SALES

SALE

A nominate contract whereby one of the contracting parties

obligates himself to transfer the ownership of and to deliver a
determinate thing and the other to pay therefor a price certain in
money or its equivalent.

NOTES: Delivery and payment in a contract of sale are so interrelated and intertwined with each other
that without delivery of the goods there is no corresponding obligation to pay. The two complement
each other. It is clear that the two elements cannot be dissociated, for the contract of purchase and
sale is essentially a bilateral contract, as it gives rise to reciprocal obligations. (Pio Barretto Sons, Inc.
vs. Compania Maritima, 62 SCRA 167).

Neither is the delivery of the thing bought nor the payment of

the price necessary for the perfection of the contract of
sale. Being consensual, it is perfected by mere consent.

Elements:
a.

Essential elements those without which, there can be no valid

sale:

b.

1.

Consent or meeting of minds

2.

A Determinable subject matter

3.

Price certain in money or its equivalent

Natural elements inherent in the contract, and which in the

absence of any contrary provision, are deemed to exist in the
contract:

c.

1.

Warranty against eviction

2.

Warranty against hidden defects

Accidental elements may be present or absent depending on the

stipulation of the parties (e.g.: conditions, interest, penalty, time
or place of payment, etc.)

Characteristics:
1.

Principal

2.

Consensual;

3.

Bilateral;

4.

Nominate;

5.

Commutative; In some cases, aleatory (emptio spei);

6.

Onerous.

* Aleatory contract: one of the parties or both reciprocally bind themselves to give or to do something
in consideration of what the other shall give or do upon the happening of an event which is uncertain,
or which is to occur at an indeterminate time. (Ex: Sale of sweepstakes ticket)

Contract to sell

exclusive right and privilege to purchase an object.

a bilateral contract whereby the prospective seller, while
expressly reserving the ownership of the subject property despite
delivery thereof to the prospective buyer binds himself to sell the
said property exclusively to the prospective buyer upon fulfilment
of the condition agreed upon, that is, full payment of the
purchase price.

NOTE: Absent a proviso in the contract that the title to the property is reserved in the vendor until full
payment of the purchase price or a stipulation giving the vendor the right to unilaterally rescind the
contract the moment the vendee fails to pay within the fixed period, the transaction is an absolute
contract of sale and not a contract to sell. (Dignos vs. CA [1988])
* The contract of sale by itself is not a mode of acquiring ownership. The contact transfers no real
rights; it merely causes certain obligations to arise.

Contract of

Contract to

Sale

Sell

1. Title passes to
the
buyer upon
delivery of the thing
sold

1. Ownership is
reserved
in
the
seller and is not to
pass
until
full
payment of the
purchase price

2. Non-payment of
the price is a
negative resolutory
condition and the
remedy of the seller
is
to
exact
fulfilment or to
rescind the contract

2. Full payment is a

3. Vendor loses and

cannot
recover

3. Title remains in
the vendor if the

positive
suspensive
condition, the failure

of which is not a
breach casual or
serious but simply
prevents
the
obligation of the
vendor to convey
title from having
binding force

ownership of the
thing
sold
and
delivered until the
contract of sale is
resolved and set
aside

vendee does not

comply with the
condition precedent
of making payment
at
the
time
specified in the
contract

Conditional Sale

Contract to Sell

As to reservation of title to the subject

property

In both cases the seller may reserve the

title

to

the

subject

property

until

fulfillment of the suspensive condition i.e.

full payment of the price

As to effect of fulfillment of suspensive

condition

1. Upon fulfillment

1. Upon fulfillment

of

of the suspensive

the

suspensive

condition,

the

condition, which is

contract of sale is

the full payment of

thereby perfected,

the purchase price,

such that if there

ownership will not

had been previous

automatically

delivery

transfer

of

the

to

the

subject property to

buyer although the

the

property may have

buyer,ownership

been

thereto

delivered

automatically

him. The prospect

transfers

to

previously
to

the

ive seller still has

by

to convey title to

buyer

operation of law

the

prospective

without any further

buyerby

act by the seller.

into a contract of

entering

absolute sale.

As to effect of sale of the subject

property to 3rd persons

1. Constructive

1. Third

/actual

buying

knowledge

on the part of the

nd

2 buyer
defect

of
in

person
the

property

despite

the

fulfilment of the

the

suspensive

sellers title renders

condition

him not a registrant

be deemed a buyer

in good faith. Such

in bad faith and

second

prospective

buyer

cannot

cannot defeat the

cannot

first

relief

of

reconveyance

of

buyers

title. Ratio: Fulfilm

seek

buyer
the

ent

of

the

suspensive
conditions

: If There was no
affects

the sellers title to

the

property.Exception

property

previous

sale

of

the property.

and

previous delivery of
the

property

automatically
transfers
ownership/title

to

the buyer.

OBJECTS OF SALE
Requisites:
1. THINGS:
a) determinate or determinable (Arts. 1458, 1460)
b) lawful (Arts 1347, 1409 [1,4]
c) should not be impossible (Art. 1348) e.g. must be within the
commerce of man
2. RIGHTS must be transmissible
Exceptions:
-future inheritance
service

Emptio rei

Emptio spei

speratae
1. Sale of an expected

1. Sale of a mere

thing

hope

or

expectancy

that

the thing will come

to
existence; Sale of
the hope itself

2.

Sale is subject to

2. Sale produces

the condition that the

effect even if the

thing will exist; if it

thing

does not, there is no

come

contract

existence, unless it

does

not
into

is a vain hope

3. The uncertainty is

3. The uncertainty

with

is with regard to

regard

to

the

quantity and quality of

the

existence

the thing and not the

the thing

of

existence of the thing

4. Object is a future

4.

thing

present thing which

is

Object

the

is

hope

or

expectancy

NOTE: In case of doubt the presumption is in favor of emptio rei speratae which is more in keeping
with the commutative character of the contract

Goods which may be Object of Sale

a.

Existing goods goods owned or possessed by the seller.

b.

Future goods goods to be manufactured, raised or acquired by

the seller after the perfection of the contract.

NOTES:

A sale of future goods is valid only as an executory contract to be

fulfilled by the acquisition and delivery of goods specified.

While there can be sale of future property, there can generally

be no donation of future property (Article 751 Civil Code)

Future inheritance cannot be sold.

A contract of sale or purchase of goods to be delivered at a
future time, if entered into without the intention of having any
goods pass from one party to another, but with an understanding
that at the appointed time, the purchaser is merely to receive or
pay the difference between the contract and the market prices, is
illegal. Such contract falls under the definition of futures in
which the parties merely gamble on the rise or fall in prices and is
declared null and void by law. (Art. 2018, NCC) (Onapal Phil.
Commodities, Inc. vs. CA [1993])

Instances when the Civil Code recognizes sale of things not

actually or already owned by the seller at the time of the sale:

1. Sale of a thing having potential existence (Article 1461)

2.

Sale of future goods (Article 1462)

3.

Contract for the delivery at a certain price of an article which the

vendor in the ordinary course of the business manufactures or
procures for the general market, whether the same is on hand at
the time or not (Article 1467)

Sale
1.

Buyer

Agency to sell

receives

the goods as owner

1.

Agent

receives

the goods as goods

of the principal who
retains

his

ownership

over

them

2.

Buyer pays

the

price

2. Agent

delivers

the price which in

turn he got from his
buyer

3.

3. Agent can return

general rule, cannot

the goods in case he

return

is unable to sell the

sold

Buyer,

the

as

object

same
person

to

third

4. Seller warrants

4. Agent makes no

the thing sold

warranty for which

he assumes personal
liability as long as
he acts within his
authority and in the
name of the seller

5. Buyer can deal

5. Agent in dealing

with the thing sold

with

as he pleases being

received, must act

the owner

and

the

thing

is

according

bound
to

the

instructions of the
principal

Contract for

Sale

Piece of Work
1.

The

thing

1.

The

thing

transferred is one

transferred is one

not in existence and

which would have

which never would

existed and would

have existed but for

have

the

subject of sale to

order

of

the

been

the

party

desiring

to

acquire it

some other person,

even if the order
had not been given

2.

The

services

dominate

the

contract

even

2.

The

objective

primary
of

the

contract is a sale of

though there is a

the

sale

item; it is a sale of

of

goods

involved

manufactured

goods even though

the

item

is

manufactured

by

labor furnished by
the seller and upon
previous

order

of

the customer

3. Not within the

3.

Within

the

Statute of Frauds

Statute of Frauds

Rules to determine if the contract is one of Sale or Piece of work:

a.

If ordered in the ordinary course of business sale

b.

If manufactured specially for the customer and upon his special

order, and not for the market piece of work

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:

a)

Massachusetts rule: If specifically done at the order of

another, this is a contract for a piece of work. (Philippine
application)

b)

New York rule: If thing already exists-SALE; if not-WORK

c)

English rule: If material is more valuable-SALE; if skill is more

valuable-WORK

BARTER

contract whereby one of the parties binds himself to give one

thing in consideration of the others promise to give another
thing.
NOTE: The only point difference between contract of sale and barter is in the element which is
present in sale but not in barter, namely: price certain in money or its equivalent

NOTE: If the consideration is partly in money and partly in another thing, determine:
a.

The manifest intention of the parties

b.

If the intent is not clear, apply the following rules:

1.

If the thing is more valuable than money barter

2.

If the money and the thing are of equal value sale

3.

If the thing is less valuable than money sale

Sale
1.

Dation in Payment

No pre-existing

1. Pre-existing credit

credit

2.

Obligations

are

created

2. Obligations

are

extinguished

3. Consideration on

3. Consideration of

the part of the seller

the debtor is the

is the price; on the

extinguishment

part of the buyer is

the

the

part of the creditor,

acquisition

of

the object

debt;

on

of
the

it is the acquisition
of the object offered
in lieu of the original
credit

4.

Greater
freedom

4.
in

Less Freedom in
determining the

determining the

price

price

5.

Buyer still has

to pay the price

5.

The payment is
received by the
debtor

before

the contract is
perfected.

PRICE

The sum stipulated as the equivalent of the thing sold and also
every incident taken into consideration for the fixing of the price,
put to the debit of the vendee and agreed to by him.

Requisites:
1.

Certainty or ascertainable at the time of perfection

2.

Real, not fictitious

3.

In some cases, must not be grossly inferior to the value of the

thing sold.

4.

Paid in money or its equivalent

Certainty

It is not necessary that the certainty of the price be actual or

determined at the time of the execution of the contract. The
price is certain in the following cases:
1.

If the parties have fixed or agreed upon a definite amount;

NOTE: The fixing of the price can never be left to the discretion
of one of the contracting parties. However if the price fixed by
one of the parties is accepted by the other, the sale is perfected.
2.

If it be certain with reference to another thing certain

3.

If the determination of the price is left to the judgment of a

specified person or persons even before such determination

4.

In the cases provided under Art. 1472 NCC

Effect when the price is fixed by the third person designated:

GENERAL RULE: Price fixed by a third person designated by the parties is binding upon them.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.

When the third person acts in bad faith or by mistake

2.

When the third person disregards the specific instructions or

the procedure marked out by the parties

Effect when the price is not fixed by the third person designated:
1.

If the third person refuses or cannot fix the price, the

contract

shall

become

ineffective,

unless

the

parties

subsequently agree upon the price

2.

If the third person is prevented from fixing the price by the

fault of the seller or buyer, the party not in fault may obtain
redress against the party in fault

Effect of Gross Inadequacy of Price:

1.

Voluntary sales

GENERAL RULE: Mere inadequacy of the price does not affect validity of the sale.

A valuable consideration, however small or nominal, if given or

stipulated in good faith is, in the absence of fraud, sufficient.
(Rodriguez vs. CA, 207 SCRA 553)

Future inheritance cannot be sold.

EXCEPTIONS:

a.

Where low price indicates vice of consent, sale may be

annulled; or contract is presumed to be an equitable
mortgage

b.

Where the price is so low as to be shocking to conscience,

sale may be set aside.

2.

Involuntary or Forced sales

GENERAL RULE: Mere inadequacy of the price is not a sufficient ground for the cancellation of the
sale if property is real.

