An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Direct and indirect speech
Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.
1.
Direct speech
2.
Indirect speech
Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, I will give you a pen. You come to home
and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.
Direct speech: John said, I will give you a pen.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.
In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in
quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person
because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may
also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in
quotation marks, the word that may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.
Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of
indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,)
before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is said.
He said, I work in a factory
(Direct speech)
He said that he worked in a factory.
(Indirect speech)
They said, we are going to cinema
(Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema.
(Indirect speech)
Page 1 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person
(which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a
sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part
he worked in a factory is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can
also be called reported speech.
Fundamental rules for indirect speech.
1.
Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
2.
Use of word that: The word that is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb
and reported speech.
3.
Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to
the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence).
Sometimes the pronoun may not change.
In following example the pronoun of reported speech is I which will be changed in indirect speech
into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is he.
Example.
Direct speech: He said, I am happy
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
Direct speech: I said to him, you are intelligent
Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (You changed to he the person of object
of reporting verb)
1.
Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that
day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.
Page 2 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, I am happy today
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.
1.
Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part)
belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence
(reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not
change.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, I am happy
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
Direct speech: He says, I am happy
Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didnt
change)
Table for change in tense of reported speech for all TENSES.
TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH
Present simple tense into Past simple
Present Continuous tense into Past continuous
Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect
Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous
Past simple into Past Perfect
Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect into Past Perfect
Future simple, will into would
Future Continuous, will be into would be
Future Perfect, will have into would have
Examples.
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Page 3 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE
He
said,
She
said,
They
write
he
said,
goes
we
to
love
changes into
letter
school
daily
our
country
He
said,
he
She
said,
They
said,
we
is
listening
am
are
to
said
He
said
that
that
he
she
went
wrote
letter.
to
school
daily.
They said that they loved their country
He said that he did not like computer.
He said, he does not like computer
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
He
PAST SIMPLE
changes into
the
PAST CONTINUOUS
music He said that he was listening to the music.
washing
my
clothes She said that she was washing her clothes.
enjoying
the
weather They said that they were not enjoying the
weather.
said,
it
is
raining
She said, I am not laughing
She said that she was not laughing.
PRESENT PERFECT
She
said,
he
He
said,
said,
she
has
have
have
finished
his
started
eaten
changes into
a
the
work
job
meal
They said, we have not gone to New York.
PRESENT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
She
said
that
He
said
that
he
had
he
had
finished
started
his
a
work.
job.
I said that she had eaten the meal.
They said that they had not gone to New York.
CONTINUOUS
changes
into
PAST
PERFECT
He said, I have been studying since 3 Oclock He said that he had been studying since 3
Oclock.
She said, It has been raining for three days.
She said that it been raining for three days.
Page 4 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
I said, She has been working in this office since
2007
I said that she had been working in this office
since 2007.
PAST TENSE
PAST SIMPLE
He
said
to
me,
you
changes into
answered
John
said,
they
went
He
said,
made
correctly He said to me that I had answered correctly.
to
cinema John
a
said
that
they
had
gone
to
cinema.
table He said that he had made a table.
She said, I didnt buy a car
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
She said that she had not bought a car.
changes into
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
They said, we were enjoying the weather They
said
that
they
had
been
enjoying.
He said to me, I was waiting for you He said to me that he had been waiting for me.
I
I
said,
It
was
changes into
She
had
He
I
said,
said,
I
she
had
had
it
had
been
raining.
She said that she not been laughing.
PAST PERFECT
She
that
raining
She said, I was not laughing
said,
said
PAST PERFECT
visited
started
a
a
eaten
doctor She
business He
the
They said, we had not gone to New York.
meal I
(tense does not change)
said
said
said
that
that
that
she
he
she
had
had
visited
started
had
eaten
doctor.
business.
the
meal.
They said they had not gone to New York.
FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
WILL changes into WOULD
He
said,
will
study
the
book He
said
that
he
would
study
the
book.
Page 5 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
She
said,
will
buy
computer
They said to me, we will send you gifts
She
said
that
she
would
buy
computer.
They said to me that they would send you gifts.
I said that I would not take the exam.
I said, I will not take the exam
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
WILL BE changes into WOULD BE
I said to him, I will be waiting for him
She said, I will be shifting to new home
He
said,
will
be
working
hard
He said, he will not be flying kite
I said to him that I would be waiting for him.
She said that she would be shifting to a new
home.
He
said
that
he
would
be
working
hard.
