo l3
Des pit e t hes e s ee mi n g l r re l i a h l e e 1e rv i t- M O ON MY S TE R IE S commond module,
' ness accountsJ NASA refused to back its Follor'vins the Gernini missions, the space Odyssey. In onother

i.. p i l o ts . P hot ogr aph s a n d h l rn c o n ta i n i n g race moved into fr-rllthrotde with the Apollo photogroph, ollegedly
ii:1.:,,, anomalies\verenever released,and the offi- programme. Follou,ing President Kennedr-'s ioken during the
".i
cial line statecl that the Ul'Os had been promise to land an American on drc N,Ioon, Apollo l5 mission, o
identified as 'flakes of ice'. Br-rt althor.rgh p rrbl i c i nl eresr bccame fi rmh focrrssedon blue obiect hovers over
, ::::,,,,..;::
::.':NASA denied having anv interest in UFOs, the mvstcries of space - and particularly the Lunqr Rover (insef
' 'this was soon proved to be a lie. rnan's ncn frontieq the Moon. So, rvhen the
...i.: : lefr). Alrhough NASA
: During 19115,the US Federal Bureau of astronalrtsof Apollo 11 finall,vtook their first deny hoving ony
Inlestisation (FBI) learned fiom a confi- tentative stepson to the surface of the Moon inleresl in UFOs,o
,,:'..dential source that a NASA informant r,vas on 20Jul;' 1969, o'en the rnost hardened of | 967 operoting
covertll, 'leaking' information on UF()s. sceptics must have irt least considered the monuql (inser righf)
Receiving the data were t\\'o individuals possibility that somc form of evidence for oullines the procedures
1-from Pittsbursh rvho, to quote the FBI, 'had extraterrestrial life tvould be found. NASA stoff must follow
personal interests in UFOs', and r,vholvere Despite clairns that nothing r.rnusual when hondling reporls
'acquainted r,viththe NASA employec'. was seen br, the astronauts. rumours hal'e of UFO sighrings.
 li331';1,,
The evidence for this encounter on the
o\,..,: An !nK.nt,riedobjec,
' li'i;l;.'::;:'l,;,i;tn' observed
Moon, horvever,is ver_ythin. Otto Binder, a
II99Ifrll]fnlptr rrl{l?LNc R[!cnrs
o. srcrrNcs former NASA ernplovee claimed that it was
' fl ,l' ,*t*- :.^ s' ;*;i.' ,,'5'l .L:.i :i :,,,crcd::oncc.,rrs
or,erheard bv amateur radio enthusiasts
;it,'!,.;'"Ii ij:1J;ll .it,&,$tlit,*triTif:rj;",, able to pick up a 'confidential
NOTE Uncierno ci:'currstanceswill thc ori3in of thc objcct bc cl-rannel' reser\reclfor such mes-
discusscdrvith tl:e obselvcr oI pelson rnakingthe call. sages. For the record, Neil
,".:,, rno !er.pjroucnuh5.r
.-l::
rrdriny,oilcr
";.;.....: jtrformt o' '-." ""'{Jrrrlr
^r rneoserrcr A rmsrrong. the fi rsr man t o set
o,.uieobscrver!o.
rcs,j."r"';;;;.h ;;il"",l_,j;'e,*,,
foot on the Moon, has informed investiga-
t2) u," ot;"ct sishtcd, i.
1"",";t11'"' " e., sfurpe,srze, tor Timothy Coocl that 'There were no
(3J Locationoi the objectr
st?-ie,city, eic. objects reported, found, or seen on Apollo
^-O?t:
:,::i:Ji:tiiiinffi:il:i'"uj,*t;:iIi,,,,"" 11 or anv other Apollo flight other than of
::i,:
natrlral origin.'
The onl,v corroboration for this story
came from Maurice Chatelain, a NASA
communications expert. In an interview
given in 1979, Chatelain confirmed that a
time clelay in the transmission of the dia-
logue beh.\'eenMission Control and Apollo
11 allorved NASA to censor information
regardir-rgthe'visitors'.

tA C K OF E V ID E N C E
There is, ho'lvet,eq no \\rav of verifving that
the Apollo 11 UFO irrcident took place.
Manl' researchersare dubior-rsof the claims
made by Binder and Clhatelain,despite their
career credentials, and NASA deny censor-
ing the transmissions. Holver,et a similar
case invohdng the Space Shuttle Discoaerl
not onl),brings the 'Cosmic \{ratergate' into
the 1990s, but also adds a bizarre twist to
cl ai msof astronarrl s'al i cn cncounl er s.
At around 6.30 a.m. on 14 March 1990,
D onal d R atsch. a ' radi o ham' f r om
Baltimore, Marylar-rd, was rnonitoring
the radio transmissionsfiom Discoaer^1when
circulated that during their stay on the
Moon, the crerv were ne\rer alone. For
example, related below is rvhat is alleged to
be a classified conversation between the
Apollo 11 crew and Mission Control:

