FIRST AID KNOTS

Definition:
First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury
AIMS:
The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points, sometimes known
as 'the three P's':

Preserve life: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save
lives and minimize the threat of death.

Prevent further harm: also sometimes called prevent the condition from
worsening, or danger of further injury, this covers both external factors, such
as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid
techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to
stop a bleed becoming dangerous.

Promote recovery: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process
from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.

Square Knot
The Square Knot is a classic for connecting lines and tying knots. Whether you are tying
two ropes together to make a longer rope, or you are tying up a bundle of firewood to
carry, the Square Knot is a winner. Its much more secure and stable than its cousin the
Granny Knot.
How to Tie: You can tie a solid square knot by lapping right over left, and then tying
again in the reverse direction left over right.

Square Knot
This is a pretty basic knot that you will use often and for many different tasks. A square
knot is used to attach two ropes together. Its made by tying two overhand knots using
the two ends of the different ropes. Remember to tie it right over left, and then left over
right. Square knots are useful because you wont always have a long rope when you
need one. More often, people have small lengths of rope because theyre easy to store
and because you need ropes of different lengths to use for different activities.
The downside of square knots is that they only work with ropes of equal thickness and
of the same material. If you dont use ropes of equal thickness or of the same material,
then the rope will slip. Square knots have also been used for a long time in first aid
because the knot is flat.

Clove Hitch
The Clove Hitch is an easy knot to tie, and it secures a line to a tree or post quickly, but
it does slip when used alone, without any other knots as a backup.

How to Tie: To create a Clove Hitch on a tree, make a loop of rope around the tree.
Then make another loop and pass the free end of the rope under the second loop
before tightening. To tie this one over a post or stake, just create a loop in the free end
of the rope and slide it over the post. Then make another loop the same as the first. Put
the second loop over the post (just above the first loop) and tighten the hitch.
Clove Hitch
If you need to lash together a shelter, a clove hitch knot is what you want. The word
clove comes from the root word cleave, so this knot is for anything that you need to
cleave together. Its tied directly around a pole or log in order to lash it to something
else; its usually tied in the middle of the rope because this knot is best when theres
tension coming from both sides of the rope. It holds tightly and usually doesnt slip or
get loose, through constant wear and movement can make it loosen a bit. This knot is
considered one of the most important knots next to a bowline and a sheet bend knot. A
clove hitch is also a climbing knot. If you find yourself in a situation where you have to
climb up or down something, this is the simplest knot you can use as an anchor. The
knot is easy to tie and untie, and you can also lengthen or shorten the tie point without
having to untie the whole knot. There are disadvantages of using a clove hitch as well.
Since its such a simple knot, it isnt as strong as other more advanced anchor knots,
and the knot can slip if its not properly tightened after tying. The knot also loses some
of its effectiveness if the rope is wet or frozen.

Bowline
The Bowline creates a loop at the end of a rope that cannot shrink or expand. This knot
is often taught with the story of the rabbit coming out of the hole, in front of the tree,
going behind the tree, and back down his original hole.
How to Tie: To explain this in English, you form a loop on top of the long end of the
line. Pass the free end of the line through the loop and around behind the line. Bring
the free end down in the original loop, while maintaining the secondary loop which
becomes your Bowline loop. Once the rabbit is back down his hole, pull the tree up
and the Bowline is tightened.
Bowline Knot
This is another very important knot and combines the effectiveness of a square knot
and a clove hitch. Its similar to a square knot in that you can use it for many different
activities, and its an all-purpose camping knot. Its similar to a clove hitch in that its a
climbing knot, but its a more advanced knot than a clove hitch. A bowline knot doesnt
slip, even if its not tightened all the way. You can use a bowline knot for hanging your
food up in a tree to keep it away from predators, and you can also use it in emergency

rescues because the knot makes a loop that you can get a leg or arm through. It you
need it, a bowline is also valuable for securing animals, such as horses, cattle, and
goats. The bowline doesnt slip or tighten very much, so its gentle on the animals neck.