EXCEPTIONS:
a.

Where the price is so low as to be shocking to the moral

conscience, judicial sale of personal property will be set aside

b.

In the event of a resale, a better price can be obtained

NOTE: The validity of the sale is not necessarily affected where the law gives to the owner the right to
redeem, upon the theory that the lesser the price, the easier it is for the owner to effect redemption.

Effect where price is simulated

1.

If it is shown to have been in reality a donation or some other

act or contract

The sale is void but the act or contract may be valid as a

donation

2.

If not

The contract is void and inexistent

Effect of Failure to determine price:

1.

Where contract executory

2.

The contract is inefficacious

Where the thing has been delivered to and appropriated by the

buyer

The buyer must pay a reasonable price therefore

Reasonable price generally the market price at the time and place fixed by the contract or by law for
the delivery of the goods

PERFECTION OF SALE
GENERAL RULE: It is perfected at the moment there is meeting of the minds upon a determinate
thing (object), and a certain price (consideration), even if neither is delivered. A choice between
rescission and fulfilment, with damages in either case)

NOTE: Sale is a consensual contract; Hence, delivery and payment are not essential for its perfection
EXCEPTION: When the sale is subject to a suspensive condition by virtue of law or stipulation.
* The terms and conditions of payment are merely accidental, not essential elements of the contract of
sale except where the partied themselves stipulate that in addition to the subject-matter and the
price, they are essential or material to the contract.

Requirements for perfection

a.

When parties are face to face

When an offer is accepted without conditions or qualifications

NOTES:

 A conditional acceptance is a counter-offer

when negotiated thru phone it is as if it is negotiated face to
face
b.

When contract is thru correspondence or thru telegram

When the offeror receives or has knowledge of the acceptance by

the offeree
NOTE: If the buyer has already accepted but the seller does not
know yet of the acceptance, the seller may still withdraw

c.

When a sale is subject to a suspensive condition

From the moment the condition is fulfilled

TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
GENERAL RULE: While a contract of sale is consensual, ownership of the thing sold is acquired only
upon its delivery, actual or constructive, to the buyer. (Daus vs. Sps. De Leon, 16 June 2003)

This is true even if the purchase has been made on credit.

Payment of the purchase price is not essential to the transfer
of ownership, as long as the property sold has been
delivered. (Sampaguita

Pictures,

Inc

vs.

Jalwindor

Manufacturers, Inc. 93 SCRA 420)

Nonpayment only creates a right to demand payment or to

rescind the contract, or to criminal prosecution in the case of
bouncing checks.(EDCA Publishing and Distributing Corp.
vs. Santos, 184 SCRA 614)

EXCEPTIONS:
1.

Contrary stipulation or Pactum reservati dominii (contractual

reservation of title) a stipulation, usually in sales by installment,

whereby, despite delivery of the property sold, ownership remains

with the seller until full payment of the price is made.
2.

Contract to sell

3.

Contract of insurance a perfected contract of sale, even

without delivery, vests in the vendee an equitable title, an
existing interest over the goods sufficient to be the subject of
insurance

RULES GOVERNING AUCTION SALES

1. Sales of separate lots by auction are separate contracts of sale.
2. Sale is perfected by the fall of the hammer
3. Seller has the right to bid in the auction, provided:
a) such right was reserved
b) notice was given that the sale was subject to a right to bid on behalf of the seller
c) right is not prohibited by law or by stipulation
4. Advertisements for bidders are simply invitations to make proposals, and the advertiser is not bound
to accept the highest or lowest bidder, unless the contrary appears.

EFFECT OF PROMISE TREATED UNDER ART. 1479 Civil Code:

1.

Accepted unilateral promise to sell or buy

Only one makes the promise, this promise is accepted by the

other. Example: A promises to sell to B, B accepts the promise,
but does not in turn promise to buy.

does not bind the promissor even if accepted and may be

withdrawn anytime.
NOTE: Pending notice of its withdrawal, the accepted promise partakes the nature of an offer to sell
which if accepted, results in a perfected contract of sale (Sanchez vs. Rigos 45 SCRA3 68). In other

words, if the acceptance is made before withdrawal, it constitutes a binding contract of sale although
the option is given without consideration.

if the promise is supported by a consideration distinct and

separate from the price (option money), its acceptance will give
rise to a perfected contract.

2.

Bilateral promise to buy and sell

One party accepts the others promise to buy and the latter, the
formers promise to sell a determinate thing for a price certain

it is reciprocally demandable
It requires no consideration distinct from the selling price
NOTE: this is as good as a perfected sale. No title of dominion is
transferred as yet, the parties being given only the right to
demand fulfillment or damages.

Policitation

An unaccepted unilateral promise to buy or sell. Even if accepted

by the other party, it does not bind the promissor and maybe
withdrawn anytime. This is a mere offer, and has not yet been
converted into a contract.

Option contract

A contract granting a privilege in one person, for which he has

paid a consideration, which gives him the right to buy certain
merchandise, at anytime within the agreed period, at a fixed
price.

An option without consideration is void and the effect is the same

as if there was no option

* However, in Sanchez vs. Rigos (1972), even though the option was not supported by a consideration,
the moment it was accepted, a perfected contract of sale resulted, applying Art. 1324 of the NCC. In
view of the ruling of the Supreme Court, the only importance of the consideration for an option is that
the option cannot be withdrawn by the grantor after acceptance.
* In an option to buy, the party who has an option may validly and effectively exercise his right by
merely notifying the owner of the formers decision to buy and expressing his readiness to pay the
stipulated price.

Right of First Refusal

It is a right of first priority all things and conditions being equal;

there should be identity of the terms and conditions to be offered
to the optionee and all other prospective buyers, with optionee to
enjoy the right of first priority. A deed of sale executed in favor
of a third party who cannot be deemed a purchaser in good faith,
and which is in violation of the of the right of first refusal
granted to the optionee is NOT voidable under the Statute of
Frauds, such contract is valid BUT rescissible under Article 1380 to
1381(3) of the New Civil Code (Guzman Bocaling & Co. vs.
Bonnavie; Riviera Filipina, Inc vs. CA et.al. GR No. 117355, April
5, 2002).

The basis of the right of first refusal must be the current offer to
sell of the seller or offer to purchase of any prospective
buyer. Only after the optionee fails to exercise its right of first
priority

under

the

same

terms

and

within

the

period

contemplated could the owner validly offer to sell the property to

a third person, again, under the same terms as offered to the
optionee (Paranaque Kings Enterprises, Inc. vs. CA GR No.
111538, February 26, 1997)

The lessees right of first option to buy the leased property in

case of its sale is but a part of the bigger right to lease the said
property from the lessor. The option was given to the lessee
because she was the lessee of the subject property. It was a

component of the consideration of the lease. The option was by

no means an independent right which can be exercised by the
lessee. If the lessee is barred by the contract from assigning her
right to lease the subject property to any other party, the lessee
is similarly barred to assign her first option to buy the leased
property

to

another. (Bangayan et.al vs.

CA and

Lim

GR

No.123581, August 29, 1997)

Earnest money or ARRAS is something of value to show that the buyer was really in earnest, and
given to the seller to bind the bargain. It is considered as:
a) part of the purchase price
b) proof of perfection of the contract
*It shall be deducted from the total price.

Earnest money

Option money

1. Title passes to

1.

the

reserved

buyer

delivery
thing sold

of

upon
the

Ownership
to

is
the

seller and is not to

pass
payment

until

full

2.

In case of

non-payment,

2.

In case of

an

non-payment, there

action for specific

can be action for

performance

specific

or

for rescission can

performance

be filed by the
injured party

3.

Part

of

the

purchase price

3. Money given as a
distinct
consideration for an
option contract

4.

When

given,

4.

The

would-be

the buyer is bound

buyer is not required

to pay the balance

to buy

5.

5. Applies to a sale

Given

when

there is already a

not yet perfected

sale

RULES ON RISK OF LOSS AND DETERIORATION:

a.

The thing sold is lost before perfection: Seller bears the loss.

b.

The thing sold is lost at the time of perfection: Contract is void

or inexistent.

c.

The thing sold is lost after perfection, but before delivery:

GENERAL RULE: Who bears the risk of loss is governed by

the stipulations in the contract

In the absence of any stipulation:

First view:
Buyer bears the loss as an exception to the rule of res perit
domino.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.

when object sold consists of fungible goods for a price fixed

according to weight, number or measure

2.

seller is guilty of fraud, negligence, default or violation of

contractual terms

3.

object sold is generic

(Civil Code of the Philippines, Paras)

NOTE: This view conforms with Manresas view. Buyer would have
been the one to profit from the thing had it not been lost or
destroyed.

Contrary view:
Where the ownership is transferred by delivery, as in our code,
the application of the axiom res perit domino, imposes the risk of
loss upon the vendor; hence, if the thing is lost by fortuitous
event before delivery, the vendor suffers the loss and cannot
recover

the

price

from

the

vendee

(Commentaries

Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines, Tolentino)

d.

The thing is lost after delivery: Buyer bears the loss.

Question: If one does not comply, the other need not pay?
Answer: True. But this only applies when the seller is able to deliver but does not.

and

EFFECT OF LOSS AT THE TIME OF SALE:

a.

Thing entirely lost at the time of perfection: Contract is void and

inexistent

b.

Thing only partially lost: Vendee may elect between withdrawing

from the contract or demanding the remaining part, paying its
proportionate price

Sale by description

A sale where a seller sells things as being of a certain kind, buyer

merely relying on the sellers representations or descriptions.

There is warranty that the thing sold corresponds to the

representations or descriptions.

Sale by sample

A sale where a small quantity of a commodity is exhibited by the

seller as a fair specimen of the bulk, which is not present and as
to which there is no opportunity to inspect or examine.
NOTE: The mere exhibition of the sample does not necessarily
make it a sale by sample. This exhibition must have been the sole
basis or inducement of the sale.

There is warranty that the bulk of the commodity will correspond

in kind, quality, and character with the sample exhibited.

NOTE: In a sale by sample and by description, there is a two-fold warranty.

RIGHTS OF BUYER:
1) Return the thing and recover the money paid, or

2) Retain the thing and sue for the breach of warranty.

PURCHASE BY MINORS: Contract is generally voidable but in case of necessaries, where necessaries
are sold and delivered to a minor or other person without capacity to act, he must pay a reasonable
price therefore. Necessaries are those in Art. 290.

FORMALITIES OF CONTRACT OF SALE

GENERAL RULE: Sale is a consensual contract and is perfected by mere consent.
EXCEPTIONS: In order to be enforceable by action, the following must be in writing:
1.

Sale of personal property at a price not less than P500

2.

Sale of real property or an interest therein

3.

Sale of property not to be performed within a year from the

date thereof

4.

Applicable statute requires that the contract of sale be in a

certain form

NOTE: Statute of Frauds is applicable only to executory contracts and not to contracts which are
totally or partially performed.

CAPACITY TO BUY OR SELL

GENERAL RULE: All persons who can bind themselves also have legal capacity to buy and sell.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.

Absolute incapacity (minors, demented persons, imbeciles,

deaf and dumb, prodigals, civil interdictees) party cannot
bind themselves in any case.

2.

Relative incapacity incapacity exists only with reference to

certain persons or a certain class of property

Relative Incapacity
A. Husband and wife (Art. 1490): Generally, a sale by one spouse to another is void.

The husband and wife cannot sell property to each other except:
1.

When a separation of property was agreed upon by the

spouses

2.

When there has been a judicial separation of property under

Article 134 and 135 of the Family Code

B. Incapacity by reason of relation to property (Art. 1491)

The following persons cannot acquire property by purchase, even

at a public auction, either in person or through the mediation of
another: (GAEP-JO)
1.

the guardian, with respect to the property of his ward;

2.

agents, with respect to the property whose administration or

sale may have been entrusted to them, unless the consent of
the principal has been given;

3.

executor or administrator, with respect to the property of the

estate under administration;

4.

public officers and employees, with respect to the properties

of the government, its political subdivisions, or GOCCs, that
are entrusted to them;

5.

judges, justices, prosecuting attorneys, clerks of courts, etc.,

with respect to the property in custogia legis; and

6.

any other person specially disqualified by law.