Apollo 11: I4hat was it? I\hat the hell uas it?
That's all I want to knou. ThesebabieszLterc
huge,
sir... Oh, God,yu zuouldn'L belieue it...
N,4J7l;\\hat... rAhatthehell'.sgoing on?
Apollo 11: 7 hq're here,under the surface.
N;ASA: r+\hat's there? Mission Control calLing
Apollo 11.
Apollo 11: Roger,we'rehere,all LJreeof us. But
ute'uefound someuisitors... Thq'ue beenherefor
quite a whilejudgtng b1 tlte installations... I'm
telling yu there are other spacecraftout there.
Thq're lined up in ranhs on thefar side of lhe
crattr edge...
,'rF'.
 h e h c a r d t h t ' f o l l o r v i l l g c o m m u n i ca ti o n :
' H o usl on. L)i srnuer
1'.-.' ;""".;';;;;;;
h a v e a f i r e . ' S h o r t l v a f t e r . R a t s c h cl a i m s,
all aclditional transmission was heard:
'Houston, this is -Di.ircuzry.We stilt have the j';'!
al i errspacecral irrrrderobservance . '
Qui te rratrrral l y.thi s astoni shi n g
tion prompted numerous indi
including Bob Oeschleq a former

SS 1B
Wolter Schirro oboord
Mercury 8 wos the first of
the osfronouts to use the
c o d e n q me ' 5 o n f o Clq u s ' t o
in d ic o t e . . . f ly in g s q u c e r s
Mouri ce C hotel oi n, former N A S A empl oy ee

specialist with NASA, to make their:

trffi
inquiries. After an intense period of,i{
c a t i o n . O e s c h l e r c a m e l o t h e c o n cl u
that the message was not, in fact,
fiom the Shuttle. Instead, he ventured thdt
the sisnal emanated from the area around
Fort N{eade, Marl'land - home to the US
National Sccuritv Agency, which has long-
standing involr.ement in the investigation
of UFO reports. Oeschler could only con:.
ch,rdethat the transmission was 'an institii.:
tionally orchestrated hoax for some
i ntel l i gcnr' epurpose .
.:t '
NASA'S D OU B TE B IU FF,.
A seni or N A S A sorrrce.how ever,has
informed Oeschler that the Sfr.rttt*t'*d#'...
-
indeed involved in a UFO incident in thil:..
-.--
same tirne frame. Furthermore, Oeschlert ,
reports, the encounter lasted for eight 1..,,,,n
horrrs.arrd carrsedsi grri fi cantproblem sf or
)' s el ectri cal svsl ems.Quest ions,it
D i .stot,ct
goes w i thotrr sayi rre.remai rr unanswer ed,
- . _-
arrd the casci s sti l l rrrrderi rrvesti gat ion
,-
It al so appears that U FOl ogi st shungr y
l or more evi derrcervi l l rrot be sati sf iedunt il
z N A S A adnri rs offi ci al l y that i rs as[ r onaut s
o
o have had genuine alien encounters. Ruf the l '
i
j space asency has kept tight-lipped on the -:,
o

srrbj ectof U FOs for 30 years.so i t-seem s ;

=:.t-
P likely that such an announce-
o
ment r,rill not be forthcoming.
5

z In !,henext issze,UFO Flr.E looksat l:r.

:
.9
euirience zuhichcouldsuggestthat intelligentalten
o
life ha; beenuisiting earthlor thousandsof years.
CTTRTSRONTXSON USES THE
PROCESS OF AUTOMATIC
WRITING TO RECORD
HIS DREAMS WHICH, HE CLAIMS,
ARE TERRIFYING PSYCHIC
PREMONITIONS OF THE FUTURE

he claims of Chris Robinson - TV repairman

turned TV star - seem at first to be so
incredible as to defy belief. But, perhaps
N N When did you first storf hoving these
w: uniquely for one who professes to have psychic dreom premonitions?
powers, his stories are backed up by a wealth of It was in 1989when I was 37. I can't explain rvhl' they
documented evidence.
should have started at such a relativelr' late age.
The 45-year-old from Bedfordshire had no history
of paranormal encounters until he began to undergo
Whor form did your dreoms ioke ot first?
a series of disturbing experiences in 1989. Soon, he
People spoke to me in my dreams; first it rv:rsrnv dead
began keeping records of his dreams and gradually
learned how to uirravel their meanings. The grandrnotheE and then sonreoneI didn't kncxv- a
implications for Robinson were enormous, as the soldier nho u'asto become a regular risitor-.Thev
dreams often spoke of violent occurrences such as \{ere ver\r vivid, frishter-ring dreams. Ther seemed to
terrorist attacks and plane crashes. What was he to do contain rvarnings.
with information about events that he so strongly
believed were going to happen? Ignore it and suffer Whot did you do?
the awful guilt of knowing that he might have been I found that I hacl difficr-rln'rernemberinsthem when
able to avert a tragedy? Or go to the authorities, whoo I awoke in the mornine - in"rportantcletailswould be
if they didn't assume he had some inside knowledge
lost. But I discoveredthat I cor,rldmake notes in rny
of the crimes he had to
sleep,a kind of ar,rtomaticu'riting. I l.ould have no
recount, would dismiss
recollection of making the notes, but there they were
him as a crank?
when I woke up.

How detoiled were your notes?