She said that he would not be flying kites.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE
He
said,
will
have
finished
the
work
She said, they will have passed the examination
He said, I will have gone
He said that he would have finished the work.
She said that they would have passed the
examination.
He said that he would have gone.
Note: The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a
universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, Mathematics is a science
Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.
Direct speech: He said, Sun rises in east
Page 6 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east. (Tense didnt change because
is a universal truth thought its reporting verb
reported speech
belongs to past tense)
Indirect speech for Interrogative (question) sentence.
For changing interrogative (question) sentence into indirect speech we have to observe the nature of
question and then change it into indirect speech according to it rules for indirect speech. A question
can be of two types. One type which can be answered in only YES or NO and other type which needs a
little bit explanation for its answer and cannot be answered in only YES or NO.
Examples
Do you like music? (It can be answered in YES or NO)
How are you? (It cannot be answered in YES or NO but it needs a little bit explanation i.e, I am
fine.)
Questions which can be answered in YES/NO.
To change questions (which can be answered in yes or no) into indirect speech, word if or whether
is used before the question in indirect speech. Rules for change in tense of question sentences are
same as for change in normal tenses in indirect speech but sentence will not start with the auxiliary
verb of the tense. The word that is not used between reporting verb and reported speech as
conjunction in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not used in indirect speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said to me, do you like music?
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I liked music. (Not, did I like music)
Or Indirect Speech: He asked me whether I liked music.
Page 7 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Direct speech: She said, Will he participate in the quiz competition?
Indirect Speech: She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition.
Direct speech: I said to him, are you feeling well?
Indirect Speech: I asked him if he was feeling well.
Direct speech: They said to me, did u go to school?
Indirect Speech: They asked me if I had gone to school.
Direct speech: He said to me, Have you taken the breakfast?
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I had taken the breakfast
Question which cannot be answered in YES/NO.
To change such questions into indirect speech, the words if or whether is not used. The tense of
the question is changed according to the rules for change in normal tenses in indirect speech but
sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word that is not used between
reporting verb and reported speech as conjunction, in indirect speech for question sentence. Question
mark is not used in indirect speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said to me, how are you?
Indirect speech: He asked me how I was. (Not, how was I)
Direct speech: Teacher said to him, what is your name?
Indirect speech: Teacher asked him what his name was.
Direct speech: She said to him, why did you come late?
Indirect speech: She asked him why he had come late.
Direct speech: He said, when will they come?
Indirect speech: He asked when they would come.
Direct speech: She asked his son, why are you crying?
Indirect speech: She asked her son why he was crying.
Page 8 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Indirect speech for sentence having MODELS, can, may,
must,
Present models are changed to past modals
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS,
can, may, must, should, ought to
CAN changes into COULD
He
said,
can
drive
She
said,
he
can
play
a
a
They said, we can climb on a hill
car He
violin. She
said
said
that
he
could
that
he
could
drive
play
a
a
car.
violin.
They said that they can climb on a hill.
MAY changes into MIGHT
He
She
said,
said,
may
he
buy
may
visit
computer He
a
They said, they may go to zoo
doctor. She
said
said
that
he
that
he
might
might
buy
visit
computer.
a
doctor.
They said that they might go to zoo.
MUST changes into HAD TO
He
said,
must
work
hard He
said
that
he
had
to
work
hard.
She said, they must carry on their work She said that they had to carry on their work.
I said to him, you must learn the test-taking I said to him that he had to learn the test-taking
strategies
strategies.
Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, should, ought
to, might, would, and could
The modal will not change in indirect speech
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Page 9 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
THESE MODALS DO NOT CHANGE
Would, could, might, should, ought to
Would
They
He
said,
we
said,
would
would
apply
for
start
visa They
business. He
She said, I would appear in exam
said
said
that
that
they
he
would
would
apply
start
for
visa.
business.
She said that she would appear in the exam.
Could
She
said,
They
said,
she
we
could
couldnt
play
learn
piano She
the
lesson They
He said, I could run faster
said
that
she
they
couldnt
said
could
play
learn
the
violin.
lesson.
He said that he could run faster.
Might
He
said,
She
guests
said,
it
might
come He
might
rain She
John said, I might meet him
said
that
said
guest
that
might
it
might
come.
rain.
John said that he might meet him.
Should
He
She
said,
said,
should
I
avail
should
the
opportunity He said that he should avail the opportunity.
help
him She
They said, we should take the exam
said
that
she
should
help
him.
They said that they should take the exam.