Examples of persons especially disqualified by law:
a. Aliens who are disqualified to purchase agricultural lands
b. An unpaid seller having a right of lien or having stopped the
goods in transitu, who is prohibited from buying the goods
either directly or indirectly in the resale of the same, at
public or private sale which he may make
c. The officer holding the execution, or his deputy.
NOTE: While those disqualified under Arts. 1490 and 1491 may
not become lessees (Art. 1646), still aliens may become
lessees even if they cannot buy lands.

Effect of violation:
a)

With respect to nos. 1 to 3: the sale is VOIDABLE.

Reason: only private rights, which are subject to ratification
are violated
NOTE: In the case of Lao vs. Genato, 137 SCRA 77, the
Supreme Court found that the sale by the administrator of
certain properties of the estate in order to settle the existing
obligations of the estate was made to the administrators son
for a grossly low price. Furthermore, the said sale was not
submitted to the probate court for approval as mandated by
the order authorizing the administrator to sell. The sale was
indubitably illegal, irregular and fictitious, and the courts
approval of the assailed compromise agreement violated
Article 1491 and cannot work to ratify a fictitious contract
which is non-existent and void from the very beginning

b)

With respect to nos. 4 to 6: the sale is NULL AND VOID.

Reason: violation of public policy cannot be subject to

ratification

OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDOR: (WPD-TT)

1.

Transfer ownership (cannot be waived)

2.

Deliver the thing sold (cannot be waived)

3.

Warrant against eviction and against hidden defects (can be

waived or modified since warranty is not an essential element of
the contract of sale)

4.

Take care of the thing, pending delivery, with proper diligence

(Article 1163)

5.

Pay for the expenses of the deed of sale, unless there is

stipulation to the contrary

DELIVERY

Is a mode of acquiring ownership, as a consequence of certain

contracts such as sale, by virtue of which, actually or
constructively, the object is placed in the control and possession
of the vendee.

Delivery of the thing together with the payment of the price,

marks the consummation of the contract of sale(PNB vs. Ling,
69 Phil. 611)

In all forms of delivery, it is necessary that the act of delivery

be coupled with the intention of delivering the thing. The act
without the intention is insufficient. (Norkis Distributor, Inc.
vs. CA, 195 SCRA 694)

 Kinds:
1.

Actual or real placing the thing under the control and possession
of the buyer.

2.

Legal or constructive delivery is represented by other signs or

acts indicative thereof
a.

delivery by the execution of a public instrument.

NOTE: Gives rise only to a prima facie presumption of delivery

which is destroyed when actual delivery is not effected because
of a legal impediment (Ten Forty Realty vs. Cruz, 10 Sept. 2003)
b.

traditio symbolica to effect delivery, the parties make use

of a token or symbol to represent the thing delivered

c.

traditio longa manu seller pointing out to the buyer the

things which are transferred, which at the time must be in
sight.

d.

traditio brevi manu buyer simply continues in possession of

the thing but under title of ownership.

e.

traditio constitutum possessorium seller continues in

possession but under a different title other than ownership.

3.

Quasi-tradition delivery of rights, credits or incorporeal

property, made by:

4.

a.

placing titles of ownership in the hands of buyer

b.

allowing buyer to make use of rights

Tradition by operation of law

Constructive delivery requires three things before ownership may be transferred:

1.

The seller must have control over the thing

2.

The buyer must be put under control

3.

There must be the intention to deliver the thing for purposes of

ownership

When is the vendor not bound to deliver the thing sold:

1.

If the vendee has not paid him the price

2.

If no period for payment has been fixed in the contract

3.

Even if a period for payment has been fixed in the contract, if the
vendee has lost the right to make use of the same.

Sale or return

Property is sold, but the buyer, who becomes the owner of the
property on delivery, has the option to return the same to the
seller instead of paying the price.

NOTES:

It is a kind of sale with a condition subsequent.

The buyer must comply with the express or implied conditions
attached to the return privilege; otherwise, the sale becomes
absolute.

Buyer, being the owner, bears the risk of loss

Sale on trial, approval, or satisfaction

A contract in the nature of an option to purchase if the goods

prove to be satisfactory, the approval of the buyer being a
condition precedent.

 Rules:
1.

title remains in the seller

2.

risk of loss remains with seller except when the buyer is at fault
or has agreed to bear the loss

3.

buyer must give goods a trial, except where it is evident that it

cannot perform the work

4.

period within which buyer must signify his acceptance runs only
when all the parts essential for the operation of the object have
been delivered.

5.

if it is stipulated that a third person must satisfy approval or

satisfaction, the provision is valid, but the third person must be in
good faith. If refusal to accept is not justified, seller may still
sue.

6.

Generally, the sale and delivery to a buyer who is an expert on

the object purchased is not a sale on approval, trial, or
satisfaction.

Sale or return

1.

Subject

to

Sale on Trial

1.

Subject

to

resolutory

suspensive condition

condition

2. Depends entirely

2.

on the will of the

character or quality of

buyer

the goods

3.

Ownership

Depends

in

on

buyer

subsequent
reverts

and
return

ownership

the

3. Ownership remains

passes to the buyer

delivery

on

the

seller
signifies

approval
acceptance

until
his
or

to

the

in the seller

seller

4. Risk of loss or

4. Risk of loss remains

injury

with the seller

rests

upon

the buyer

Instances where Seller is still the Owner despite Delivery:

1.

Sale on trial, approval or satisfaction

2.

Contrary intention appears by the term of the contract;

3.

Implied reservation of ownership (Article 1503)

a.

If under the bill of lading, the goods are deliverable to seller

or agent or their order;

b.

If the bill of lading, although stating that the goods are to be

delivered to the buyer or his agent, is kept by the seller or his
agent;

c.

When the buyer, although the goods are deliverable to order

of buyer, and although the bill of lading is given to him, does
not honor the bill of exchange sent along with it.

Transfer of ownership where goods sold delivered to carrier

General Rule: Delivery to the carrier is deemed to be delivery to the buyer

Exception: Where the right of possession or ownership of specific goods sold is reserved

SALE OF GOODS BY A NON-OWNER

GENERAL RULE: Buyer acquires no title even if in good faith and for value under the maxim Nemo
dat quid non habet (You cannot give what you do not have).
EXCEPTIONS: (SMERVS)
1.

Owner is estopped or precluded by his conduct

2.

When sale is made by the registered owner or apparent

owner in accordance with recording or registration laws

3.

Sales sanctioned by judicial or statutory authority

4.

Purchases in a merchants store, fairs or markets

5.

When a person who is not the owner sells and delivers a

thing, subsequently acquires title thereto (Art. 1434)

6.

When the seller has a voidable title which has not been
avoided at the time of the sale (Art. 1506)

* Unlawful deprivation is no longer limited to a criminal act. There is Unlawful Deprivation where
there is no valid transmission of ownership.

Place of delivery of goods

1.

Where there is an agreement, place of delivery is that agreed

upon

2.

Where there is no agreement, place of delivery determined by

usage of trade

3.

Where there is no agreement and no prevalent usage, place of

delivery is the sellers place

4.

In any other case, place of delivery is the sellers residence

5.

In case of specific goods, which to the knowledge of the parties

at the time the contract was made were in some other place, that
place is the place of delivery, in the absence of agreement or
usage of trade to the contrary

Time of delivery of goods

1.

Stipulated time

2.

In the absence thereof, within a reasonable time

NEGOTIABLE DOCUMENT OF TITLE (NDT)

A document of title in which it is stated that the goods referred

to therein will be delivered to the bearer, or to the order of any
person named in such document.

May be negotiated by delivery or indorsement.

The document is negotiable if:

1.

The goods are deliverable to the bearer; or

2.

If the goods are deliverable to the order of a certain person

Persons who may negotiate NDT:

1.

The owner; or

2.

Any person to whom the possession or custody thereof has been

entrusted by the owner, if by the terms of the document the
bailee issuing the document undertakes to deliver the goods to
the order of the person to whom the possession or custody of the

document has been entrusted or if at the time of such entrusting

the document in such form that it may be negotiated by delivery.

* If the holder of a negotiable document of title (deliverable to bearer) entrusts the document to a
friend for deposit, but the friend betrays the trust and negotiates the document by delivering it to
another who is in good faith, the said owner cannot impugn the validity of the negotiation. As between
two innocent persons, he who made the loss possible shall bear the loss, without prejudice to his right
to recover from the wrongdoer.

RIGHTS OF PERSON TO WHOM DOCUMENT HAS BEEN NEGOTIATED:

1) The title of the person negotiating the document, over the goods covered by the document;
2) The title of the person (depositor or owner) to whose order by the terms of the document the goods
were to be delivered, over such goods;
3) The direct obligation of the bailee to hold possession of the goods for him, as if the bailee had
contracted to him directly
NOTE; Mere transferee does not acquire directly the obligation of the bailee (in Art. 1513). To acquire
it, he must notify the bailee.

WHO CAN DEFEAT RIGHTS OF TRANSFEREE:

1. Creditor of transferor
2. Transferor
3. Subsequent purchaser

RULES WHEN QUANTITY IS LESS THAN AGREED UPON:

1.

Buyer may reject; or

2.

Buyer may accept what has been delivered, at the contract

rate

RULES WHEN QUANTITY IS MORE THAN AGREED UPON:

1.

Buyer may reject all; or

2.

Buyer may accept the goods agreed upon and reject the rest;
or

3.

Buyer may accept all and must pay for them at the contract
rate

NOTE: Acceptance, even if not express may be implied when the buyer exercises acts of ownership
over the excess goods.

RULES WHEN GOODS MIXED WITH GOODS OF DIFFERENT DESCRIPTION:

Buyer may accept the goods which are in accordance with the
contract and reject the rest

NOTE: If the subject matter is indivisible, in case of delivery of larger quantity of goods or of mixed
goods, the buyer may reject the whole of the goods

DELIVERY TO THE CARRIER

GENERAL RULE: Where the seller is authorized or required to send the goods to the buyer, delivery to
the carrier is delivery to the buyer.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.

When a contrary intention appears

2.

Implied reservation of ownership under pars. 1,2,3 of Art.

1503

Kinds of Delivery to the Carrier

a.

C.I.F. (cost, insurance, freight) signify that the price fixed

covers not only the costs of the goods, but the expense of the
freight and the insurance to be paid by the seller

b.

F.O.B. (free on board) goods are to be delivered free of

expense to the buyer to the point where they are F.O.B. The
point of F.O.B., either at the point of shipment or the point of
destination, determines when the ownership passes.

NOTE: the terms C.I.F. and F.O.B. merely make rules of

presumption
c.

C.O.D. (collect on delivery) the carrier acts for the seller in

collecting the purchase price, which the buyer must pay to
obtain possession of the goods.

SELLERS DUTY AFTER DELIVERY TO CARRIER

1. To enter on behalf of buyer into such contract reasonable under the circumstances
2. To give notice to buyer regarding necessity of insuring the goods

PAYMENT OF THE PURCHASE PRICE

GENERAL RULE: The seller is not bound to deliver the thing sold unless the purchase price has been
paid.
EXCEPTION: The seller is bound to deliver even if the price has not been paid, if a period of payment
has been fixed.

Sale of Real Property by Unit

Entire area stated in the contract must be delivered

When entire area could not be delivered, vendee may:
1.

Enforce the contract with the corresponding decrease in price

2.

Rescind the sale:

a.