*r:
\{rhen I say thel"re notes, they are just that. I have to
- ..,...,..'..' { Before going to fill in a lot of gaps and the picture is not always
r;-....) r.,^,,-:"
sleep, Chris immediately clear. There are clues though - words
Robinson writes o that I've drawn a box around signify the key rvord is
specific question of something close to the one I have'written down.
his 'spirit guides'
o ond writes the Con you give on exqmple?
6 coded, cryptic I once drerv boxes around the words 'Holland' and
qnswers qs he 'head' - to me that meant someone connected rvith
....:::-::.-
::..:::::.=. dreqms. the Middle Eastwas going to be mnrdered. It turned
out that the dream was refcrring to the killins of an Yvonne Fletcher and Keith Blakelock have come to
arms smnggler. It happened in Belgium, and he was me in my dreams. \,\4-ryI have been chosen, I have ncr
shot in the neck. idea. It rnay be connected to a number of near-death
experiences and out-of-body experietrces that I hacl as
Your dreoms don'l seem fo be very precise. a child during a period of ill-health.
If you mean do I drearn names and dates and foresee
exactlywhat's going to happen, as if I'rn watching a Whqr did you do wirh the informqtion qbout
film, then r-ro- it's not like that. It's ofien a rhe IRA once you pieced it together?
painstaking process of examining my notes and I went to the police. I rvasapprehensive,of course,
looking for a clue, or a connection. PerhapsI clon't but I was on good terms r'vith a local Detective
g e t p rec is em es s agebse c a rrs el h e . Inspectoq who seemed
spirits can't know exactlywhat will ^S S
svmpathetic and passed on
& & .
happen, or perhaps the infcrrmation to his sr.rperiors. Once
transmission process is too difficult. Somethinghappened...a the dreams startcd comirrg true
Over the years, I'r'e learnt to spirit choseme, and these and the information I gave them
recognize certain symbols. I've was accurate, they started taking a
dreams were here. I don't
alwaysbeen scared of does ever lot of interest, you can be sure.
know what started it.
since I was bitten as a chilcl and so I
associatedogs with terrorists and
e € Didn't the police find ir qll
murderers who, becauseof their #F o b it s u s p ic io u s ?
evil acts, terrify me in real life. Oh yes. They wondered how I could know about the
One frequent, bllt very curious, feature of my terrorists' plans and of course suspected that I rnieht
dreams is that I have for,rnd myself noting down be involved in some way-.But if that was the case why
postcodes. Obviousll', this was very helpful in nould I come to them? Soon they realized that I
pinpointing where an incident wotrld occur. Once I could help them - they didrr't know holr, itl,vorked
noted down 'LE1r, which I fbuncl out vvascentral any more than I do, even norv. Maul'officers will denl
l,eicester (it isn't me who knolvs what the codes askins me for help, or even talking to me, but they'r'e
correspond to, but whoer,er sends rne the dreams). Lrken a strollg interest in me, even br-tgging rny home
Sure enough, an IRA. bomb exploded r.rnder a car and listening in on my phone calls.
there two days later.

Where do you fhink the dreoms come from?

I think they are sent to me by r,r.hat
you might call
'drearngr.rides'.\,Vl-rether
this rneansthey are spiritsof
the dead or from another dimension I can't say.The
spirit of the dead soldier gave me details about
bornbs. Later, the spirits of murdered police officers
Whot is your ottitude towqrds the sceptics?
I feel sorry for them, to tell the truth. There's
nothing that I, or anyone else, can do to change their
minds. They've closed their minds and in my opinion
they're the ones who are missing out.

Hove your powers been tested?

Yes.I've done a lot of work with dream researcher Dr
Keith Hearne, who has observed and monitored me
as I sleep. He was with me when I predicted the
escape of two IRA prisoners from Brixton Prison, and
he was with me when it happened a few days later. Dr
Hearne has been working on a paper about me for
severalyears now.
Not everyone has been so supportive. Dr Richard
Wiseman refuses to accept my powers are genuine,
and I feel that the tests we did were unfair. Even so,
I did more than enough to convince a fair-minded
person that I was for real. I was set to appear on
James Randi's TV programme, but when they found Con you direct your dreqms in qny woy?
out the accuracy of my predictions they changed their If I want to find out the answer to something specific
minds. Apparently, they only wanted guaranteed I'll address a question to the spirits on the top of my
faihlres on the show in order to back up Randi's notepad and look at what I've written the following
sceptical approach. morning. There seems to be a specific cut-off point of
One of the TV appearances I have made was on the three weeks. I can't dream of events beyond that.
British TV show This Morning with Richard andJudy,
where I amazed the hosts by successfully identi$ring Con you find out onything - the winning
an object in a sealed box they brought on to the show numbers in fhe Nqtionol Loftery, for
exqmple?
V One of fhe stories rold in Chris Unfortunately, no. Perhaps my'dream guides' don't
Robinson'sbook {inser} concerng want me to use them for my own personal gain, but
the time he drove to on RAF only to warn or help others.
bqse where he believed on IRA
qttqck wos imminenf. Affer Do you think the future is pre-determined
being interrogoted, he wos ond thot we hqve no free will?
dismissed. A month lqter, q No. If there was nothing that could be done to avert a
bomb wqs found ot fhe bose bomb or a murder, say,I don't see why I would be
ond sofely detonoted. told about it. It seems to me that there are a number
of possible outcomes to a particular event, and that
I'm only seeing one of those outcomes - this would
suggestthat the future is not absolute.

