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Ph.D. Thesis

This thesis examines the relationship between physical, psychological, and sociometric variables and individual and group performance in university-level kabaddi players. 71 kabaddi players from different university teams participating in an inter-university tournament were assessed. Physical measurements, multidimensional perfectionism, trait anxiety, and individual and group performance scores were analyzed. Results showed slightly above average height, weight, and BMI in players. Anxiety levels were low. Individual performance scores were normally distributed, while sociometric preferences were not. The study aims to help formulate player selection criteria, coaching programs, and counseling for players, coaches, and parents.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

818 views225 pages

Ph.D. Thesis

Uploaded by

Prof. Samirranjan Adhikari

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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A CRITICAL STUDY ON SELECTED PHYSICAL,

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOMETRIC VARIABLES IN

RELATION TO GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE OF
THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL KABADI PLAYERS

THESIS SUBMITTED

SK. SABIR ALI

FOR
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
(FACULTY OF EDUCATION)

UNIVERSITY OF KALYANI
KALYANI NADIA
WEST BENGAL
INDIA
NOVEMBER, 2014

DEDICATED
TO
My parents
and
Almighty God

Certified that Sk Sabir Ali has completed all formalities as per rules of
the University of Kalyani for submission of his thesis entitled A Critical
Study on Selected Physical, Psychological And Sociometric Variables in
Relation to Group and Individual Performance of the University Level
Kabadi Players for Ph.D. degree in Physical Education under the Faculty of
Education, University of Kalyani.
The research work is an original one and has been carried out by Sk
Sabir Ali according to standard norms under our direct supervision.
With great pleasure we are approving the thesis of Sk Sabir Ali and
forwarding the same to the university authority for their necessary action
Dated:

(Dr. Madhab Chandra Ghosh)

Associate Professor,
Department of Physical Education,
University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia
&

(Dr. Samirranjan Adhikari)

Assistant Professor in Psychology,
Shimurali Sachinandan College of Education,
Shimurali, Nadia

Those who think they have not time for bodily exercise
will sooner or later have to find time for illness.
~Edward Stanley

I have no hesitation in admitting that this dissertation would not

have been possible without the direct and indirect guidance and cooperation
of several dignified personalities who in one way or another contributed and
extended their valuable assistance and suggestions in the preparation and
completion of this study.
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
supervisors Dr. Madhab Chandra Ghosh, Associate Professor of the
Department of Physical Education, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia;
and Dr. Samirranjan Adhikari, Assistant Professor, Shimurali Sachinandan
College of Education, Shimurali, Nadia, for their continuous guidance and
support to my Ph.D. study and research, and also for providing and
developing patience, motivation, enthusiasm and sophistication in my
personal life. Their continuous guidance and moral support blessed me in
course of my research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined
getting any better advisor and mentor for my study. As friend, philosopher
and guide they will ever be a symbol of hope and aspiration in my life.

I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge

my debt to Prof. Aloke Kumar Banerjee, Former Vice-Chancellor, University
of Kalyani and Ex-Professor, Department of Physical Education,
University of Kalyani; and Prof. Sudarshan Bhowmick, Ex-Professor,
Department of Physical Education, University of Kalyani;

for their

continuous help and advice whenever I approached them. They were very
kind patient whilst suggesting me the various avenues to approach the topic
and correcting my doubts as and when necessary.
Beside my supervisors, I would like to thank Prof. Krishna Banerjee,
University of Kalyani; Dr. Sanjib Mirdha, Head of the Department of
Physical Education, University of Kalyani; for their encouragement,
insightful comments and intellectual support. They always showed me the
right track as and help was needed. It is with their valuable suggestion,
guidance and encouragement that I was able to complete this thesis.
I would also like to convey my hearty gratitude to my teacher Mr.
Kamal Das, Coach (Kabaddi) Department

Physical Education,

University of Kalyani, for his valuable guidance and suggestions in every

walk of my research; Sir also acted as an expert in performing pair
comparison task to develop the tool for assessing individual performance of a
Kabaddi player.
Mr. Tanmoy Saha, Instructor department of Physical Education
University of Kalyani, extended his cooperative hands in every need of this
research. I remain ever thankful to Mr. Saha.

iii

My sincerest thanks goes to my elder brothers of my department Dr.