If the lack in area is at least 1/10 than that stated or

stipulated

b. If the deficiency in quality specified in the contract

exceeds 1/10 of the price agreed upon
c. If the vendee would not have bought the immovable had
he known of its smaller area of inferior quality
irrespective of the extent of lack of area or quality

Sale for a Lump Sum (A Cuerpo Cierto)

Vendor is obligated to deliver all the land included within the

boundaries, regardless of whether the real area should be greater
or smaller

Ordinarily, there can be no rescission or reduction or increase

whether the area be greater or lesser, unless there is gross
mistake.
NOTE: The Civil Code presumes that the purchaser had in mind a particular piece of land and that he
ascertained its area and quality before the contract of sale was perfected. If he did not do so, or if
having done so he made no objection and consented to the transaction, he can blame no one but
himself (Teran vs. Villanueva Viuda de Riosa 56 Phil 677).
What is important is the delivery of all the land included in the boundaries.
DOUBLE SALE (Art. 1544)
Requisites: VOCS

1. two or more transactions must constitute valid sales;

2. they must pertain exactly to the same object or subject matter;
3. they must be bought from the same or immediate seller; AND

4. two or more buyers who are at odds over the rightful ownership
of the subject matter must represent conflicting interests.

Rules of preference:
1. Personal Property
a. first possessor in good faith
2. Real Property
a.

first registrant in good faith

b.

first possessor in good faith

c.

person with oldest title in good faith

NOTES:

Purchaser in Good Faith one who buys the property of another

without notice that some other person has a right to or interest in
such property and pays a full and fair price for the same at the
time of such purchase or before he has notice of the claim or
interest of some other person in the property (Veloso vs. CA).

Registration requires actual recording; if the property was never

really registered as when the registrar forgot to do so although he
has been handed the document, there is no registration.

Possession is either actual or constructive since the law made no

distinction (Sanchez vs. Ramos 40 Phil614)

Possession in Art.1544 includes not only material but also

symbolic possession (Ten Forty Realty vs. Cruz, 10 Sept. 2003.)

Title means title because of sale, and not any other title or mode
of acquiring property (Lichauco vs. Berenguer 39 Phil 642)

 Hernandez vs. Katigbak Rule: When the property sold on

execution is registered under Torrens, registration is the operative
act that gives validity to the transfer or creates a lien on the
land, and a purchaser on execution sale is not required to go
behind

the

registry to

determine

the

conditions of the

property. Exception: Where the purchaser had knowledge, prior to

or at the time of the levy, of such previous lien or encumbrance,
his knowledge is equivalent to registration.

CONDITION
Effect of Non-fulfillment of Condition
1.

If the obligation of either party is subject to any condition

and such condition is not fulfilled, such party may either:
a.

refuse to proceed with the contract

b.

proceed with the contract , waiving the performance of

the condition.

2.

If the condition is in the nature of a promise that it should

happen, the non-performance of such condition may be
treated by the other party as breach of warranty.

NOTE: A distinction must be made between a condition imposed on the perfection of a contract and a
condition imposed merely on the performance of an obligation. The failure to comply with the first
condition would prevent the juridical relation itself from coming into existence, while failure to
comply with the second merely gives the option either to refuse or proceed with the sale or to waive
the condition.

The mere fact that the second contract of sale was perfected in
good faith is not sufficient if, before title passes, the second
vendee acquires knowledge of the first transaction. The good
faith or innocence of the posterior vendee needs to continue until

his

contract

ripens

into

ownership

by

tradition

or

registration. (Palanca vs. Dir. Of Lands, 46 PHIL 149)

EFFECT IF BUYER HAS ALREADY SOLD THE GOODS:

General Rule: The unpaid sellers right to lien or stoppage in transitu remains even if buyer has sold the
goods.
Except:
1) When the seller has given consent thereto, or
2) When the buyer is a purchaser in good faith for value of a negotiable document of title.

WARRANTY

a statement or representation made by the seller of goods,

contemporaneously and as a part of the contract of sale, having
reference to the character, quality, or title of the goods, and by
which he promises or undertakes to insure that certain facts are
or shall be as he then represents.

Kinds:
1.

EXPRESS any affirmation of fact or any promise by the seller

relating to the thing if the natural tendency of such affirmation or
promise is to induce the buyer to purchase the same and if the
buyer purchases the thing relying thereon

NOTE: A mere expression of opinion, no matter how positively asserted, does not import a warranty
unless the seller is an expert and his opinion was relied upon by the buyer.

2.

IMPLIED that which the law derives by implication or inference

from the nature of the transaction or the relative situation or
circumstances of the parties, irrespective of any intention of the
seller to create it.
a.

Warranty against eviction

b.

Warranty against hidden defects

c.

Warranty as to Fitness and Merchantability

NOTE: An implied warranty is a natural, not an essential element of a contract, and is deemed
incorporated in the contract of sale. It may however, be waived or modified by express
stipulation. (De Leon)
There is no implied warranty as to the condition, adaptation, fitness or suitability or the quality of an
article sold as a second-hand article. But such articles might be sold under such circumstances as to
raise an implied warranty.
* A certification issued by a vendor that a second-hand machine was in A-1 condition is an express
warranty binding on the vendor. (Moles vs. IAC [1989])

A.

Warranty against eviction

Warranty in which the seller guarantees that he has the right to

sell the thing sold and to transfer ownership to the buyer who
shall not be disturbed in his legal and peaceful possession thereof.

Elements:
1.

vendee is deprived, in whole or in part, of the thing

purchased;

2.

the deprivation is by virtue of a final judgment;

3.

the judgment is based on a prior right to the sale or an act

imputable to the vendor;

4.

the vendor was summoned in the suit for eviction at the

instance of the vendee; AND

5.

no waiver of warranty by the vendee.

Vendors liability shall consist of:

1.

Total eviction: (VICED)

a.

Value of the thing at the time of eviction;

b.

Income or fruits if he has been ordered to deliver them to the

party who won the suit;

c.

Costs of the suit;

d.

Expenses of the contract; AND

e.

Damages and interests if the sale was in bad faith.

2.

Partial eviction:
a.

to enforce vendors liability for eviction (VICED); OR

b.

to demand rescission of contract.

Question: Why is rescission not a remedy in case of total eviction?

Answer: Rescission contemplates that the one demanding it is able to return whatever he has received
under the contract. Since the vendee can no longer restore the subject-matter of the sale to the
vendor, rescission cannot be carried out.

* The suit for the breach can be directed only against the immediate seller, not sellers of the seller
unless such sellers had promised to warrant in favor of later buyers or unless the immediate seller has
expressly assigned to the buyer his own right to sue his own seller.

NOTE: The disturbance referred to in the case of eviction is a disturbance in law which requires that a
person go to the courts of justice claiming the thing sold, or part thereof and invoking reasons. Mere
trespass in fact does not give rise to the application of the doctrine of eviction.

Vendors liability is waivable but any stipulation exempting the

vendor from the obligation to answer for eviction shall be void if
he acted in bad faith.

Kinds of Waiver:
a.

Consciente voluntarily made by the vendee without the

knowledge and assumption of the risks of eviction

NOTE: vendor shall pay only the value which the thing sold
had at the time of eviction
b. Intencionada made by the vendee with knowledge of the
risks of eviction and assumption of its consequences
EFFECT: vendor not liable
NOTE: Every waiver is presumed to be consciente. To consider it
intencionada, it must be accompanied by some circumstance which
reveals the vendors knowledge of the risks of eviction and his
intention to submit to such consequences.

WHERE IMMOVABLE SOLD ENCUMBERED WITH NON-APPARENT BURDEN

1. Right of vendee
a) recission, or
b) indemnity

2. When right cannot be exercised:

a) if the burden or servitude is apparent

b) if the non-apparent burden or servitude is registered

c) if vendee had knowledge of the encumbrance, whether it is
registered or not
3. When action must be brought
within ONE YEAR from the execution of the deed of sale

B.

Warranty against hidden defects

Warranty in which the seller guarantees that the thing sold is free
from any hidden faults or defects or any charge or encumbrance
not declared or known to the buyer.

Elements: (SHENPW)
1.

defect must be Serious or important;

2.

it must be Hidden;

3.

it must Exist at the time of the sale;

4.

vendee must give Notice of the defect to the vendor within a

reasonable time;

5.

action for rescission or reduction of price must be brought

within the proper Period (within 6 mos. from delivery of the
thing or 40 days from date of delivery in case of animals); and

6.

no Waiver of the warranty.

Remedies of the Vendee:

NOTES:

a.

Accion redhibitoria (rescission)

b.

Accion quanti minoris (reduction of the price)

 Hidden faults or defects pertain only to those that make the

object unfit for the use for which it was intended at the time of
the sale.

This warranty in Sales is applicable in Lease (Yap vs. Tiaoqui

13Phil433)
Effect of loss of thing on account of hidden defects:
1.

If vendor was aware of hidden defects, he shall bear the loss and
vendee shall have the right to recover: (PED)

2.

a.

the price paid

b.

expenses of the contract

c.

damages

If vendor was not aware, he shall be obliged to return: (PIE)

a.

price paid

b.

interest thereon

c.

expenses of the contract if paid by the vendee

Effect if the cause of loss was not the hidden defect

If the thing sold had any hidden fault at the time of the sale, and
should thereafter be lost by a (1) fortuitous event OR (2) through
the fault of the vendee:

the vendee may demand of the vendor the price which he

paid less the value of the thing at the time of its loss.

NOTE: the difference between the price paid and the value of
the thing at the time of its loss represents the damage suffered by
the vendee and the amount which the vendor enriched himself at
the expense of the vendee

If the vendor acted in bad faith:

C.

vendor shall pay damages to the vendee

Implied Warranties of Quality

Warranty of Fitness

Warranty in which the seller guarantees that the thing sold is

reasonably fit for the known particular purpose for which it was
acquired by the buyer

GENERAL RULE: There is no implied warranty as to the quality or fitness for any particular purpose of
goods under a contract of sale
EXCEPTIONS:
1.

Where the buyer, expressly or by implication manifests to the

seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required

2.

Where the buyer relies upon the sellers skill or judgment

Warranty of Merchantability

Warranty in which the seller guarantees, where the goods were

bought by description, that they are reasonably fit for the general
purpose for which they are sold

It requires identity between what is described in the

contract AND what is tendered, in the sense that the latter is of
such quality to have some value

Instances where implied warranties are inapplicable:

1.

As is and where is sale vendor makes no warranty as to the

quality or workable condition of the goods, and that the vendee

takes them in the condition in which they are found and from the
place where they are located.
2.

Sale of second-hand articles

3.

Sale by virtue of authority in fact or law

Caveat Venditor (Let the seller beware): the vendor is liable to the vendee for any hidden faults or
defects in the thing sold, even though he was not aware thereof.

Caveat Emptor (Let the buyer beware): requires the purchaser to be aware of the supposed title
of the vendor and one who buys without checking the vendors title takes all the risks and losses
consequent to such failure.

RULES IN CASE OF SALE OF ANIMALS

1. When two or more animals have been sold at the same time and the redhibitory defect is in one, or
some of them but not in all, the general rule is that the redhibition will not affect the others without
it. It is immaterial whether the price has been fixed for a lump sum for all the animals or for a
separate price for each.
2. No warranty against hidden defects of animals sold at fairs or at public auctions, or of livestock sold
as condemned. This is based on the assumption that the defects must have been clearly known to the
buyer.
3. Sale of animals shall be void when:
a) animals sold are suffering from contagious

disease

b) if the use or service for which they are acquired has been stated in the contract, and they are
found to be unfit therefor
4. Limitation of the action: 40 days from the date of their delivery to the vendee
5. Vendor shall be liable if the animal should die within 3 days after its purchase if the disease which
caused the death existed at the time of the contract

OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDEE:

A.

Principal Obligations:

1.

To accept delivery

2.

To pay the price of the thing sold in legal tender unless another
mode has been agreed upon

NOTE: A grace period granted the vendee in case of failure to pay the amount/s due is a right not an
obligation. The grace period must not be likened to an obligation, the non-payment of which, under
Article 1169 of the Civil Code, would still generally require judicial or extra-judicial demand before
default can be said to arise (Bricktown Devt Corp vs. Amor Tierra Devt Corp. 57SCRA437)

B.

Other Obligations

1.

To take care of the goods without the obligation to return, where

the goods are delivered to the buyer and he rightfully refuses to
accept

NOTES:

The buyer in such a case is in the position of a bailee who has

had goods thrust upon him without his assent. He has the
obligation to take reasonable care of the goods but nothing
more can be demanded of him.