Does this imply we live in one of qn infinite

number of similor or porqllel universes?
It may be that we have all lived before and I am
somehow tuning in to past events.If you accept that
the universe is expanding and will one day implode
on itself, the cycle of creation and destruction might
U
start again. If so, the circumstances might be
) identical. Alternatively, because of some law we don't
E

-i understand, there could be minor alterations. I have

=
o come up with a number of theories to explain what is
happening to me, but I don't think I'11ever know. All
I can do is carry on dreaming and aim to use my gift
- sometimes it seemslike a gift, at other times it's a
curse - in a responsiblemanner.
ww
 4 1

I
l

he Boeirrg 747jumbo.jet Maid of the being filed against the airline by relatives
Seas hacl barely reached crr,risins of the victims.
altitude when it s\'veptover Scotland Despite the seriousnessof the atrocity,
: en route to New York. It was three the Lockerbie caseslowlv simmered on the
days before Christrnas, 1988, and the pas- stoves of government investigators for
sengers remainecl blissfully unaware of almost three vears.The reason for this offi-
what awaitedthem. The explosion,lvherr it cial tardinesssoon emersed. A US journal-
came, tore a gaping hole in the aircraft's ist, Jack Anderson, revealed that in March
fuselase, sending the airliner ph,rnging to 1989 Presiclent Georse Bush and Prime
earth. The casualtiesrvere horrific. All 259 Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed, dur-
passengers and crew aboard perished. ing a transatlantic phorre call, to 'limit'
Eleven more people cliecl in the small th ei r respccti e
r i rrvesti sat
i ons.
Scottish border town of Lockerbie, as
rvreckagefrom the airliner rained down on VE I t OF SECRECY
the streetsand houses. Anclerson stated that this pact was agreed
Pan Am rvasfined over $600,000by the to avoid discrediting the British and US
Fecleral Aviation Administration (FA{) intellisence community. His claims were
for security lapses at Frankfurt airport, potentially devastating for the two govern-
where the bomb was allesedly smuggled rnents - it implied that both intellisence
aboard flieht 103. This effectivelypointed agencieseither knerv of or were involved in
the finser of blame fbr the bombing at th e bomhi ng. The di fhcrrl ry l br i rnesri ga-
Pan Am. and led to 300 court actions tors lies in proving this cluplicity.
i

+
A s f ar as B r it ai n a n d th e U S w e re c o n - tampering, no explanation has been given.
cerned. there was proof of Libyan respon- It is now known that the five-man DIA
: sibility for the bombing. That position team were returning from Lebanon,
b e cam et he of f ic ia l l i n e . a n d re ma i n ss o to where they had been searching for US
this day. llowever, informed observers hostages held by the Iranian-backed mili-
p o i n t t o a wealt h o f c o n fl i c ri n g i n fo rm a - tia fighters, Hezbollah. \A4-rilein Lebanon,
tion and suggest that blaming Libya is McKee is said to have come acrossa secret
n o th ing m or e t han a p o l i ti c a lw h i te w a s h . CIA operational group known as 'CIA
The evidencefor this - and Anderson's One' , w ho w ere col l aborati ng w i th
: claims of a US-British cover-up - was Manzur Al-Kassar, a Syrian drug baron.
Convinced that the CIA One group was a
US front for overseeing drug-running to
under t he pro s p e c t o f mu l ti -mi l l i o n the West, McKee had secured a sample of
law-suits, had hired the group to heroin to take back to Washington to chal-
ntly investigate the events lead- lenge the authorities with.
t o t he at r oc ir y .T h e i r re p o rt w a se x p l o - Al-Kassar'srelationship with the US rvas
"
sive. It was also eflectively covered-up. highly classified.He had forged an alliance
with the CIA and rvas permitted to ship
CIA IMPTICATED heroin to the US in exchange for his help
Interfor's report was based on eyewitness in the release of US hostases.
aceounts and the testimony of at least 11
. ,...r.rrru*.d sourceswithin 'the intelligence
a g enc iesof f our We s te rng o v e rn me n ts ' .It
- revealed that a secret, five-man Defense
In telligenc eA gency (D IA ) te a m h e a d e db 1
Major Charles 'Tiny' McKee was aboard
th e plane. A s uit c a s eb e l o n g i n g to Mc Ke e
o
was allegedly recovered and emptied by
the CIA before being returned to the site o
o
o
. to be 'found' again. The case contained 6
s
se ns it iv eint elligen c e d o c u m e n ts . a l a rg e i
5
amou nt of cash a nd t r av eller s c heques .
a n d a s iz eable q u a n ti tl o f h e ro i n . o
'g
In credibly . an uni d e n ri fi e d b o d l w a s a l s o 6
removed from the crash site. But despite o

these extraordinary examples of evidence o ,i '

 { Toking three ,l
minules ro foll from
lhe sky, the
wreckoge of flight
lO3 lrovelled over
9 km before
impocting on the
Sherwood estole in
Lockerbie, Houses
were blown oport by
exploding oviolion
fuel, while ofhers ' :
were deslroyed by .
folling debris. The'
deod olso roined
E
o
o from the sky thot
p
nighry the bodies of
€I 7O possengers were
.9 recovered from one
6
property olone.

