section covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that we can start

using Sanskrit in daily life as a spoken language. Grammar study has been
divided into basic grammar andadvanced grammar chapters. These are
further
divided
into
different
chapters
for
easy
learning.
Grammar

Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of chapter 6 are

finished. Other chapters are being written and will be available soon.
Basic Grammar

Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overview

o
o
o
o

Alphabets & Their Classification.

Elements of sentences - Subject, Object and Verb.
Words & Their Classification.
Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Indeclinable, Adjective and Voices.

Chapter 2: Active Voice (

Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - / tiN^antapada ( /

lakaara)
o Present

/ kartRRivaachya)

->

/ laTlakaara

Future

->

/ lRRiTlakaara

Past

->

/ laN^lakaara

Command

Should/May ->

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1

->

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

/ vidhailiN^lakaara

Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) -

/ suvantapada ( / vibhakti)

-> / prathamaa

Nominative

Accusative

Instrumental -> / tRRitiiya

Dative

->

Ablative

->

Genitive

->

/ ShaShThii

Locative

->

/ saptamii

Vocative

->

Noun Forms - Practice Sentences 1

/ dvitiiyaa

->

/ chaturthii
/ panchamii

/ sambodhana

Chapter 5: Indeclinable (avyaya)

o
o
o

(upasarga)

(nipaata)

Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) pryatya)

o

/ kRRidantapada (

(tumun pratyaya)
(ktvaach pratyaya)

o
o

(lyap pratyaya)

(lyuT pratyaya)

(ktavatu pratyaya)
(kta pratyaya)

(aniiyar pratyaya)

o
o

(tavyat pratyaya)
(yat pratyaya)
(shatRRi pratyaya)

(shaanach pratyaya)

(ktin pratyaya)
(ghJNj pratyaya)

o
o

/ avyaya

(khal pratyaya)

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 2

Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes)

o
(Nijanta pratyaya)

(sannanta pratyaya)

(yaN^nta pratyaya)

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 3

(naamadhaatu pratyaya)

/ kRRit

Chapter 8: Noun Forms (Affixes) - (taddhitapada)

o

(aN pratyaya)

(tval pratyaya)

(tal pratyaya)

(mayaT pratyaya)
(in pratyaya)
(matup pratyaya)

/ visheShaNa)

Chapter 9: Adjectives (

Chapter 10: Passive Voice (

Chapter 11: Impersonal Voice (

Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topics

o
o

(anusvaara) Rules Or Using

/ bhaavavaachya)

(anusvaara) vs. (m)

(Natva) Rules Or Using (Na) vs. (na)

(strii prakaraNa) - Gender Conversion Rules

/ karmvaachya)

Chapter 13: References

/ sabdarupa

Noun Forms ->

Verb Forms -> / dhaaturupa

Advanced Grammar

Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination ->

o
o
o

/ svarasandhi

/ vyaJnjanasandhi
/ visargasandhi

/ sandhi

Chapter 15: Compound Words (

/ samaasaH)

/ tatpuruSha

/ karmadhaaraaya

o
o

/ vahubriihiH

/ dvandva
/ dvigu

/ avyayiibhaava

Chapter 16: Alankara (

/ alaN^kaara)

Chapter 17: Chanda (

Chapter 18: Anvaya Rachana (

/ chhchandaH)
/ anvayarachanaa)
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Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and

grammatical rules for sentence formation, just like any other language
(English for example). In this chapter we will get an overview of this. The
details with their grammatical rules will be covered in subsequent chapters.
Introduction:

In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the

mostly used script for writing. Most of the Sanskrit literature are in this
script. Following is the list of the alphabets in their correct order.
Alphabets

aa

&

Their

Classification:

ii

uu

RRi

RRI

ai

au

Th

Dh

sh

Sh s

gh

N^

ch

chh

jh

JN

ph

bh

k

t th

All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,

kh

dh

ksh

dny

Vowels or

(svaravarNa):

Alphabets starting from

(hrasva) and

vowels. These are further classified into

The

(a) till (au) are the

(diirgha).

(diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of

(hrasva).

hrasva

aa

diirgha

ii

uu

RRi

RRI

ai

au

Consonants or

(vyaJNjanavarNa):

Alphabets starting from

(k) till

(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further

classified into different groups called
(varga). Following table has
this classification.
Combination or

Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic

(sandhi) and Compound Words or

(samaasa) are based on these

(varga).

kavarga

kh

gh

N^

chaavarga

ch

chh

jh

JN

Taavarga

Th

Dh

tavarga

th

dh

pavarga

ph

bh

We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic

Combination or
(sandhi) and Compound Words or (samaasa).

In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for

example) a sentence is made of different elements. The elements are
"Subject", "Object", and "Verb". A sentence may or may not have an Object
in
it.
Sentence Formation Overview:

Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic

elements better.
The boy is reading a book.

In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is
the "Object".
The boy is
--|
Subject

reading
------|
Verb

a book.
----|
Object

If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is

"the boy". So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the
"Noun".

The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy

doing?" is "reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".

Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The

"book" becomes the "Object".

Now study the following statement.

The boy is laughing.

In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb". But, there is no

"Object" in this sentence.
The boy is
--|
Subject

laughing.
------|
Verb

If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes

from this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".

However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer
"book". In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".

Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will

begin
with
more
details
of
Sanskrit
language.

In Sanskrit:

Subject is called ->

/ kartaa

Object is called

->

/ karma

Verb is called

->

Transitive Verb is called

->

/ sakarmaka

Intransitive Verb is called ->

/ akarmaka

/ kriyaa

So, in the above statements:

The boy is
--|
Subject
|
/kartaa
The boy is
--|
Subject
|
/kartaa

reading
a book.
----------|
|
Verb
Object
|
|
/kriyaa(
/ sakarmaka)
/karma
laughing.
------|
Verb
|
/kriyaa (
/ akarmaka)

In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple

words composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the
sentence. These words can be categorised into three different types viz.,
Words & Their Classification:

Noun
Verb
Indeclinable

Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of
following categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion',
'ing' etc., as well as based on their usage and grammatical rules:

Pronoun
Adjective
Adverb

In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a

representation of the important classifications. We can see the classification
is almost same as any other language. Each classification has been
described in the coming chapters.

|--------------- Noun Root ( / shabda)

|
|
|
|
|
-------------------------------|
|
|
|

|
suvantapada
taddhitapada
|
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
|
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
|

|
puliN^ga
striiliN^ga
napuN^sakalinga
Word ( / pada) ----|
|
|--------------- Verb Root ( / dhaatu)
|
|
|
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

tiN^atapada

kRRidantapada

Nijanta

sannanta

yaN^nta

naamadhaatu
|
|
|

|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------

|
|

parasmaipadii

aatmanepadii

ubhayapadii
|
|
|--------------- Indeclinable ( / avyaya)
|
|
---------------------------------------|
|
|

avyaya
upasarga
nipaata

Noun is the word that represents someone or something in

a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality
etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a
verb.
Nouns (

/ shabda):

Noun in Sanskrit is called

(shabda) or noun-root. It is also called

 (suvantapada) and

(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into

(taddhitapada).

(suvantapada):

This classification is based on the gender, number

and case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express something
or someone etc.
or suvantapada meaning - words ending with
(sup) suffix. In this classification:
o

Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" (

liN^ga) viz., "masculine" (
(

striiliN^ga)

and

/ pu.nliN^ga), "feminine"
"neuter"

napu.nsakaliN^ga).
o

Each noun also has three "numbers" (

/ vachana) and 7

"cases" ( / vibhakti).

Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and

"case". Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different
forms built into itself. The "noun base" is called
(shabda) and the
"derived noun forms" are called
previous statement
and

(shabdarupa). So, in the

is the "base" (

/ shabda) of noun "BOY"

is one of the derived noun forms (

/ shabdarupa).

(taddhitapada):

In this classification special suffixes are added to the

noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives, indeclinable etc.

We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of

(suvantapada) BOY (

/ baalaka) and GIRL ( / vaalaa)

Once we know how to use noun forms (

/ shabda.

/ shabdarupa) in sentences,

we will cover all the cases and their usage rules.

Boy /

/ baalaka (Masculine /

/ pu.nliN^ga)

Case
/ vibhakti
Nominative
(Subject)
/ prathamaa

Singular

Dual
/

ekavachana

/ baalakaH

dvivachana

(the boy)

Accusative
/ baalakam
(Object)
(to the boy)
/ dvitiiyaa

/ baalakau

Nominative
(Subject)
/ prathamaa
Accusative
(Object)
/ dvitiiyaa

bahuvachana

(two boys)

/ balakau

(to two boys)

Girl / / baalaa (Femenine /

Case
/ vibhakti

Plural

Singular

/ baalakaaH
(the boys)

/ baalakaan

(to the boys)

/ striiliN^ga)

Dual
/

Plural

ekavachana

dvivachana

bahuvachana

/ baalaa

/ baale

/ baalaaH

(the girl)

(two girls)

(the girls)

/ baalaam

/ balae

/ baalaaH

(to the girl)

(to two girls)

(to the girls)

Examples of noun form (

/ shabdarupa):

The boy

->

/ baalakaH

Many boys

->

/ baalakaaH

To the boy

->

/ baalakam

To the boys ->

The girl

->

/ baalaa

Many girls

->

/ baalaaH

To the girl

->

To the girls ->

/ baalakaan

/ baalaam
/ baalaaH

The complete noun form (

/ shabdarupa) for

(baalaka

shabda) will have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms
include "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/tothe boy", "from the
boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy". Besides these 7 forms an additional
vocative ("O! boy") case is also their.
All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete

(shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 13.

Followings are few more nouns (

/ shabdarupa). We will use these in

sentences later in this chapter.

School /
Case
/

/ vidyaalaya (Masculine /
Singular

vibhakti

Dual
/

ekavachana

Nominative
/
prathamaa
Accusative
/

dvivachana

vidyaalayaH

vidyaalayau

vidyaalayam

dvitiiyaa

Book /
Case
/ vibhakti
Nominative
/

vidyaalayau

/ pustaka (Nuter /
Singular

dvivachana

/ pustakam

/ pustake

/ pustakam

/ pustake

prathamaa
Accusative
/
dvitiiyaa
*** In

/ akaaraanta nuter (

Plural

/
bahuvachana
/
vidyaalayaaH
/
vidyaalayaan

/ napu.nsakaliN^ga)

Dual
/

ekavachana

/ pu.nliN^ga)

Plural

/
bahuvachana

pustakaani

pustakaani

/ napu.nsakaliN^ga), both

Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.

/ asmad (All Genders /

Me /
Case
/

Singular

vibhakti

ekavachana

Nominative
/

/ triliN^gaka)

Dual
/

Plural

dvivachana

bahuvachana

/ aham

/ aavaam

/ vayam

/ maam

/ aavaam

/ asmaan

prathamaa
Accusative
/

/ maa

dvitiiyaa

/ nau

You / / yusmad (All Genders /

Case
/

Singular

vibhakti

ekavachana

Nominative
/

/ naH

/ triliN^gaka)

Dual
/

Plural

dvivachana

bahuvachana

/ tvam

/ yuvaam

/ yuuyam

/ tvaam

/ yuvaam

/ yuShmaan

prathamaa
Accusative
/

/ tvaa

dvitiiyaa

/ vaam

/ vaH

Words like he, she, this, that, these etc., are

called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called
(sarvanaama
Pronouns (

/ sarvanaama pada):

pada). The rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns (

/ shabda).

Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence

etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as
Verb (

/ dhaatu):

 (kriyaapada). It can be classified into

(tiN^atapada) and

(kRRidantapada).

(tiN^atapada):

This classification is based on the tense and mood of

the verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express some
action or state etc. or tiN^atapada meaning - words ending
with (tip) suffix. In this classification:
o

Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses (

/ lakaara).

Howver only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.

o

Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular (

/ dviivachana) and Plural (

ekavachana), Dual (
bahuvachana).
o

Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( / prathama),

Second ( / madhyama) and First (

/ uttama).

Each verb can belong to categories (parasmaipadii),

(aatmanepadii) or

(ubhayapadii). Verbs of

(parasmaipadii) category represent 'action whose result

is for others'.

(aatmanepadii) represents 'action whose

result is for self', and

(ubhayapadii) represents 'action

whose result is both for others and self'.

Just like noun (

/ shabda), each verb ( / dhaatu) also has

different derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This

is called "verb form" ( / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ
based on this category. The "root" of a verb is called (dhaatu).
(dhaatu) does not have any "gender".

(kRRidantapada):

In this classification special suffixes are added to

the verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun, adjectives,
indeclinable etc.

Followings are the (tiN^atapada) verb-forms ( / dhaatutupa) of

READ ( / paTH) (dhaatu) and GO ( / gam) (dhaatu) in present

tense (

/ laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in

a sentence, we will cover all other different forms.

Read / / paTh
Person /

Number /

puruSha
Singular

/
Third
/ prathama

/ vachana

Dual
/

ekavachana

dviivachana

/ paThati

/ paThataH

(is reading)

(both are reading)

/ paThathaH
Second
/ paThasi
(you two are
/ madhyama (you are reading)
reading)
First
/ uttama

/ paThaami
(i am reading)

Go /
Person /

/
Singular

/
ekavachana

Second
/
madhyama

/
gachchhati
(is going)
/
gachchhasi
(you are going)

bahuvachana
/ paThanti
(many are
reading)
/ paThatha
(you all reading)
/

/ paThaavaH
(both of us
reading)

paThaamaH
(all of us reading)

/ gam

Number /

puruSha

Third
/ prathama

Plural

/ vachana

Dual
/
dviivachana
/
gachchhataH
(both are going)
/
gachchhathaH
(you two are
going)

Plural

/
bahuvachana
/
gachchhanti
(many are going)
/
gachchhatha
(you all are going)

First
/ uttama

gachchhaami
(i am going)

gachchhaavaH
(both of us going)

gachchhaamaH
(all of us going)

Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above.
These will help in learning the sentence formation rules.
-

the boy is reading

/ baalakaH paThati

the boys are reading -

/ baalakaaH paThanti

- / baala paThati

the girl is reading

the girls are reading -

you are reading

/ baalaaH paThanti
/ tvam

paThasi

you all are reading - / yuyam paThata

i am reading

we are reading -

/ aham paThaami
/ vayam paThaamaH

All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( / kartaa) and a "Verb" (
/ kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number (
/ puruSha) of the "Verb" (
person (

/ vachana) and person (

/ kriyaa) match number (

/ vachana) and

/ puruSha) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).

Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (

the "boy" (

/ baalakaH paThati),

/ baalakaH) is in third person singular (

prathamapuruSha ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" (

third person singular (

/ kriyaa) is also in

/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana).

However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change.
This can be seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" ( / baalaa
paThati).
Rule 1: The verb ( / dhaatu) always follows number (
vachana) and person (

/ puruSha) of the noun (

/ shabda).

Rule 2: The verb ( / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the

gender (

/ liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).

Rule 3: The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in second

person (

/ madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is

(asmad shabda). The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in

first person (

/ uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is

(yusmad shabda). All other nouns will always be in third

person (

/ prathamapuruSha).

Indeclinable

avyayapada):

Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called

(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa

/ avyayapada do

not change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender, number,

person and tense. Followings are few examples:
kutra /

- where

atra /

- here

tatra /

- there

- too

api /

Few sample statements using indeclinable (

where is the boy going

the boy is going there

/ baalakaH kutra gachchhati

where are the boys going -

the boys are going there -

Note that the

/ avyayapada):
/ baalakaH tatra gachchhati
/ baalakaaH kutra gachchhanti

/ baalakaaH tatra gachchhanti

(avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the

number, and person of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).

Rule 4: Indeclinables ( / avyayapada) never change in form
and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the
"Subject" ( /kartaa).
Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or
property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In
Sanskrit it is called
(visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the gender
Adjective (

/ visheShaNa):

/ liN^ga) and number (

/ vachana) of the subject or the word for

which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples:

blue sky

white cloud -

/ nilaH aakaashaH
/ svetaH meghaH

In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky
and cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.

In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three

voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this
sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English.
Voice (

/ vaachya):

1. Active voice or
2. Passive voice or

(kartRRI vaachya).

3. Impersonal voice or

(karma vaachya).
(bhava vaachya).

Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different
elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in
detail in subsequent chapters.
<< Prev

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We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter

with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7
and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7
and
8.
Active Voice (

/ kartRRIvaachya):

Study the following statements.

/
English
1. The
going

boy

/ Sanskrit
is

baalaH gachchhati

aha.n gachchhami

2. I am going

3. The
reading

boy

Subject
( /
kartaa)

is

baalaH pathati

4. I am reading

aha.n pathaami

5. The boy is
going to school

baalaH
vidyaalayam

Verb
( /
kriyaa)

Object
( / karma)

The
boy going

baalaH
gachchhati

/ -

going

gachchhami

/ -

am
/ aha.n

The
boy reading

/
baalaH
pathati
I

am
/ aha.n

reading

pathaami

The
boy going

baalaH
gachchhati

/ -

/ -

to
/

school

/
vidyaalayam

gachchhati

I
6. I am going to
aha.n
vidyaalayam
school
gachchhami

am
/ aha.n

going

gachchhami

to
/

school

vidyaalayam

boy reading

The
7. The boy is

/
reading the book baalakaH pustakam
paThati
baalakaH
pathati

the
/
pustakam

book

I
8. I am reading
aha.n
pustakam
the book
paThaami

the
/
pustakam

book

am
/ aha.n

These are all examples of Active Voice or

Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or

are intransitive or
Rule 5: In a

reading

pathaami

(kartRRivaachya).
(karma) in them. So these

(akarmaka kartRRivachya).

(kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or

(kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or

(prathamaa vibhakti).
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or

(karma) like

(vidyaalayam),

(pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or

(sakarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a

(kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or

is always in the "accusative case" or

vibhakti).