Sabayasachi Chatterjee, Dr. Saikot Chatterjee, Dr. Bhaskar Chakrabortty,
Dr. Somnath Nandy, Dr. Atanu Ghosh and younger brothers and sisters of
my department Mr. Ashik Iquabal, Mr. Sumit Roy, Mrs. Chameli Panja,
Mrs. Swapna Panja for the stimulating discussions I had with them in time
and again. These helped me a lot in my research work and I came to learn
about so many new things from these comprehensive dialogues.
My sincere appreciation and regards is especially extended to Smt.
Simasree Adhikari who inspired me as good as my mother. Without her
timely help, cordial cooperation and infatigable assistance during the
preparation of this manuscript it would not be possible for the thesis to come
out to the sun light.
Here I would also like to mention the name of my brother Saurabh
Adhikari who always stood by me and encouraged me a lot. His useful
suggestions and constant enthusiastic attitude was really worked as a
motivator during my research work.
In this connection I bow my head on the foots of my parents AlHaz Sk Sanowar Ali and Al- Hazzan Ramisha Khatun for their
encouragement; wife Hasina Banu left no stone unturned to keep up the
family affairs when I remain far away for my research work; my little son
Md. Saikh Shabaz always missed me for my scarcity of time to devote to
him.

I am fortunate enough to have such colleagues in my working place

who always extend their undivided support and encouragement.
I am remaining ever thankful to the coaches, team managers and
players of the different teams, who helped and participated to my research
work.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank all in general who
appreciated my work and motivated me, and finally to Almighty God who
eventually made everything possible.

(Sk Sabir Ali)

Perspectives:
Kabaddi is primarily a 4,000 years old Indian game. Buddhist
literature speaks of the Lord Gautam Buddha playing Kabaddi for
recreation. The Prince of yore played Kabaddi to display their strength
and win their brides. The game is known as Hu-Tu-Tu in Western India.
In eastern India and Bangladesh it is fondly called Ha-du-du (for men)
and Kit-Kit (for women), Che-du-gu-du in Southern India and Kaunbada
in Northern India. It has undergone changes through the ages. This
indigenous folk game is considering now as our National Game.
Impetus is provided only very recently to make it an international one.
Kabaddi is a strength game. Without endurance the player cannot
perform well, in the same time the players need all the characteristics
i.e. speed, agility, flexibility, endurance etcetera. Without physical
characteristics players cannot achieve the aim of the game, so physical
characteristics is very essential for the better performance of Kabaddi.
Obviously, physical, anthropometric, body composition, psychological
and sociometric characteristics contribute to the group as well as

individual performance of Kabaddi. The purpose of the present study

was to determine the impact of these factors on group as well as
individual performance in Kabaddi.
Method:
Present study was carried out through descriptive cross-sectional
survey method within ex-post-facto research design. Total 71 Kabaddi
players of different university teams participated in the East Zone InterUniversity Kabaddi (Men) Tournament, held during October, 12 14,
2006 and organized by the University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia. A
series of physical and anthropometrical measurement was carried out
by

employing

suitable

instruments.