V lt is believed fhot Alt houeh t he US Dr r r g E n f i r l c c u t c . l l t f l i g . . l i t 1 0 . 3 s a v c I l t t c 'r f i r l a 1 e : r d . Th e i r

o Toshibo rodio Achninistr:rtion (DEA) knelr, of'his heroirr r e p ( ) r 't s L r s s e s t c dt h a t - \ I c K e e 's t r a \ e l p l a r s
conceoledthe bomb piper line t hr or r s h Fr a n k f l r r - t ailport, \ \ c l c i n t r r ( ( 'p t t r l l r r r t l t e l ) ( ) t l e d t o Syr i a r r
thot deslroyed flight offici:rls rriaintnin tl-rat tiris rr,asa carefirlll intelliscncc, n.ho notifierl Al-llrssar. He, i1
lO3. Bombs such os cotrtrollecl 'sting' operation u'hich rloulcl turn, :rrrrurgerl to lrirve a bomb planie.cl
rhis (inser),designed to hitve eventuallv lestrltecl in a series of insiclc the suitcirse that usuallv carried,ttii
cripple oircroft, often hieh- plof ile ar r es t s . Mirnv clotrbt this r ( g u l r r ' l r e r ', r i n s l t i p r r r e r r l . T l r i s r v o r r l d r l i s-
use boromelric explanatiolr, saving it rvasjust one 1es of a pose o{ N,{cKereallcl his eviclence, at}d thus
triggers. When rhe glob:rl nLlrc()tics nenr.ork controllecl bv protect his CllA-b:rcked tracle in nirrcotics.
plone reoches o certoin 'The ()ctripus', the shadou'r' nettr.olk of Hou'ever, at this point :in altcluative
height - ond, therefore, high- r ' ar r k ins elem ent s u 'i t l 'r i n \ '\ 'e s t c r n s r t 'r ) a ui o s l r g g e s l ( '( l i t s t 'l l t , r l r r l e r f c r l i r r l e sti -
presrure - it detonotes. int elligenc e agenc ies . g l t l o t s . I r r J r r l r l 'l ) X H .a r r l t r L t t i a r t A i l h tts r r 'a s
b l o r r r r l l , r r r r l l r e s k r l x t l r e I S N a n b a ttl t- .:
TIVES AT RISK cririser- \'incenrte,s, resulting in the cleaths of
'
Ac c olc ling t o I nt er f or irtvestigirtions, 2 ! l {) l ) i l s \ c t) g e l s . D e : 1r i t t . [ 'S s r l r l t . r r r <.r
r ts I I r a l
NIajor' 'Tinr" N'IcKee, having rrrrc:rrthed this rr'as :r trasic 2rcciclent, clisbelieving
t he illc eal nar c ot ic s c oll l l e c t i o n , f c a l e d lrlrrrl-lirre Irlrrriarrs \\( te h e l l - b e r rt oll
' t hat I his t ear r i' s ] r es c ue I o p e r a t i o n ] a n c l rcvenge. Thcr' hil.ecl the Svrian-based
tl-rerir'lii.es n,orrld bc enclanscrecl ltv the P()plllal Florrl lol the Liberatiorr of
ciouble-clealing'. After reportins the rnat- P l r l t s l i t r e . ( 'e r r c l l r l ( . o n r r r u r r r r l {P F I .P- GC )
t er t o his s uper ior s - a n d g e t t i n q n o I t r r r r t i t - f , ) r - t a l i r l l i r ( k . I r r r l t 'r 't l r t l c u d e r sl r i p
response - an iurgr\' \'IcKcc bookecl his of Ahrnecl .Jibril, :rn explosives expert,
tcam on the ill-{atccl Piur Am flight 103, p l a r t s r r t 'r 'e r p e e r l i l r p u l i n p l a c e . .fi b r i l
's
intenclins to expose the CIA colrrrption l e r t n t '<l o f . \ l - K : r s s r r r ( . 1 . \ - l t r o t c t t c r l d l r r g
hirnself' l'hcn he lettrrnerl. p i l r c l i r r e l r r t r l ; r c r s r r r r t l tr l . \ l - l r " r s s a rt o sr r b sti -
Tlt e plc s enc e of NI c Kee a n d h i s t c a n r o n tute a borrib insicle the n()rlnal heroin-
 ..
:
.. ' luJ.n suitcase.In this scenario,the subse-
rentdeaths Tliy McKeeand his team
"f
ly coincidental.
, er e is , howe v e r,a th i rd o p ti o n th a t
dovetails with the known Syrian and
involvement. This view holds that
Interfor theories merge rather
rge. Faced with exposure of his
ipipeline, and aware that the Iranians
';.
planned a spectacular revenge for the
attack, Al-Kassarand his CIA 'con-

igenc e agen ts w h o w e re a b o u t to
tJreir knowledge of top-secrel.CIA- ) The opium fields of
tioned drug trafficking. the Bekoo Volley
provide for one of the
DEN AGENDA world's lorgesl drug
and informed opinion now point enterprises.Monzur
and Iran as being responsible for - Al-Kossor (inset left), o
moior norcofics ployer;
wos ollegedly
: approached by the allied forces to join the shippingdrugsfo the
fight against Saddam Hussein in Operation U5 wirh rhe help of
. ' .: Desert Storm in 1991. Could it be that the rhe ClA.He moy hove
theydemandedfor their co-operation ollowedAhmedJibril Westernintelligencein drug trafficking.
I , fti.:
in this conflict was to have all charges (inserright),o Syrion The centrepiece of this strategy was to
inst them dropped? This, too, may have terrorist, to use fhe blame Libya's Colonel Mu'ammar
La multi-layered strategy.Not only did ClA3drugs pipelineto Gaddafi, who was widely regarded by
tnqg Syria
S1i1 and Iran into
into,the
the allied ploceo bomb on the the world's governments as a dangerous
.""d f.i"
it also blurred the involvement of PonAm flighr. and devious leader. His past financins of
terrorist orsanizations, including the Irish
IN T ER FOm R epubl i can A rmy (l R A ). ca,rsed under -
' ' '- .,' ,,:: * " standabl efri cri on. S i tri ng arop a wealt hy
mrl$r1e and independent oil-based economy,
re€e.*
Gaddafi refused to align himself