(dvitiiyaa

<< Prev
Verb Forms (

/ tiN^antapada):

(karma)

- Index - Next >>

In chapter 1 we were introduced with verb (

/ kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit (dhaatu) is the base or
root of all verbs. Each verb is a derivative or (dhaaturupa) of it's root.
We also learnt that in a sentence the verb ( / dhaatu) always follows the
person (

/ puruSha) and number (

/ vachana) in which the Subject or

(kartaa) is. Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence

etc.

In this chapter we will study the 5 mostly used verb-forms or

(lakaara)

out of 10 verb-forms that a verb can have. The 5 verb-forms covered are
enough
for
day-to-day
use
of
Sanskrit.
Verb or (dhaatu) has 10 different
as

(lakaara) and they are listed below.

/ laTlakaara

/ lRRiTlakaara

/ laN^lakaara

(tiN^antapada) forms known

/ vidhailiN^lakaara

/ liTlakaara

/ lRRiTlakaara

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

/ aashiiliN^lakaara

/ luN^lakaara

/ lRRiN^lakaara

We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming chapters. Followings

are some common features of different (lakaara) in Sanskrit.
Each

(lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons (

three numbers (

/ vachana). So, in total each

/ puruSha) and

(lakaara) has 9

different verb-forms or (dhaaturupa) in it.

The persons are third person (
(

/ prathamapuruSha), second person

/ madhyamapuruSha) and first person (

uttamapuruSha). (dhaaturupa) in first person (

uttamapuruSha) are always used with

(asmad)

i.e., 'Me' as the

Subject in the sentence. (dhaaturupa) in second person (

madhyamapuruSha) is always used with (yusmad)

Subject in the sentence. The third person (

i.e., 'You' as

/ prathamapuruSha) is

used in all other cases.

Similarly each person (

/ ekavachana), dual (

which are singlar (

plural (

/ vachana),

/ dviivachana) and

/ bahuvachana).

The number (
number (

/ puruSha) has three numbers (

/ vachana) of the (dhaaturupa) always follows the

/ vachana) of the Subject or

sentence. The gender (

(shabdarupa) in the

/ liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the

(dhaaturupa).
In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms ( /
dhaaturupa) in detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the
different verb-forms we have used / paTh (read) and / gam (go) /
dhaatu for sentence formation.

At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given

using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good
vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.

<< Prev

/ laTlakaara (Present Tense):

present tense (

- Index - Next >>

(laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in

/ vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence

which is in present tense, the verb (

/ kriaa) has to be in

(laTlakaara).
The complete

/ laTlakaara of / paTh (read) and

/ gam (go)

/ dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in (vartamaanakaala) or present
tense.

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Present Tense - Third Person Singular

/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
ekavachana
1. The boy is
reading.

baalakaH paThati

baalaka

paTh

2. The girl is
reading.

baalikaa paThati

baalikaa

paTh

3. Rama is
reading.

raamaH paThati

raama

paTh

4. Sita is
reading.

siitaa paThati

siitaa

paTh

5. The boy is
going.

baalakaH
gachchhati

baalaka

gam

6. The girl is
going.

baalikaa
gachchhati

baalikaa

gam

Present Tense - Third Person Plural

/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana
7. The boys are
reading.

baalakaaH
paThanti

8. The girls are
baalikaaH
reading.
paThati
9. Students are
reading.

chchhaatraaH
paThati

10. Clearks are

reading.

lipikaaraaH
paThanti

11. The boys are

going.
baalakaaH

baalaka

paTh

baalikaa

paTh

chchhaatra

paTh

lipikaara

paTh

baalaka

gam

gachchhanti
12. The girls
are going.

baalikaaH
gachchhanti

baalikaa

gam

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular

(

/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always

follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person

singular

prathamapuruSha

ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural

(

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (

/ paThanti) is also in

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of

verb

(paTh).

One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verbform in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In case
sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine (
/
puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are
in feminine (

/ striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends

upon

the

gender.

All the above sentences were in third person (

/ prathamapuruSha).

Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person
(
/
madhyamapuruSha)
and
first
person
(
/
uttamapuruSha).

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Present Tense - Second Person Singular

/
/ vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana
13. You are
going.

tva.n gachchhasi

yusmad

gam


tva.n paThasi

14. You are

reading.

yusmad

paTh

Present Tense - First Person Singular

/ vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha
ekavachana

15. I am going.

aha.n
gachchhaami

16. I am reading.

aha.n paThaami

asmad

gam

asmad

paTh

Present Tense - Second Person Plural

/ vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana
17. You all are
going.

yua.n
gachchhatha

yusmad

gam

18. You all are

reading.

yua.n paThatha

yusmad

paTh

Present Tense - First Person Plural

/ vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana
19. We all are
going.

vaya.n
gachchhaamaH

asmad

gam

20. We all are

reading.

vaya.n paThaamaH

asmad

paTh

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular

(

/ madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and

18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (

madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences

the Subject used is (yusmad)
(shabda). In case of second person
the

kartaa

is

always

(yusmad)

(shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (

/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in

first person plural (

/ uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all

these sentences the Subjects used is

first

person

the

kartaa

is

(asmad)

always

(shabda). In case of

(asmad)

(shabda).

As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has

three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is
specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the
dual number form of above sentences.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Present Tense - Dual

/ vartamaanakaala dvivachana
21. Two boys are
reading.

baalakau
paThataH

baalaka

paTh

22. Two girls are

reading.

baalike
paThataH

baalikaa

paTh

23. Two boys are

going.

baalakau
gachchhataH

baalaka

gam

24. Two girls are

going.

baalike
gachchhataH

baalikaa

gam

25. Two students

are reading.

chchhatrau
paThataH

chchhaatra

paTh

26. Two clearks

are reading.

lipikaarau
paThataH

lipikaara

paTh

27. Both of you

are going.

yuvaa.n
gachchhathaH

yusmad

gam

28. Both of you

are reading.
29. Both of us
are going.
30. Both of us
are reading.

yuvaa.n
paThathaH
aavaa.n
gachchhaavaH

aavaa.n
paThaavaH

yusmad

paTh

asmad

gam

asmad

paTh

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of

many Sanskrit sentences using / laTlakaara are given. You will know
/ shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in those.

about many more nouns (

In the next chapter we will study

Read /

/ paTh :

(Present tense /
Person /

/
Singular

Second
/ madhyama
First
/ uttama

/ laTlakaara

/ vartamaanakaala)

Number /

puruSha

Third
/ prathama

(lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.

/ vachana

Dual
/

Plural

ekavachana

dviivachana

bahuvachana

/ paThati

/ paThataH

/ paThanti

/ paThathaH

/ paThatha

/ paThasi

/ paThaami

Go /

/ gam :

(Present tense /

paThaavaH

paThaamaH

/ laTlakaara

/ vartamaanakaala)

Person /

Number /

puruSha
Singular

/
ekavachana

Dual
/

gachchhati

Second
/

gachchhasi

gachchhaami

gachchhataH

gachchhanti

gachchhathaH

First
/ uttama

bahuvachana

madhyama

Plural

dviivachana

Third
/ prathama

/ vachana

gachchhatha
/

/
gachchhaavaH

gachchhaamaH

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In previous chapter we studied about present

we will study about future tense.

/ lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense):

tense.

In

this

chapter

(lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future tense in a sentence. So,

while forming sentences in future tense we need to use verbd-forms from

(lRRiTlakaara).
The complete

/ lRRiTlakaara of

/ paTh (read) and

/ gam (go)

/ dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in

(bhaviShyatakaala) or future

tense.

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Future Tense - Third Person Singular

/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha
ekavachana
1. The boy will

read.
vaalakaH

baalaka

paTh

paThiShyati
2. The girl
will read.

baalikaa
paThiShyati

3. Rama will
read.
4. Sita will
read.

baalikaa

paTh

raamaH paThiShyati

raama

paTh

siitaa paThiShyati

siitaa

paTh

5. The boy will
baalakaH
go.
gamiShyati

baalaka

gam

baalikaa
gamiShyati

baalikaa

gam

6. The girl
will go.

Future Tense - Third Person Plural

/ bhaviShyatakaala prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana
7. The boys
will read.

baalakaaH
paThiShyanti

baalaka

paTh

8. The girls
will read.

baalikaaH
paThiShyanti

baalikaa

paTh

9. Students
will read.

chchhaatraaH
paThiShyanti

chchhaatra

paTh

10. Clearks
will read.

lipikaaraaH
paThiShyanti

lipikaara

paTh

11. The boys

will go.

baalakaaH
gamiShyanti

baalaka

gam

12. The girls

will go.

baalikaaH
gamiShyanti

baalikaa

gam

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular

(

/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always

follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person

singular

prathamapuruSha

ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural

(

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (

/ paThanti) is also in

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of

verb

(paTh).

All the above sentences were in third person (

/ prathamapuruSha).

Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person
(
/
madhyamapuruSha)
and
first
person
(
/
uttamapuruSha).

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Future Tense - Second Person Singular

/ bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana
13. You will go.

tva.n gamiShyasi

yusmad

gam

14. You will

read.

tva.n paThiShyasi

yusmad

paTh

Future Tense - First Person Singular

/ bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
15. I will go.

aha.n gamiShyaami

16. I will read. aha.n
paThiShyaami
Future Tense - Second Person Plural

asmad

gam

asmad

paTh


bahuvachana

/ bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha

17. You all will

go.
yua.n gamiShyatha

yusmad

gam

18. You all will
yua.n
read.
paThiShyatha

yusmad

paTh

Future Tense - First Person Plural

/ bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana
19. We all will
go.

vaya.n
gamiShyaamaH

asmad

gam

20. We all will

read.

vaya.n
paThiShyaamaH

asmad

paTh

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular

(

/ madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and

18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (

madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences

the Subject used is (yusmad)
(shabda). In case of second person
the

kartaa

is

always

(yusmad)

(shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (

/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in

first person plural (

/ uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all

these sentences the Subjects used is

first

person

the

kartaa

is

(asmad)

always

(shabda). In case of

(asmad)

(shabda).

You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense (
lRRiTlakaara) are similar to present tense (
deviation. In case of a
derived from the
end.

For

most

/ laTlakaara) with a minor

(paTh dhaatu), the

form by inserting
verb

form can be

(iShya) before the (tip)

forms

this

is

true.

Rule: For most verbs, the

inserting

form can be derived from the

(iShya)

before

the

form by

(tip)

end.

However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation.
In case of (gam dhaatu) instead of
/ gachchhiShyati the
correct form is
kept
in

/ gamiShyati and so on. This deviations should be

mind
for
such
specific
verbs.

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Future Tense - Dual

/ bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana
21. Two boys
will read.

baalakau
paThiShyataH

baalaka

paTh

22. Two girls

will read.

baalike
paThiShyataH

baalikaa

paTh

23. Two boys

will go.

baalakau
gamiShyataH

baalaka

gam

24. Two girls

will go.

baalike
gamiShyataH

baalikaa

gam

chchhaatra

paTh

lipikaara

paTh

yusmad

gam

25. Two students
chchhatrau
will read.
paThiShyataH
26. Two clearks
will read.

lipikaarau
paThiShyataH

27. Both of you

will go.

yuvaa.n

gamiShyathaH
28. Both of you
will read.

yuvaa.n
paThiShyathaH

yusmad

paTh

29. Both of us
will go.

aavaa.n
gamiShyaavaH

asmad

gam

30. Both of us
will read.

aavaa.n
paThiShyaavaH

asmad

paTh

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of

many Sanskrit sentences using / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns (

/ shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in

those.
In the next chapter we will study

Read /

/ paTh :

(Future tense /
Person /

/
Singular

Second
/
madhyama
First
/ uttama

/ lRRiTlakaara

/ bhaviShyatakaala)

Number /

puruSha

Third
/ prathama

(laN^lakaara) or past tense.

/ vachana

Dual
/

Plural

ekavachana

dviivachana

bahuvachana

paThiShyati

paThiShyataH

paThiShyanti

paThiShyathaH

paThiShyatha

paThiShyasi
/
paThiShyaami

paThiShyaabaH

/
paThiShyaamaH

Go /

/ gam :

(Future tense /
Person /

/ lRRiTlakaara

/ bhaviShyatakaala)

Number /

puruSha
Singular

/
ekavachana
Third
/ prathama
Second
/
madhyama
First
/ uttama

Dual
/

gamiShyataH

gamiShyanti

gamiShyathaH

/
gamiShyaami

bahuvachana

gamiShyasi

Plural

dviivachana

/
gamiShyati

/ vachana

gamiShyatha
/

gamiShyaavaH

gamiShyaamaH

<< Prev

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In previous chapter we studied about future

tense. In this chapter we will study about past tense. (laN^lakaara)
/ laN^lakaara (Past Tense):

verb-forms represent the past tense in a sentence. So, while forming

sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from
(laN^lakaara).
The complete

/ laN^lakaara of

/ paTh (read) and

/ gam (go)

/ dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the
following sentences. These are in

/
English

(bhutakaala) or past tense.

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Third Person Singular

/ bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana

1. The boy was

reading.

baalakaH apaThat

baalaka

paTh

2. The girl was

reading.

baalikaa apaThat

baalikaa

paTh

3. Rama was
reading.

raamaH apaThat

raama

paTh

4. Sita was
reading.

siitaa apaThat

siitaa

paTh

5. The boy was

going.

baalakaH
agachchhat

baalaka

gam

6. The girl was

going.

baalikaa
agachchhat

baalikaa

gam

Past Tense - Third Person Plural

/ bhutakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)

7. The boys were
reading.

baalakaaH
apaThan

8. The girls were

baalikaaH
reading.
apaThan
9. Students were
reading.

chchhaatraaH
apaThan

10. Clearks were

reading.

lipikaaraaH
apaThan

11. The boys were

baalakaaH
going.
agachchhan
12. The girls
were going.

baalikaaH
agachchhan

baalaka

paTh

baalikaa

paTh

chchhaatra

paTh

lipikaara

paTh

baalaka

gam

baalikaa

gam

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular

(

/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always

follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person

singular

prathamapuruSha

ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural

(

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (

/ paThanti) is also in

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of

verb

(paTh).

All the above sentences were in third person (

/ prathamapuruSha).

Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person
(
/
madhyamapuruSha)
and
first
person
(
/
uttamapuruSha).

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Second Person Singular

/ bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You were
going.
14. You were
reading.

tva.n agachchhaH

yusmad

gam

tva.n apaThaH

yusmad

paTh

Past Tense - First Person Singular

/ bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. I was going.

aha.n agachchham

asmad

gam

16. I was
reading.

aha.n apaTham

asmad

paTh

Past Tense - Second Person Plural

/ bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)

17. You all were
going.

18. You all were

reading.

yua.n
agachchhata

yusmad

gam

yua.n apaThata

yusmad

paTh

Past Tense - First Person Plural

/ bhutakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)

19. We all were
going.

vaya.n
agachchhaama

asmad

gam

20. We all were

reading.

vaya.n apaThaama

asmad

paTh

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular

(

/ madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and

18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (

madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences

the Subject used is (yusmad)
(shabda). In case of second person
the

kartaa

is

always

(yusmad)

(shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (

/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in

first person plural (

/ uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all

these sentences the Subjects used is

first

person

the

kartaa

is

(asmad)

always

(shabda). In case of

(asmad)

(shabda).

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Dual

/ bhutakaala dvivachana)

21. Two boys were
baalakau
reading.
apaThataam

baalaka

paTh



baalike
apaThataam

baalikaa

paTh

23. Two boys were
baalakau
going.
apaThataam

baalaka

gam

baalikaa

gam

chchhaatra

paTh

lipikaara

paTh

22. Two girls

were reading.

24. Two girls

were going.

baalike
agachchhataam

25. Two students

were reading.

chchhatrau
apaThataam

26. Two clearks

were reading.

lipikaarau
apaThataam

27. Both of you

were going.

yuvaa.n
agachchhatam

yusmad

gam

28. Both of you

were reading.

yuvaa.n
apaThatam

yusmad

paTh

asmad

gam

asmad

paTh

29. Both of us
were going.
30. Both of us
were reading.

aavaa.n
agachchhaava

aavaa.n
apaThaava

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of

many Sanskrit sentences using / laN^lakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns (

/ shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in

those.
In the next chapter we will study

(aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or

verb-forms representing commands and requests.

Read /

/ paTh :

(Past tense /
Person /

/ laN^lakaara

/ bhutakaala)

Singular

Dual
/

ekavachana
/ apaThat

Second
/ madhyama

/ apaThaH
/ apaTham

Go /

/ gam :

(Past tense /
Person /

/
Singular

/
ekavachana

Third
/ prathama
Second
/
madhyama
First
/ uttama

/
apaThataam
/
apaThatam

/
agachchhat
/
agachchhaH
/
agachchham

bahuvachana
/ apaThan
/ apaThata
/

apaThaava

apaThaama

/ laN^lakaara

/ bhutakaala)

Number /

puruSha

Plural

dviivachana

Third
/ prathama

First
/ uttama

/ vachana

Number /

puruSha

/ vachana

Dual
/ dviivachana
/

Plural

/
bahuvachana
/

agachchhataam
/

agachchhan
/

agachchhatam

agachchhata
/

/
agachchhaava
<< Prev

agachchhaama
- Index - Next >>

In previous
three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about
verb-forms used in imerative mood. These verb-forms are used while giving
commands or requests.
(aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests):

represent
The complete

these.

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of

/ paTh (read) and

/ gam (go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for
reference. Study the following sentences. These are in imperative mood.