Figure 8
The Figure 8 makes a stopper knot at the end of a line, and its necessary to use this
knot in order to tie several other more complex knots.
How to Tie: To tie a Figure 8, also known as a Flemish Knot, you simply pass the free
end of a line over itself to form a loop. Continue under and around the lines end, and
finish the knot by passing the free end down through the loop.
Tautline Hitch
This basic camping knot is most useful for tents and lashing things down so that they
dont move. For tents and shelters, this knot is attached to the tent or tarp and then to
an anchor in the ground, such as a tent stake or a tree branch. It is an adjustable knot

so that every time the rope slackens or the tent moves around, the line can be pulled
taut again with just a little adjustment. If you have a survival pack with lots of different
gear hanging off that needs to be tied down, a tautline knot can be used, and if your
gear shifts or the movement of hiking makes the rope move and slacken, its very easy
to readjust the line without untying the knot.

Sheet Bend
This one is a little weird, but nothing works better for tying different types of material
together and joining different thicknesses of rope. This knot even joins together lines or
materials that normally couldnt be joined together.
How to Tie: With the sheet bend, you bend the thicker or more slippery rope into a j
shape (like a fish hook). You then pass the other rope through the fish hook from
behind, wrap around the entire fishhook once and then tuck the smaller line under itself.
Sheet Bend Knot

A bend knot is a class of knots that are used to tie different ropes together, and there
are many different forms of bend knots. A sheet bend knot is typically a sailing knot, but
it has been widely used by campers, survivalists, and hikers for years. Typically sailors
use it with thinner lines and use it to make netting. This knot is a more advanced form of
the square knot and is used for tying two rope ends together. This time, you can tie two
different ropes together despite varying thickness and rope material. To make it even
more secure, you can do a double sheet bend knot.

Two Half Hitches

Two Half Hitches secures a line to trees or poles, (or to itself in the case of the Truckers
Hitch).
How to Tie: This knot is pretty easy, and I use it often to tie tarps up for shelters and
even to hang up hammocks. Once you have wrapped around the standing end to make
the first Half Hitch, then youll wrap around the line in the same direction again to make
the second Half Hitch. Pull it tight and you are done with Two Half Hitches. If you feel

like you want a little insurance, you can tie an Overhand knot in the free end of the line
to keep the Two Half Hitches f rom slipping.

Taut Line Hitch

The Taut Line Hitch takes the place of a slide to tension or loosen a loop in a line (like a
tent guy line). This knot grips well, as long as there is tension on the taut side of the
loop.
How to Tie: To tie the Taut Line Hitch, create a loop by wrapping around something like
a tree or tent stake. With the free end of the rope, wrap towards the stake twice. Then
wrap the free end of the rope over everything, towards you one time around the rope
and cinch these wraps down tight. Pull on the standing line and the Taut Line Hitch
should grip the loaded line.

Fishermans Knot
True to its name, the Fishermans Knot, is pretty much only good for using with fishing
line.
How to Tie: Pass the free end of the line through or around the object to be secured,
for example, through the eye of a fishhook. Then, wrap the free end of the line around
the other side of the line about five or six times. Pass the free end of the line through the
triangular opening next to the object being secured, and then pass the free end of the
line through the large loop you just created by going through the small triangle. If you
are tying this one with fishing line, spit on the line before tightening to lubricate it so that
the friction does not cause heat damage to the line. Tighten the knot, trim off any extra
line and enjoy your day fishing.

Water Knot
The Water Knot safely secures webbing, belts and straps together.
How to Tie: Start with a loose overhand knot in the end of one strap. Pass the other
strap in the opposite direction, mirroring the route of the first overhand knot. Take the
ends of two straps and pull the knot tight.

Rolling Hitch
The Rolling Hitch adds a leg to an existing line. This hitch is the basic knot behind a
Taut Line Hitch, but it can be added to any existing line. The Rolling hitch was often
used historically to hook more dogs to a dog sled main line.
How to Tie: Wrap the free end of one rope around the main rope to create a Half Hitch.
Make a second Half Hitch and then wrap over the entire knot to finish with a final Half
Hitch to the other side from your starting place.