measure

Sport

Multidimensional Perfectionism Sport-MPS developed by Dunn,

Causgrove Dunn & Syrotuikm (2002) was considered and to measure
Trait Anxiety the scale devised by Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushane,
Vagg and Jacobs (1983) was taken. Fuzzy Nominating Technique was
used to assess Fuzzy Preference Index of a Kabaddi player. This
technique is developed by Sk., Adhikari & Chatterjee (2013a). For
Individual Performance a method developed by Sk., Adhikari and

vii

Chatterjee (2013b) was applied and for Group Performance the total
points acquired by the teams in games were considered.
Results:
It has been found that the distribution of the Individual
Performance Score of 71 Kabaddi player was almost normal with 10.82
as mean and 2.61 as standard Deviation. From this fact we may
conclude that the sample selection was almost random. From the results
it is clear that the mean height (cm) of the University level Kabaddi
players was 169.45, which was slightly higher than the average height
of the Indian males [165.3 cm (5' 5")]; the mean body weight (kg) was
67.46 8.31 but the standard height and weight for Indian male is
60.8 65.3 for 165 cm height, so, the mean weight of the university level
Kabaddi players was slightly higher than the Indian standard. The
normal range (Healthy Weight) of Body Mass Index (kg/m2) is 18.50
24.99; but in the present study it was found that for Kabaddi player the
BMI to be 23.45 2.13, which is slightly higher than the normal range.
From the results it has been observed that the anxiety due to
perfectionism was also low in Kabaddi players. It has been observed
that the preferences received by the individual players of a team from

viii

their co-players of the team were not distributed normally in actual

situation this fact also happens in natural settings, some receive higher
preference and not the others. Most preferred members are the leaders.
Conclusions:
From the study criteria for player selection programme may be
formulated; coaching programme for the players may also be framed; a
counselling programme for players, coaches as well as the parents of the
players may also be developed.

Page No
CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNEXURE

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

xix

LIST OF FIGURES

xxii

PAPER PRESENTED IN CONFERENCE

xxiii

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

xxiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1-40

1. General Introduction

1.1 Origin of Kabaddi

1.2 The Games History

1.2.1 Development of the Game

1.2.2 Olympics in Berlin in 1936

1.2.3 Kabaddi World Cup

1.2.3.1 International Competitions

1.2.3.2 National member of International Kabaddi Federation

1.3 Forms of Kabaddi

1.3.1 Amar

1.3.2 Sanjeevni

1.3.3 Gaminee

1.4 Game play

1.4.1 Play-field

11
12

1.4.1.1 Mid Line

1.4.1.2 Court

1.4.1.3 Ground Markings

1.4.1.4 Lobbies

1.4.1.5 The Baulk Line

1.4.1.6 Bonus Line

1.4.1.7 Sitting Block

1.4.1.8 Technical Area

1.4.2 Team Composition

1.4.3 Rules

1.4.3.1 Unproductive Raid Rule

1.4.3.2 Time out System

1.4.3.3 Official Time Out

1.4.3.4 Bonus Line Game

1.4.3.5 Duration of the Match

1.4.3.6 Substitution

1.4.3.7 Substitution Procedure

1.4.3.8 Players Equipment

1.4.3.9 Safety

1.4.3.10 Basic Equipment

1.4.3.10.1 Jersey or T-shirt

1.4.3.10.2 Shorts

1.4.3.11 Cant

1.4.3.12 Raid

1.4.3.12.1 Raider

1.4.3.12.2 Anti or Anti-Raider

1.4.3.13 Loosing the Cant

1.4.3.14 Put out an Anti

1.4.3.15 Hold a Raider

1.4.3.16 Reach Court Safely

1.4.3.17 Touch

1.4.3.18 Struggle

1.4.3.19 Successful Raid

22
xi

1.4.3.20 Revival

1.4.3.21 Pursuit

1.4.3.22 Bonus Points

1.4.3.23 Lona Points

1.4.3.24 Skills

1.4.3.25 Fouls and Misconduct

1.4.3.26 Technical Officials

1.5 Origin of the Research Problem

1.5.1 Statement of Purpose

1.5.1.1 Physical and Anthropometric Characteristics and Sporting

Performance

1.5.1.2 Psychological Characteristics and Sporting Performance

1.5.1.3 Sociometric Characteristics and Sporting Performance

1.5.2 Statement of the Research Problem

1.6 Significance of the Study

1.7 Objectives of the Study

1.7.1 Broad Objectives of the Study

1.7.2 Specific Objectives of the Study

1.8 Delimitation of the Study

1.9 Limitation of the Study

1.10 A Brief Acquaintance with the Psychological and Sociometric

Constructs

1.10.1 Perfectionism and Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism

1.10.2 Anxiety and State-Trait Anxiety

1.10.2.1 Behavioural

1.10.2.2 Non-behavioural

1.10.3 Sociometry
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF ALLIED LITERATURE
2. Review of Allied Literature
2.1 Physical or Anthropometric Characteristics vs. Sporting Performance