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. Let the boy
read.

baalakaH paThatu

baalaka

paTh

2. Let the girl

read.

baalikaa paThatu

baalikaa

paTh

3. Let Rama
read.

raamaH paThatu

raama

paTh

4. Let Sita
read.

siitaa paThatu

siitaa

paTh

5. Let the boy

go.

baalakaH
gachchhatu

baalaka

gam

6. Let the girl

go.

baalikaa
gachchhatu

baalikaa

gam

Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
7. Let the boys
read.

baalakaaH

baalaka

paTh

paThantu


8. Let the girls
baalikaaH
read.
paThantu
9. Let the
students read.

chchhaatraaH
paThantu

10. Let the

clearks read.

lipikaaraaH
paThantu

11. Let the boys

baalakaaH
go.
gachchhantu

baalikaaH
gachchhantu

12. Let the

girls go.

baalikaa

paTh

chchhaatra

paTh

lipikaara

paTh

baalaka

gam

baalikaa

gam

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular

(

/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always

follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person

singular

prathamapuruSha

ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural

(

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (

/ paThanti) is also in

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of

verb

(paTh).

All the above sentences were in third person (

/ prathamapuruSha).

Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person
(
/
madhyamapuruSha)
and
first
person
(
/
uttamapuruSha).

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You go.
14. You read.

tva.n gachchha

yusmad

gam

tva.n paTha

yusmad

paTh

Imperative Mood - First Person Singular

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
15. Let me go.

16. Let me read.

aha.n
gachchhaani

aha.n paThaani

asmad

gam

asmad

paTh

Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
17. You all go.

yua.n gachchhata

yusmad

gam

18. You all

read.

yua.n paThata

yusmad

paTh

Imperative Mood - First Person Plural

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
19. Let us all
go.

vaya.n
gachchhaama

asmad

gam

20. Let us all

read.

vaya.n paThaama

asmad

paTh

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular

(

/ madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and

18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (

madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences

the Subject used is (yusmad)
(shabda). In case of second person
the

kartaa

is

always

(yusmad)

(shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (

/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in

first person plural (

/ uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all

(asmad)

these sentences the Subjects used is

first

person

the

kartaa

is

always

(shabda). In case of

(asmad)

(shabda).

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/ Sanskrit

/ English

Imperative Mood Dual (

dvivachana)

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

21. Let the two

boys read.

baalakau
paThataam

baalaka

paTh

22. Let the two

girls read.

baalike
paThataam

baalikaa

paTh

23. Let the two

boys go.

baalakau
gachchhataam

baalaka

gam

24. Let the two

girls go.

baalike
gachchhataam

baalikaa

gam

25. Let the two

students read.

chchhatrau
paThataam

chchhaatra

paTh

26. Let the two

clearks read.

lipikaarau
paThataam

lipikaara

paTh

27. Both of you

go.

yuvaa.n
gachchhatam

yusmad

gam

28. Both of you

read.

yuvaa.n paThatam

yusmad

paTh

asmad

gam

asmad

paTh

29. Let both of

us go.

aavaa.n
gachchhaava

aavaa.n paThaava

30. Let both of

us read.

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of

many Sanskrit sentences using / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns (

/ shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in

those.
In the next chapter we will study
mood.

Read /

/ paTh :

(vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)

Person /

Number /

puruSha
Singular

/
ekavachana
Third
/ prathama

/ paThatu

Second
/ madhyama

/ paTha

First
/ uttama

/ paThaani

/ vachana

Dual
/
dviivachana
/
paThataam
/ paThatam

/ paThaava

Plural

/
bahuvachana
/ paThantu
/ paThata
/ paThaama

Go /

/ gam :

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)

Person /

Number /

puruSha
Singular

/
ekavachana
Third
/ prathama

Dual
/

Second
/

/ gachchha

madhyama
gachchhaani

bahuvachana

gachchhataam

gachchhantu

gachchhatam

First
/ uttama

Plural

dviivachana

/
gachchhatu

/ vachana

gachchhata
/

/
gachchhaava

gachchhaama

<< Prev

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In previous chapter we
studied about imperative mood. In this chapter we will study about optative
mood.
(vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in
/ vidhailiN^lakaara (Optative Mood - Should or May):

optative mood. So, any sentence indicating possibility of something verbforms

of

(vidhailiN^lakaara)
should
be
used.
The complete

/ vidhailiN^lakaara of

/ paTh (read) and

gam (go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference.
Study the following sentences. These are in

(vidhailiN^lakaara)

or optative mood.

/
English

/ Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Optative Mood - Third Person Singular

/ vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha

ekavachana
1. The boy
should read.

baalakaH paThet

baalaka

paTh

2. The girl
should read.

baalikaa paThet

baalikaa

paTh

3. Rama should
read.

raamaH paThet

raama

paTh

4. Sita should
read.

siitaa paThet

siitaa

paTh

5. The boy
should go.

baalakaH
gachchhet

baalaka

gam

6. The girl
should go.

baalikaa
gachchhet

baalikaa

gam

Optative Mood - Third Person Plural

/ vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
7. The boys
should read.

baalakaaH
paTheyaH

baalaka

paTh

8. The girls
should read.

baalikaaH
paTheyaH

baalikaa

paTh

9. Students
should read.

chchhaatraaH
paTheyaH

chchhaatra

paTh

10. Clearks
should read.

lipikaaraaH
paTheyaH

lipikaara

paTh

11. The boys

should go.

baalakaaH
gachchheyuH

baalaka

gam

12. The girls

should go.

baalikaaH
gachchheyuH

baalikaa

gam

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular

(

/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always

follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person

singular

prathamapuruSha

ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural

(

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (

/ paThanti) is also in

/ prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of

verb

(paTh).

All the above sentences were in third person (

/ prathamapuruSha).

Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person
(
/
madhyamapuruSha)
and
first
person
(
/
uttamapuruSha).

/ English

/
Sanskrit

Subject
/
shabda

Verb
/
dhaatu

Comments

Optative Mood - Second Person Singular

/ vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha
ekavachana
13. You should go. tva.n
gachchheH
14. You should
read.

tva.n paTheH

yusmad

gam

yusmad

paTh

Optative Mood - First Person Singular

/ vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha
ekavachana
15. I should go.

aha.n
gachchheyam

asmad

gam

16. I should read.

aha.n paTheyam

asmad

paTh

Optative Mood - Second Person Plural

/ vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana)

17. You all should

go.
yua.n

yusmad

gam

18. You all should

read.
yua.n paTheta

yusmad

paTh

Optative Mood - First Person Plural

/ vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha
bahuvachana)
19. We all should
go.

vaya.n
gachchhema

asmad

gam

20. We all should

read.

vaya.n paThema

asmad

paTh

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular

(

/ madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and

18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (

madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences

the Subject used is (yusmad)
(shabda). In case of second person
the

kartaa

is

always

(yusmad)

(shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (

/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in

first person plural (

/ uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all

these sentences the Subjects used is

first

person

the

kartaa

is

(asmad)

always

(shabda). In case of

(asmad)

(shabda).

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/ Sanskrit

Subject

Verb

Comments

 /
shabda

English

Optative Mood Dual (

dvivachana)

/
dhaatu

/ vidhailiN^lakaara

21. Two boys

should read.

baalakau
paThetaam

baalaka

paTh

22. Two girls

should read.

baalike
paThetaam

baalikaa

paTh

23. Two boys

should go.

baalakau
gachchhetaam

baalaka

gam

24. Two girls

should go.

baalike
gachchhetaam

baalikaa

gam

25. Two students

should read.

chchhatrau
paThetaam

chchhaatra

paTh

26. Two clearks

should read.

lipikaarau
paThetaam

lipikaara

paTh

27. Both of you

should go.

yuvaa.n
gachchhatam

yusmad

gam

28. Both of you

should read.

yuvaa.n paThetam

yusmad

paTh

asmad

gam

asmad

paTh

29. Both of us
should go.
30. Both of us
should read.

aavaa.n
gachchheva

aavaa.n paTheva

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of

many Sanskrit sentences using
/ vidhailiN^lakaara are given.

 / shabda) and verbs ( /

You will know about many more nouns (

dhaatu) in those.

Read /

/ paTh :

/ vidhailiN^lakaara

(Optative Mood - Should or May)

Person /

Number /

puruSha
Singular

Dual
/

ekavachana
/ paThet

Second
/ madhyama

/ paTheH
/
paTheyam

Go /

Plural

dviivachana

Third
/ prathama

First
/ uttama

/ vachana

/ gam :

/
paThetaam

bahuvachana
/ paTheyaH

/ paThetam

/ paTheta

/ paTheva

/ paThema

/ vidhailiN^lakaara

(Optative Mood - Should or May)

Person /

Number /

puruSha
Singular

/
ekavachana
Third
/ prathama
Second
/

/ gachchhet

/ gachchheH

madhyama
First
/ uttama

/
gachchheyam

/ vachana
Dual
/

dviivachana
/
gachchhetaam
/
gachchhatam
/ gachchheva

Plural

/
bahuvachana
/
gachchheyuH
/ gachchhet
/
gachchhema

<< Prev

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In the last five chapters we covered five different

verb-forms, using / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu. For
better vocabulary the following is a list of different sentences using many
more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences cover all the five
verb-forms we have covered so far.
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences:

Present Tense -

/
English

/
Sanskrit

/ laTlakaara

Noun

Verb

The boy
reads/is
reading.

baalakaH
paThati

baalaka

paTh

The pupil
is
saluting.

shiShyaH
namati

shiShya

nam

The elder
brother
speaks.

agrajaH
vadati

agraja

vad

The father
looks.

janakaH
pashyati

The son is
going to
school.

janaka

dRRish

putra

gam

ashva

dhaav

vRRiksha

phal

sevaka

sthaa

putraH
vidyaalaya.n
gachchhati

The horse
runs.

ashvaH
dhaavati

The tree
bears
fruit.

vRRikshaH
phalati

The servant

is
sevakaH
standing.
tiShThati

Notes
or laTlakaara is the
only verb-form to represent
present tense.
Unlike English where simple
present (verb + s, verb + es)
and present-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
Sanskrit laTlakaara represents
both.
So, "the boy reads" and "the
boy is reading" will have
sameverb-forms.

The beggar
wanders.

bhikshukaH
aTati

bhikshuka

aT

He is
laughing.

saH hasati

()
tad (pu.n)

has

The mother
cooks.

ambaa pachati

ambaa

pach

The son is
laughing.

sutaH hasati

suta

has

baalaa

likh

( )
tad (strii)

paa

sandhyaa

bhuu

aja

char

nii

The girl
writes
poems.

baalaa
padyaani
likhati

She is
drinking
milk.

saa dugdha.n
pivati

It is
evening.

sandhyaa
bhavati

The goat
grazes.

ajaH charati

She is
leading.

saa nayati

( )
tad (strii)

The flower
blooms.

puShpa.n
vikasati

puShpa

+
vi + kas

The fruit
falls.

phalam patati

phala

pat

Friend is
giving.

mitra.n
yachchhati

mitra

yachchh

Artists are
sketching.

chitrakaara
chitrakaaraaH
likhanti

Porters are

bhaaravaahaaH
carrying.
bhaaravaaha
vahanti

likh

vah

Theives are
choraaH
running.
dhaavanti
Washermen
are
washing.

rajakaaH
kshaalayanti

Carpenters
do
carpentry.

takshakaaH
takshanti

Singers are
gaayakaaH
singing.
gaayanti

Dancers are
naaTaaH
dancing.
nRRityanti
Cooks are
cooking.

paachakaaH
pachanti

Devotees


are
bhaktaaH
meditating. dhyaanti

chora

dhaav

rajaka

kshaal

takshaka

taksh

gaayaka

gai

naTa

nRRit

paachaka

pach

bhakta

dhyai

They smell
flowers.

te puShpaaNi
jighranti

()
tad (pu.n)

ghraa

They
remember.

te smaranti

()
tad (pu.n)

smRRi

naapita

muND

tantuvaaya

Barbers
shave.

naapitaaH
muNDayanti

Weavers
weave.

tantuvaayaaH
vayanti

Goats
graze.

ajaaH
charanti

Fruits
shake.

phaalaani
sphuranti

You are

aja

char

phala

reading the tva.n

book.
pustaka.n
paThasi

yusmad

paTh

You are
saluting.

tva.n namasi

yusmad

nam

You are
speaking.

tva.n vadasi

yusmad

vad

You see.

tva.n
pashyasi

yusmad

dRRish

All of you
fall.

yuuya.n
patatha

yusmad

pat

All of you
are
leading.

yuuya.n
nayatha

yusmad

nii

All of you
rebuke.

yuuya.n
nindatha

yusmad

nind

I wish.

aham
ichchhaami

asmad

iSh

I am
dancing.

aham
nRRityaami

asmad

nRRit

I remember.

aham smaraami

asmad

smRRi

I reside.

aham vasaami

asmad

vas

asmad

prachchh

I am asking
a question. aham
prashna.n
pRRichchhaami
We play.

vaya.n
kriiDaamaH

asmad

krriD

We are
writing.

vaya.n
likhaamaH

asmad

likh

We are
drinking.

vaya.n
pibaamaH

asmad

Future Tense -

/ English

The boy will read.

paa

/ lRRiTlakaara

/ Sanskrit

baalakaH paThiShyati

The student will go to
chchhaatraH
vidyaalaya.n
school.
gamiShyati
They will speak.

te vadiShyanti

Artist will sketch the

chitrakaaraH
chitra.n
picture.
likhiShyati
It will be evening.

sandhyaa bhaviShyati

Teacher will teach.

guruH paaThayiShyati

The flowers will

bloom.

puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti

Barber will shave.

naapitaH muNDayiShyati

You will read.

Noun

Verb

Notes

baalaka

paTh

chchhaatra

gam

()
tad (pu.n)

vad

chitrakaara

likh

sandhyaa

bhuu

guru

/
paaTh

puShpa

+
vi + kas

naapita

muND

tva.n paThiShyasi

yusmad

paTh

You all will play.

vaya.n kriiDiShyatha

yusmad

kriiD

I will go.

aha.n gamiShyaami

asmad

gam

I will write letter.

aha.n patram likhiShyaami

asmad

likh

We will play.

vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH

asmad

kriiD

Past Tense -

/
English

/
Sanskrit

Noun

Verb

baalaka

paTh

()
tad (pu.n)

kriiD

The boy
read/was
reading.

baalakaH
apaThat

He played.

saH akriiDat

She stood.

( )
saa atiShThat tad (strii)

/ laN^lakaara

sthaa

Notes
or laN^lakaara is the
only verb-form to represent
past tense.
Unlike English where simple
past and past-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
Sanskrit laN^lakaara represents
both.
So, "the boy went" and "the boy
was going" will have same verbforms.

charmakaarah charmakaara yachchh

paadarakshaam
Past tense can also be
ayachchhat
represented using (tavat)
prefix with the verbs. This has

been covered in a different
The lion

chapter.
killed the
si.nhaH
si.nha
mRRi
deer.
mRRigam
amaarayat
Cobbler
gave the
sandal.

The tiger
ate flesh. vyaaghraH
maa.nsam
akhaadat

The cat
saw the
rat.

maarjaaram
muuShakam
apashyat

They
laughed.

ekaH graamam
agachchhat

te ahasan

khaad

maarjaara

dRrish

vayasa

likh

eka

gam

()
tad (pu.n)

has

The friend

wrote a
vayasaH
letter.
patram
alikhat
One went
to
village.

vyaaghra

Students
played.

chchhaatraaH
akriiDan

Thieves
stole the
box.

chchhaatra

kriiD

chora

har

choraaH
peTikaam
aharan

Students
asked
question.

chchhaatraaH
prashnam
apRRichchhan

Bisons
grazed
grass.

chchhaatra prachchh

mahiShaaH
tRiNaani
acharan

mahiSha

char

mahilaa

gai

sarpa

gil

bharavaaha

vah

dhivaraaH
miinam anayan

dhivara

nii

You ran.

tvam adhaavaH

yusmad

dhaav

You
danced.

tvam
anRRityaH

yusmad

nRRit

You read.

tvam apaThaH

yusmad

paTh

Women
sang.

mahilaaH
agaayan

Snakes
swallowed
frogs.

Fishermen
took away
the fish.

sarpaaH
maNDuukaan
agilan

Porters
bore the
burden.

bhaaravaahaaH
bhaaram
avahan


All of you

saw the
yuuya.n
book.
pustakam
apashyat

All of you
yuuya.n
ate.
akhaadataH
I saluted
the
teacher.

aha.n guruum
anamam

remembered
aha.n
the
viShayam
matter.
asmaram
I smelt
the
flower.

aha.n puShpam
ajighram

I saw the
picture.

aha.n chitram
apashyam

I wrote a
letter.

aha.n patram
alikham

yusmad

dRRish

yusmad

khaad

asmad

nam

asmad

smRRi

asmad

ghraa

asmad

dRRish

asmad

likh

We spoke.

vayam
avadaama

asmad

vad

We ate.

vayam
akhaadaama

asmad

khaad

We played. vayam
akriiDaama

asmad

kriiD

Imperative Mood -

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

/ Sanskrit

/ English

Noun

Verb

Notes

Let the boy read.

baalakaH paThatu

baalaka

paTh

Let the boy write.

baalakaH likhatu

baalaka

likh

Let him carry.

saH vahatu

()
tad (pu.n)

vah

Let the singer sing.

gaayakaH gaayatu

gaayaka

gai

Let her run.

saa dhaavatu

Let the servant wash.

sevakaH prakshaalayatu

sevaka

Let the girl read.

baalaa paThatu

baalaa

paTh

Let the student ask

question.

chchhaatra prashna.n
pRRichchhatu

chchhaatra

prachchh

Let the dancers dance.

naTaaH nRRityantu

naTa

nRRit

Let them reside.

te vasantu

()
tad (pu.n)

vas

Let the beggars

wander.

bhikshukaaH aTantu

bhikshuka

aT

Let the women see.

mahilaaH pashyantu

( )
tad
(strii)

dhaav

prakshaal

dRRish

tva.n gachchha

yusmad

gam

You stand up.

tva.n uttiShTha

yusmad

sthaa

You drink.

tva.n piba

yusmad

paa

All of you speak.

yuuya.n vadata

yusmad

vad

All of you go.