Ought to
He said to me, you ought to wait for him He said to me that I ought to wait for him.
She said, I ought to learn method of study She said that she ought to learn method of study.
Page 10 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
They said, we ought to attend our classes
They said that they ought to attend their classes.
Indirect speech for exclamatory and imperative sentences.
Indirect speech of imperative sentence.
A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence.
For example,
Open the door.
Please help me.
Learn your lesson.
To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word ordered or requested or advised or
suggested or forbade or not to do is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of
imperative sentence in reported speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said to me, please help me
Indirect Speech: He requested me to help him.
Direct speech: She said to him, you should work hard for exam
Indirect Speech: He suggested him to work hard for exam.
Direct speech: They said to him, do not tell a lie
Indirect Speech: They said to him not to tell a lie.
Direct speech: He said, open the door
Indirect Speech: He ordered to open the door.
Direct speech: The teacher said to student, do not waste time
Indirect Speech: The teacher advised the students not to waste time.
Direct speech: He said, please give me glass of water
Indirect Speech: He requested to give him a glass of water.
Direct speech: Doctor said to me, Do not smoke
Indirect Speech: Doctor advised me not to smoke.
Direct speech: The teacher said to him, Get out
Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered him to get out.
Indirect speech of exclamatory sentences.
Page 11 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Sentence which expresses state of joy or sorrow or wonder is called exclamatory sentence.
For example.
Hurrah! We won the match.
Alas! I failed the test.
Wow! What a nice shirt it is.
To change such sentences, the words exclaimed with joy or exclaimed with sorrow or exclaimed
with wonder is added in the reporting verb depending upon the nature of exclamatory sentence in
indirect speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, Hurrah! I won a prize
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.
Direct speech: She said, Alas! I failed in exam
Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam.
Direct speech: John said, Wow! What a nice shirt it is
Indirect Speech: John exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice shirt.
Direct speech: She said, Hurrah! I am selected for the job
Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with joy that she was selected for the job.
Direct speech: He said, Oh no! I missed the train
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had missed the train.
Direct speech: They said, Wow! What a pleasant weather it is
Indirect Speech: They exclaimed with wonder that it was a pleasant weather.
Changes in pronoun in Indirect Speech.
The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the
Pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the
pronoun may not change.
1. First person pronoun in reported speech i.e. I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is
changed according to
Page 12 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
the pronoun of reporting verb if pronoun in reporting verb
is third person pronoun i.e. he, she, it,
they, him, his, her, them or their.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, I live in New York
Indirect speech: He said that he lived in New York.
Direct speech: They said, we love our country
Indirect speech: They said that they loved their country
2. First person pronoun in reported speech i.e. I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is not
pronoun (Subject) of reporting is also first person pronoun i.e. I or
changed if the
we.
Examples.
Direct speech: I said, I write a letter
Indirect speech: I said that I wrote a letter.
Direct speech: We said, we completed our work
Indirect speech: We said that we completed our work.
3. Second person pronoun in reported speech i.e. you, yours is changed according
to the person of
object of reporting verb.
Examples.
Direct speech: She said to him, you are intelligent
Indirect speech: She said to him that he was intelligent.
Direct speech: He said to me, you are late for the party
Indirect speech: He said to me that I was late for the party.
4. Third person pronoun in reported speech i.e. he, she, it, they, him, his, her, them
or their, is not
changed in indirect speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: They said, he will come
Indirect speech: They said that he would come.
Page 13 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Direct speech: You said, they are waiting for the bus
Indirect speech: You said that they were waiting for the bus.
Changes in time and adverbs in indirect speech.
Time and adverbs are changed in indirect speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, I will buy a book tomorrow
Indirect speech: He said that he would buy a book the next day.
Direct speech: She said, I am happy now
Indirect speech: She said that she was happy then.
Direct speech: He said, I like this book
Indirect speech: He said that he liked that book.
Page 14 of 15
An Easy Approach to Direct Indirect Speech
By: Sikandar Ejaz
M. Phil-Finance, M.Com- Accounting
Learning & Earning, Paki Fatomand, Jinnah Road, near Al-haram Market, Gujranwala
Contact: 0304-0581050
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Common Rules
Today changes to that day/the same day
Tomorrow changes to the next day/the following day
Yesterday changes to the day before/the previous day
Next week/month/year changes to the following week/month/year
Last week/month/year changes to the previous week/month/year
Now/just changes to then
Ago changes to before
Here changes to there
This changes to that
Page 15 of 15