The

goods

in

the

buyers

possession

under

these

circumstances are at the sellers risk

2.

To be liable as a depositary if he voluntarily constituted himself

as such

3.

To pay interest for the period between delivery of the thing and
the payment of the price in the following cases:
a.

Should it have been stipulated

b.

Should the thing sold and delivered produce fruits or income

c.

Should he be in default, from the time of judicial or extrajudicial demand for the payment of the price

Pertinent Rules:

1.

The vendor is not required to deliver the thing sold until the price
is paid nor the vendee to pay the price before the thing is
delivered in the absence of an agreement to the contrary (Article
1524).

2.

If stipulated, the vendee is bound to accept delivery and to pay

the price at the time and place designated;

3.

If there is no stipulation as to the time and place of payment and

delivery, the vendee is bound to pay at the time and place of
delivery

4.

In the absence of stipulation as to the place of delivery, it shall

be made wherever the thing might be at the moment the contract
was perfected (Article 1251)

5.

If only the time for delivery has been fixed in the contract, the
vendee is required to pay even before the thing is delivered to
him; if only the time for payment has been fixed, the vendee is
entitled to delivery even before the price is paid by him (Article
1524)

Ways of accepting goods:

1.

Express acceptance

2.

Implied acceptance

a.

When buyer does an act which only an owner can do,

b.

Failure to return goods after reasonable lapse of time

NOTES:

The retention of goods is strong evidence that the buyer has

accepted ownership of the goods.

Delivery and acceptance are two separate and distinct acts of

different parties

Delivery is an act of the vendor and one of the vendors

obligations; vendee has nothing to do with the act of delivery
by the vendor

Acceptance is an obligation of the vendee; acceptance

cannot be regarded as a condition to complete delivery;

seller must comply with the obligation to deliver although

there is no acceptance yet by the buyer

Acceptance by the buyer may precede actual delivery; there may

be actual receipt without acceptance and there may be
acceptance without receipt

Unless otherwise agreed upon, acceptance of the goods by the

buyer does not discharge the seller from liability for damages or
other legal remedy like for breach of any promise or warranty

When vendee may suspend payment of the price:

1.

If he is disturbed in the possession or ownership of the thing

bought

2.

If he has well-grounded fear that his possession or ownership

would be disturbed by a vindicatory action or foreclosure of
mortgage

NOTES:

If the thing sold is in the possession of the vendee and the price
is already in the hands of the vendor, the sale is a consummated
contract and Article 1590 is no longer applicable. Article 1590,
presupposes that the price or any part thereof has not yet been
paid and the contract is not yet consummated.

Under Article 1590, the vendee has no cause of action for

rescission before final judgement, otherwise the vendor might
become a victim of machinations between the vendee and the
third person

Disturbance must be in possession and ownership of the thing

acquired

If the disturbance is caused by the existence of non-apparent

servitude, the remedy of the buyer is rescission, not suspension of
payment.

When vendee cannot suspend payment of the price even if there is disturbance in the possession
or ownership of the thing sold:
1.

if the vendor gives security for the return of the price in a proper
case

2.

if it has been stipulated that notwithstanding any such

contingency, the vendee must make payment (see Article 1548
par.3)

3.

if the vendor has caused the disturbance or danger to cease

4.

if the disturbance is a mere act of trespass

5.

if the vendee has fully paid the price

REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT

A.

Remedies of the seller

1.

Action for payment of the price (Art. 1595)

2.

Action for damages for non-acceptance of the goods (Art. 1596)

3.

Action for rescission (Art. 1597)

B.

Remedies of the buyer

1.

Action for specific performance (Art. 1598)

2.

Action for rescission or damages for breach of warranty (Art

1599)

A.

REMEDIES OF THE SELLER FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT

IN CASE OF MOVABLES

1.

Ordinary Remedies
a.

Movables in General Failure of the vendee to appear to

receive delivery or, having appeared, failure to tender the
price at the same time,unless, a longer period for its payment
has been stipulated

action to rescind the sale (Art. 1593)

b.

Sale of Goods

action for the price (Art. 1595)

action for damages (Art. 1596)
2.

Unpaid Seller

Types:
a.

The seller of the goods who has not been paid or to whom the
price has not been tendered

b.

The seller of the goods, in case a bill of exchange or other

negotiable instrument has been received as conditional
payment, AND the condition on which it was received has
been broken by reason of the dishonor of the instrument,
insolvency of the buyer or otherwise.

Remedies:
1.

Possessory lien over the goods

2.

Right of stoppage in transitu after he has parted with the

possession of the goods and the buyer becomes insolvent

3.

Special Right of resale

4.

Special Right to rescind the sale

5.

Action for the price

6.

Action for damages

3.

Article 1484 or Recto Law

Remedies of vendor in sale of personal property by installments

Requisites:
1.

Contract of sale

2.

Personal property

3.

Payable in installments

4.

In the case of the second and third remedies, that there has
been a failure to pay two or more installments

NOTE: Apply likewise to contracts purporting to be leases of

personal property with option to buy

Art. 1484 does not apply to a sale:

1.

Payable on straight terms (partly in cash and partly in one

term)

2.

Of Real property

Remedies:
1.

Specific performance upon vendees failure to pay

NOTE: Does not bar full recovery for judgment secured may be
executed on all personal and real properties of the buyer which
are not exempt from execution (Palma v. CA.)
2.

Rescission of the sale if vendee shall have failed to pay two

or more installments

NOTES:

Nature of the remedy which requires mutual restitution

bars further action on the purchase price (Nonato vs. IAC.)

GENERAL RULE: cancellation of sale requires mutual

restitution, that is all partial payments of price or rents must
be returned
EXCEPTIONS: a stipulation that the installments or rents
paid shall not be returned to the vendee or lessee shall be
valid insofar as the same may not be unconscionable under
the circumstan-ces (Article 1486).
3.

Foreclosure of the chattel mortgage on the thing sold if

vendee shall have failed to pay two or more installments. In
this case, there shall be no further action against the
purchaser to recover unpaid balance of the price.

NOTES:

Further recovery barred only from the time of actual sale at public auction conducted pursuant to
foreclosure (Macondray vs. Tan.)

Other chattels given as security cannot be foreclosed if they are not subject of the installment
sale (Ridad vs. Filipinas investment and Finance Corp. GR 39806, Jan. 28, 1983)

 If the vendor assigns his right to a financing company, the latter may be regarded as a collecting

agency of the vendor and cannot therefore recover any deficiency from the vendee (Zayas vs. Luneta
Motors Co.)

When the vendor assigns his credit to another person, the latter is likewise bound by the same
law. Accordingly, when the assignee forecloses on the mortgage, there can be no further recovery of
the deficiency and the vendor-mortgagee is deemed to have renounced any right thereto (Borbon II vs.
Servicewide Specialist, Inc. 258SCRA658)

NOTE: However, Article 1484(3) does NOT bar one to whom the vendor has assigned on with a recourse
basis his credit against the vendee from recovering from the vendor the assigned credit in
full although the vendor may have no right of recovery against the vendee for the deficiency (Filipinas
Invest. & Finance Corp. vs. Vitug, Jr. 28SCRA658)

NOTE: Remedies are alternative and exclusive

IN CASE OF IMMOVABLES
1.

Ordinary Remedies
a.

In case of anticipatory breach

rescission (Article 1591)

b.

Failure to pay the purchase price

rescission upon judicial or notarial demand for rescission

(Article 1592)

the vendee may pay, even after the expiration of the

period, as long as no demand for rescission has been made
upon him
NOTE: Article 1592 does not apply to:
1)

Sale on instalment of real estate

2)

Contract to sell

3)

Conditional sale

4)

Cases covered by RA 6552: Realty Installment buyer

protection act

2.

R.A. No. 6552 or Maceda Law

An Act to Provide Protection to buyers of Real Estate on

Installment Payments

Law governing sale or financing of real estate on installment

payments

Requisites:
1.

transactions or contracts involving the sale OR financing of

real estate on installment payments, including residential
condominium apartments; and

2.

buyer defaults in payment of succeeding installments.

Rights of the buyer:

A.

If Buyer has paid at least two (2) years of installments

1.

The buyer must pay, without additional interest, the unpaid

installments due within the total grace period earned by
him. There shall be one (1) month grace period for every one
(1) year of installment payments made
NOTE: This right shall be exercised by the buyer ONLY once in
every 5 years of the life of the contract AND its extensions.

2.

Actual cancellation can only take place after 30 days from

receipt by the buyer of the notice of cancellation OR demand
for rescission by a notarial act AND upon full payment of the
cash surrender value to the buyer (Olympia Housing vs.
Panasiatic, 16 January 2003.)
NOTE: The seller shall refund to the buyer the cash surrender
value of the payments on the property equivalent to 50% of

the total payments made. After five (5) years of installments,

there shall be an additional 5% every year but not to exceed
90% of the total payments made
3.

The buyer shall have the right to sell his rights or assign the
same to another person OR to reinstate the contract by
updating the account during the grace period and before
actual cancellation of the contract

4.

The buyer shall have the right to pay in advance any

installment or the full unpaid balance of the purchase price
any time without interest and to have such full payment of
the purchase price annotated in the certificate of title
covering the property.

B.

If Buyer has paid less than 2 years of installments

1.

The seller shall give the buyer a grace period of NOT less than
60 days from the date the installment became due. If the
buyer fails to pay the installments due at the expiration of
the grace period, the seller may cancel the contract after 30
days from receipt by the buyer of the notice of cancellation
or the demand for rescission of contract by a notarial act.

2.

Same No. 3 and 4 paragraph A above

NOTE: Down payments, deposits or options on the contract shall be included in the computation of the
total number of installment payments made

Remedies of Unpaid Seller

I.

Possessory Lien

When may be exercised:

1.

Where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to

credit

2.

When the goods have been sold on credit, but the term of
credit has expired

3.

Where the buyer becomes insolvent

When lost:
1.

Delivery of the goods to a carrier or bailee for the purpose of

transmission to the buyer without reserving ownership or right
of possession

2.

When the buyer lawfully obtains possession of the goods

3.

By waiver of the lien

NOTE: Possessory lien is lost after the seller loses possession but his lien as an unpaid seller remains;
hence he is still an unpaid creditor with respect to the price of specific goods sold. His preference can
only be defeated by the governments claim to the specific tax on the goods themselves ( Arts. 2247 and
2241).
NOTE: The bringing of an action to recover the purchase price is not one of the ways of losing the
possessory lien. An unpaid seller does not lose his lien by reason that he has obtained a money
judgement or decree for the price of goods (Art. 1529, last paragraph).

II.

Stoppage of goods in transitu

Requisites:
1.

Seller must be unpaid

2.

Buyer must be insolvent

3.

Goods must be in transit

4.

Seller must either:

a.

actually take possession of the goods sold OR

b.

give notice of his claim to the carrier or other person in

possession

5.

Seller must surrender the negotiable document of title, if

any, issued by the carrier or bailee

6.

Seller must bear the expenses of delivery of the goods after

the exercise of the right

GOODS ARE CONSIDERED IN TRANSITU:

1. after delivery to a carrier or other bailee and before the buyer or his agent takes delivery of them;
and
2. If the goods are rejected by the buyer, and the carrier or other bailee continues in possession of
them

GOODS ARE NO LONGER CONSIDERED IN TRANSITU:

1. after delivery to the buyer or his agent in that behalf;
2. if the buyer or his agent obtains possession of the goods at a point before the destination originally
fixed;
3. if the carrier or the bailee acknowledges to hold the goods on behalf of the buyer; and
4. if the carrier or bailee wrongfully refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer

Effects of the exercise of the right

1.

The goods are no longer in transit.

2.

The contract of carriage ends; instead the carrier now becomes a

mere bailee, and will be liable as such.

3.

The carrier should not deliver anymore to the buyer or the

latters agent; otherwise he will clearly be liable for damages.

4.

The carrier must redeliver to, or according to the directions of

the seller.

WAYS OF EXERCISING THE RIGHT TO STOP:

1. By taking actual possession of the goods
2. By giving notice of his claim to the carrier or bailee

III. Special Right of Resale

May be exercised only when the unpaid seller has either a right of
lien OR has stopped the goods in transitu AND under ANY of the
following conditions:
1.