You go.

yuuya.n gachchhata

yusmad

gam

All of you see.

yuuya.n pashyata

yusmad

dRRish

Let me go.

aha.n gachchhaani

asmad

gam

Let me write.

aha.n likhaani

asmad

likh

Let me read.

aha.n paThaani

asmad

paTh

Let us drink.

vaya.n pivaama

asmad

paa

Let us ask.

vaya.n pRRichchhaama

asmad

prachchh

Let us sing.

vaya.n gaayaama

asmad

gai

Optative Mood -

/
English

/
Sanskrit

The boy
should/may
read.

baalakaH
paThet

It may rain
today.

adya
vRRiShTi.n
bhavet

Students
chchhaatraaH
should study.
paThet
Dancers may
dance.

naTaaH
nRRityeyuH

Mother may
cook.

ambaa pachet

Servant

should wash
the cloathes. sevakaH
vaastraaNi

/ vidhailiN^lakaara

Noun

Verb

baalaka

paTh

bhuu

chchhaatra

paTh

naTa

nRRit

ambaa

pach

sevaka

kshaal

Notes

or vidhailiN^lakaararepresents
both should (should + verb)and
may (may + verb) in the
sentence. So, "the boy should
go" and "the boy may go" will
have the same verb-forms.

kshaalayet
They may
stay.

te tiShTheyam

She may go to
saa
school.
vidyaalaya.n
gachchhet

Boys may eat

the fruits.

()
tad (pu.n)

( )
tad
(strii)

sthaa

gam

baalaaH
phalaani
khaadeyuH

baala

khaad

Women may
sing.

mahilaaH
gaayeyuH

mahilaa

gai

You should
salute the
teacher.

tvam gurum
name

yusmad

nam

You should
read.

tvam paThe

yusmad

paTh

yusmad

gam

You should go
tvam
to temple.
devaalaya.n
gachchhe
All of you
should
remember the
matter.

yuya.n
viShya.n
smareta

yusmad

smRRi

All of you
should see
the picture.

yuya.n
chitra.n
pashyeta

yusmad

dRRish

asmad

paTh-

asmad

kriiD

I should read aha.n
the book.
pustaka.n
paTheyam
I may play.
I should

aha.n
kriiDeyam

write the
letter.

aha.n patra.n
likheyam

asmad

likh

We should
drink milk.

vaya.n
digdha.n
pivema

asmad

paa

We may go to
village.

vaya.n
graama.n
gachchhema

asmad

gam

<< Prev - Index - Next >>

Noun

Forms

with noun (

Or

In chapter 1 we were introduced

/ shabda), noun-form ( / shabdarupa), verb ( /
Cases

kriyaa)

shabdarupa):

and

To summarise - noun or shabda (

their

use.

) is the word that represents someone

or something in a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing,

state or quality etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as
the subject or object for
a verb.
In Sanskrit shabda (

) is the base or root of all noun-forms (

Each noun-form is a derivative or shabdarupa (

).

) of it's root. For

example "boy" as a root can have different singular forms representing "the
boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy", "of the
boy"
and
"in
the
boy".
We will study noun-forms in detail. Followings are few features of nounforms.

In a sentence the verb always follows the number and case of

the subject ( / kartaa). The subject's gender has no effect on
the verb-form.

/ vachana) and 7 cases ( /

Each noun can have 3 numbers (

vibhakti).

So,

a noun can

have

21

different

forms

shabdarupa) each associating a specific meaning to thenoun. Besides

the cases a vocative case is also added to the 7 different cases. This
makes a noun to have 24 different forms.

The

3 numbers in

a noun are singular (

ekavachana), dual (

dvivachana),

and plural (

bahuvachana). The dual form is specific to Sanskrit language and is

not seen in any other language.

The followings are the 7 different cases of a noun.

Case 1 - Nominative -> / prathamaa

Case 2 - Accusative ->

Case 3 - Instrumental -> / tRRitiiya

Case 4 - Dative ->

Case 5 - Ablative -> / paJNamii

Case 6 - Genitive ->

/ ShaShThii

Case 7 - Locative ->

/ saptamii

Vocative ->

/ dvitiiyaa

/ chaturthii

/ sambodhana

In coming chapters we will learn the noun cases or

(vibhakti) in

detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different nounforms we have used commonly used nouns for sentence composition. The
complete noun-forms of these nouns are listed at the end of each chapter for
easy reference.
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many
commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help
building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.

<< Prev
Nominative Case /

(prathamaa vibhakti):

- Index - Next >>

Nominative Case or

(prathamaa vibhakti) represents the noun-form to represent the "who" or

"what" on the verb in the sentence. In other words nominative
case represents
the subject or

(kartaa)
of
the
sentence.
Study the following sentences. These are in nominative case. In the previous
chapters we have already come across these sentence formations. These are
mentioned again for completness.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

Notes

1. The boy is going.

baalaH gachchhati

2. Poet is writing.

kaviH likhati

3. Teachers are speaking.

guravaH vadanti

4. Girl is reading.

baalaa paThati

5. River is flowing.

nadii vahati

6. I am asking.

aha.n pRRichchhaami

7. Sita is singing.

siitaa gaayati

8. Fruit is falling.

phala.n patati

9. Vehicle is moving.

yaana.n chalati

10. The book is there.

pustakam asti

11. There is no water.

jala.n naasti

Words like fruit ( /

phala), vehicle
( / yaana),
book ( /
pustaka), water
( / jala) and
flower ( /

12. Flower is blooming.

puShpa.n vikasati

puShpa) etc.,
are of neuter
gender. They
have the same
noun-form or
shabdarupa as
boy ( /
baala) except
the nominative
and accusative
cases which
have slightly
different
forms.
Refer
(phala) shabda
below for
thenominative
case forms of
these.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "who is going?", the answer that
comes is "boy". So, boy is the subject in the sentence and the noun-form is
in nominative case or prathamaa vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 8, if we ask
the question "what is falling?", the answer that comes is "fruit". In this fruit
is
the subject.
So, answer to the question "who" or "what" is the subject of the sentence
and is always in nominative case. The verb form follows the number or

(vachana) of the noun. The followings are few rules where the nominative
case must
be
used
as
the
noun-form.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice statements the subject in the sentence is
always
in
nominative
case.
Grammatical
nominative

Rule: In passive voice statements the object follows the

case.
The
subject
follows
the
instrumental
case.

Nominative Case (
Word

Gender

/ prathamaa vibhakti)

Singular

Dual

Plural

Similar Words

Boy
/ baala

M -

baalah

baalau

baalaaH

Creeper
/ lataa

F -

lataa

late

lataaH

River
/ nadii

F -

nadii

nadau

nadyaH

N -

phalam

phale

phalaani

Fruit
/ phalam

<< Prev

Accusative Case /

(dvitiiyaa vibhakti):

- Index - Next >>

Accusative Case or

(dvitiiyaa vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to what" or "to whom" of

the sentence. In other wordsaccusative case represents the object or
(karmaa)

in

the

sentence.

Study the following sentences. These are in accusative case.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

1. The painter is
painting a portrait.

chitrakaaraH chitra.n
likhati

2. The carpenter is
chopping wood.

takshakaH kaaShTha.n
takshati

3. Poets are writing

songs.

kavayaH padyaani
likhanti

4. Enemies are attacking

the city.

shatravaH nagariim
aakraamanti

5. Studetns are singing

the stanzas.

chchhaatraaH shlokaan

Notes
In these
sentences
portrait (
/
chitra), wood
( /
kaaShTha),
songs ( /
padya), city
( /
nagarii),
stanza (
/
shloka),
permission
( /
anumati),

gaayanti
6. Commette gave the
permission.

samiti anumatim
ayachchhat

7. Boy is going to
school.

baalaH vidyaalayam
gachchhati

8. Girl is reading the

book.

baalaa pustakam
paThati

school (
/ vidyaalaya)
and book (
/ pustaka)
are objects.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the painter painting?",

the answer that comes is "the portrait". So, "portrait" is the object in the
sentence and the noun-form is in accusative case or dvitiiyaa vibhakti.
Similarly in sentence 6, if we ask the question "what did the commette
gave?", the answer that comes is "permission". In case of sentence 7, if we
ask the question "where is the boy going to?", the answer that comes is
"school".
So, answer to the question "to what", "to whom" or "to where" etc., is
the object in the sentence and is always in accusative case. The verb form is
independent
of
the number or

(vachana)
of
the object.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice sentences the object always inaccusative
case.

Besides the above rule there are few special rules where accusative case is
used. Followings are examples of these.

/ Sanskrit

/ English

9. Tigress lives in
the forest.

10. Parvati lives in

the Himalays.

Notes

vyaaghrii vanam
adhitiShThati /
adhivasati

Verbs
(tiShThati) and
(vasati)
prefixed with
prepositions (

/ upasarga)

paarvatii
kailaasagiriim
adhivasati

11. Rama lives in

village.

12. Around the

Himalayas there are
forests.

(adhi) or

raamaH graama.n
upavasati /
adhivasati

himaalayam abhitaH
araNyaani santi

13. Inside the pond

there is a temple.

sarovara.n antaraa
mandira.n asti

14. Around the house

there is a wall.

gRRiha.n paritaH
praachiira.n asti

15. Near the school

there is a garden.

vidyaalaya.n nikaShaa
udyaana.n asti

19. Solders went on

sarovara.n antaraa
niilotpalaani santi

18. Near the school

there are shops.

Use of indeclinable
(abhitaH),

16. Both side of river
nadii.n ubhayataH
there are hills.
sopaanaani santi
17. Inside the pond
there are blue
lotuses.

(upa).

vidyaalaya.n samayaa
aapaNaaH santi

(ubhayataH),
(samayaa),

(nikaShaa),
(antaraa) and

(paritaH) to
represent location.

both sides of the

road.

20. Behind father son

is going.

sainikaaH maargam
ubhayataH agachchhat

pitara.n anu putraH

gachchhati

Use of indeclinable
(anu),
(upayupari),

21. There are many

fruits above (on top
of) the tree.

(adhyaaghi),
(adhodhaH)
representing

before, after,
vRRiksha.n upayupari
vahuni phalaani santi above, towards top
location.

22. The girl is

singing beautifully.

baalikaa madhura.n
gaayati

23. The boy is looking
baalaH saashcharyam
with surprise.
pashyati
24. It is raining
everywhere in the
country.

desha.n sarvataH
varShaa bhavanti

25. Madhu read grammar

madhuH maasa.n
for a month.
vyaakaraNa.n
paThitavaan
26. The mountain
spreads two yojanas.

Expressing spread
of time or space.

giriH dviyojana.n
varttate

27. Without teacher
there is no knowledge. guru.n vinaa vidyaa
naasti
28. Go upto home.
29. Tiger is running

Use of verbal
adjective or

(kriyaavisheShaNa).

gRRiha.n yaavat
gachchha

Use of indeclinable
(vinaa),
(RRite) etc.
Use of words

(prati),
(yaavat) etc.

towards the goat.

vyaagraH chhaaga.n
prati dhaavati

murkha.n dhik

30. Fie on fool.

Grammatical Rule: If the verbs

Use of word
dhik.

(tiShThati) and

lives or stays are prefixed with the preposition (

(vasati) meaning
/ upasarga)

(adhi)

or (upa), then the word expressing the location will follow accusative case
instade
of
locative
case.

In sentence 9 above the answer to question "where does tigress live?"

should be "in the forest". The noun-form should be in locative case i.e.,
(vasati) is prefixed with preposition

(vane). However since the verb

(adhi) the accusative case (vanam) is used instade of locative case.

Sentence

10

and

11

follow

Grammatical Rule: If the indeclinables

the

(abhitaH),

same

rule.

(ubhayataH),

(samayaa),
(nikaShaa),
(antaraa) and (paritaH) etc., are
in use then the word expressing location will be in accusative case.

In sentence 12 above the answer to question "where are the forests?"

should be "around Himalayas". Similarly in sentence 13 if we ask the
question "where is the temple?", the answer will be "inside the pond".
However in these case indeclinables (abhitaH) and (paritaH) are
used to express the location. Hence the words expressing the location
(Himalayas and pond) are inaccusative case. Sentences 12, 13, 14, 15, 15,
17,
18
and
19
follow
the
same
rule.

Grammatical Rule: When indeclinables

(anu),
(upayupari),

(adhyaadhi) etc., are used, words governed by these will be in accusative

case.

Sentences

20

and

Grammatical Rule: Verbal Adjective (

21

follow

this

rule.

/ kriyaavisheShaNa) expressing

the characteristic
accusative

or

attribute

of

the

verb

in

the

sentence

will

be in
case.

In sentence 22 above if the question is asked "how is the girl singing?" the
answer that comes is "beautifully". Here beautifully is an attribute or verbal
adjective for the verb "singing". Since the word beautifully is a verbal
adjective or

(kriyaavisheShaNa) it is in accusative case. Sentence

23

also

follows

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: When a word represents a spread of time or space then it

takes
the
accusative
form.

In sentence 24 above the word "everywhere" expresses a spread of space.

So, the word country has taken the accusative case (desha.n) instead
of locative case

(deshe). Similarly in sentence 25 "for a month" expresses

a span of time. So, the word month has taken the accusative case
(maasa.n). Sentence 26 follow this rule as it expresses a span of space.

Grammatical Rule: When words

(vinaa) or (RRite) meaning "without" is
used,
words
governed
by
it
will
be
in
accusative
case.

In sentence 27 the word

(guru) is in accusative case as the indeclinable

(vinaa)

is

in

use.

Grammatical Rule: If the words

(prati) and (yaavat) are in use then
the
words
governed
by
these
will
be
in
accusative
case.
Sentences

28

and

Grammatical Rule: When word

in

29

follow

this

rule.

(dhik) is used, words governed by it will be

accusative
case.

In sentence 30 the word

(murkha) is in accusative case as the word
(dhik)
is
in
use.

Accusative Case (
Word

Boy
/ baala

/ dvitiiyaa vibhakti)

Gender

Singular

M -

baalam

Dual

Plural

Similar Words

baalau

baalaan

Creeper
/ lataa

F -

lataam

late

lataaH

River
/ nadii

F -

nadiim

nadau

nadiiH

N -

phalam

phale

phalaani

Fruit
/ phalam

<< Prev

Instrumental Case /

(tRRitiiya vibhakti):

- Index - Next >>

Instrumental Case or

(tRRitiiya vibhakti) of noun-form represents the instrumental form in a

sentence. The answer that comes from the question "by what" or "with
what" is the instrument in the sentense. The instrument is with what
the subject or

(kartaa) is doing something. The instrument is

independent
of
thenumber and
gender
of
the subject or object.
Study the following sentences. These are in instrumental case.

/ Sanskrit

/ English

1. Farmer is ploughing
with plough.

kRRiShivalaH halena
karShati

2. I am cutting with axe.

aha.n parashunaa
khaNDayaami

3. Teacher wrote using

pen.

guravaH lekhanyaa
alikhan

4. You are touching with

Notes
Here plough (
/ hala), axe
( /
parashu), pen
( /
lekhanii), hand
( / kara),
teeth ( /
danta) and food
( /

hand.

tva.n kareNa
spRRishasi

bhojana),
flower ( /
puShpa),
knowledge (
/ vidyaa),
garland ( /
maalaa) are the
instruments for
the respective
verbs and are
in instrumental
case.

5. Snakes bites with

teeth.

sarpaH dantaiH
dashati

6. Guest is happy with

food.

atithayaH bhojanena
modanti

7. Garland is made using

flower.

maalaa puShpaiH
bhavati

8. You live with

knowledge.

tva.n vidyayaa jivasi

9. (I) will decorate God

with garland.

maalaabhiH devam
alaN^karomi

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the farmer is ploughing

with?", the answer that comes is "with the plough". So, "plough" is
the instrument in the sentence and the noun-form is in instrumentsl
case or tRRitiiya vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question
"what are you touching with?", the answer that comes is "with hand". In
case of sentence 6, if we ask the question "what is the guest happy with?",
the answer that comes is "with food". So, hand and food are
in instrunmental
case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing "by what" or "with what" pertaining to
the
verb
will
be
in
instrumental
case.

Sentences

and

also

follow

this

rule.

Besides the above rules there are some special rules where insrtumental
case is used. Followings are the examples of these.

/
English
10. Women

/ Sanskrit

Notes
Use of words

played with
striyaH shishubhiH saha akriDan
the children.
11. Teacher

went with the guruH chchhaatraiH saakam

students.
agachchhat
12. Sita
roams with
Rama.

(saha),

(saakam),
(saarddha.n) and
(sama.n)

siitaa raameNa saardha.n

viharati

13. Krishna
came with me. kRRiShNaH mayaa saakam
aagatavaan
14. Gopal
went with
him.

tena saaka.n gopaalaH gataH

15.



Friendship
with evil not durjanena sa maitrii na
karttavyaa
worth.
16. You will
go with me.

/
/
/

tva.n mayaa
saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n
gamiShyasi

17. Without
effort
knowledge is
not
achievable.

shrameNa vinaa vidyaa na
labhyate

18. Without

water life is jalena antareNa jiivanam
impossible.
asambhavam
19. What is
life without
knowledge.

vidyaa.n vinaa jiivanam kim

20. He is
blind with
eyes.

saH akshNaa kaaNaH

21. What
shall mirror
do to one

lochanabhyaa vihinasya darpaNaH

Use of words
(antareNa)
and

(vinaa).

