JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
India 2010-2022
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission,
is a major initiative of the Government of India
and State Governments to promote ecologically
sustainable growth while addressing Indias
energy security challenge.
It will also constitute a major contribution by
India to the global effort to meet the challenges
of climate change.
This is one of the several initiatives that are
part of National Action Plan on Climate Change.
The program was officially inaugurated in 2010
by Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh.
India to install 20GW of solar power generation
capacity by 2022.
National Solar Mission (NSM) has laid down a
road map for achieving a target for off grid solar
energy applications, reaching 2GW by 2022; 20
million square meters solar thermal collector
area; and deploying 20 million solar lighting
systems for rural areas by 2022. The successful
implementation of the NSM can vastly benefit
module suppliers, solar PV/ solar thermal-based
independent power producers (IPPs), and system
integrators.
Solar Photovoltaic Electricity
Indian Perspective-2010
Advantages of photovoltaic
electricity
Decentralized Generation
Environmental benefit
PV systems
are easily transportable and Installable.
can be used to generate electricity
where it will be used,
even at locations the electric grid
doesnt reach.
PV is also modular, so installations can
be scaled to the appropriate size for a
given use
Small as well as medium scale
PVs scalability allows it to be used for both
large-scale power plants and to
power handheld calculators, and it
distinguishes PV from fossil fuel based power.
PV can be installed on buildings, parking lots
and other developed areas without interfering
with human activities.
Solar energy can be integrated into virtually
every part of Indian life
the homes we live in,
the offices where we work,
the farms and factories that produce the
products we buy, and
the schools where our children learn.
With creativity and sound public policy,
solar energy can make a major contribution
to Indias energy future.
Solar radiation
An intermittent perennial diffuse
source of energy
The Thar
Desert in India
is also a
promising
location for a
solar energy.
INDIA: Insolation: kWh per Sq-mt per day & Salinity> 1500 mg/l
An example of a complete set of beam normal
insolation data for a given location is shown in Figure
Science & technology of solar
Cells & Modules
Types of silicon solar cells
(Mono- crystalline, multi- crystalline, and
Amorphous, Thin film)
Energy efficiency
In solar photovoltaics, sunlight is converted into
electricity using a device called solar cell
A solar cell is a
semiconducting device
made up of silicon or
other materials, which
when exposed to
sunlight, generates
electricity.
Magnitude of the current generated
depends on
Capacities of SPV
modules
SPV modules of various capacities are
available, and are being used for a variety of
applications. Theoretically, a PV module of
any capacity (voltage and current) rating can
be fabricated. However, the standard
capacities available in the country range from
5 Wp to 120 Wp. The voltage output of a PV
module depends on the number of solar cells
connected in series inside the module.
Energy efficiency
A solar cell's energy conversion efficiency (,
"eta"), is the percentage of power converted
(from absorbed light to electrical energy) and
collected, when a solar cell is connected to an
electrical circuit. This term is calculated using the
ratio of Pm, divided by the input light
irradiance under "standard" test conditions (E, in
W/m2) and the surface area of the solar
cell (Ac in m).
Standard Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve
The I-V Curve is an important technical aspect
of a solar module, the basis for understanding
all PV array design. It represents the possible
values of output current (I) and voltage (V)
that a solar module can deliver under specific
environmental conditions.
Standard Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve
Reading the I-V Curve
If the module is outputting to a 12-volt
battery, you can determine the watts output
to the battery from the graph. Read up from
12 volts to the IV curve and then over to the
Amperes scale to find that the current output
would be about 5.9 amps. Since power (in
watts) equals voltage times current, this
means that the module would be outputting
into the battery at a rate of about 71 watts.
Inverter fundamentals
The inverters transform the DC power from
solar modules into AC power to match the grid
and be useful for most house loads.
The inverter is a power conditioner that creates
pure sine wave power (AC.) This power is
cleaner than the grid because it is conditioned
right on site.
Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT).
Inverters also maximize the power output of the
solar array in a function known as Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Solar modules
produce the power at the voltage they are
connected to.