36
41-68
41
43

xii

2.1.1 Physical or Anthropometric Characteristics vs. Performance in

Kabaddi
2.2 Psychological Characteristics vs. Sporting Performance

48
53

2.2.1 Motivation and Sporting Performances

2.2.2 Anxiety and Sporting Performances

2.2.3 Perfectionism and Sporting Performances

2.2.4 Psychological Characteristics vs. Performance in Kabaddi

2.3 Sociometric Characteristics vs. Performance

2.3.1 Performance and Leadership

2.3.2 Popularity and Academic performance

2.3.3 Sociometric and Sporting Performance

CHAPTER III: METHOD

3. Method

69-104
69

3.1 Research Design

3.1.1 Descriptive Research
3.1.1.1 Survey Method
3.1.1.1.1 Cross-Sectional Surveys

69
69
70
70

3.1.2 Ex-Post-Facto Research Design

3.1.3 Variables in the Study

3.1.3.1 Independent Variables

3.1.3.2 Dependent Variables

3.1.4 Nature of the Present Study

3.2 Sample
3.2.1 Selection of Team
3.3 Research Instruments

72
72
72
73

3.3.1 Instruments to Measure Physical Variables

3.3.2 Socio-metric Variable Fuzzy Preference Index

3.3.2.1 Fuzzy Nominating Technique

3.3.2.2 Sociometric Criteria

3.3.2.3 Some Principles of Criterion Selection

xiii

3.3.2.4 Validity of Sociometry

3.3.2.5 Construction of Preference Matrix

3.3.2.6 Construction of Fuzzy Preference Matrix

3.3.2.7 Determination of Fuzzy Preference Index (FPI)

3.3.3 Psychological Variables

3.3.3.1 Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Sport MPS)
Dunn, Causgrove Dunn & Syrotuik, 2002 (English Version
of the Scale is Annexed at the end of this Dissertation;
Annexure-II)

3.3.3.1.1 Reliability of the Scale

3.3.3.1.2 Validity of the Scale

3.3.3.2 The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Spielberger, et

al. (1983), [English version of the scale is Annexed at the
end of this Dissertation; Annexure-III]

3.3.3.2.1 Reliability of the Scale

3.3.3.2.2 Validity of the Scale

3.3.4 Performance
3.3.4.1 Individual Performance

84
84

3.3.4.1.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

3.3.4.1.2 Selection of Criteria

3.3.4.1.3 Determination of Weights

3.3.4.1.4 Weights of Criteria

3.3.4.1.5 Weights of Sub-Criteria

3.3.4.1.6 The Use of Pair-wise Comparisons

3.3.4.1.7 Calculation of Principal Eigenvector

3.3.4.1.8 Synthesis and Calculating the Overall Performance

3.3.4.1.9 Example to Use the Model

3.3.4.2 Group Performance

3.4 Procedure for Data Collection
3.4.1 Procedure of Physical and Anthropometric Measurement
3.4.1.1 Measurement of Height

96
96
96
96

xiv

3.4.1.2 Measurement of Weight

3.4.1.3 Measurement of Girths

3.4.1.3.1 Abdomen

3.4.1.3.2 Right Upper arm

3.4.1.3.3 Calf

3.4.1.3.4 Mid Thigh

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Descriptive Presentation
4.1.1 Individual Performance
4.1.1.1 Discussion on Individual Performance
4.1.2 Group Performance
4.1.2.1 Discussion on Group Performance

