Conference on Chinese Population and Socioeconomic Studies:
Utilizing the 2000/2001 round Census Data
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
19-21 June 2002, Hong Kong SAR
CHANGING EDUCATION PROFILE OF
SINGAPORE POPULATION
INTRODUCTION
Over the last decade, significant gains have been made in Singapores
economic and social development. One such area in which much progress has
been made is in the education attainment of Singapores resident population.
This paper provides an overview of the education profile of Singapore
residents. It highlights the changes in education attainment of Singapore
residents that have taken placed during the last decade and examines the extent
of education upgrading among non-graduate residents. The paper also looks at
how Singapores education profile compares with that of Hong Kong.
Data are obtained from the latest round of Singapore Population Census
conducted in 2000. Comparisons are made with the 1990 Population Census and
1995 General Household Survey. Data for Hong Kong are drawn from Hong
Kong 1991 and 2001 Population Censuses.
HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED
The education profile of Singapore residents had improved significantly
in the last decade. In 2000, some 57 per cent of the resident non-student
population aged 15 years and over had secondary or higher qualifications
(Table 1). This was 15 percentage points higher than the corresponding 42 per
cent recorded in the 1990 census. The share of university graduates in the
population had also increased significantly from 4.5 per cent in 1990 to 12 per
cent in 2000.
TABLE 1
HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED
Highest Qualification Attained
Total
No Qualification
Primary
Secondary
Upper Secondary
Polytechnic
University
Singapore
Residents
1990
2000
1990
2000
Per Cent
Permanent
Residents
1990
2000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
31.3
27.0
26.5
7.3
3.5
4.5
19.6
23.1
24.6
14.9
6.2
11.7
31.5
26.8
27.0
7.3
3.4
4.0
20.9
23.6
25.3
14.5
6.3
9.5
27.2
30.9
16.7
7.1
3.8
14.2
7.5
17.6
18.5
18.4
5.2
32.7
Citizens
The improved educational attainment of the resident population reflected
the expansion in educational facilities to meet the rising aspirations of the
population to attain higher education. Thus, among Singapore citizens, 1 in 10
had attained university qualifications in 2000 compared with 1 in 25 in 1990.
The share of those with upper secondary or polytechnic qualifications also
increased from 11 per cent in 1990 to 21 per cent in 2000.
Another contributory factor was the increased inflow of well-educated
permanent residents. Among the non-student permanent residents, 33 per cent
were university graduates and another 24 per cent had post-secondary
qualifications. The education profile of the permanent residents had improved
markedly since 1990 when only 14 per cent were university graduates.
Good Progress amongst All Ethnic Groups
All ethnic groups among Singapore resident population had improved their
education profile in the last ten years. The proportion with secondary or higher
qualifications had increased from 43 per cent to 58 per cent among the Chinese,
from 36 per cent to 50 per cent among the Malays and from 41 per cent to 62 per
cent among the Indians (Table 2).
TABLE 2
HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED BY ETHNIC GROUP
Per Cent
Highest Qualification Attained
Total
No Qualification
Primary
Secondary
Upper Secondary
Polytechnic
University
Chinese
Malays
Indians
Others
1990
2000
1990
2000
1990
2000
1990
2000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.0
25.6
25.7
7.6
4.1
5.1
20.2
21.9
23.2
15.0
7.0
12.6
30.5
33.1
30.0
4.9
0.9
0.6
20.0
30.1
32.1
12.9
2.9
2.0
27.7
31.4
27.8
7.7
1.2
4.1
13.9
24.5
26.4
15.6
3.1
16.5
15.5
26.5
33.9
12.2
2.3
9.6
7.5
16.2
25.2
19.9
3.8
27.5
In 2000, the Indians had the highest proportion of university graduates
17 per cent compared with 13 per cent for the Chinese and 2 per cent for the
Malays. The Indians also had the largest increase in proportion of university
graduates between 1990 and 2000 compared with the Chinese and Malays.
The jump in the proportion of Indian university graduates was partly due to
the entry of Indian permanent residents possessing university qualifications in the
last decade. Among the population of Indian permanent residents, 51 per cent
were university graduates in 2000, up from a mere 9.0 per cent in 1990 (Table 3).