The words - eyes

( / lochana),
ears ( /
karNa) and foot
( / paada) are

without eyes. ki.n kariShyati

22. He is
deaf with
ears.

saH karNaabhyaa.n vadhiraH

23. He is
lame with
foot.

saH paadena khaJNjaH

24. Rama is
naughty by
nature.

/

raamaH prakRRityaa / svaabhavena
chapalaH

25. He is
running
speedily.

saH vegena dhaavati

26. Rama is
living
happily.

raamaH sukhena tiShThati

27. Named
Rama

naamnaa raamaH

28. The girl

is beautiful
by face.

baalikaa akRRityaa chaaruH

29. Simple by

nature.
svaabhaavena saralaH
30. Haunters
are normally
poor.

shavaraaH praayeNa daridraaH

31. Let the

boy go
quickly.

/
/

baalaH liilayaa / vegena /

tvarayaa gachchhatu

32. They came

in one queue. ekena krameNa aagachchhata

33. I am
kshatriya
(warrior) by
caste.

aha.n jaatyaa kshatriya

34. Boys are

roaming by
their wish.

baalakaaH svechchhayaa bhramanti

expressing
lameness of organ
or body part.

The words nature (

/
prakRRiti),
nature ( /
svaabhava),
speedily (
/
vega), happily
(
/ sukha),
face (
/
aakRRiti),
normally ( /
praaya), quickly
( /
liilayaa),
quickly ( /
tvarayaa), queue
( / krama),
caste ( /
jaati) and wish
(
/
svechchhaa) are
expressing nature
or
characteristics.

35. Rama is
younger to
you by one
year.

raamaH tvat varSheNa abaraH

Use of words
elder (
/
puurvaH), younger
( / avaraH)

36. Gopala is
younger to

Shyama by a
gopaalaH shyaamaat maasena paraH and younger (
month.
/ paraH) to
37. He is
compare age.

elder to me
saH mat maasena puurvaH
by a month.
38. Sage by
matted lock.

jaTaabhiH taapasaH

39. Brahmin
by sacredthread?

upavitena vraahmaNa.n

40. Body
shivers due
to cold.

shiitena shariiram kampate

41. He is
heart broken
due to
sadness.

duHkhena saH bhagnahRRidiyaH

42. Hari is
seen through
merit.

puNyena dRRiShTaH hariH

43. He is

suffering due
saH jvareNa piiDitaH
to fever.
44. He is

crying due to
saH kshudhayaa krandati
hunger.
45. I have
need of
study.

mama paaThena prayojanam

46. What is
the need of
quarreling?

?
kalahena kim?

Use of words
matted-lock (
/ jaTaa), sacredthread ( /
upavita) as mark
of
identification.

The words - cold

( / shiita),
sadness (
/
duHkha), merit
( / puNya),
fever ( /
jvara) and hunger
( / kshudhaa)
are expressing
the cause or
reason of
something.

Use of words

(prayojanam),
(kim) and
(alam) to

47.
Quarrelling
is waste.

vivaadena alam

48. Do not
have need in
wealth?

?
dhanena prayojana.n naasti?

49. Less by
knowledge.

dnyaanena hiinaH

50. Less by
wealth.

dhanena shuunyaH

51. He is
less by
wealth.

/ /
saH dhanena uunaH / shuunyaH /
hiinaH

52. The
temple was
built in a
year.

mandira.n varSheNa nirmita.n
abhavat

53. Rama read

Sanskrit in a raamaH maasena sa.nskRRitam
month.
apaThat

express the need

or necessity of
something.

Use of words (hiinaH),

(shuunyaH)
and (uunaH)
to express lack
of something.
The words - year
(
/ varSha) and
month (
/
maasa) represent
the time taken to
achieve some
result.

The words - five

54. I bought


the book with aha.n paJNchamudraabhiH pustakam coins ( /
five coins.
kriitavaan
paJNchamudraa)and
ten coins (
55. He bought
/ dashamudraa)

the toy with
saH dashamudraabhiH kriiDanaka.n are representing
the value or cost
ten coins.
kriitavaan
of something.

56. The
lustful
person is
giving money
to the maid.

kaamukaH daasyaa sa.nyachchhate

Giving something
to perform some
imoral or
indecent act. In
this
caseinstrumental
case will be used
and notdative
case.

57. Rama is
going on a

raamaH anenna maargeNa

The word - path

(
/ maarga) is

different
rout.
Grammatical

gachchhati

Rule:

If

the

representing the
path followed.

indeclinables

(saha),

(saakam),

(saarddha.n), (sama.n) etc., meaning with or along with, are used then the
words
governed
by
these
will
be
in
instrumental
case.

In sentence 7 - the word

(saha) is used to express that the women

played with the children. So, the word "children" is in instrumental

case. Sentences
10
and
16
also
follow
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: If the words

(antareNa) or
(vinaa) meaning
without are used the words governed by it will be in instrumental case.

In sentence 17 - the word "effort" or

the word

(shrama) is in instrumental case as

(antareNa) is used to express that without effort knowledge

can not be achieved. Sentences 18 and 19 also follow this rule.

Grammatical Rule: If any word expressing lameness in any organ or body part
is used then the word representing the organ or body part will be in
instrumental
case.

In sentence 20 - the word "eyes" or

(akshNaa) is in instrumental

case as this is the organ that has the lameness. Sentences 21, 22 and 23
also
follow
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word

someone
or
something

expressing the
will
be

nature
in

or characteristics of
instrumental
case.

In sentence 24 the word "nature" represents a characteristics of Rama. So,

the word "nature" or
(svaabhava) is in instrumental case. Similarly in
sentence 25 the word "speedily" is an attribute or characteristics of him
running. Hence the word speedily or
(vega) is in instrumental case. In
sentence 33 also the word caste or

(jaati) represents an attribute about

me. So this word is in instrumental case. Sentences 24 to 34 follow this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: If words like

(puurvaH), (paraH),
(avaraH) etc.,
are used to express a comparision in time then the word expressing the sense
of
time
will
be
in
instrumental
case.

In sentence 35 the word "younger" or (paraH) is used to compare time or

age, and "year" or

(varsHa) is the word expressing the sense of time. So,

the word "year" is in instrumental case. Sentences 36 and 37 also follow this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing any mark of identification of a person

will
be
in
instrumental
case.

In sentence 38 - sage is identified by "matted lock" or

(jaTaa). In other

words "matted lock" is the identification symbol to identify a sage. So, the
word "matted lock" is in instrumental case. Sentences 39 also follows this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in

instrumental
case.

In sentence 40 "cold" is the reason for which body shivers. So, the word
"cold" or
(shiita) is in instrumental case. Similarly, in sentence 41
"sadness" is the reason for his broken heart. Hence the word

(duHkha)

is in instrumental case. Sentences 42, 43 and 44 also follow this rule.

Grammatical Rule: If words like

(alam),
(ki.n), (prayojanam)
etc., are used to express a "sense of need or necessity" then the word
representing the thing which is needed will be in instrumental case.

In sentence 45 "study is what I have need for". So, the word study or
(paaTha) is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 47 - "quarrelling is
waste" also means there is no need or necessity of quarrelling. Hence the
word quarrelling or
(vivaada) is in instrumental case. Sentences 46 and
48

also

follow

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: If words like (hiina),

(shuunya), etc., are used
to mean lack of something of something, then the words governed by these will
be
in
instrumental
case.

In sentence 49 - there is a lack of "knowledge" or

(dnyaana). Similarly

in sentence 50 there is a lack of "wealth" or (dhana). So, thes words are

in instrumental

case.

Sentence

51

also

follows

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: If the sentencec means achievement of some result after

some time then the word expressing the time will be in instrumental case.

In sentence 52 the temple was built in a year. In other words the result was
achieved in a year. The word "year" is expressing the time after which the
result was achieved. So, the word "year" or
(varSha) is in instrumental
case.

Sentence

53

also

follows

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the value or cost of something will be
in
instrumental
case.

In sentence 54 "five coins" express the cost or value of the book. So, it is
in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 55 "ten coins" is the cost of the
toy.
So,
"ten
coins"
is
in instrumental
case.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given
to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not
in
dative
case.

In sentence 56 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an

immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.

Grammatical Rule:
instrumental

Word

expressing

the

In sentence 57 the word "rout" or

path

that

is

followed

will

be in
case.

(maarga) is in instrumental case as it

represents

the

path

that

is

Instrumental Case (
Word

Boy
/ baala

being

followed

or

taken.

/ tRRitiiyaa vibhakti)

Gender

Singular

Dual

M -

baalena

baalaabhyaam

Plural

Similar
Words

baalaiH

Creeper
/ lataa

F -

latayaa

lataabhyaam lataabhiH

River
/ nadii

F -

nadyaa

nadiibhyaam nadiibhiH

N -

phalena

Fruit
/
phalam

phalaabhyaam

phalaiH
<< Prev

Dative Case /

(chaturthii vibhakti):

Dative Case or

- Index - Next >>

(chaturthii

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to whom" or "for whom" of the

sentence. In other words dative caserepresents the dative in the sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in dative case.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

1. Give rice to the

beggar.

bhikshukaayaH
taNDuula.n dehi

2. I am giving prize to
him.

aha.n tasmai
puraskaara.n dadaami

3. Doctor is giving
medicine to the

vaidyaH rugNaaya

Notes
The words
(bhikshuka),
(yusmad),
(rugNa) and
(nirdhana)
represent the
person to whom
something is

patient.

auShadha.n yachchhati

4. Let the rich give

money to poor.

dhanikaH nirdhanaaya
dhana.n yachhatu

5. The lustful person

is giving money to the
maid.

given.

Giving something
to perform some
imoral or
indecent act. In
this
caseinstrumental
case will be
used and
notdative case.

kaamukaH daasyaa
sa.nyachchhate

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "give rice to whom?", the

answer that comes is "the beggar". So, "beggar" is the dative in the
sentence and the noun-form is in dative case orchaturthii vibhakti. Similarly
in sentence 3, if we ask the question "doctor gave medicine to whom?", the
answer
that
comes
is
"patient".
So, answers to the question "to whom" or "for whom" etc., is the dative in
the sentence and is always in dative case. The verb form is independent of
the number or

(vachana)
of
thesubject or object.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given
will
be
in
dative
case.

Sentence

1,

2,

and

follow

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is given
to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental case and not
in
dative
case.

In sentence 5 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an

immoral. So, the word "maid" is in instrumental case instead of dative case.

Besides the above rules there are few special rules where dative case is
used. Followings are examples of these.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

6. Let the author

write for the paper.

lekhakaH patrikaayai
lekha.n likhatu

7. Gold is for
necklace.

suvarNahaaraaya
haaTakam

8. Wife should be
accepted for
merit/dharma.

dharmaaya patnii
grahaNiiyaa

9. Wealth becomes
egoism.

eishcharyam
ahaN^kaaraaya bhavati

10. Power is to
torment others.
11. Let power be for
others' good.

The words
(patrikaa),

(suvarNahaara) and
(dharma)
represent the
things for which
something is
needed.

The words

(ahaN^kaara),

(parapiDana) and


shaktiH parapiDanaaya
(paropakaara)
bhavati
represent the

thing into which
shaktiH paropakaaraaya something else
bhavatu
transforms.

12. Lakshmi hates the

knowledgable.

lakshmiiH paNDitaaya
asuuyati

13. He hates the

clever.

saH chaturaaya
asuuyati

14. King is angry on

the enemies.

raajaa shatruve
kRRidhayati

15. Gopala is angry on

gopaalaH raamaaya
Rama.
dRRihyati
16. Do you like
sweets?

Notes

?
modaka.n tubhya.n
rochate vaa?

Use of words

(kRRidhyati),
(dRRihyati),
(iirShyati),
(asuuyati)
etc., expressing
hate or dislike.

Use of words like

(rochate)
etc., expressing

17. Girls like

flowers.

baalikaaH puShpebhyaH
spRRihayanti

18. Let everyone like

knowledge.

sarve dnyaaya
spRRihayantu

19. Ladies like

flowers.

puShpaaNi taruNibhyaH
rochante

20. I like milk.

mahyaa.n dugdha.n
rochate

21. Child likes to

play.

shishave kriDaa
rochate

22. Who does not like

sweets.

?
kasmai modaka.n na
svadate?

23. Salute to teacher.

gurave namaH

Use of words like

(namaH),

24. Salute to
Narayana.

naaraayaNaaya namaH

(svasti),

25. Offered to Indra.

indraaya svaaha

26. Offered to fire.

agneya baShaT

27. Let good happen to

all.
sarvebhyaH svasti

28. Let the guest come

atithayaH
home.
gRRihaaya/gRRiham
aagachchhantu

fondness or liking
for something.

(svaaha),

(ala.n),
(baShaT) etc.
Word Meanings:
namaH - salute,
svaaha - offered,
baShaT - offered,
svasti - let good
happen.
Word expressing
the target
destination for
actions like going
or coming can be

29. I will go to
village.

aga.n graamaaya /
graamam gachhaami

30. Shyama is
borrowing one hundred
from Rama.

shyaamaH raamaaya
shata.n dhaarayati

31. I do not owe

anything to anyone.

aha.n kasmai kiJNchit
na dhaarayaami

in accusative
case or dative
case.

Word expressing
the person from
whom something is
borrowed.

32. (Lord Vishnu) Hari

owes liberation to
hariH bhaktaaya
worshippers.
moksha.n dhaarayati
33. Mother is showing
moon to son.

maataa puutraaya
chandra.n darshayati

34. Tell Gangadatta

about me.

gaN^gadattaaya mat
sandesha.n kathaya

The person with

whom
the subjectrelates
something through
his/her action.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressiong the purpose for which certain action
is
taken
or
something
is
needed
will
be
in
dative
case.

Sentence 6 above means the author should write for the paper. In
words the writing action is for the "paper". So, paper takes the dative
Similarly in sentence 7 gold is needed for neckless. So, neckless
the dative
case.
Sentence
8
also
follows
the
same

other
case.
is in
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the object into which another object
transforms
will
be
in
dative
case.

In sentence 9 above - wealth turns or transforms into egoism. So, "egoism"

is in dative case the object into which wealth transforms. Sentence 10 and
11
also
follow
the
same
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person (or thing) against whom (or
which)
anger
or
hatered
is
shown
will
be
in
dative
case.

In sentence 12 above - Laxmi shows hatered towards the "knowledgable".

So, the word knowledgable is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 14 the
King shows anger towards enemies. So, the word enemy is in dative case.
Sentence
13
and
15
also
follow
the
same
rule.

Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning "liking" are used, the word expressing
the person to whom it is a matter of liking will be in dative case.

In sentence 17 above - girls like flowers or in other words flowers are a

metter of liking to the girls. So, "girl" is in dative case. Similarly in sentence
21 play is a matter of liking to "child". So, the child is in dative case.
Sentence 16, 18, 19, 20, and 22 also follow the same rule.

Grammatical Rule: When the words

(ala.n) and
reference

(namaH),

(svasti),

(svaahaa),

(baShaT) are used the words expressing the object of their

will
be
in
dative
case.

In sentence 23 above "teacher" is the object of reference of the word

(namaH) or salute. So, the word teacher or
Sentence

24,

25,

26

and

27

also

(guru) is in dative case.

follow

the

same

rule.

Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning going or coming are used the words
expressing the destination will be either in accusative case or dative case.

In sentence 28 above "home" is in dative case (or accusative case) as home

is the destination. Sentence 29 also follows the same rule.

Grammatical Rule: When something is borrowed from others the person from whom
the
thing
is
borrowed
will
be
in
dative
case.

In sentence 30 above Shyam has borrowed money from Rama. So, "Rama"
is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 32 Hari (Lord Vishnu) borrows
liberation or (moksha) from the worshipper. So, the word (bhakta)
or worshipper is in dative case. Sentence 31 also follows the same rule.

Grammatical Rule: The person with whom the subject relates something through
his
or
her
action
will
be
in
dative
case.

In sentence 33 above mother is showing the moon to son. In other words

mother the subject in the sentence with her action of showing is relating son
with the moon. So, the word son or (putra) is in dative case.

Dative Case (
Word

Gender

/ chaturthii vibhakti)

Singular

Dual

Plural

Similar
Words

baalaaya baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH

Creeper
F / lataa

lataayai

lataabhyaam lataabhyaH

River
F / nadii

nadyai

nadiibhyaam nadiibhyaH

phalaaya phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH

Boy
/ baala

Fruit
/
phalam

M -

N -

<< Prev
Ablative

Case

(paJNchamii

vibhakti):

- Index - Next >>

Ablative Case or

(paJNchamii vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "from whom/what" of the

sentence. In other words ablative case represents the ablative in the
sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in ablative case.

/ English

1. Leaf fell from the

tree.

/ Sanskrit
/

vRRikshaat parNa.n /
patra.m apatat

Notes
The words tree
(
/
vRRiksha), tree

2. Fruits are falling

from the trees.

phalaani tarubhyaH
patanti

3. He fall from the

running horse.

saH dhaavataH ashvaat
patitaH

4. I am coming from the

aha.n vidyaalayaat
school.
aagachchhaami

devataaH svargaat
aagachchhanti

5. Gods come from

heaven.

/ taru) and

horse (
/
ashva)
represent the
source of
separation.
The words
school (
/ vidyaalaya)
and heaven (
/ svarga)
represent the
source of
coming or
going.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "leaf fell from what?", the
answer that comes is "the tree". So, "tree" is the ablative in the sentence
and the noun-form is in ablative case orpaJNchamii vibhakti. Similarly in
sentence 4, if we ask the question "where am I coming from?", the answer
that
comes
is
"school".
So, answer to the question "from whom/what/where" is the ablative in the
sentence and is always in ablative case. The verb-form is independent of
the number or
(vachana) of the subjector object. Followings are the
rules

where ablative

case is

used.