105-138
105
105
106
107
107
108

4.1.3 Physical and Anthropometric Characteristics

109

4.1.4 Body Composition Measurements

110

4.1.4.1 Discussion on Physical as well as Anthropometric

Characteristics and Body Composition Measurements

112

4.1.5 Psychological Characteristics

4.1.5.1 Discussions on Psychological Characteristics

114
115

4.1.5.1.1 Trait Anxiety

115

4.1.5.1.2 Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism

117

4.1.6 Sociometric Measurement (Fuzzy Preference Index FPI)

4.1.6.1 Discussions on Sociometric Variable (Fuzzy Preference
Index FPI)
4.2 Comparative Analysis
4.2.1 Individual Performance of the Kabaddi Players of Upper and Lower
Group
4.2.1.1 Discussions on Individual Performance Upper and Lower
Group
4.2.2 Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of the Upper and
Lower Group
4.2.2.1 Discussions on Physical and Anthropometric Measurements
of Upper and Lower Group
4.2.3 Body Composition Measurements of Upper and Lower Group
4.2.3.1 Discussions on Body Composition Measurements of Upper
and Lower Group
4.2.4 Psychological Characteristics of the Upper and Lower Group
4.2.4.1 Discussions on Psychological Characteristics of the Upper
and Lower Group
4.2.5 Sociometric Measurement of the Upper and Lower Group
4.2.5.1 Discussions on Sociometric Measurement of the Upper and
Lower Group
4.3 Multiple Regression Analysis
4.3.1 Individual Performance of as Dependent Variable and Physical as
well as Anthropometric Measurements as Independent Variables
4.3.1.1 Discussion on Individual Performance as Dependent
Variable and Physical and Anthropometric Measurements as
Independent Variables
4.3.2 Individual Performance as Dependent Variable and Body
Composition Measurements as Independent Variables

119
120
120
120
121
121
123
124
126
127
128
129
130
130
131

133
134

xvi

4.3.2.1 Discussion on Individual Performance as Dependent

Variable and Body Composition Measurements as
Independent Variables

135

4.3.3 Individual Performance as Dependent Variable and Psychological

as well as Sociometric Measurement as Independent Variables

147

xvii

5.2 Conclusions

147

5.2.1 Descriptive Analysis

148

5.2.2 Comparative Analysis

151

5.2.3 Multiple Regression Analysis

153

5.2.4 Player Selection, Coaching and Counselling Programme in Kabaddi

155

5.3 Applicative Value of the Study

157

5.4 Limitations of the Study

157

5.5 Recommendations for Further Research

157

REFERENCES

159-187

ANNEXURE I

Sociometric Test Format for East Zone Interuniversity

Kabaddi (Men) Tournament October 12-14, 2006

ANNEXURE II

English Version of Sports Multidimensional

Perfectionism Scale (Sports MPS) Dunn, Causgrove
Dunn & Syrotuik, (2002)

ANNEXURE III

English Version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

Spielberger, Gorsuch and Lushane (1970)

xviii

Page
No.
CHAPTER III
University Wise Distribution of Samples

Preference Matrix of the University Level Kabaddi Players

Fuzzy Preference Matrix of the University Level Kabaddi Players

Scale of Relative Importance (according to Saaty, 1980)

Descriptive Statistics of Group Performance of Kabaddi Teams of

Different Universities

107

Descriptive Statistics of Physical and Anthropometric Characteristics of

the University Level Kabaddi Players

109

Descriptive Statistics of Body Composition Measurements of the

University Level Kabaddi Players

111

Descriptive Statistics of Psychological Variables of the University Level

Kabaddi Players

114

xix

Page
No.
Statistics of Sociometric Measurement of University Level Kabaddi
Players of Different Groups as a Whole