rtr*gggx*;'#i**;g::ilffi
ttt''n ."{"T,^*il
jnffi
$;Tl'*{rT{$$!"*::;lg"':n:ri:rr:":iiii:},
T .'J3t*.*
f i}:;,it"*
ffi':,'1"'q:i:i;:]l-$gifur*$'-;it*#*
':?*i
-**---*-*-*'--.-'*--
i
Libya's leader. William
+p, Casey,former Director of
E the CIA, was pre-occupied with finding
new ways to bring Gaddafi down.
Constantly pressing his viewpoint home,
Casey eventually gained the support of
senior Cabinet members to undertake mil-
itary and covert operations designed to
topple Gaddafi. Blaming Lockerbie on
 E L)epartrrrernt:rr-c u'ithholrline the tr-uth,'
'flirficant
:rnnouncecl,rl:rkins his position
; clcur orr the joint LIS-British cover-up.
o
'frafrciuri
-: \\'cllt olt to savthat 'irrtetllisence
3 cxl)erts aroturcl therl'orlcl clisagree'n'ith the
6
E
p
Blitish :rncl US position. 'I think Oongress
o
d
o
o F#
!
6
e&.'tsw:i:'
_€ The sfory of the lockerbie
disoster is one of supr eme
!
E impor tonce for qnyone w ho
o

him n'as one nt()re opporlultitv

sfeps on fo on oircrqft
to rulder-
D ovi d Johnston,Lockerbi eR eseorcher
mine his authorit\'.
Horver,er, in Nlarch 1996, US =-=4:':;---::1-9:ffiffit* {'
Clonsressman .fatnes Traficant took the WW
floor of the House of Represcntatives to dcserves the tnrth. I think the lamilies of
speak out o\,er the contintring cotrspiracr'. the yictirns of 103 deserr.e the truth.'
Perrnitted exilctlr' 60 seconds to mzrke his S o l a r '.T n L f i c l r r r l 'r : r p p t . a l s h a r r ' l a l l e n o r r
point, the strzLigirt-ralkitreRepubliciln \{ellt cle:rl'ears, and, for the rnoment, ofllcial con-
fbr the juuular. 'I think the CIA anclJustice f i r 'r n : r l i o r r o f 5 r 'r i a 's a r r r l I l l r n 's i r r r o l r e m e r r t
in thc l)ombins rcmains unlikelt.
A nerv inr.cstigzrtionhas also bcen
seriouslvh:imperreclbl Britain. The
bornb's tirner srvitcir - a crucial
piecc o1'cvidencc- r'enains in the
possessionoI' British intellisence,
u,ho rcfrtse to give it to investigators
or explain their reasonslbr this per-
versc staltce. hrevitabll! there are
firrtl-rerallcsations of srrppresseclevi-
dence levelled against the CILA.
In the nrean tirrre, the families of
l l t e r i c l i n r s t r r t ' l e l i l o c o r r c l u <l e th a t
the re u,ill rrcver be 2urvsort of inclependent
trial or irn'estis:rtion bl' the US or British
governltletlts. Re-opening the case may
flnallr, rer,eal the nrtrrkv trans-Atlantic dou-
bie-clealine that has strrrounded this
st()ry fbr ltlmost a decirdc. ff:
t.....,l.'.',,'.,,.,1.i.'
TFIT,
:::]]:]Ii.liti:l:]r
]i:l]t. i:].]
'::

iiri:r.]::ra:.r:l]l:.,:'.
n O c t ober 1 9 9 1 ,.| o h n
Polvelson, a professor at the
.]:',,,11]:'
l,,,,. University of Colorado,
ffi wrote a letter to the iVeu York r:u
Tincs.Commenlillg on a projcct tcr
l:,I
tl::lr'lr:rr::lr:l::::lr make Mars habitable, he stated
:1.:rr:'t:t:tirrt:rr::,:::.r::t:that a similar operation had
l:t::itl:tl:t:rr:l:'rl:ait:.r:.
once been launched to earth.
lr,:rl:::lrli::r':lri:,i,r':r: A plan 'prepared on Venus in

approximately 200 rnillion BC, has

rrecently been discovereclin a cave
in Colorado,' Porveisonrevealed.
'Faced with the problem of their
ow-nplanet becoming
uninhabitable throush irreversible
g l o bal r v ar r nir r g.\ ' c rrrrs i a rr
economistscalcuiatcd the costs
and benefits of heating r.rpa
':,:,:t1...,.,,',,,',.,,t.,
-,'
. .'.,,r
::.ll:':.'.:.'t'.r''
barren earth.'
...
,,,::,:t:t'
::::,:]::,1,:r::rirrr'i , The plan r,ventahezrd,r,r,itha
r'l]rttt::']:i:
ri]]]]:i:,:ltt,rrlt.:
' massivespacelift bringing the
iiihabifants of Venus to earth.
LlJnfortunatell: they were all eaten
bil dinosa.r.s, and hurnan
eyolution had to start auain,'
wrote the professor.