Grammatical Rule: When an object is separated from another the word

expressing the object from which the separation happened will be in ablative
case.

Sentence

1,

and

follow

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: When someone or something is coming from a place the word
expressing
the
source
will
be
in
ablative
case.

Sentence

and

follow

this

rule.

Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where ablative
case is used. Followings are the examples of these.

/ Sanskrit

/ English

Notes

6. Waterfall is
flowing from the
mountain.

nirjharaH gireH sravati

7. (River) Ganges
flows from
Himalayas.

himavataH gaN^gaat
prabhahati

8. Animal fears
tiger.

mRRigaH byaaghraat vibheti

12. Police protects

from thief.

/
aarakshakaH chauraat
traayate / rakshate

The words
mountain ( /
giri) and
Himalayas
( /
himavata)
represent the
origin or
source.

The words tiger

( /

byaaghraat),
9. Deer fears tiger.
hariNaH vyaaghraat trasyati lion (
/
si.nha) and
10. Elephants fear

lion.
police (
/
gajaaH si.nhaat trasyanti
aarakshaka) are

the sources of
11. Thief fears
chauraH
aarakshakaat
fear.
police.
vibheti
The words thief
( / chaura),
hell ( /
narakabhaya)
and enemy (
/
shatruu)
represent
things from
which
protected.

13. Good work

protects from fear
of hell.

saadhita.n tu
dharmakaarya.n traayate
narakabhayaat.

14. Solders protect

citizens from
enemies.

sainikaaH shatrubhyaH
naagarikaan rakshante

15. He accepts
defeat from study.

Use of word
saH adhyanaaat paraajayate.
+ (paraa +


jayate) to
dhaarmikaH paapaat
express defeat.
paraajayate

16. Good people

accept defeat from
sin.
17. He is baring the

The words paddy

cows from paddy.

18. Bars from sin

and employs in
merit.

saH dhaanebhyaH gaa.n

vaarayati

paapannivaarayaati

( / dhaana)
and sin ( /
paapa) are
things from
which
restrained.

19. Krishna is
hiding from mother.

kRRiShNaH maatuH niliiyate

21. Gauri does not

read due to
lazyness.

The word
lazyness or

(aalasya)
gaurii aalasyaat n apaThati represents the
cause of
something.

The words
mother ( /
maatRRi) and
teacher (
/
20. Student is

guru) represent
hiding from teacher. chchhaatraH guruH niliiyate
someone from
whom hiding.

The words
22. Fruit is created

from flower.
pueHpaat phalam parajaayate flower ( /
pueHpa) and
lotus ( /
23. Honey is created

padma) are
from lotus.
padmaat madhu prajaayate
sources of
creation.
Use of verbs
24. Good people hate

like hate
sin.
dhaarmikaH papaat jugupsate
(
/
jugupsate),
escapes (
25. He escapes from


/ viramati)
reading.
saH paThanaat viramati.
etc.,
expressing hate
or dislike.
26. Mango is better
than Guava.

aamraphala.n daaNDimaat
shreShTham

Use of
superlative or
comparative

27. Kalidasa is
better than
Bhabhuti.

kaalidaasaH bhavabhuuteH
shreShThaH

28. Lakshamana is
elder to Satrughna.

lakshamaNaH shatrughnaat
puurvaH

29. Bhima is younger
bhiimaH yudhiShThiiraat
to Yudhisthira.
paraH

adjectives like
better ( /
shreShTha)
earlier (
/
purvaH), later
( / paraH)
etc., to
compare.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the origin or source of something will
be
in
ablative
case.

In Sentence 6 - the waterfall flows from the mountain. In other words the
mountain is the source of the waterfall. So, the word "mountain" is
in ablative
case.
Sentence
7
also
follows
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of fear will be in ablative
case.

In sentence 9 - deer fears the tiger. In other words tiger is the source of
fear. So, the word "tiger" is in ablative case. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word

something
or
someone
is

expressing
protected

something or someone from which

will
be
in
ablative
case.

In sentence 12 - police protects from thief. That means thief is the thing
from which the police protects. So, the word "thief" is in ablative case.
Sentence
13
and
14
also
follow
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the thing from which defeat is
accepted, unable to tolerate or face it, with the use of preposition or
(upasarga) before the verb
(paraajayate) will be in ablative
case. Note: If defeat is accepted after facing it bravely, then the word will

be

in

In sentence 15 - word

accusative

case.

(paraajayate) is used to express "his defeat

from study". In other words it also means - "he is not able to study" or "he
is afraid of studies". So, the word "study" is in ablative case. Sentence 16
also
follows
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word

something
is
opposed
or

expressing something from

restrained
will
be
in

which someone or
ablative
case.

In sentence 17 - the cows are being restrained from paddy. So, the word
"paddy" is in ablative case. Sentence 18 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing someone or something from which one is
hiding
from
will
be
in
ablative
case.

In sentence 19 - Krishna is hiding from mother. So, the word "mother" is

in ablative
case.
Sentence
20
also
follows
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in

ablative case. Note: If the subject is in feminine gender, then it can also
be
in
instrumental
case.

In sentence 21 - lazyness or

(aalasya) is the reason of Gauri not

reading. In other words lazyness is the reason of "not reading". So, it is

in ablative
case.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of creation will be in

ablative
case.

In sentence 22 - fruit is created from flower or in other words "flower is the

source of creation" of fruit. So, the word "flower" is in ablative case.
Sentence
23
also
follows
this
rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something to which hate or dislike is

expressed
will
be
in
ablative
case.

Sentence

24

and

25

follow

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: When superlative or comparative adjectives such like

(shreShThaH),
(purvaH), (paraH) etc., are used the word expressing the
thing to which the comparision is being made will be in ablative case.

In sentence 26 - mango is better than guava. So, guava is the thing from
which mango is better. Hence the word "guava" is in ablative case. Similarly
in sentence 28 - word "earlier" or
(purvaH) is used to mean that
Lakshamana is earlier to Satrughna. So, the word "Satrughna" is in ablative
case.
Sentence
27
and
29
also
follow
this
rule.

Ablative Case (
Word

Boy
/ baala

Gender

Singular

M -

baalaat

Creeper
F / lataa

/ paJNchamii vibhakti)
Dual

N -

Plural

lataayaaH lataabhyaam lataabhyaH

phalaat

nadiinaam

nadiibhyaH

phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH

<< Prev

Genitive Case /

Similar
Words

baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH

nadyaaH

River
F / nadii
Fruit
/
phalam

(ShaShThii vibhakti):

Genitive Case or

- Index - Next >>

(ShaShThii

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "whose" of the sentence. In other

words genitive
case represents
thegenitive in
the
sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in genitive case.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

1. Son of Dasaratha.

dasharathasya putraH

2. Krishna's friend.

kRRiShNasya sakhaa

3. Rise of sun.

suuryasya udayaH

4. Water of river.

nadyaaH jalam

5. Whiteness of moon.

chandrikaayaa
dhavalataa

6. Heat of fire.

agneH jvaalaa

7. Vrihaspati is the
teacher of Gods.

devaanaa.n guruH
bRRihaspatiH

8. Demons are the

desciples of
Sukracharya.

shukraachaaryasya
shiShyaaH asuraaH

9. Women's jewellary.

naariiNaam aabharaNam

10. This is my opinion.

etat mama matam

11. Ganapati has four

hands.

gaNapateH chatvaaraH
hastaaH

Notes

Peron or thing
whose
relationship
with another is
being
expressed.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "whose son?", the answer that
comes is "Dasaratha". So, "Dasaratha" is the genitive in the sentence and
the noun-form is in genitive case orShaShThi vibhakti. Similarly in sentence
4, if we ask the question "whose water?", the answer that comes is "river".
So, answer that comes from the question "whose" is the genitive in the
sentense and is always in genitive case.Followings are the rules

where genitive

case is

used.

Grammatical Rule: The word denoting a peron or thing whose relationship with
another
is
being
expressed
will
be
in
genitive
case.

In sentence 1 to 11 the words expressing relationship to someone or

something
are
in genitive
case.

Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where genitive
case is used. Followings are the examples of these.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

Notes

12. Among Pandavas

Dharmaraja
(Yudhisthira) is best.

paaNDavaanaa.n
dharmaraajaH jyeShThaH

13. Among trees coconut

is the best.

vRRikshaaNaa.n
naarikeraH shreShThaH

14. There is no
comparision of Arjuna.

arjunasya tulaa naasti

Use of words
(tulaa),

15. Beauty of Rama.

raamasya upamaa

(upamaa)
etc., for
comparision.

Comparision in
group.

Expressins
direction or
location in
relation to
another using
words

16. To the south of the

school huge banayan
tree is there.

vidyaalayasya
dakshiNaat ekaH mahaan
vaTavRRikshaH

17. In front of the

teacher students are
standing.

(puraH),
shikshakasya puraH
(purastaat),
chchhaatraaH tiShThanti
(purataH),

(agrataH),
maatuH purastaat

shishuH kriiiDati
(pRRiShThataH),

/

(adhaH),
bhuumeH adhastaat/adhaH

18. Child is playing

behind mother.
19. Water flows below
ground.

jala.n barttate
20.To the north of the
village hospital is
there.

graamasya uttaraat
chikitsaalayaH asti

(adhastaat)
etc.

Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word

expressing the group will be in genitive case (or alternatively in locative
case).

In sentence 13 above the sentence means - coconut tree is best "among the
trees". So, the word trees is in genetive case (or alternatively locative case)
as it represents the group in which coconut tree is best. Similarly in
sentence
12
the
word
"pandavas"
is
in genetive
case.

Grammatical Rule: If words (tulaa),

(upamaa) etc., expressing
comparision are used then word expressing the person or thing being compared
will
be
in
genitive
case.

In sentence 14 the word "Arjuna" is in genitive case as this is being

compared with the use of word or tulaa. Sentence 15 also follows the
same

rule.

Grammatical Rule: If the words (puraH), (purastaat), (purataH),

(agrataH), (pRRiShThataH),
(adhaH),
(adhastaat) etc.,
are used to express direction or location of an object in relation to
another, the word expressing the object will be in genitive case.

In sentence 16 the word south or

(dakshiNaat) is used to express

location of the banayan tree in relation to the school. So, the word school is
in genitive case. Similarly in sentence 18 the word behind or
(purastaat) expresses the location of the child in relation to mother. So, the
word mother is in genitive case. Sentences 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 follow this
rule.

Genitive Case (
Word

Boy
/ baala

Gender

Singular

Dual

M -

baalasya

Creeper
/ lataa

F -

lataayaaH

River
/ nadii

F -

nadyaaH

N -

phalasya

Fruit
/
phalam

Locative Case /

/ ShaShThii vibhakti)
Plural

Similar
Words

baalayoH

baalaanaam

latayoH

lataanaam

nadiibhyaam nadiinaam

(saptamii vibhakti):

phalayoH

phalaanaam

<< Prev

- Index - Next >>

(saptamii

Locative Case or

vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "where" of the sentence. In other

words locative
case represents
the locative in
the
sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in locative case.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

1. Lotuses are in the

lake.

kamalaani kaasare
santi

2. Flowers bloom in the

creeper.

puShpaaNi lataayaa.n
vikasanti

3. Elephants roam in the

forest.

gajaaH araNye
saJNcharanti

4. Offices are in the

city.

kaaryaalayaaH
nagariishu bhavanti

Notes
The words lake
(
/
kaasara),
creeper ( /
lataa), forest
( /
araNya), city
( /
nagarii), bed
( /
shajyaa), land
( / bhuumi),

5. Child is sleeping on
the bed.

shishuH shajyaayaa.n
shete

6. Leaves fall on the

ground.

parNaani bhuumyaa.n
patanti

7. There are many

stories in Mahabharata.

mahaabhaarate
anekakathaaH vidyante

8. Atma is in everybody.

sarvasmin aatmaa
vidyate

Mahabharata
( /
mahaabhaarata)
and all (
/
sarva) are
expressing
location of
something or
someone.

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "where are the lotuses?", the
answer that comes is "lake". So, "lake" is the locative in the sentence and
the noun-form is in locative case or saptamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence
3, if we ask the question "elephants roam where?", the answer that comes is
"forest".
So, answer that comes from the question "where" is the locative in the
sentense and is always in locative case. Followings are the rules
where locative
case is
used.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the location of something or someone
will
be
in
locative
case.

Sentence

to

follow

this

rule.

Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where loctive case
is used. Followings are the examples of these.

/ English

/ Sanskrit

9. He is sitting on
the seat.

saH aasande upavishati

10. Students are

running on the road.

chchhaatraaH maargeshu
dhaavanti

Notes
Expressing the
thing on which
one sits or
stands etc.

11. Peackoks are

dancing on the
mountain.

mayuuraaH girishu
nRRityanti

12. Young boys are

swiming in the river. taruNaaH nadyaa.n taranti

13. Girls are playing
baalikaaH kriiDaaN^gaNe
in the play ground.
kriDanti
14. I will go in the
evening.

aha.n saaya.nkaale
gachchhaami

Expressing the
time of action.

15. Holiday is on
Sunday.

viraamaH bhaanuvaasare
bhavati

16. When sun rises,

lotus blooms.

suurye udite padma.n

vikasati

17. When moon rises,

lillies bloom.

chandre udite kumudaani

vikasanti

18. Among animals

human beings are the
best.

praaNinaa.n / praaNiShu
naraaH shreShThaaH

19. Do good as if
death is holding by
hair.

gRRihita eva kesheShu
mRRityunaa dharmamaacharet Expressing part
of body held
separately.

sakhaa maa.n kare
dhRRitvaa upaveshayat

20. Friend made me

sit by holding my
hands.
21. Father loves son.

pitaa putre snihyati

22. You trust me.

tva.n mayi vishvasihi

23. Respect father.

Expressing the
action of one
resulting in
the action of
another.

Comparision in
group.

Expressing
trust,
fondness, love,
anger, worship
etc., in
someone.

pitari bhakti.n kuru

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something on which someone or something
sits
or
stands
will
be
in
locative
case.

In sentence 9 if we ask the question "where is he seating?" or "on what is he

seating?", the answer that comes is on the seat. So, the word "seat" or
(aasand) is in locative case as it is expressing the thing on which
someone

is

seating.

Sentence

10

to

13

also

follow

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the time of action in response to the
question
on
verb
as
"when"
will
be
in
locative
case.

In sentence 14 answer to the question "when shall I go?" is "in the evening"
or "evening". So, the word "evening" or (saaya.nkaala) is in locative
case.

Sentence

15

also

follows

this

rule.

Grammatical Rule: When the action of one results in action of another, the
thing
whose
action
occurs
first
will
be
in
locative
case.

In sentence 16 - lotus blooms when sun rises. In other words the action of
sun's rising results in the action of the lotus blooming. So, the word "sun" or
(suurya) is in locative case. Sentence 17 also follow this rule.

Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the word

expressing the group will be in locative case or in genitive case.

In sentence 18 the word "animal" or

(praaNi) is in locative case (or

alternatively genitive case), as it represents the group in which human

beings
are
the
best.

Grammatical
expressing

Rule: If
the

a part
part

of body
will

is held separately then

be
in
locative

the word
case.

In sentence 20 - my friend is holding my hand (separately) to make me

seat. So, the word "hand" or (kara) is in locative case as this is the part

of body which is being held separately. Sentence 19 also follows this rule.

Grammatical Rule: If verbs meaning trust, fondness, love, anger, worship

etc., are used, the person in whom such trust or fondness is shown will be in
locative
case.

In sentence 21 the verb

(snihyati) is used to express father's love in

his son. So, the word "son" or (putra) is in locative case. Sentence 22 and
23

also

follow

Locative Case (
Word

Boy
/ baala

Gender

M -

Singular

this

rule.

/ saptamii vibhakti)
Dual

Plural

Similar
Words

baale

baalayoH

baaleShu

Creeper
/ lataa

F -

lataayaam

latayoH

lataasu

River
/ nadii

F -

nadyaam

nadyoH

nadiiShu

phale

phalayoH

phaleShu

Fruit
/
phalam

N -

<< Prev

Vocative Case /

(sambodhana vibhakti):

- Index - Next >>

Vocative Case or

(sambodhana vibhakti) of noun-form represents the word used to address or

call
someone
or
something.
Study the following sentences. These are in vocative case.

O! Boy
O! Creeper
O! God

he baala

Here boy ( / baala),

he late

God (

he deva

(sambodhana
vibhakti)

creeper ( / lataa) and

/ deva) are in

vocative case or

All the above sentences address or call someone. So, the person or thing
being
addressed
is
in vocative
case.
Note: I (
case.

/ asmad) and You (

Vocative Case (
Word

Gender

Boy
/ baala

/ yusmad) words do not have any vocative

/ sambodhana vibhakti)

Singular

M -

Dual

Plural

Similar Words

baala

baalau

baalaaH

Creeper
/ lataa

F -

late

late

lataaH

River
/ nadii

F -

nadii

nadyau

nadyaH

N -

phalam

phale

phalaani

Fruit
/ phalam

<< Prev

Verb Forms (

/ kRRidantapada):

- Index - Next >>

In chapter 3 we studied (tiN^atapada).

We learnt that by adding (tip) suffix to the verb root we get

(dhaaturupa) known as or tiN^atapada. The verb forms representing

the tenses and moods of verbs are or tiN^atapada. In this chapter

we will study

(kRRidantapada) meaning words ending with

(kRRit)

suffix.

In the following chapters we will study the following verb forms or

(dhaaturupa).