119

Statistics of Individual Performance of the Upper and Lower Groups of

University Level Kabaddi Players

120

Statistics of Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of the Upper

and Lower Groups of University Level Kabaddi Players

122

Statistics of Body Composition Measurements of the Upper and Lower

Groups of University Level Kabaddi Players

125

Statistics of Psychological Characteristics of the Upper and Lower Groups

of University Level Kabaddi Players

127

Statistics of Sociometric Measurement (Fuzzy Preference Index - FPI) of

the Upper and Lower Groups of University Level Kabaddi Players

129

Variables Entered in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performance as Dependent Variable

131

Model Summary in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performance as Dependent Variable

132

ANOVA in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual Performance as

Dependent Variable

132

Coefficients in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual Performance

as Dependent Variable

132

Variables Entered in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performance as Dependent Variable

134

Model Summary in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performance as Dependent Variable

Measurements, Psychological Characteristics and Socio-metric
Measurement of the Upper and Lower Groups of University Level
Kabaddi Players

146

xxi

Page
No
CHAPTER IV
Histogram with Normal Probability Curve of Individual Performance of
University Level Kabaddi Players

106

Bar diagram of Mean Group Performance of Different Kabaddi Teams

108

Bar Diagram of Mean of Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of

University Level Kabaddi Players

110

Bar Diagram of Mean of Body Composition Measurements of

University Level Kabaddi Players

111

Bar Diagram of Mean of Psychological Characteristics of University

Level Kabaddi Players

114

Histogram with Normal Probability Curve of Fuzzy Preference Index of

University Level Kabaddi Players

119

Bar Diagram of Mean of Individual Performance of the Kabaddi Players

of Different Groups

121

Bar Diagram of Mean of Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of

the Kabaddi Players of Different Groups

122

Bar Diagram of Mean of Body Composition Measurements of the

Kabaddi Players of Different Groups

126

Bar Diagram of Mean of Psychological Characteristics of the Kabaddi

Players of Different Groups

128

Bar Diagram of Mean of Sociometric Measurements of the Kabaddi

Players of Different Groups

130

xxii

Sl.

Title of the paper

Organized by

Status

No.
1.

Relation between Anxiety

Shimurali Sachinandan College of

and Sports Perfectionism of

Education, Shimurali, Nadia In 18th

Kabaddi Players

& 19th April, 2008

Analytic Hierarchy Process

Department of Physical Education,

to Evaluate Individual

University of Kalyani, Kalyani,

Performance in Kabaddi

Nadia

Kabaddi an Indian Game

Mugberia Gangadharpur

Now International in

Mahavidyalaya, Bhupatinagar,

Globalized Society

Purba Medinipur In 2013

National

In 20th January 2007

National

xxiii

Sl.
No.

Title

Year of
Publication

The Relation
between Anxiety
and Sports
Perfectionism.

2012

Fuzzy
nominating
technique to
determine fuzzy
preference index
of a player in
kabaddi.

2013

Assessment of
performance of
an individual
player in
Kabaddi with the
help of analytic
hierarchy
process (AHP).

2013

Physical and
anthropometric
characteristics of
Kabaddi players.

2014

Journal:
Volume,
Issue & Page
No.
International
Journal of
Scientific and
Research
Publications,
2 (10): 1 4.
IOSR Journal
of Humanities
and Social
Science (IOSRJHSS), 17(3):
68 75.

International
Journal of
Innovative
Research in
Science,
Engineering
and
Technology,
2(12): 7220
7231.
Indian Journal
of Applied
Research,
4(1): 464
465.

ISSN/ISBN
No.

Whether
peer
reviewed

No. of
coauthors

ISSN 22503153
Impact
Factor
= 0.69

Yes

ISSN:
22790837,
ISBN:
2279-0845
Impact
Factor
= 1.589
ISSN:
2319-8753
Impact
Factor
= 1.672