Prusik Knot
The Prusik Knot creates a loop that can be used as an ascender or decender. This
slide and grip knot can also be handy for adding a loop to a rope when neither end of
the rope is free.
How to Tie: To tie a Prusik, youll need a short rope and a separate long rope. Tie a
loop in the short rope that is secured with a solid knot like a Square Knot. Now, wrap
the loop around the long rope three times, making certain that each wrap lies flat
against the long rope. Pass the loop of short rope under itself and pull it tight. As long as
there is weight on the loop, the Prusik will grip the long rope. You can also slide the
Prusik up or down the long rope by taking the weight off the loop and pushing the wraps
up or down the long rope.

Timber Hitch
The Timber Hitch secures a rope to a cylindrical object for hauling or as a support.
How to Tie: all you need to so is run the free end of the rope around the log you intend
to pull. Then wrap the free end of the rope around the standing end of the rope. Wrap
the free end around itself three or four times. Finally, you will tighten the Timber Hitch
so the three wraps are tight against the log.

Blood Knot
This little gem of a knot is used on fishing line to secure two lines together (mends a
broken line or attaches leaders and tippets).
How to Tie: Youll start the Blood Knot by overlapping the two lines, and wrapping one
free end around the other line five or six times. Pass the free end between the two lines.
Wrap the other line the same number of times (five or six), and tuck the free end back
between the two lines in the opposite direction of the other free end of the line. If using
fishing line, spit on it to reduce friction damage.

Man Harness
This crafty knot puts a loop in a line when neither end of the line is free to tie a loop.
This one is great for cheating in tug of war, if you can get a little slack to make the Man
Harness.
How to Tie: So when you have a little slack on the line, make a loop so that part of the
line runs through the middle of the loop. Grab the side of the loop and pull it through the
gap between the line in the middle and the other side of the loop. Pull the new loop
tight, and then pull the line to cinch the Man harness knot. This one can slip, if you
dont have some constant tension on the newly created loop.

Carrick Bend
This Square Knot alternate joins two ropes together securely, and is easier to untie than
a Square Knot.
How to Tie: To tie the Carrick Bend, form a loop with the free end of one rope. Pass the
other ropes free end under the first loop, and then over then under as seen in the
picture. Thread the free end across the loop passing under itself, and pull on both
standing ends to tighten.

Truckers Hitch
The Truckers Hitch gives you a unique mechanical advantage for tightening up a line.
While it is a little complex, it is worth the trouble to tighten lines before finally securing
them. Its great for tying down tarps and shifting loads.
How to Tie: Start off this knot by tying a Figure 8 knot with a loop of the line. Then pass
the free end of the line around the object to be secured and pass the line through the
loop. Next, pull the free end tight, and secure the free end with Two Half Hitches, just
below the loop.

Barrel Hitch
The Barrel Hitch has been used in sailing and construction work for centuries. It allows
you to secure a bucket, barrel or other cylindrical object to lift it in a well-balanced
position.
How to Tie: Place your barrel or other object to be lifted on top of your rope. Then tie an
Overhand Knot across the top of the barrel. Open up the Overhand Knot until it wraps
around the top sides of the barrel. Tie the ends of the rope together with a Square Knot
and then then lift. This knot makes a fine bucket handle when the wire handle finally
breaks off.
SAFETY WARNING: For safety and stability while hoisting barrels, the rope around the
barrel needs to be high above the center of gravity on the barrel, but pose no danger of
slipping off the top of the barrel. FYI, beer has an excellent center of gravity.

Sheepshank
This knot seems half magic trick, half practical knot, but it shortens a line without cutting
the line. This knot keeps our long ropes in one piece, despite our miscalculations in the
field. I will use this one on Bear bags, when the line is too long, but I dont want to cut it.
How to Tie: To tie a Sheepshank, fold the rope to the new length you need. Create a
Half Hitch in one end of the continuing rope, and drop it over the nearby loop. Make a
Half Hitch in the other standing end, drop it over its adjacent loop, and then tighten the
whole thing slowly.

Tripod Lashing
The Tripod Lashing is commonly used for shelters. It resembles the Square Lashing
(next slide).
How to Tie: Start with your three poles to be joined together, lying on the ground side
by side. Tie a Clove Hitch to one of the end poles, and then wrap around all of the
poles five or six times. Now, wrap the line between the poles twice between each one
working back towards the original Clove Hitch. Finish the lashing by tying the free end
of the line to the free end from the Clove Hitch that started this whole thing. Spread the
legs on the tripod and use it in your camp for something handy.