(tumun pratyaya)
(ktvaach pratyaya)

(lyap pratyaya)

(lyuT pratyaya)

(ktavatu pratyaya)
(kta pratyaya)
(aniiyar pratyaya)
(tavyat pratyaya)
(yat pratyaya)
(shatRRi pratyaya)

(shaanach pratyaya)

(ktin pratyaya)
(ghJNj pratyaya)

(khal pratyaya)

At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs.
Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in
Sanskrit.

<< Prev

/ tumun pratyaya (Sense Of Wish):

- Index - Next >>

In this chapter we will study the

(tumun pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express - the
sense of wish or the intention to do something. In this the verb root gets

(tumun)
suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using

(tumun pratyaya).


English

Sanskrit

1. The boy goes

to school to
read.

baalakaH paThitum
vidyaalaya.n
gachchhati

2. Father wants
to go to
village.

pitaa graama.n gantum

ichchhati

3. The girl went

to school to
study.

baalaa paThitu.n
vidyaalam agachchhat

4. Mother wants
to cook.

maataa paktum
ichchhati

5. He goes to
city to work.

saH kaarya.n kartu.n

nagara.n gachchhati

Verb
+ tumun
+
dhaatu +
tumun

Comments

+
paTh +
tumun

+
gam +
tumun

+
paTh +
tumun

+
pach +
tumun
+
kRRi +
tumun

6. The teacher
wants to teach.

shikshakaH paaThayitum
ichchhati

+
paaTh +
tumun

(paaTh =
paTh + Nij).
It means "to
make others
read".
(Nij
pratyaya)
will be
covered in
later
chapters. It
expresses
the action
being

initiated by
someone.

7. I went to
hotel to drink
milk.

8. You go to
market to buy
the book.

aha.n dugdha.n paatu.n

upaahaaramandiram
agachchhata

+
paa tumun

+
krii +
tumun

tva.n pustaka.n kretum

vipaNi.n gachchha

9. Both the boys

want to play.

baalakau kriiDitum
ichchhataH

10. Both the

girls want to
dance.

baalike nartum
ichchhataH

11. Both of us
went to school
to ask
questions.

+
kriiD +
tumun
+
nRRit +
tumun

aavaa.n prashna.n
praShTum agachchhaava

pRRichchh
+ tumun

12. Both of you

want to go to
school.

yuvaa.n vidyaalaya.n
gantum ichchhathaH

+
gam +
tumun

13. The girls

want to sing.

baalaaH gaatum
ichchhanti

14. Farmers went

to plaugh.

kRRiShibalaaH karShTum
agachchham

15. Worshippers
will come to
pray tomorrow.
16. Workers will

bhaktaaH puujayitu.n
shvaH aagamiShyanti

+
gaay +
tumun
+
kraSh
tumun

+
puuj +
tumun
+

come to work
tomorrow.

karmakaaraaH kaarya.n
kartum shvaH
aagamiShyanti

17. It is time
to read.

aya.n paThitu.n
samayaH

18. It is time
to eat.

iya.n bhoktu.n velaa

kRRi +
tumun

+
puuj +
tumun

+
kRRi +
tumun

Use of words

(samayaH)
and
(velaa) to
express the
time when
the actions
"read" and
"eat" are
due to take
place.

In setences 1 to 16, the verbs "read", "go", "study", "cook", "teach", "work",
"drink", "buy", "play", "dance", "ask", "sing", "plaugh" and "pray" are
suffixed
with

(tumun
pratyaya).
The setences have multiple verbs besides the suffixed ones. These
verbs "went", "go", "want" and "come" are in their respective tenses
and not in

(tumun
pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb expressing the wish or intention to do something
will
be
suffixed
with

(tumun
pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb with (tumun) suffix is independent of number
and
gender
of
the subject (noun)
and
is
used
as
indeclinable.

In the above sentences the (tumun) suffixed verbs are independent of

the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects.
Grammatical Rule: If words expressing the time when certain action is due,
are used in the sentence, then the verb representing such action will have

(tumun
pratyaya)
suffix.

In the sentences 17 and 18 the words

(samayaH) and

(velaa) are

used to express the due time of reading and eating. So, the verbs "read"
and "eat" are using (tumun pratyaya).

Followings are the

(tumun pratyaya) form of few commonly used

verbs.
Commonly Used
Verb

Verb
tumun

dhaatu

speak

kath
sing

(tumun pratyaya) Forms

kathayitu.n

gaatu.n

gai
kill

han
cry

hantu.n

kranditu.n

krand
know

dnyaatu.n

dnyaa
take

nii

netu.n

dhaatu

bow

nam
give

daa
accept
grah
measure

maa
worship

puuj
travel

bhram

Verb
tumun

dhaatu

nantu.n

abandon

tyaj
listen

daatu.n

shru
sleep

grahiitu.n

shii
go

gam
wear

maatu.n

puujayitu.n

dhaatu
stay

sthaa

bhramitu.n

<< Prev

tumun

tyaktu.n

shrotu.n

shayitum

gantu.n

ktvaach

sthaatum

- Index - Next >>

In this chapter we will study the

(ktvaach pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to

/ ktvaach pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):

express - an action which preceeds another action. In this the verb root gets
the
(ktvaach)
suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using
pratyaya).

(ktvaach


English

Sanskrit

1. The boy
wants to read
after playing.

baalaH
kriiDitvaa
paThitum
ichchhati

2. Father went

to office after
pitaa
eating.
khaaditvaa
kaaryaalayam
agachchhat

kriiDitvaa = kriiD
+ ktvaach

khaaditvaa = khaad
+ ktvaach

karmakaaraH
kaarya.n
kRRitvaa shete

Comments

3. The worker
sleeps after
working.

Verb
+ ktvaach Suffix
+
(dhaatu + ktvaach)

4. Mother wants

to cook after
maataa snaatvaa
taking bath.
paktum
ichchhati

=
+
kRRitvaa = kRRi
ktvaach

snaatvaa = snaa +
ktvaach

5. The teacher
asked question shikahskaH
after teaching. paaThayitvaa
prashna.n
apRRichchhan

paaThayitvaa =
paaTh + ktvaachn

(paaTh =
paTh + Nij).
It means "to
make others
read".
(Nij
pratyaya)
will be
covered in

later
chapters. It
expresses the
action being
initiated by
someone.
=
+
(shaayitavati
= shi + kta).
(kta) is
an
alternative

= +
of past tense
( /
paThitvaa = paTh + laN^lakaara),
using which
ktvaach
past tense
can be
expressed
easily. This
will be
covered in
later
chapters.

6. The girl
slept after
reading.

baalaa
paThitvaa
shaayitavati

7. I drink
water after
eating.

aha.n
khaaditvaa
pivaami

khaaditvaa = khaad
+ ktvaach

8. You give
answer after
reading the
book.

tva.n pustaka.n
paThitvaa
uttara.n dehi

9. Both the
girls dance
after singing.

baale giitvaa
nRRityataH

10. Both the

boys play after

paThitvaa = paTh +
ktvaach
=
+
giitvaa = gai +
ktvaach
=

going home.

baalau gRRiha.n
gatvaa
kriiDataH

11. Both of us

read the letter
aavaam patra.n
after writing.
likhitvaa
apaThat

gatvaa = gam +
ktvaach

likhitvaa = likh +
ktvaach

12. Both of you
write the essay
after referring
the book.

yuvaam
pustaka.n
dRRiShTvaa
rachanaa.n
likhatam

=
+
dRRiShTvaa =
dRRish + ktvaach

13. Farmers
water the land
after
plaughing.

14. The girls
want to sing
after
worshiping.

kRRiShakaaH
bhuumi.n
kRRiShTvaa
siJNcjanti

kRRiShTvaa =
kRRiSh + ktvaach

baalikaaH
puujayitvaa
gaatum
ichchhanti

puujayitvaa = puuj
+ ktvaach

15. Workers
karmakaaraaH
will take wages
kaarya.n
after working.
kRRitvaa
vetana.n
neShyanti
16. Worshippers

come to pray

after taking

=
+
kRRitvaa = kRRi +
ktvaach

bath.

17. The boy

went to school
without
reading.

bhaktaaH
snaatvaa
puujayitum
aagachchhanti

snaatvaa = snaa +
ktvaach

Use of
to express

= + +
negative of
an action.
apaThitvaa = na + The (na)
paTh + ktvaach
is replaced
with
(a).

baalakaH
apaThitvaa
vidyaalayam
agachchhat

18. The worker
karmakaaraH
went without
kaarya.n
doing the work.
akRRitvaa
gRRiham
agachchhat

19. The jackal
fall in the
water tank
after entering
the washerman's
house.

20. You give

the book after
bringing from
home.

= +

akRRitvaa = na +
kRRi + ktvaach

shRRigaalaH
rajakasya
gRRihe
pravishya
jalabhaaNDe
apatat


tva.n gRRihaat
pustaka.n
aaniiya dehi

pravishya = pra +
vish + lyap

Verbs
prefixed with
preposition
(
/
upasarga).

+ +

aaniiya = aa + nii
+ lyap

In setences 1 to 16 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs
"play", "eat", "teach", "read", "work", "bath", "sing", "go", "write", "refer",
"plaugh" and "worship" represent the action preceeding another action. So,
these
are
suffixed
with

(ktvaach
pratyaya).

In setences 3 and 14 the verbs "read", "sing" express the intent to do

something. So, these are in (tumun) form. In all other setences the
verb representing the proceeding action are in their respective tenses or
moods.
Grammatical Rule: If a setence has two verbs then the verb expressing the
earlier action will be suffixed with
(ktvaach pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The
number
and
gender

verb with
(ktvaach) suffix is
of
the subject and
is
used
as

In the above sentences the

of the subjects.
the subjects.

They

(ktvaach) suffixed verbs are independent

are not following

replaced

the

number

and

(naJnj) to express negative of an action then the

with

(a)

gender

of

(ktvaach pratyaya) is preceeded

Grammatical Rule: If the verb with

with

independent of
indeclinable.

and

is

prefixed

(naJnj) can be

to

the

verb.

In the sentences 17 and 18 the verbs "read" and "do" are used with the
(

/ naJNj) to express the action not being done. So,

prefixed

to

the

the

(tvaach)

form

of

(a) has been

these

Grammatical Rule: If the verb is preixed with preposition (

then the verb will follow
(ktvaach).

verbs.

/ upasarga)

(lyap pratyaya) instead of the

In the sentences 19 and 20 the verbs "bring" and "enter" have the
prepositions (
/ upasarga)
(aa) and
(pra) prefixed. So, instead of
(ktvaach) the

(lyap pratyaya) has been used.

(tvaach pratyaya) form of few commonly used

Followings are the

verbs.

Commonly Used
Verb
dhaatu

(ktvaach pratyaya) Forms

Verb

ktvaach

dhaatu

Verb
ktvaach

dhaatu

ktvaach

laugh

serve
hasitvaa

has
salute

nam
free

much
remember

smRRi
steal

chur

rakshitvaa

protect

sevitvaa
raksh
worship

bhakshitvaa
puuj
beg

pativtaa
yaach
compose

kshamitvaa
rach

sev
eat

natvaa
bhaksh
fall

muktvaa
pat
forgive

smRRitvaa
ksham
go

chaurayitvaa
gam

puujayitvaa

yaachitvaa

rachayitvaa

gatvaa

<< Prev

- Index - Next >>

In this chapter we will study the

(lyap pratyaya). This verb form is used for the same purpose as
/ lyap pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):

(ktvaach pratyaya). In other words this represents the verb

form to express - an action which preceeds another action. However, it is
used only if the verb is prefixed with any preposition or
(upasarga) like
(pra),
(niH),

(aa),
(vi),

the verb

(upa), (paraa),

(adhi), (nir),
root gets

(sam), (ni),

(ut), (pari),

the

Study the following sentences. These are using

English
1. The boy slept

after coming from

Sanskrit

(abhi),

(anu) etc. In this

(lyap)

suffix.

(lyap pratyaya).

Verb
+ lyap Suffix
+
(dhaatu + lyap)
=

Comments

school.

baalakaH
vidyaalayaat
aagamya shete

2. The teacher

taught after
shikshakaH
reading the book.
pustakam adhiya
apaaThayat

3. The girl wants
baalaa
to play after
sa.npuujaya
worshiping.
kriiDitum
ichchhati

5. You write the

letter after
tva.n likhaniim
bringing the pen.
aaniiya patra.n
likha

6. Both the boys

play after coming
baalau gRRiham
home.
aagamya
kriiDataH

+
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
=

+
sa.npuujya = sam
+ puuj + lyap

4. I asked the
aha.n pustakam
question after
reading the book. adhitya
prashna.n
apRRiShTaH

+
aagamya = aa +
gam + lyap

+
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
=

+ +

aaniiya = aa +
nii + lyap
=

+
aagamya = aa +
gam + lyap

= +
7. Both the girls


+
sing referring
baalike pustakam
anukRRitya = anu
the book.
anukRRitya
+ kRRI + lyap
gaayataH


8. Both of us
worshipped after
entering the
temple.

aavaa.n
devaalaya.n
pravishya
puujitavaan

pravishya = pra
+ vish + lyap

=
+
9. Both of you

write the essay
+
yuvaa.n pustakam
after reading the
adhiya
adhitya = adhi +
book.
pravandha.n
i + lyap
likhatam
10. The girls
stitched the
garland after
collecting
flowers.

baalaa
puShpaaNi.n
sa.ngRRihya
maalaam sitavaan

+
sa.ngRRihya =
sam + grah +
lyap

11. Students

spoak after going
chchhaatraaH
near the teacher.
durum upagamya
avadaH

+
upagamya = upa +
gam + lyap

In setences 1 to 11 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs
"come", "read", "refer", "enter", "collect", and "go near" are suffixed with

(lyap pratyaya), as these represent the action preceeding the

other action, and are prefixed with prepositions (

/ upasarga).

Grammatical Rule: If the verb expressing the action preceeding another

action, is prefixed with preposition or

(upasarga) like
(pra),
(aa),

(upa), (paraa),

(adhi),
with

(nir),

(sam), (ni),

(ut), (pari),

(abhi), (niH),

(vi),

(anu) etc., will be suffixed

(lyap

pratyaya).

Grammatical Rule: The verb prefixed with preposition (

/ upasarga) can
have
a
different
meaning,
than
the
original
verb.

In the sentences 1, 5, 7 and 11 the prefixed verbs have a different meaning

than

the

original

verbs.

Grammatical Rule: The verb with (lyap) suffix is independent of number

and
gender
of
the subject (noun)
and
is
used
as
indeclinable.

(lyap) suffixed verbs are independent of

In the above sentences the

the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of the subjects.
Followings are the

(lyap pratyaya) form of few commonly used

verbs.
Commonly Used
Verb
dhaatu

get

aap
save
chi
bring

nii
go

gam

(lyap pratyaya) Forms

Verb
lyap

Verb
lyap

dhaatu

praapya

prasthaaya

go

sthaa
read

saJNchitya

aaniiya

defeat
ji
enter

adhitya

i
collect, accept

lyap

dhaatu

sa.ngRRihya

grah

vish
salute

nam

paraajitya

pravishya

praNamya

upagamya

<< Prev

/ lyuT pratyaya (Verb As Object):

karma)

In this chapter we will study the

(pratyaya) the verb can be expressed as

(lyuT pratyaya). Using this

an object (

- Index - Next >>

in

the

sentence.

This

helps

substituting

complex verb forms with simpler alternatives. The verb "do" (

/ kRRi) is

used

sentence.

to

express

the

action

in

the

In other words - the subject, object and verb of a sentence undergoes the
following transformation, when (lyuT) is applied to the verb.
Sentence Elements

Normal Form

Form With (lyuT)

Subject

Nominative Case

Nominative Case

kartaa

prathamaavibhakti

prathamaavibhakti

Object

Accusative Case

Genitive Case

karma

dvitiiyaavibhakti

ShaShThiivibhakti

Verb

Applied

tipN^tapada

kriyaa

lyuT pratya

Study the following sentences. These are using

English

Sanskrit

1. The
boy will
go.

2. She
will
sleep.

baalakaH
gamanam
kariShyati

saa shayanam
kariShyati

3. Both

of them
will run. tau dhaavanam
kariShyataH
4. They

Verb
+ lyuT Suffix
+
(dhaatu +
lyuT)

(lyuT pratyaya).

Comments

If the sentences
were not in

(lyuT pratyaya) form

gamanam = gam the verb forms would
+ lyuT
have been
=

shayanam =
shii + lyuT
=

dhaavanam =
dhaav + lyuT
= +

(gamiShyati),

(shayaate)

(dhaaviShyataH),
(daasyanti),
(paThiShyaami),
(smatiShyaamaH),

(gamiShyasi),
(paThiShyathaH) and
(drakshatha).

will
donate
rice.

te taNDulasya
daanam
kariShyanti

5. I will
read the aha.n
pustakasya
book.
paThanam
kariShyaami
6. Both
of us
will
listen.

aavaa.n
shravaNam
kariShyaavaH

7. We
will
remember
the
subject.

9. Both
of you
will
read.

vaya.n
viShayasya
smaraNam
kariShyaamaH

10. All
of you
will see
the
temple.

tva.n
kaaryaalayasya
gamanam
kariShyasi

paThanam =
paTh + lyuT
=

shravaNam =
shru + lyuT

8. You
will go
to
office.

daanam = daa +
lyuT

yuvaa.n
paThanam
kariShyathaH



yuya.n
devaalayasya

smaraNaani =
smRRi + lyuT

= +

gamanam = gam
+ lyuT
=

paThanam =
paTh + lyuT
=

darshanam =
dRRish + lyuT

darshanam
kariShyatha
11. You

should

not speak
tava kathana.n
like
na uchitam
this.
12.
Roaming
in the
evening
is good.

saaya.n
bhramaNa.n
hitakaram

kathana.n =
kath + lyuT

bhramaNa.n =
bhram + lyuT

In setences 1 to 12 the verbs "go", "sleep", "run", "donate", "read", "listen",

"remember", "see", "speak" and "roam" have been substituted with their
(lyuT) form, converting them into object or
represent the action or

(kRRi

(karma) of the setence. To

(kriyaa) the appropriate verb form of "do" or

dhaatu)

has

been

used.