Yes

ISSN Yes
2249-555X
Impact
Factor
=.0.8215

xxiv

Chapter I

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. General Introduction
Kabaddi is the most popular Indian game in Marathwada region of Maharashtra.
Generally, Indian games are simple in nature, easy to organise and less expensive. Hence,
Kabaddi, being an Indian game, reach to common people of both genders. Kabaddi is a
traditional outdoor game played with minor variations in all regions of India in fact, in
most parts of Asia. It is an ancient backyard and home-grown game.
In India Kabaddi is a major sport, which is played all over the India. This game is
also getting a good status in Asian sports. This game is classified as a team game. Sport is
a medium through which a player develops both physical and mental abilities and finally
it results into a conscious method of doing whatever one does most effectively, whereas
in other arts we utilize mental and physical abilities partially. Kabaddi is basically an
Indian game, which requires both skill and power. Kabaddi combines the characteristics
of wrestling and rugby. Kabaddi is played in more than sixty five countries especially
Asian countries.
1.1 Origin of Kabaddi
Kabaddi is a traditional outdoor game played with minor variations in all regions
of India in fact, in most parts of Asia. It is an ancient backyard and home grown game.
Kabaddi is aptly known as the Game of the Masses due to its popularity, simplicity,

Chapter I

easy to comprehended rules, and public appeal. Kabaddi is the name derives from a
Tamil word meaning holding of hand, which is the crucial aspect of play. It is the
national game of Bangladesh and the state game of Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Andhra
Pradesh in India. The utterance Kabaddi means holding breath. The game calls for no
sophisticated equipment what so ever, which makes it a very popular sport in the
developing countries. It is basically an outdoor sport played on clay court; of late the
game is being played on synthetic surface indoors with great success.
Though Kabaddi is primarily an Indian game, not much is known about the origin
of game. There is however, concrete evidence that the game is 4,000 year old. The sport
has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. It was probably invented to ward off
croup attacks by individuals and vice-versa. The game was very popular in the southern
part of Asia played in its different forms under different names. A dramatized version of
the great Indian epic, the Mahabharata has made an analogy of the game to a tight
situation faced by Abhimaneu, the heir of the Pandava kings when he is surrounded on all
sides by the enemy. Buddhist literature speaks of the Gautam Buddha playing Kabaddi
for recreation. History also reveals that princes of yore played Kabaddi to display their
strength and win their brides!
The game is known as Hu-Tu-Tu in Western India. In eastern India and
Bangladesh it is fondly called Ha-du-du (for men) and Kit-Kit (for women), Che-du-gudu in Southern India and Kaunbada in Northern India, has undergone a sea chance
through the ages. Modern Kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in its various forms
under different names.

Chapter I

1.2 The Games History

Modern Kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in various forms under
different names; the game has been played in its original form since Vedic times.
Kabaddi attained National status in the year 1918. Maharashtra was the pioneer state to
bring the game to the National platform and give it further popularity. Standard rules and
regulations were formulated in 1918 but were brought out in print in the year 1923 and in
this very year, an All India Tournament was organized at Baroda with these rules.
Kabaddi has not looked back since then and numerous tournaments are organized all over
the country throughout the year.
1.2.1 Development of the Game
There is a gradual but marked change in the style of the game during the past fifty
years. What was once considered a game of brawn is not so now. The introduction of
more techniques to the came has made it relatively easier for a player with more skill than
weight to score points against better-built opponents.
Over the years, the games pattern changed along with the rules and the size of the
playfield. The concept of Kabaddi as an Indigenous Game of India first came up during
the year 1921 in Maharashtra, when a certain framework of rules was prepared and the
game was played on the pattern of Sanjeevani and Gemini in a combined form. A special
committee was constituted in 1923 which amended the rules. These rules were applied in
an All India Kabaddi Tournament organized during the same year.
It was the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra, which
took up the task of organizing and developing Kabaddi in a more systematic & scientific