In contrast, the increase was smaller among the Chinese and Malay permanent
residents.
TABLE 3
PROPORTION OF RESIDENT UNIVERSITY GRADUATES
BY ETHNIC GROUP AND RESIDENTIAL STATUS
Ethnic Group
Singapore
Residents
1990
2000
Citizens
1990
2000
Per Cent
Permanent
Residents
1990
2000
Total
4.5
11.7
4.0
9.5
14.2
32.7
Chinese
Malays
Indians
Others
5.1
0.6
4.1
9.6
12.6
2.0
16.5
27.5
4.6
0.6
3.6
5.3
10.8
1.8
8.1
11.0
16.3
0.8
9.0
31.9
29.7
5.6
51.0
51.1
Well-Qualified Young Adults
The majority of young Singapore residents had attained secondary or
higher qualifications. In 2000, 82 per cent of residents aged 2534 years had
obtained at least secondary qualifications (Table 4). The proportions of
polytechnic and university graduates among this group had improved
significantly over the decade from 5 per cent to 11 per cent for polytechnic
graduates and from 7 per cent to 24 per cent for university graduates.
While the older adults were not as well-qualified as the younger ones, the
proportions with at least secondary qualifications were still quite high at 63 per
cent amongst those aged 3544 years and 47 per cent for those aged 4554 years.
However, relatively lower proportions of the older adults were polytechnic or
university graduates.
TABLE 4
HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED FOR AGE GROUPS 2554 YEARS
Per Cent
2534
Highest Qualification Attained
Total
No Qualification
Primary
Secondary
Upper Secondary
Polytechnic
University
3544
4554
1990
2000
1990
2000
1990
2000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.2
31.2
36.9
7.6
4.9
7.2
4.3
14.1
25.7
20.6
10.9
24.4
23.9
35.2
26.3
7.0
2.4
5.2
9.7
27.1
30.9
15.1
4.7
12.4
49.7
27.4
13.6
4.6
1.2
3.5
19.8
32.7
26.1
12.5
2.1
6.7
Compared with 1990, all age groups had shown significant increases in the
proportion with secondary or higher qualifications. The ageing of the bettereducated cohorts had helped improve the education profile of the older population.
Parity in Educational Attainment between Younger Males and Females
With equal education opportunities, younger females were as wellqualified as their male counterparts. In 2000, 81 per cent of females aged 2534
years and 62 per cent of those aged 3544 years had at least secondary
qualifications (Chart 1). The corresponding proportions for the males were 82
per cent and 64 per cent. There was greater education disparity between males
and females in the older age groups.
CHART 1
PROPORTION WITH AT LEAST SECONDARY EDUCATION, 2000
Male
83.7 85.8
Per Cent
Female
82.2 81.2
64.2 62.0
52.8
42.1
27.8
13.6
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55 & Over
Age Group (Years)
EDUCATIONAL UPGRADING
More Non-Graduates Acquired Additional Qualifications
Continuing education and upgrading through the attainment of technical,
commercial and vocational qualifications at non-tertiary levels have become more
prevalent. Among residents who were not university or polytechnic graduates in
2000, 13 per cent had acquired technical, commercial or vocational qualifications
after leaving school. This was higher than the corresponding proportion of 9.2 per
cent in 1995. The increase was most marked for the prime working age groups
between the ages of 25 and 39 years (Chart 2).
CHART 2
PROPORTION WHO ACQUIRED TECHNICAL, COMMERCIAL
OR VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Per Cent
35
30
25
2000
20
1995
15
10
5
0
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
Age Group (Years)
4044
4549 50 & Over
Low Incidence of Educational Upgrading
among the Older and Less Educated
Older adults generally have lower propensity to upgrade their educational
qualifications. Among the non-graduate residents aged 40 years and over in 2000,
less than 15 per cent had acquired technical, commercial or vocational
qualifications. In comparison, a much higher proportion of 30 per cent of those
aged 2529 years had upgraded themselves.
Educational upgrading is less prevalent amongst those with below
secondary qualifications. In 2000, only 9.4 per cent of those with primary
qualifications and a mere 1.2 per cent of those with no qualifications had acquired
technical, commercial or vocational qualifications (Table 5). Among the females,
the proportion of those with less than secondary school education who sought
further education was even lower.