Grammatical Rule: The verb form is used as the object or

(karma) in the
setence, and has the same form as the accusative case singular of word
"fruit"
(

/
phalashabda
dvitiiyaavibhakti
ekavachana).
Grammatical Rule: If the sentence has
case is replaced with the genitive case.

(object) then the accusative

In setences 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 the words "rice", "book", "subject", "office" and

"temple" are the objects. Since, the (lyuT) form of the verbs are used in
the setences, the objects are in genitive case form instade of accusative
case form.

Grammatical Rule: The

(lyuT pratyaya) can also be used as subject.

In setences 11 and 12 the (lyuT) form of the words "speak" and "roam"
are used as subjects.
Followings are the
verbs.

(lyuT pratyaya) form of few commonly used

Commonly Used
Verb

(lyuT pratyaya) Forms

Verb

dhaatu

read

paTh
sleep
shii
run

dhaav
take

nii
go

gam
remember

smRRi

lyuT

dhaavanam

nayanam

gamanam

smaraNam

lyuT

dhaatu

paThanam

shayanam

Verb

karaNam

do
kRRi
roam

bhram
listen
shru
give

daa
speak
vach
be

bhuu

bhramaNam

shravaNam

daanam

vachanam

bhavanam

paanam

drink

paa
speak

bhaaSh
see

bhaaShaNam

darshanam

dRRish
accept

grahaNam

grah
serve

sevanam

sev
come
+
aa + gam
<< Prev

/ ktavatu pratyaya (Past Tense):

lyuT

dhaatu

aagamanam

- Index - Next >>

In this chapter we will study the

(ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active

voice ( / kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a
simpler

alternative

to

(laTlakaara)

Study the following sentences. These are using

verb-form.
(ktavatu

pratyaya).

English

Sanskrit

Verb
+ ktavatu Suffix
(gender, number)

Comments

)
dhaatu + ktavatu
(liN^ga, vachana)
= + The sentences

are in active
1. I went to aha.n
(, )
voice with
temple.
devaalaya.n
gatavaan = gam +
(ktavatu)
gatavaan
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
suffixed words
expressing past

= + tense. The
2. You went
verb-forms are
(, )
tva.n
to school.
same
gatavaan = gam +
vidyaalaya.n
ktavatu (pu.n, eka) irrespective of
gatavaan
the person (
/ puruSha).

= +

3. He went
(, )
saH
to office.
gatavaan = gam +
kaaryaalaya.n
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
gatavaan
4. The boy
went home.

5. Both of
us went.

baalakaH
gRRiha.n
gatavaan

aavaa.n
gatavantau

6. Both of
you went.

yuvaa.n
gatavantau

7. Both of
them went.

tau gatavantau

(, )
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)

(,
)
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
dvii)

(,
)
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
dvii)

(,
)
gatavantau = gam +

ktavatu (pu.n,
dvii)

8. All of us
vaya.n
went.
gatavantaH

9. All of
you went.

yuuya.n
gatavantaH

12. Both the

girls went
baalike
to school.
vidyaalaya.n
gatavatyau
13. All the
girls went
home.

14. The boy

went to
market.

baalikaaH
gRRiha.n
gatavatyaH

baalakaH
vipaNi.n

The subject in
each sentence
( , )
is in feminine
gatavatii = gam + gender (

ktavatu (strii,
/ striiliN^ga).
eka)
The verb-form
= + has taken the
form of the
( ,
)
word "river"
gatavatyau = gam + ( / nadii).
ktavatu (strii,
dvii)

(, )
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
bahu)

11. The girl

went to
baalikaa
temple.
devaalaya.n
gatavatii

(, )
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
bahuu)

te gatavantaH

(, )
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
bahuu)

10. All of
them went.

( , )
gatavatyaH = gam +
ktavatu (strii,
bahu)
=

(, )
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)

The subject in
each sentence
is in masculine
gender (
/

gatavaan

puliN^ga). The
verb-form has
= + taken the form
of the word
(,
)
gatavantau = gam + "you" ( /
ktavatu (pu.n,
bhavat).
dvii)

15. Both the

boys went to
baalakau
school.
vidyaalaya.n
gatavantau

16. All the

boys went
home.

17. The
vehicle
went.

baalakaaH
gRRiha.n
gatavantaH

yaanam gatavat

yaanaani
gatavanti

The subject in
each sentence
(, )
is in neuter
gatavat = gam +
gender (
ktavatu (na, eka)
/
= + napu.nliN^ga).
The verb-form
(,
)
has taken the
gatavatii = gam + form of the
ktavatu (na, dvii) word "sir"
= + ( /
shriimat).
(, )
gatavanti = gam +
ktavatu (na, bahu)

Grammatical Rule: In active voice (

sentences the verb with

(, )
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n,
bahuu)

18. Both the

vehicles
yaane gatavatii
went.

19. All the

vehicles
went.

/ kartRRivaachya)

(ktavatu) suffix is used to express

action in past tense; and it follows the number (

and gender (

/ vachana)

/ liN^ga) of the subject ( / kartaa).

Grammatical Rule: The

(ktavatu) suffixed word does not

follow the person (

/ puruSha) of the subject, and has the

same verb-form for first person (

/ uttamapuruSha), second

person (
/ madhyamapuruSha) and third person (
prathamapuruSha).
The sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4 have "I" (

/ asmad), "you" ( /

yuShmad), "he" ( / tad) and "boy" ( / baala)

as subjects in singular (
all is

/ ekavachana) form. The verb-form used for

(gatavaan). Similarly, sentences 5 to 7 subjects ( / kartaa)

are in dual (

/ dviivachana) form with

(gatavantyau) as the

(ktavatu) verb-form. The sentences 8 to 10 subjects ( / kartaa) are

in plural (

/ bahuvachana) form with

(ktavatu) verb-form. In all the sentences the

not affected by the persons or

(gatavantaH) as the
(ktavatu) verb-form is

(puruSha) of the subject ( / kartaa).

This makes (ktavatu) suffix a simpler alternative to

(laTlakaara) where each person or

(puruSha) follows a different verb-

form.

Grammatical Rule: The

(ktavatu) suffixed word follows the

noun-form of "you" ( / bhavat), "river" ( / nadii) and

"sir" ( / shriimat) words to express masculine (

puliN^ga), feminine (

/ striiliN^ga) and neuter (

napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.

The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in past tense. In sentences 1 to

10 and 14 to 16 the subjects are in masculine gender (
/ puliN^ga)
and the corresponding (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form
of word "you" ( / bhavat). The subjects in sentences 11 to 13 are
in feminine gender (

/ striiliN^ga), and the respective (ktavatu)

suffixed words are following the form of word "river" ( / nadii). Similarly,
in the sentences 17 to 19 the subjects are in neuter gender (

napu.nliN^ga), and the (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form
of word "sir" ( / shriimat).

Followings are the

used verbs.

the nominative

Only

(ktavatu pratyaya) form of few commonly

case singular (

prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of

"you" ( / bhavat), "river" ( / nadii) and "sir" ( / shriimat) words,
for each gender.
Commonly Used
Verb
dhaatu

eat
khaad

(ktavatu pratyaya) Forms

Verb
ktavatu

,
,

khaaditavaan,
khaaditavatii
, khaaditavat

take , ,

nii
niitavaan,
niitavatii,
niitavat

dhaatu

go

gam

fall

pat

Verb
ktavatu

gatavaan,
gatavatii,
gatavat
,
,
patitavaan,
patitavatii,
patitavat

, accep
,
t

,

dRRis
dRRiShTavaan,
gRRihiitavaan,
h
grah
dRRiShTavatii
gRRihiitavatii
, dRRiShTavat
, gRRihiitavat
see

know
dnyaa

fear

bhii

,
,

dnyaatavaan,
dnyaatavatii,
dnyaatavat
,
,
bhiitavaan,

do
kRRi

kRRitavaan,
kRRitavatii,
kRRitavat
-

ktavatu

dhaatu

sing
gai

worship

puuj

tell

kath

ask

giitavaan,
giitavatii,
giitavat

puujitavaan,
puujitavatii,
puujitavat
,
,

kathitavaan,
kathitavatii,
kathitavat
, ,

prachch
pRRiShTavaan,
h
pRRiShTavatii
, pRRiShTavat
-

bhiitavatii,
bhiitavat
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/ kta pratyaya (Past Tense):

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In this chapter we will study the

(kta

pratyaya).
The
verb-form
with
this
suffix
is
used
in passive
voice and impersonal voice sentences to expresspast tense. This is a simpler
alternative
to

(laTlakaara)
verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using

English

1. The
school was
gone by
Rama
2. The
answers
were
written by
the
students.

Sanskrit

raameNa
vidyaalayaH
gataH


chchhaatraiH
uttaraaNi
likhitaani

3. The girl

was asked
shikshakena
by the
baalaa
teacher.
pRRiShTaa

Verb
+ kta Suffix
(gender,
number)
+

(kta pratyaya).

Comments

( ,
)
dhaatu + kta
(liN^ga,
vachana)
=

Sentences are
in passive voice(

(, )
gataH = gam + / karmavaachya). The
kta (pu.n,
suffixed words are
eka)
following the number
( / vachana) and
=
gender (
/ liN^ga)
+ (, )
likhitaani = of the objects ( /
karma).
likh + kta
(na, bahu)
=

( , )
pRRiShTaa =
pRRichchh +
kta (strii,
eka)

4. The
fruit was
eaten by
him.

5. The two
books were
read by
you.

tena phalam
khaaditam

tvayaa pustake
paThite

6. The book
was read by
yuvaabhyaam
both of
pustakam
you.
paThitam

7. The

fruits were
yusmaabhiH
eaten by
all of you. phalaani
khaaditaani

11. Gone by

(, )
khaaditam =
khaad + kta
(na, eka)
=

(,
)
paThite =
paTh + kta
(na, dvii)
=

(, )
paThitam =
paTh + kta
(na, eka)
+ (, )
khaaditaani =
khaad + kta
(na, bahu)

9. The game

was played
by both of aavaabhyaam
kriiDaa
us.
kriDitaa
10. The

books were
asmaabhiH
read by us.
pustakaani
paThitaani

8. The

village was mayaa graamaH
gone by me. gataH

(, )
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n,
eka)
=

( , )
kriDitaa =
kriD + kta
(strii, eka)

(, )
paThitaani =
paTh + kta
(na, bahu)
=

Sentences are

Rama.

raameNa gatam

12. Laughed
baalaabhiH
by girls.
hasitam

13. Written
tvayaa
by you.
likhitam

(, ) in impersonal voice or
/
gatam = gam + (
kta (na, eka) bhaavavaachya). The
=
+ (kta) suffixed words
are innominative
(, )
case singular(
hasitam = has

/
+ kta (na,
prathamaavibhakti
eka)
ekavachana) of the
=
neuter word "fruit"
+ (, ) (phala).
likhitam =
likh + kta
(na, eka)
=

14. Done by

me.
mayaa kRRitam

15. Played
by us.

16. I took
money.

asmaabhiH
kriiDitam

aha.n dhana.n
niitaH

17. Both of

us gave
aavaa.n tasmai
him.
dattau

18. We read

the book.
vaya.n

(, )
kRRitam =
kRRi + kta
(na, eka)
=

(, )
kriiDitam =
kriiD + kta
(na, eka)
= +

Senences are in active

voice( /

(, )
niitaH = nii
+ kta (pu.n,
eka)
= +

(,
)
dattau = daa
+ kta (pu.n,
dvii)

(, )
paThitaaH =

kartRRivaachya). The
(kta) suffixed words
are following
the gender (
/

liN^ga), number ( /
vachana)
and case ( /
vibhakti) of
the subject ( /
kartaa).

pustakam
paThitaaH
19. You
took the
book.

paTh + kta
(pu.n, bahu)

tva.n
pustaka.n
niitaH

= +

(, )
niitaH = nii
+ kta (pu.n,
eka)
=

20. Both of
you saw the yuvaa.n
chandra.n
moon.
dRRiShTau

(,
)
dRRiShTau =
dRRish + kta
(pu.n, dvii)

21. All of
you drank
water.

= +

(, )
yuuya.n jala.n niitaaH = pii
piitaaH
+ kta (pu.n,
bahu)
=

22. He went
saH gRRIha.n
home.
gataH

(, )
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n,
eka)

23. Both of
them went
tau
to school.
vidyaalaya.n
gatau

(,
)
gatau = gam +
kta (pu.n,
dvii)

24. They
ate rice.

te anna.n
khaaditaaH

25. Rama
stayed in
forest.

raamaH vane
sthitaH

(, )
khaaditaaH =
khaad + kta
(pu.n, bahu)
=

(, )
sthitaH =
sthaa + kta

(pu.n, bahu)
26. The
girl
laughed
loudly.

27. Both
the girls
sat on the
seat.

28. The
girls were
watching
movie.

baalikaa
uchchaiH
hasitaa

( , )
hasitaa = has
+ kta (strii,
eka)

( ,
)

aaste = aas +
baalike aasane
kta (strii,
aaste
dvii)

kannyaaH
chalachitra.n
dRRiShTaaH

29. The
vehicle
went.

yaana.n gatam

30. Two
fruits fall
from the
tree.

phale
vRRikshaat
patite

31. The
books were
in the box. pustakaani
peTikaayaam
sthitaani

32. The
given book. datta.n
pustakam

( , )
dRRiShTaaH =
dRRish + kta
(strii, bahu)
=

(, )
gatam = gam +
kta (na, eka)
= +
(,
)
patitam =
patite + kta
(na, dvii)
=

(, )
sthitaani =
sthaa + kta
(na, bahu)
= +

The (kta) suffixed

words have been used
(, )
/
datta.n = daa as adjective(
+ kta (na,
visheShaNa) while
eka)
expressing sense

33. The
written
poem.

34. The
bought
books.

likhita.n
giitam

kriitaani
pustaka

+ of past tense.

(, )
likhita.n =
likh + kta
(na, eka)
=

(, )
kriitaani =
krii + kta
(na, bahu)
= +

35. The
fallen
leaves.

patitaani
patraani

(, )
pat =
itrans_verb +
kta (na,
bahu)

36. The
eaten food. khaaditam
khaadyam

(, )
khaaditam =
khaad + kta
(na, eka)

Grammatical Rule: The verb with

(kta) suffix follows the

noun-form of "boy" ( / baala), "creeper" ( /lataa) and

"fruit" ( / phala) words to expressmasculine (

puliN^ga), feminine (

/ striiliN^ga) and neuter (

napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
In the sentences above all the verbs with (kta) suffix are following the
noun-form of these words to express different genders.

Grammatical Rule: In passive voice (

/ karmavaachya),

the subject ( / kartaa) will be in instrumental

case (

/ tRRitiiyaavibhakti), the object( / karma)

will be in nominal case (

/ prathamaavibhakti) and

the verb with

(kta) suffix will follow the number (

vachana) and gender (

/ liN^ga) of the object ( / karma).

The sentences 1 to 10 are in passive voice, and are following this rule.

Grammatical Rule: In impersonal voice or

the verb with

(bhaavavaachya),

(kta) suffix follows the nominative

case singular (
of the neuter form.

/ prathamaavibhakti ekavachana)

The sentences 11 to 15 are in impersonal voice, and are following this rule.

Grammatical Rule: In active voice (

sentence the verb with
tense (

/ kartRRivaachya)

(kta) suffix expressing past

/ laN^lakaara), follows the gender(

liN^ga), number (

/ vachana) and case ( / vibhakti) of

the subject ( / kartaa).

The sentences 16 to 31 are in active voice, and the verb form in each follows
the noun form of the subject ( / kartaa).

Grammatical Rule: The

(kta) suffixed word expressing past

tense can be used as adjective (

/ visheShaNa).

The sentences 32 to 36 express sense of past tense using (kta) suffix,

and these words are used as adjective (

/ visheShaNa).

Followings are the

verbs.

Only

(kta pratyaya) form of few commonly used

case singular (

the nominative

prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun form of boy

( / baala), creeper ( /lataa) and fruit ( / phala) words, for each
gender.
Commonly Used
Verb

Verb
kta

dhaatu

do
kRRI

write

likh

take

nii

see

(kta pratyaya) Forms

dhaatu

kRRitaH,
kRRitaa,
kRRitam

Verb
kta

go

gam

speak

dhaatu

gataH,
gataa,
gatam
,

ukta,
uktaa,
uktam

likhitaH,
likhitaa,
likhitam

vad

, ,

drink

paa

, ,

ask

, ,

niitaH,
niitaa,
niitam

, ,

piitaH,
piitaa,
piitam

prachchh
dRRiShTaH,
pRRiShTaH,
dRRIShTaa,
pRRiShTaa,
dRRiShTam
pRRiShTam
play
stay
,
,

,
,
kriiD
sthaa

kriiDitaH,
sthitaH,

dRRish

kta

read

paTh

, ,
paThitaH,
paThitaa, paThitam

tell

kath

,
,

kathitaH,kathitaa,
kathitam

accept
grah

,
,

gRRIhiitaH,
gRRIhiitaa,
gRRIhiitam

be,
, ,
happen
bhuutaH, bhuutaa,

bhuutam
bhuu
give

daa

, ,
dattaH, dattaa,
dattam

kriiDitaa,
kriiDitam
know
dnyaa

dnyaataH,
dnyataa,
dnyatam

sthitaa,
sthitam
listen
shru

shrutaH,
shrutaa,
shrutam

kill

han

, ,
hataH, hataa,
hatam

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