Where the goods are perishable in nature

2.

Where the right to resell is expressly reserved in case the

buyer should make a default

3.

Where the buyer delays in the payment of the price for an

unreasonable time

IV. Rescission

Types:
1.

Special Right to Rescind Under Art. 1534 If the seller has

either the right of lien OR a right to stop the goods in
transitu AND under either of 2 situations:
a.

Where the right to rescind on default has been expressly

reserved

b.

Where the buyer has been in default for an unreasonable

time

2.

Under Art. 1597 (technical rescission)

V.

Action for the price

When may be exercised:

1.

Where the ownership has passed to the buyer AND he

wrongfully neglects OR refuses to pay for the price

2.

Where the price is payable on a day certain AND he

wrongfully

neglects OR refuses

to

pay

for

the

price,

irrespective of the delivery or transfer of title

3.

Where the goods cannot readily be resold for a reasonable

price AND the buyer wrongfully refuses to accept them even
before the ownership of the goods has passed, if Article 1596
is inapplicable.

VI. Action for damages

When may be exercised:

1.

In case of wrongful neglect or refusal by the buyer to accept

or pay for the thing sold (Art. 1596 par.1)

2.

In an executory contract, where the ownership in the goods

has not passed, and the seller cannot maintain an action to
recover the price (Art 1595)

3.

If the goods are not yet identified at the time of the contract
or subsequently

B.

REMEDIES OF THE BUYER FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT

1.

Action for specific performance (Art. 1598)

Where the seller has broken the contract to deliver specific or

ascertained goods

The judgment or decree may be unconditional, or upon such

terms and conditions as to damages, payment of the price and
otherwise as the court may deem just

2.

Remedies of buyer for breach of warranty by seller (Art.

1599):

1.

Recoupment accept the goods and set up the sellers breach to

reduce or extinguish the price

2.

Accept the goods and maintain an action for damages for breach
of warranty

3.

Refuse to accept the goods and maintain an action for damages

for breach of warranty

4.

Rescind the contract by returning or offering the return of the

goods, and recover the price of any part thereof

NOTE: These are alternative remedies.

When rescission by buyer not allowed:

1. if the buyer accepted the goods knowing of the breach of warranty without protest
2. if he fails to notify the seller within a reasonable time of his election to rescind
3. if he fails to return or offer to return the goods in substantially as good condition as they were in at
the time of the transfer of ownership to him

EXTINGUISHMENT OF SALE
1.

Same causes as in all other obligations

2.

Conventional Redemption

3.

Legal Redemption

CONVENTIONAL REDEMPTION

The right which the vendor reserves to himself, to reacquire the

property sold provided he returns to the vendee:
b.

the price of the sale;

c.

expenses of the contract;

d.

any other legitimate payments made therefore and;

e.

the necessary and useful expenses made on the thing sold;

and

f.

fulfills other stipulations which may have been agreed upon.

A sale with conventional redemption is deemed to be an equitable mortgage in any of the

following cases: (IPERTOD)
1.

Unusually Inadequate purchase price;

2.

Possession by the vendor remains, as lessee or otherwise;

3.

Extension of redemption period after expiration;

4.

Retention by the vendee of part of the purchase price;

5.

Vendor binds himself to pay the Taxes of the thing sold;

6.

Any Other case where the parties really intended that the
transaction should secure the payment of a debt or the
performance of any obligation; or

7.

When there is Doubt as to whether contract is contract of sale

with right of repurchase or an equitable mortgage.

Equitable Mortgage

One which lacks the proper formalities, form of words, or other

requisites prescribed by law for a mortgage, but shows the
intention of the parties to make the property subject of the
contract as security for a debt and contains nothing impossible or
contrary to law (Cachola vs. CA 208SCRA496)

* When can there be presumption as to Equitable Mortgage?

1) Parties must have entered into a contract denominated as a contract of sale
2) The intention of the parties was to secure an existing debt by way of mortgage
NOTE: In the cases referred to in Arts. 1602 and 1604, the apparent vendor may ask for the
reformation of the instrument.
Remedy of Reformation: To correct the instrument so as to make it express the true intent of the
parties.

Redemption Period
a.

if there is an agreement: period agreed upon cannot exceed 10

years

b.

if no agreement as to the period: 4 years from the date of the

contract

c.

the vendor who fails to repurchase the property within the period
agreed upon may, however, exercise the right to repurchase
within 30 days FROM the time final judgment was rendered in a
civil action on the basis that the contract was a true sale with
right of repurchase

This refers to cases involving a transaction where one of the

parties contests or denies that the true agreement is one of
sale with right to repurchase; not to cases where the
transaction

is

conclusively

pacto

de

retro

sale. Example: Where a buyer a retro honestly believed that

he entered merely into an Equitable Mortgage, not a pacto de
retro transaction, and because of such belief he had not
redeemed within the proper period.
NOTE: Tender of payment is sufficient to compel redemption, but
is not in itself a payment that relieves the vendor from his
liability to pay the redemption price (Paez vs. Magno.)

LEGAL REDEMPTION

The right to be subrogated, upon the same terms and conditions

stipulated in the contract, in the place of one who acquires a
thing by (1) purchase or (2) dation in payment, or (3) by any other
transaction whereby ownership is transferred by onerous title.

May be effected against movables or immovables.

It must be exercised within thirty (30) days from the notice in
writing by the vendor.\

NOTE: Written notice under Article 1623 is mandatory for the right of redemption to commence (PSC
vs. Sps. Valencia 19 August 2003.)

BASIS OF LEGAL REDEMPTION: Not on any proprietary right, which after the sale of the property on
execution, leaves the judgment debtor and vests in the purchaser, but on a bare statutory privilege to
be exercised only by the persons named in the statute.

Tender of payment is not necessary; offer to redeem is enough.

PRE-EMPTION

1. arises
sale

2.

no

before

rescission

REDEMPTION

1. arises after sale

2.

there

can

be

of

the

because no sale as

rescission

yet exists

original sale

3. the action is

3. action is directed

directed

against the buyer

the

against

prospective

seller

Instances of legal redemption:

A. Under the Civil Code (legal redemption):
1.

Sale of a co-owner of his share to a stranger (Article 1620)

2.

When a credit or other incorporeal right in litigation is sold

(Article 1634)

3.

Sale of an heir of his hereditary rights to a stranger (Article

1088)

4.

Sale of adjacent rural lands not exceeding one hectare

(Article 1621)

5.

Sale of adjacent small urban lands bought merely for

speculation (Article 1622)

B. Under special laws:

1.

An equity of redemption in cases of judicial foreclosures

2.

A right of redemption in cases of extra-judicial foreclosures

3.

Redemption of homesteads

4.

Redemption in tax sales

5.

Redemption by an agricultural tenant of land sold by the

landowner

ASSIGNMENT OF CREDIT

a contract by which the owner of a credit transfers to another his

rights and actions against a third person in consideration of a
price certain in money or its equivalent

NOTE: Transfer of rights by assignment takes place by the perfection of the contract of assignment
without the necessity of delivering the document evidencing the credit.

this rule does not apply to negotiable documents and

documents of title which are governed by special laws.

Effects of Assignment:

1.

transfers the right to collect the full value of the credit, even if
he paid a price less than such value

2.

transfers all the accessory rights

3.

debtor can set up against the assignee all the defenses he could
have set up against the assignor

Effect of payment by the debtor after assignment of credit

1.

Before Notice of the assignment

Payment to the original creditor is valid and debtor shall be

released from his obligation
2.

After Notice

Payment to the original creditor is not valid as against the

assignee

He can be made to pay again by the assignee

Warranties of the assignor of credit:

a.

He warrants the existence of the credit

b.

He warrants the legality of the credit at the perfection of the

contract

NOTE: There is no warranty as to the solvency of the debtor unless it is expressly stipulated OR
unless the insolvency was already existing and of public knowledge at the time of the assignment

NOTE: The seller of an inheritance warrants only the fact of his heirship but not the objects which
make up his inheritance.

Liabilities of the assignor of credit for violation of his warranties

1.

Assignor in good faith

Liability is limited only to the price received and to the

expenses of the contract, and any other legitimate payments
by reason of the assignment
2.

Assignor in bad faith

Liable not only for the payment of the price and all the
expenses but also for damages

Legal Redemption in Sale or Credit or other incorporeal right in litigation

Requisites:

1.

There must be a sale or assignment of credit

2.

There must be a pending litigation at the time of the assignment

3.

The debtor must pay the assignee:

4.

a.

price paid by him

b.

judicial cost incurred by him; AND

c.

interest on the price from the date of payment

The right must be exercised by the debtor within 30 days from

the date the assignee demands (judicially or extra-judicially)
payment from him

SALE OF CREDIT OR OTHER INCORPOREAL RIGHTS IN LITIGATION

GENERAL RULE: Debtor has the right of legal redemption in sale of credit or incorporeal rights in
litigation
EXCEPTIONS:
a.

Sale to a co-heir or co-owner

b.

Sale to a co-owner

c.

Sale to the possessor of property in question

BARTER

BARTER

contract whereby one of the parties binds himself to give one

thing in consideration of the others promise to give another thing
(Article 1638)

NOTE: Barter is similar to a sale with the only difference that instead of paying a price in money,
another thing is given in lieu of the purchase price

PERFECTION and CONSUMMATION

Perfected from the moment there is a meeting of minds upon the

things promised by each party in consideration of the other

Consummated from the time of mutual delivery by the

contracting parties of the things promised

NOTES:

Where the giver of the thing bartered is not the lawful owner
thereof, the aggrieved party cannot be compelled to deliver the
thing which he has promised and is also entitled to damages.

 Where a party is evicted of the thing exchanged, the injured

party is given the option, either to recover the property he has
given in exchange with damages or only claim an indemnity for
damages.

As to matters not provided for by the provisions on barter, the

provisions on sales will apply suppletorily

BULK SALES LAW (Act No. 3952)

When Sale or Transfer in Bulk:

Any sale, transfer, mortgage, or assignment:

1.

Of a stock of goods, wares, merchandise, provisions, or materials

otherwise than in the ordinary course of trade and the regular
prosecution of business; or

2.

Of all or substantially all, of the business or trade; or

3.

Of all or substantially all, of the fixtures and equipment used in

the business of the vendor, mortgagor, transferor or assignor
(section 2)

When sale or transfer in bulk not covered by Bulk Sales Law:

1.

If the sale or transfer is in the ordinary course of trade and the

regular prosecution of business of the vendor;

2.

If it is made by one who produces and delivers a written waiver of

the provisions of the Bulk Sales Act from his creditors

3.

If it is made by an executor, administrator, receiver, assignee in

insolvency, or public officer, acting under judicial process (Section
8); and

4.

If it refers to properties exempt from attachment or execution

(Rules of Court, Rule 39, Section 12)

Protection Accorded to Creditors by Bulk Sales Law:

1.

It requires the vendor, mortgagor, transferor or assignor to deliver

to the vendee, mortgagee, or to his or its agent or representative
a sworn written statement of names and addresses of all creditors
to whom said vendor, etc. may have been indebted together with
the amount due or to be due (Section 3)

2.

It requires the vendor, mortgagor, transferor or assignor, at least

10 days before the sale, transfer, mortgage, assignment to make a
full detailed inventory showing the quantity and the cost of price
of goods, and to notify every creditor of the price terms and
conditions of the sale, etc. (Section 5)

Effects of False Statements in the Schedule of Creditors:

1.

Without knowledge of buyer

If the statement is fair upon its face and the buyer has no
knowledge of its incorrectness and nothing to put him on
inquiry about it, he will be protected in its purchase

The remedy of the creditor is not against the goods but to

prosecute the seller criminally

2.

With knowledge or imputed knowledge of buyer

The vendee accepts it at his peril

The sale is valid only as between the vendor and the vendee
but void against the creditors

3.

With names of certain creditors without notice are omitted

from the list

The sale is void as to such creditors, whether the omission

was fraudulent or not,

4.