The maximum power point voltage changes as
the sun moves throughout the day and the
current (amps) gets higher and lower.
This allows the inverter to produce the most
amount of power at any given time without frying
its circuitry.
Inverter failure
Inverters are the one component that needs to be replaced
periodically. Most systems installed today use a single inverter
for the entire system, so when it fails, the whole system stops
providing electricity to the home.
Possibly with an inverter for each panel or small group of
panels may be a solution. This has several advantages:
If an inverter fails, only one panel of the system will be affected,
which will be reported in our daily monitoring.
This allows for better scalability, in that we do not need to have
different inverter capacities for different system sizes.
The efficiency of the system is improved, since DC loses more
energy than AC going through a wire.
Available space
A crucial factor is having enough space in the sun
with the proper orientation.
The average home needs about a 5 kW system to
offset their annual usage.
To calculate the physical size of this system, you
can use this simple rule of thumb:
10 W / ft2 of space
A 5 kW system covers about 500 ft2 of roof or
ground area.
5000 W / 10 W/ft2 = 500 ft2
Charge controllers/regulators -1
Why do you need a controller?
Main function is to fully charge a battery
without permitting overcharge. If a solar array
is connected to lead acid batteries with no
overcharge protection, battery life will be
compromised. Simple controllers contain a
relay that opens a charging circuit terminating
the charge at a pre-set high voltage and once
a pre-set low voltage is reached, closes the
circuit, allowing charging to continue.
Charge controllers/regulators - 2
More sophisticated controllers have several
stages and charging sequences to assure the
battery is being fully charged. The first 70% to
80% of battery capacity is easily replaced. It is
the last 20% to 30% that requires more
attention and therefore more capacity.
Charge controllers/regulators -3
The circuitry in a controller reads the voltage
of the battery to determine the state of
charge.
Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers
read voltage to reduce the amount of power
flowing into the battery as the battery nears
full charge.
Standards for balance of system
components
Solar cell testing
Photovoltaic module
testing
Testing of lighting systems
SPV pump testing
Battery testing for PV
applications
Long-term performance
evaluation of PV modules
Resource assessment
Technology
demonstration &
assessment
SPV power plant
Research and
Development
SPV Power Plant
solar electric generating plant
The largest solar electric
generating plant in the
world produces a
maximum of 354
megawatts (MW) of
electricity and is located
at Kramer Junction,
California. It produces
electricity for the grid
supplying the greater
Los Angeles area.
The top five in solar technology utilisation
for Solar PV Grid connected are:
Germany
Japan
USA
Spain
France
PV power output management can be achieved with battery or other
electrochemical storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, or with dieselgenerator backup.
Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering
Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus
John Wiley and Sons, 2003 - 1138
pages
Handbook of Photovoltaic Science
and Engineering incorporates the
most recent technological
advances and research
developments in Photovoltaics. All
topics relating to the photovoltaic
(PV) industry are discussed and
each chapter has been written by
an internationally-known expert in
the field.
Photovoltaic solar energy generation
Adolf Goetzberger, Volker U. Hoffmann
Springer, 2005 - Technology
& Engineering - 232 pages
This comprehensive description
and discussion of photovoltaics
(PV) is presented at a level that
makes it accessible to the
interested academic. Starting
with an historical overview, the
text outlines the relevance of
photovoltaics today and in the
future. Then follows an
introduction to the physical
background of solar cells and
the most important materials
and technologies, with
particular emphasis ..
An important reference book for PV
Systems
Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics:
Fundamentals and Applications
Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis Castaner
[2003]
Solar PV for Electricity
Photovoltaic Systems: Analysis and Design, by A.K
Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, PHI Learning Pvt
Ltd, E E Edition, N. Delhi. 2011
Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies
and Applications, 2nd Edition, Chetan Singh
Solanki, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, E E Edition, N.
Delhi. 2011
Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, Roger
Messenger and Jerry Ventre, 2nd Edition, CRC
Press, Boca Raton.2003