GRE E NI NG M AR S
N t hou gh his lcttcr was obv ious lr
a joke, some readerswere
, ,,',,,. sufficiently taken irr to ask Ponelson
',',,',.',,',',,:,
''
for the location of the
.:...::.:: .:)::)
:.:.
) Colorado cave.\{hat is not
a j o k e. hower er .is tl re i d e a
th at pr om pt ed t he l e tte r i rr
the first place: making Mars,
our nearest planetary
neighbouq a habitable
environment for Man.
" "' n -
I t t s c a l l e r l I e r r a l o r m illo
the transformation of a
hos t i l e planet into a p la ce
where humans misht rvork
and live outdoors, much as

@
 *
1I1l,'rf
I

-,.iT?

l';{o.'fl"+
,'{'
A A roinforesl, oceon, deserl, morsh
.:
...._,.) qnd sqvqnnoh form port of Biosphere 2,

',,,,;a|E- o mossive greenhouse-like focility (inser)

in the Arizono desert designed to

l:,1 recreote the experience of storting life

iH
,::,. on q new plonet.

thel do on earth. Like manv such scientists kncl that Mars rvas tro
fzrntastic ideirs, it had its birth in ear-thlv paraclise u,iritirrg to be
scicrrccfictiorr. Books like Farmer colonizecl. Ratirer, it \vas cxtremely
in llu: Skrbr,Robert Heinlein ancl colrl - sometinres as lol as minus
l-lLeSand.soJ Xktrs by Arthur' [i. 1 2 0 '( . - r r i t h r r o l l o r r i r r g \ v a l e r o r
Cl:rrke in the early 1950sgot the o x \ g c n . D e s p i t c t h e s e r r t t p r o l r r i si n g
ball r-ollins and, bv 1961, Carl s i g r r s . N A S A l : r r r r r c h c r l m o r e M a r s-
Sagan,the late professorof bound probes :rnd continued to
E llslt r ,n ( ) m \ l tt td spl tr'c sC i ertces al drarv up cletailed plans for a
( lornell U niver-sitr,,
rl,:rsseriously rnanned rnission to the Red Planet.
o
discussingthe possibilitl'of Tu,o nuclear-boostecl rockets, each
;.z terlafbrming in the respected
6
r'r'ith zr cre\\r oI six, u'orrld have set
E
p jorrrrrzrlStience. off on l2 Novcrnber 1981 and
o arrir,ccl on Mars thc fbllorving
.9 L IF E ON MA R S ? August. Thev u'or.rld har,e stayed for
o
It u,as not just its rclative closeness 3 ( l r [ a r ': h e l o r e r e t r r r r r i r r g l o e ar th
6
G
to carth that rnade N{zrrsthc target in .\rrsrrst 1983.
o
f c r r t hc s t ' t c r n r [ i r r m i r t g r i s i , r r a l i c s . I t r r c r t 'r h a p p e r r e d . T h e p u bl i c's
Pcrcir,al Lorvell, ir rvell knorvn i r r t t r t 's t i r r s p l t t c c x p l o l a t i o r r
E
American astr()n()mer of the early r v a r r e d .a r r d t l r e i r r c l e a s i r r g
20th centun', claimed to see cornplexitv and cost of sending a
o
f, through his telescope lvhat looked mission to Mars pushed the project
like ir r,ast nct\{ork ol canzrls, f r r r l l r c r '<l o r v r r l h c a g e n d a . B u t sti l l .
;
bordered bv vegctation, on the n-ith fears of global lr,armins and
-_.9o surface of N,Iars. other environmental clisasters
o
o But even belbre Man first hirppeninu on earth, sciertists and
@
l stcppcd fbot on the Nloon in 1969, r r r i l c r s t o r r l d r r o r l r c l p t h e r r r s el ve s
 e xa m ining t he po s s i b i l i ti e so f h o u
to kick-startliFeon Mars.
B ios pher e2. a g i a n t g re e n h o u s e
co v er ingov er t hr e e a c re so f th e
Ariz ona des er t .is o n e a l te mp t
b e i ng m ade t o s im u l a teth e
creation of an artificial. off-world
e n v ir onm ent .W ith i n Bi o s p h e re2
are five 'biomes' (selCsupporting

Sd r$
Ou r de ce ndonfs cqn
creote o New Eqrth -
perhqps even q New
Eden - on the next world (so called because earth is knor,vn
as Biosphere 1) rvould provide the
outwqrds from the Sun
blueprint for new r'vorldson other
ArthurC. Clorke,fhe Snowsof Olympus
planets.Thomas Paine, former
'=',ffi,IlrFF NASA administrator and Chairman
o f th e US N ati onal C ommi :si on on
h a bit at s ): gr as s la n d tro
. pical Spacer.vasparticularlv enthusiastic.
rainforest, mangrove swamps.and 'Learning to "live off thc land" on
a m ini- oc eanc omp l e te w i th a c o ra l resource-rich Mars will double the
reef and a white-sandbeach. territor,v available for life,' said
\44ren the $200 million faciliq Paine, 'ancl encourage our
was being built in the mid-1980s by descendantsin another century to
billionaire businessman Ed Bass, settle countless planets circling
hopes were high that Biosphere 2 distant suns.'