With respect to an innocent purchaser for a value from the

original purchaser

An innocent purchaser for value from the original purchaser is

protected

However if the circumstances are such as to bind the

subsequent purchaser with constructive notice that the sale
to the vendor (original purchaser) was fraudulent, the
property will be liable in his hands to creditors of the original
vendor

Effect of violation of law on Transfer:

1.

As between the parties

The Bulk Sales Law does not in any way affect the validity of
the transfer as between the intermediate parties thereto

A sale not in compliance with the Bulk Sales Law is valid

against all persons other than the creditors.

2.

As against creditors

A purchaser in violation of the law acquires no right in the

property purchased as against the creditors of the seller

His status is that of a trustee or receiver for the benefit of

the creditors of the seller; as such, he is responsible for the
disposition of the property

Remedies Available to creditors:

The proper remedy is one against the goods to subject them to

the payment of the debt, such as execution, attachment,
garnishment, or by a proceeding in equity

An ordinary action against the purchaser to obtain money

judgement will not lie, unless the purchaser has sold or otherwise
disposed of, or dealt with the property, so as to become
personally liable to creditors for value of it.

Acts Punished by Bulk Sales Law:

1.

Knowingly or wilfully making or delivering a statement required

by the Act which does not include the names of all the creditors
of the vendor, etc. with the correct amount due or to become due
or which contains any false or untrue statement; and

2.

Transferring title to any stock of goods, wares, merchandise,

provisions or materials sold in bulk without consideration or for
nominal consideration (Section 7)

RETAIL TRADE LIBERALIZATION ACT

(RA 8762)

Retail Trade

Any act occupation or calling of habitually selling direct to the

general

public

merchandise,

commodities

or

goods

for

consumption, but the restrictions of this law shall not apply to the
following:
1.

Sales by manufacturer, processor, laborer, or worker, to the

general public the products manufactured, processed produced by
him if his capital does not exceed P100,000;

2.

Sales by a farmer or agriculturalist selling the products of his

farm

3.

Sales in restaurant operations by a hotel owner or inn-keeper

irrespective of the amount of capital; provided that the
restaurant is incidental to the hotel business; and

4.

Sales which are limited only to products manufactured, processed

or assembled by a manufacturer through a single outlet,
irrespective of capitalization

High-End or Luxury Goods

Goods which are not necessary for life maintenance and whose
demand is generated in large part by the higher income groups

Shall include but not limited to: jewelry, branded or designer

clothing and footwear, wearing apparel, leisure and sporting
goods, electronics and other personal effects
NOTE: A natural-born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his citizenship but who resides in
the Philippines shall be granted the same rights as Filipino citizens

Foreign Equity Participation:

Foreign-owned partnerships, associations and corporations

formed and organized under the laws of the Philippines may, upon
registration with SECand DTI, or in case of Foreign-owned single
proprietorship with the DTI, engage or invest in retail trade
business, subject to the following categories:
1.

Category A:

Paid-up capital of the equivalent in Philippine Peso of: <

$2,500,000 US Dollars

Reserved exclusively for Filipino citizens and corporations

wholly owned by citizens
2.

Category B:

Minimum paid-up capital of the equivalent in Philippine Peso

of $2,500,000 US Dollars, but <$7,500,000

 May be wholly owned by foreigners except for the first two

years after the effectivity of this Act wherein foreign
participation shall be limited to not > 60% of total equity.
3.

Category C:

Paid-up capital of the equivalent in Philippine Peso

of: $7,500,000 US Dollars or more

May be wholly owned by foreigners

NOTE: In no case shall the investments for establishing a
store in Categories B and C be less than the equivalent in
Philippine Peso of: US $830,000
4.

Category D:

Enterprises specializing in high-end or luxury products with

paid-up

capital

of

the

equivalent

in

Philippine

Peso

of: $250,000 US Dollars per store

May be wholly owned by foreigners

NOTES:

Foreign

investor

shall

be

required

to

maintain

in

the Philippines the FULL amount of the prescribed minimum

capital, UNLESS the foreign investor has notified the SEC and the
DTI of its intention to repatriate its capital and cease operations
in the Philippines

Failure to maintain the full amount of the prescribed minimum

capital prior to notification of the SEC and the DTI shall subject
the foreign investors to penalties or restrictions on any future
trading activities/business in the Philippines

NOTE: Foreign Investors Acquiring Shares of Stock of existing retail stores whether or not publicly
listed whose net worth is in excess of the Peso equivalent of US $2,500,000 may purchase only up to
the maximum of 60% of the equity thereof within the first 2 years, and thereafter, they may acquire
the remaining percentage consistent with the allowable foreign participation as herein provided

NOTE: All retail Trade enterprises under categories B and C in which foreign ownership exceeds 80% of
equity shall offer a minimum of 30% of their equity to the public through any stock exchange in
the Philippines within 8 years from the start of the operations

Qualification of Foreign Retailers

1.

Minimum of $200,000,000 US Dollars net worth in its parent

corporation for Categories B and C and $50,000,000 net worth in
its parent corporation for Categories D

2.

5 retailing branches or franchises in operation anywhere around

the world unless such retailer has at least 1 store capitalized at a
minimum of $25,000,000 US Dollars

3.

5-year track record in retailing; and

4.

Only nationals from, or juridical entities formed or incorporated

in

Countries

which

allow

to

engage

in

retail

trade

in

the Philippines

PD 957 (SUBDIVISION AND CONDOMINIUM BUYERS PROTECTIVE DECREE

Registration of Projects

The registered owner of a parcel of land who wishes to convert

the same into a subdivision project shall submit his subdivision

plan to the HOUSING AND LAND-USE REGULATORY BOARD, which

shall act upon and approve the same, upon a finding that the plan
complies

with

the

Subdivision

Standards and

Regulations

enforceable at the time the plan is submitted. The same

procedure shall be followed in the case of a plan for a
condominium project except that, in addition, said Authority shall
act upon and approve the plan with respect to the building or
buildings included in the condominium project in accordance with
the National Building Code (R.A. No. 6541).

The subdivision plan, as so approved, shall then be submitted to

the Director of Lands for approval in accordance with the
procedure prescribed in Section 44 of the Land Registration Act
(Act No. 496, as amended by R.A. No. 440): Provided, that it case
of complex subdivision plans, court approval shall no longer be
required. The condominium plan as likewise so approved, shall be
submitted to the Register of Deeds of the province or city in
which the property lies and the same shall be acted upon subject
to the conditions and in accordance with the procedure
prescribed in Section 4 of the Condominium Act (R.A. No. 4726).

National Housing authority (now Housing and Land Use Regulatory

Board) has the exclusive jurisdiction to regulate the real estate
trade and business.

License to sell

Such owner or dealer to whom has been issued a registration

certificate shall not, however, be authorized to sell any
subdivision lot or condominium unit in the registered project
unless he shall have first obtained a license to sell the project
within two weeks from the registration of such project.

Exempt transactions

A license to sell and performance bond shall not be required in

any of the following transactions:

1.

Sale of a subdivision lot resulting from the partition of land

among co-owners and co-heirs.

2.

Sale or transfer of a subdivision lot by the original purchaser

thereof and any subsequent sale of the same lot.

3.

Sale of a subdivision lot or a condominium unit by or for the

account of a mortgagee in the ordinary course of business when
necessary to liquidate a bona fide debt.

Grounds for Revocation of registration certificate and license to sell of owners or dealers
1.

Is insolvent; or

2.

Has violated any of the provisions of this Decree or any applicable

rule or regulation of the Authority, or any undertaking of his/its
performance bond; or

3.

Has been or is engaged or is about to engage in fraudulent

transactions; or

4.

Has made any misrepresentation in any prospectus, brochure,

circular or other literature about the subdivision project or
condominium project that has been distributed to prospective
buyers; or

5.

Is of bad business repute; or

6.

Does not conduct his business in accordance with law or sound

business principles.

LEASE

LEASE

consensual, bilateral, onerous, and commutative contract by

virtue of which one person binds himself to grant temporarily the
use of the thing or to render some service to another who
undertakes to pay some rent.
Kinds of Leases (From the view point of the subject matter

1.

Lease of things

2.

Lease of service

3.

Lease of work

NOTE: Since lease is consensual and is not imposed by law, only the lessor has the right to fix the
rents. However, the increasing of the rent is not an absolute right on the part of the lessor.

Characteristics or Requisites for Lease of Things

1.

Consensual

2.

Principal

3.

Nominate

4.

Purpose is to allow enjoyment or use of a thing (the person to

enjoy is the lessee; the person allowing the enjoyment by
another is the lessor

5.

Subject matter must be within the commerce of man

6.

Purpose to which the thing will be devoted should not be

immoral

7.

Onerous (there must rent or price certain)

8.

Period is Temporary (not perpetual, hence, the longest period

is 99 years)

9.

Period is either definite or indefinite

If no term is fixed, we should apply Art.1682 (for rural

leases) and Art. 1687 (for urban leases)

If the term is fixed but indefinite, the court will fix the
term under the law of obligations and contracts

10.

Lessor need not be the owner

NOTE: A usufructuary may thus lease the premises in favor of a

stranger, such lease to end at the time that the usufruct itself
ends

Rent

The compensation either in money, provisions, chattels, or

labor, received by the lessor from the lessee.

NOTES:

When a student boards and lodges in a dormitory, there is no

contract of lease. The contract is not designated specifically in
the Civil Code. It is an innominate contract. It is however,
believed that the contract can be denominated as the contract of
board and lodging.

There is a contract of lease when the use and enjoyment of a

safety deposit box in a bank is given for a price certain. This is
certainly not a contract of deposit.

A lease of personal property with option to buy (at a nominal

amount) at the end of the lease can be considered a sale.

LEASE
1.

only

use

enjoyment

SALES
or

1.

ownership

is

transferred

is

2.

is

transferred

2.

transfer

temporary

transfer

permanent

is

3. lessor need not

3. seller must be

be the owner

the owner at the

time the property
is delivered

4. the price of the

4.

usually,

object,

selling

distinguished from

mentioned

price

the
is

the rent, is usually

not mentioned

Lease of
Things
1.

object

contract

Lease of Services

of
is

1.

object is some

work or service

thing

2.

lessor

has

2.

to

deliver

the

perform some work

thing leased

3.

in

breach,

case

lessor has to

or service

of

there

3.

in

case

breach, no action

can be an action

for

for

performance

specific

of

specific

performance

Lease of

Contract for a

Services

Piece of Work

(locatio

(locatio operas)

operatum)

1.

1.

the

important
is

object

the

labor

the important

object is the work

done

performed by the
lessor

2.

the result is

generally

not

2.

the result is

generally

important, hence

important;

the

is

generally, the price

to

be

is not payable until

even

if

laborer

entitled
paid

the

work

is

there

is

completed,

destruction

of

said price cannot

the work through

be

fortuitous event

demanded

and

lawfully
if

the

work is destroyed
before it is finished
and accepted

Lease of

Agency

Services

It

is

based

based

on

onemployment

representation

the

agent

lessor

of

It

is

represents

services does not

his

representhis

enters into juridical

employer nordoe

acts.

principal

and

he

executejuridical
acts.
Principal
contract

Preparatory
contract

Rule for Lease of Consumable Goods

GENERAL RULE: Consumable goods cannot be the subject matter of a contract of lease of things.
Why? To use or enjoy hem, they will have to be consumed. This cannot be done by a lease since
ownership over them is not transferred to him by the contract of lease.
EXCEPTIONS:
a.

If they are merely exhibited

b.

If they are accessory to an industrial establishment

RECORDING OF LEASE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY

GENERAL RULE: Lease of real property is personal right
EXCEPTIONS: Lease partakes of the nature of real right if:
a.

Lease of real property is more than 1 year

b.

Lease of real property is registered regardless of duration

NOTE: Lease of personal property cannot be registered. To be binding against third persons, the
parties must execute a public instrument.

* Lease may be made orally, but if the lease of Real Property is for more than 1 year, it must be in writing under the Statue
of Frauds.

Persons Disqualified to be Lessees Because Disqualified to Buy

1.