The likelihood of educational upgrading appears to be stronger amongst
secondary school leavers. Among both the males and females with secondary and
upper secondary qualifications in 2000, more than 20 per cent had acquired
additional qualifications.
TABLE 5
PROPORTION WHO ACQUIRED ADDITIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
BY HIGHEST ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION AND SEX
Per Cent
Total
Highest Academic Qualification
Total
No Qualification
Primary
Secondary
Upper Secondary
Males
Females
1995
2000
1995
2000
1995
2000
9.2
13.1
11.3
16.0
7.3
10.4
0.6
6.7
16.3
17.3
1.2
9.4
22.7
22.7
1.2
9.7
18.2
14.6
2.5
13.1
25.6
21.6
0.2
2.9
14.5
19.8
0.5
5.1
20.0
23.7
Majority of Less-Educated Obtained Basic Certificate
The level of academic qualification is the main determinant of the type of
technical, commercial or vocational qualification acquired after leaving school.
Over 70 per cent of those with primary or no qualifications obtained a basic
certificate such as the National Trade Certificate Grade 3 (NTC-3) or Certificate
of Competency (Table 6). In contrast, the majority of the secondary-educated
obtained an advanced certificate, with a large group moving on to obtain
diploma, advanced diploma or professional qualification.
TABLE 6
TYPE OF TECHNICAL, COMMERCIAL OR VOCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION ACQUIRED BY HIGHEST ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION
Type of Technical, Commercial
or Vocational Qualification
No
Qualification
1995
2000
1995
2000
1995
2000
Per Cent
Upper
Secondary
1995
2000
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
82.0
16.0
1.0
1.0
81.6
18.4
-
72.5
25.2
1.5
0.8
73.2
23.6
1.4
1.8
33.0
44.6
16.5
5.9
45.9
37.1
10.6
6.4
20.3
22.6
40.5
16.5
36.0
32.7
20.7
10.6
Certificate
Advanced Certificate
Diploma / Advanced Diploma
Professional Qualification
Primary
Secondary
Comparisons with Hong Kong
Table 7 provides a comparison of the education profile of Singapore and
Hong Kong. The education profile has improved in both cities during the 1990s.
With Singapores emphasis on post-secondary education, the proportion with
post-secondary qualifications has surged. Starting at the same base in 1990/1991,
the share of the population with post-secondary education in Singapore is now
higher than that of Hong Kong.
TABLE 7 HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED IN SINGAPORE AND HONG KONG
Per Cent
Highest Qualification Attained
Singapore
Total Population
1990
2000
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
58.3
26.5
10.8
4.4
45.1
25.0
18.4
11.6
57.5
27.5
10.9
4.1
42.5
26.2
20.5
10.8
57.2
26.8
10.1
5.9
53.8
24.2
11.5
10.5
Below Secondary
Secondary
Post Secondary
University
Notes :
Singapore
Resident Population
1990
2000
Hong Kong
Total Population
1991
2001
Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over. For Singapore, highest qualification attained refers to the highest
standard passed or the highest level where a certificate, diploma or degree is awarded. Students highest qualification
attained were imputed from their level of education attending. For Hong Kong, data refer to the highest level of
education completed.
Today, Singapore has a relatively larger graduate pool than Hong Kong.
Of the total population in Singapore in 2000, 12 per cent were university
graduates. Foreign talent inflows provided an important source for the increase in
university graduates. The corresponding proportion was lower in Hong Kong, at
11 per cent in 2001.
CONCLUSION
Singapore residents have become better educated during the last decade.
There are now proportionately more residents with upper secondary and
university qualifications. Resident non-graduates have also developed a keen
interest in education upgrading with more pursuing technical, commercial or
vocational qualifications.
Over the years, the education profile of Singapore residents is likely to
improve as more opportunities are offered for education at tertiary level. There
will be an increasing demand for education upgrading among resident nongraduates and even among graduates as more residents recognise the importance
of continual upgrading to maintain and improve their employability and keep
their knowledge and skills up to date and relevant.
Singapore Department of Statistics
Jun 2002