o
I
In 1991, Biosphere 2 rvasready'.
j
- Eight 'biospherians'- four men
o
and for.rr\'vomen, aged betrveen 29
and 69, from the US, England and
B el si trm.arrd l ed b1 sci encegur u
John Allen - entered the facilitl'.
The doors nere sealedand they
began their mission: to see if
Biosphere 2 could support the
team n'ith adequate food, water
and air for two years.
But well before the nvo ,vears
were up, things started to go wrong.
r-
Oxygen plummeted to dangerously
low levels,r,vhilethe carbon dioxide
concentration sky-rocketed.Some
vegetation grew rampantly under
these conditions, r'vhileother plants
- particularly those that needed
pollinating - died off. Meanrvhile,
cockroachesand ants flourished
and overran the faciliq'.
Allen's team was ousted in 1993
and the follorving year a new group
 #'= { A computer-generofed view of how
q terroformed Mors might oppeor in

:.f,. AD4OOO,bosed on reseorch done by ",

Arthur C. Clorke for his book The . ..'',,'.,..

i-', Snows of Olympus (inser). The imogb !l

,,,,,,,,
bosed on on ocluol Mortion londscope;.',l',1::'':,'

?+

=
=
t;,. i+
; -
-=
F
i
F
E..
!

=
F
F
.=;:
:9
0
F =- 6

t .t"-' E
<
&r ; E
e$ o

_9

=
o

of scientists lvas assigned to thc tcchnologies, to \\rarln up Mars and

project, this time to cottdlrct rnelt the ice that exists on some of
serious experiments on the effect its surface. Colonizers lr,ould have
of increasing leveis of carbon to be patient for Frigg's pian to pa,v
clioxide in the earth's atmosphere. dividends, thor-rgh - 21,000 r'ears
The focr-rshas shiftecl frorn crcating
a habitable environment on
another planet, to understanding
orlr o\\ n pla ne t lnd im plor illq olt t
Iife here. Sealing up the Biosphele
r.ith another cultisl.r p;ror.rpof
srLlvivllisls is o rrt of t hr ques t ior r .

| ! s=.
9_"9*gpJ_"T_"1_N_9-_=_Il1J.9.R
.\t th t' s am e lit t t e as th i n g . rrt re
going badll'\'vrong fcir the
biospheriansin Ner,ada,scientists
and rvriters elservherecontinned to
nurse N{artiandreams.In 1992,
Britain's principal terrafbrming
researcher\{zrrnrr.J.Fogg, building
on previous ideas, proposecl the
use of 'grecnhortsegases'
(fluorocarbons),among other
would have to passbefore
conditions were rolerable ro
human beings.
In contrast. other terraforming
theoristshave suggestedthat by
using large orbital mirrors. Mars
might be warmed sulficientl1 to be
h a bit ablein as lit r l e a s 5 0 y e a rs .

CO M P UT E R IMA G IN G
This was not lhe view taken by
Arthur C. Clarke when he
returned to the subject of Mars.
i n 1993.in his boo k T h e Sn o wos l
OIlmpus.His vision of a
terraformed Mars was made real
b y com bining ac tu a l p h o to g ra p h i c
i magesof t he plan e t. ta k e n b y
NA S A ' sV ik ing pr o b e i n 1 9 7 6 .w i th
a c om put er gr aph i c sp ro g ra m . T h e
result was a seriesof images that
showed how. over many centuries.
Ma r s m ight be m a d e i n to a g re e n
and inhabitable planet.
It all may seem impossible. But. currently inhospitable planet
huma n explo ratio n as ide. t he eventually flourish with life, too?
migra tion to an d c olor r iz at ion of The enduring lure of the final
initia lly in ho sp itab le env ir onm ent s frontier is evident when one
is a consistent theme of biological considers NASA s continued
life on earth. For example, in the research into ways of reaching Mars
US, a deserr in Nebraska has. over using post-Shuttle technology.
a few centuries. become green Astronaut Buzz Aldrin has
aga in be ca use o [ c lim at e c hanges . suggesteda'cycler' spacecraftthat
If scien tists can som ehow alt er t he runs a continuous 2Gmonth round
atmosphere of Mars. might not this trip to the planet. The cycler craft
would use graviqt to help it travel to
v Al 26,400 metres, Mors' Olympus and from Mars, which it would
Mons is the Solor Syslem's lorgest orbit while its cargo and crew were
volcono. Now inoctive, lhe volcono once sent down to the planet.
spewed forth oll kinds of chemicols,
including woter, into ihe ofmosphere, FUTURE S C IE N C E
suggesting rhor life once existed lhere. Such projects are still at the
drawing-boardstage. learning
from the mistakes of past attempts
to reach the Red Planet. In 1992,
NASA's Mars Observer probe
vanished into space en route to important problem thev first have
Mars and, in November 1996, to solve:how to protect rockets
Russia'sMars 96 probe stalled in and satellites from lethal

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o
mid-journey. This was Russia's
eleventh failed attempt to send
an unmanned craft to Mars.
;:TilT:;'l-1"""'.
o
But even if scientistscan
.9 overcome the technical In the next lsszr,a,
SCIENCEFRONTIERS
difficulties and produce reliable, loohsat the dangersposed@ man-made
z fast transport, there is one more pollution in space.