A husband and a wife cannot lease to each other their separate

properties except:

a.

if separation of property was agreed upon

b.

if there has been judicial separation of property

Persons referred to in Art. 1491 are disqualified because of fiduciary relationships

SUBLEASE

 A separate and distinct contract of lease wherein the original

lessee becomes a sublessor to a sublessee.

Allowed unless expressly prohibited.

The sublessee is subsidiarily liable for any rent due. The lessor
has an accion directa against the sublessee for unpaid rentals and
improper use of the object.

SUBLEASE

ASSIGNMENT OF
LEASE

1. there are two

leases and two
distinct juridical
relationships
although
immediately
connected
and
related to each
other

1. there is only one

juridical
relationship, that of
the lessor and the
assignee, who is
converted into a
lessee

2.

2. the personality of

personality

the
of

the lessee does

the

lessee

disappears

not disappear

3.the lessee does

not
transmit
absolutely
his

3.
the
lessee
transmits absolutely
his rights to the

rights
and
obligations to the
sublessee

assignee

4. the sublessee,
generally, does
not have any
direct
action
against the lessor

4. the assignee has

a
direct
action
against the lessor

RIGHTS OF LESSOR IF SUBLEASE PROHIBITED BUT ENTERED INTO BY LESSEE:

1) Rescission and damages, or
2) Damages only (Contract will be allowed to remain in force)
3) Ejectment

Instances when sublessee is liable to the lessor:

a.

All acts which refer to the use and preservation of the thing
leased in the manner stipulated between the lessor and the
lessee

b.

The sublessee is subsidiarily liable to the lessor for any rent

due from the lessee.

NOTE: The sublessee shall not be responsible beyond the amount of rent due from him.

Accion Directa: direct action which the lessor may bring against a sublessee who misuses the subleased
property.

OBLIGATIONS OF THE LESSOR (DnM)

a.

Delivery of the object (cannot be waived)

b.

Making of necessary repairs

c.

Maintenance in peaceful and adequate possession

OBLIGATIONS OF THE LESSEE (R2EN2U)

a.

to pay rent

b.

to use thing leased as a diligent father of a family, devoting it

to the use stipulated

c.

to pay expenses for the deed of lease

d.

to notify the lessor of usurpation or untoward acts

e.

to notify the lessor of need for repairs

f.

to return the property leased upon termination of the lease

Effect of Destruction of the Thing Leased:

1.

Total destruction by a fortuitous event

Lease is extinguished

2.

Partial destruction
a.

Proportional reduction of the rent, or

b.

Rescission of the lease

When lessee may suspend payment of rent:

1. lessor fails to undertake necessary repairs

2. lessor fails to maintain the lessee in peaceful and adequate
enjoyment of the property leased

NOTE: Suspend- for the intervening period, the lessee does not have to pay the rent.

EFFECTIVITY OF THE SUSPENSION:

The right begins:
a) In the case of repairs, from the time he made the demand for said repairs, and the demand went
unheeded.
b) In the case of eviction, from the time the final judgment for eviction becomes effective.

Alternative remedies of Aggrieved party (Lessor/Lessee) in case of Non-fulfillment of duties:

1.

Rescission and damages

2.

Damages only, allowing the contract to remain in force Specific

Performance

NOTE: Damages Recoverable in ejectment cases are the rents or the fair rental value of the
premises. The following cannot be successfully claimed:
1.

Profits plaintiff could have earned were it not for the possible
entry or unlawful detainer

2.

Material injury to the premises

3.

Actual, moral, or exemplary damages

Immediate termination of lease under Art. 1660 applies:

1.

only to dwelling place or any other building intended for human

habitation

2.

even if at the time the contract was perfected, the lessee knew
of the dangerous condition or waived the right to rescind on
account of this condition

Rules on Alteration of the Form of the Lease

The Lessor can alter provided there is no impairment of the use

to which the thing is devoted under the terms of the lease

Alteration can also be made by the Lessee so long as the value of

the property is not substantially impaired

Rules in case of Urgent Repairs

The lessee is obliged to tolerate the work although it may be very

annoying to him and although during the same time he may be
deprived of a part of the premises
1.

If repairs last for more than 40 days: Lessee cannot act for
reduction of rent or rescission

2.

If 40 days or more: lessee can ask for proportionate reduction

NOTE: In either case, rescission may be availed of if the main purpose is to provide a dwelling place
and the property becomes uninhabitable.

Effects if Lessor fails to make Urgent Repairs

1.

Lessee may order repairs at the lessors cost

2.

Lessee may sue for damages

3.

Lessee may suspend the payment of the rent

4.

Lessee may ask for rescission, in case of substantial damage to

him

TRESPASS IN LEASE:
1.

Trespass in fact (perturbacion de mere hecho):

physical enjoyment is reduced

 Lessor will not be held liable.

2.

Trespass in law (perturbacion de derecho):

A third person claims legal right to enjoy the premises

Lessor will be held liable

NOTE: While the Japanese Occupation was a fortuitous event, the lessor is still not excused from his
obligation to warrant peaceful legal possession. Lease is a contract that calls for prestations both
reciprocal and repetitive; and the obligations of either party are not discharged at any given moment,
but must be fulfilled all throughout the term of the contract. (Villaruel vs. Manila Motor Co.)

Duration of Lease
1.

Lease made for a determinate time or fixed Period

Lease will be for the said period and it ends on the day fixed
without need of a demand

2.

If there is no fixed period

A.

For Rural Lands (Article 1680)

it shall be for all time necessary for the gathering of fruits

which the whole estate may yield in 1 year, or which it may
yield once
B.

For Urban Lands (Article 1687)

a.

If rent is paid daily: lease is from day to day

b.

If rent is paid weekly: lease is from week to week

c.

If rent is paid monthly: lease is from month to month

d.

If rent is paid yearly: lease is from year to year

RULES ON EXTENSION OF THE LEASE PERIOD:

1) If a lease contract for a definite term allows lessee to extend the term, there is no necessity for
lessee to notify lessor of his desire to so extend the term, unless the contrary is stipulated.
2) May be extended as stipulation: lessee can extend without lessors consent but lessee must notify
lessor.
3) May be extended for 6 years agreed upon by both parties as stipulation: This must be interpreted
in favor of the lessee. Hence, ordinarily the lessee at the end of the original period may either:
a)

leave the premises; or

b)

remain in possession

4) In co-ownership, assent of all is needed; otherwise, it is void or ineffective as against non-consenting

co-owners.
5) Where according to the terms of the contract, the lease can be extended only by the written
consent of the parties thereto, no right of extension can rise without such written consent.

Rule if Lessor Objects to the Lessees continued Possession:

Requisites:
1.

Contract has expired

2.

Lessee continued enjoying the thing

3.

Lessor Objected to this enjoyment

If the three requisites are present, the lessee shall be considered

a possessor in bad faith

IMPLIED NEW LEASE (Tacita Reconducion)

lease which arises if at the end of the contract the lessee should
continue enjoying the thing leased for 15 days with the

acquiescence of the lessor, unless a notice to the contrary had

previously been given by either party.

Requisites:
a.

the term of the original contract has expired

b.

the lessor has not given the lessee a notice to vacate

c.

the lessee continued enjoying the thing leased for at least 15

days with the acquiescence of the lessor

When there is no implied new lease:

1.

When before or after the expiration of the term, there is a

notice to vacate given by either party.

2.

When there is no definite fixed period in the original lease

contract as in the case of successive renewals.

Effects:
a.

The period of the new lease is not that stated in the original
contract but the time in Articles 1682 and 1687.

b.

Other terms of the original contract are revived.

NOTE: Terms that are revived are only those which are germane to the enjoyment of possession, but
not those with respect to special agreements

which are by nature foreign to the right of occupancy or enjoyment inherent in a contract of lease
such as an option to purchase the leased premises(Dizon vs. Magsaysay GR No. 23399, May 31,1974)

Perpetual Lease

A lease contract providing that the lessee can stay in the

premises for as long as he wants and for as long as he can pay the
rentals and its increases.

This is not permissible; it is a purely potestative condition

because it leaves the effectivity and enjoyment of leasehold
rights to the sole and exclusive will of the lessee

NOTE: In Jespajo Realty vs. CA, 27 Sept. 2002, the SC upheld a lease contract, which provides that
the lease contract shall continue for an indefinite period provided that the lessee is up-to-date in the
payment of his monthly rentals for the contract is one with a period subject to a resolutory condition.

PURCHASE OF THE LEASED PROPERTY

GENERAL RULE: Purchaser of thing leased can terminate lease.
EXCEPTIONS:
a.

lease is recorded in Registry of Property

b.

there is stipulation in the contract of sale that purchaser shall

respect the lease

c.

purchaser knows the existence of the lease

d.

sale is fictitious

e.

sale is made with right of repurchase

GROUNDS FOR EJECTMENT UNDER ART. 1673: (ELVU)

1.

Expiration of the period agreed upon or the period under Arts.

1682 and 1687;

2.

Lack of payment of the price stipulated;

3.

Violation of any of the conditions agreed upon in the contract;

and

4.

Unauthorized use or service by the lessee of the thing leased.

RENTAL REFORM ACT OF 2002

(R.A. No. 9161)

Effectivity: January 1, 2002.

Coverage:
a.

All residential units of NCR and other highly urbanized cities, the
total monthly rental for each of which does not exceed P7,500;

b.

All residential units in other areas the total monthly rental for
each of which does not exceed P4,000 as of 1/1/02, without
prejudice to pre-existing contracts.

Grounds for judicial ejectment: SANORE

1.

Assignment of lease or subleasing of residential units including

the acceptance of boarders or bedspacers without written consent
of the owner or lessor;

2.

Arrears in payment of rent for a total of 3 months;

3.

Legitimate needs of the owner or lessor to repossess for his own

use or for the use of any immediate member of his family as a
residential unit,provided:
a.

owner or immediate member not being owner of any other

available residential unit within the same city or municipality;

b.

lease for a definite period has expired;

c.

lessor has given lessee formal notice 3 months in advance;

and
d.

owner or lessor is prohibited from leasing the residential unit

or allowing its use by a third person for at least 1 year.

4.

Absolute ownership by the lessee of another dwelling unit in the

same city or municipality which may be lawfully used as his
residence provided lessee is with formal notice 3 months in
advance;

5.

Need of the lessor to make necessary repairs in the leased

premises

which

is

the

subject

of

an

existing

order

of

condemnation by appropriate authorities concerned in order to

make said premises safe and habitable; and
6.

Expiration of period of the lease contract.

NOTE:

Except when the lease is for a definite period, the provisions of

Art. 1673(1) of the Civil Code (CC), insofar as they refer to
residential units, shall be suspended during the effectivity of R.A.
9161, but other provisions of the CC and the Rules of Court on
lease contracts insofar as they are not in conflict with the
provisions of R.A. No. 9161 shall apply.

No increase in monthly rental by more than 10% is allowed.

TERMINATION OF THE LEASE

If made for a determinate time, it ceases upon the day fixed

without the need of a demand.
1) By the expiration of the period
2) By the total loss of the thing

3) By the resolution of the right of the lessor

4) By the will of the purchaser or transferee of the thing
5) By rescission due to non-performance of the obligation of one of the parties

Special Provisions for Rural Lands

Effect of loss due to fortuitous event:

1.

Ordinary fortuitous event no reduction

2.

Extraordinary fortuitous event

a.

if more than of the fruits were lost, there shall be a

reduction, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary

b.

if or less, there shall be no reduction

Lease duration: If not fixed, it shall be for all time necessary for
the gathering of fruits which the whole estate may yield in 1 year,
or which it may yield once.

Special Provisions for Urban Lands

Repairs for which urban lessor is liable:

1.

special stipulation

2.

if none, custom of the place

3.

in case of doubt, the repairs are chargeable against him

Lease duration:
1. If there is a fixed period, lease will be for said period.
2. If no fixed period, apply the following rules:

a.

If rent is paid daily: day to day

b.

If rent is paid weekly: week to week

c.

If rent is paid monthly: month to month

d.

If rent is paid yearly: year to year