Square Lashing
The Square Lashing has been used to build everything from camp chairs to towers and
bridges but you can also use it to secure two poles together.
How to Tie: tie a Clove Hitch to one of the poles, near the place where the two poles
cross. Then wrap your line around the junction of the two poles, going under the lower
pole and over the top pole. Spiral outward with these wraps five or six times. Next, wrap
between the poles, biting onto the previous wrappings to tighten them. Finally, use a
Square Knot to tie the free end of the rope to the free end from the Clove Hitch that
started this whole lashing. Easy, right?
What Types Of Situations Use These Knots?
Now that you know a few camping and survivalist knots, what are some situations
where you might use one or several of them? Its not enough to know how to identify
and make different types of knots; you must also be proficient in knowing what types of
knots are suitable for different survival situations as well.

Building A Shelter
If youre in a survival situation, you know that the first thing to do is to scout out a good
location to make a shelter. Once you find your location and gather all the materials, you
need to start building, but how are you going to put it together? Some shelters rely on
balance alone to keep them together, but if you have rope available, you should use it to
lash together your shelter so that its stronger. Depending on the shelter you build, you
will likely need a tautline and a clove hitch knot. The clove hitch is used to lash poles
together, and a tautline is used to lash a tarp to the ground.
Rock And Tree Climbing
Sometimes it becomes necessary in survival situations to hastily climb up or down a
rock ledge or trees. This could be to avoid predators, to find a way back to a path, or to
scout the area. Whatever you have to climb, there are going to be some specific knots
you use. The one youll use most is a bowline and a clove hitch knot. A clove hitch can
be used as an anchor, and the loop in a bowline knot is also useful for hauling gear or
people up a tree or steep incline.
Utilizing Resources To Make A Rope
Often when youre in the wilderness, you arent entirely prepared for a survival situation.
You might have a coat and a few small survival things you can carry in your pocket or a
small bag, but what if you dont have any rope and need some to make a shelter for the
night? Using a square knot or a sheet bend knot, you can take the drawstring out of
your coat and the shoelaces from your shoes and connect them together to form a
longer piece of cord.

CANDLE MAKING
Objectives:

The Learners will be able to:

o Give a brief history of Candle Making
o List Ingredients for the Candle Making procedure
o Describe Procedure for Candle Making
The Learners should be able to:
o Enumerate the precautionary measures adopted during the procedure
The Learners could be able to:
o Demonstrate the procedure

Introduction:
Candles were made by the Romans beginning about 500 BC. These were true dipped
candles and made from tallow. Candles were made from whale fat by the Chinese,
during the qin Dynasty (221206 BC).[2] In India, wax from boiling cinnamon was used
for temple candles.[2] In parts of Europe, the Middle-East and Africa, where lamp oil
made from olives was readily available, candle making remained unknown until the
early middle-ages. Candles were primarily made from tallow and beeswax until about
1850, but subsequently have been made from spermaceti, purified animal fats (stearin)
and paraffin wax
Ingredients:

Wax
Pre-tabbed Wicks
IGI-4786 wax Paraffin
Dye
Fragrance Oil
Non-flammable Container
Double Boiler
Hot Glue
Glue Gun / Hot Gun
Clothespins
Ball Point Pen

Method:

Set up a double boiler

Melt Wax at 170-175 degree F
Add fragrance oil and dye
Remove the barrel of the Ball Point Pen
Pass the pre-tabbed wicks from the barrel
Apply hot glue to the base of the wick
Using the barrel, press the wick to the centre of the pot / container
Remove barrel
Use clothespin to keep it in the centre
Use a heat gun to pre-heat the container to 150 degree F or oven may be used
for the purpose
Pour melted wax in the container
Let the wax cool down about 6 hours
The wax is sunken in the middle now so heat some of the wax to 185 degree F
and fill the gap
Remove clothespin and trim the wick

Safety Precautions:

Always have a fire extinguisher within reach.

Never use water to extinguish a wax fire.
Never leave melting wax unattended
Always use a double boiler
Use an electric heat source if possible.

Testing:

Ask the learners to enumerate one step each of the method

Change in appearance