Chapter I

manner. This Institution believes in the maxim A healthy mind in a healthy body, and
has been doing yeomans service to sports in general and indigenous games in particular,
over the years. During the years 1927 to 1952, Kabaddi was played in different parts of
the country based on rules framed by the various clubs and organizing committees, which
mushroomed and gained in prominence. There were frequent disputes over the rules
during tournaments owing to lack of uniformity in the rules and regulations followed in
various parts of the country.
In Maharashtra, the pioneering state to regularize the game and bring it to the
National platform, Kabaddi, which was known as Hu-Tu-Tu, was played according to
the rules framed by the Deccan Gymkhana from 1928 to 1938.
The introduction of the game to the Inter-national arena as a demonstration game
in the 1936 Berlin Olympics led to the inclusion of Kabaddi in the list of priority games
of the Indian Olympic Committee, in the year 1940. Thereafter, Inter-provincial Kabaddi
tournaments were organized biannually.
The matches at the district and provincial level were played as per the rules
framed by the Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal, while the Inter-Provincial
Championships were based on Buck's Rules of Games and Sports, published by Mr. H.C
Buck, Founder principal of YMCA College of Physical Education, Madras.
The Indian Olympic Games were re-named as National Games in the year 1952
and are since being organized once in a year instead of biannually. The All India Kabaddi
Federation, which was formed in the year 1952 appointed a Rules Sub-Committee with
the express purpose of laying down standard rules and regulations to be followed by
affiliated provincial units all over the country. A new set of rules were framed by the
4

Chapter I

Rules Sub-Committee based on Bucks Rules and the game rules followed till then by the
Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal.
The games pattern also changed over the years, along with the standardization of
rules and regulations. Some of the major changes in the games pattern include the
introduction of the Unproductive Raid Rule, Time Out system, Bonus Line Game, etc
that did not change the basic structure of the game but all the same had a lot of impact.
Some of the major changes that had an impact on the game are being elaborated in this
chapter for the benefit of the readers.
1.2.2 Olympics in Berlin in 1936
Kabaddi was played as a demonstration sport at the 1936 Summer Olympics in
Berlin. Kabaddi received its first Inter-National exposure during the 1936 Berlin
Olympics,

demonstrated by Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak

Mandal,

Amaravati,

Maharashtra. The game was introduced in the Indian Olympic Games at Calcutta, in the
year 1938. . In 1950 the Kabaddi Federation of India (KFI) came into existence and
compiled standard rules. Regular conduct of National level championships as per laid
down rules and regulations began with effect from the year 1952.
The rules were modified and some changes were introduced to the game during
the National Championships held at New Delhi in the year 1954. The womens Nationals
were held in Calcutta in the year 1955. Efforts were made to demonstrate the game in the
World Youth Festival held at Moscow in the year 1957, but due to various unforeseen
reasons, this could not be accomplished. The game was included in the curriculum of the
Indian University Sports Control Board as a main sports discipline in the year 1961.

Chapter I

The game got further recognition when the School Games Federation of India
included it in the school games in the year 1962. This body has taken up the
responsibility of organizing state and national level competitions for school going
children all over the country in various sports on a regular basis, every year.
Kabaddi was included in the curriculum of Regular Diploma courses in coaching
conducted by the National Institute of Sports, the premier institute to develop sports in
the country with effect from the year 1971. Thereafter, qualified coaches in Kabaddi are
being produced every ear. The neighbouring countries, Nepal & Bangladesh also send I
their coaches for the diploma course in various disciplines including Kabaddi, regularly.
These qualified coaches are equipped to train players at different levels in a systematic
manner with sports science back up.
The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) was founded in 1973. After
formation of the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the first mens nationals were
held in Madras (renamed Chennai).This body was formed with a view to popularize the
game in the neighbouring countries and organize regular National level Men and Women
tournaments. After the formation of this body, sub-junior and junior sections were
included in Kabaddi national level tournaments, as a regular feature. In the year 1974, the
Indian mens team toured Bangladesh as part of the cultural exchange program to play
five test matches in different parts of the country.
The Asian Kabaddi Federation was founded under the chairmanship of Sharad
Pawar. The Governing body of Kabaddi in Asia is Asian Kabaddi Federation (AAKF)
headed by Mr. Janardan Singh Gehlot. AAKF is affiliated to Olympic Council of Asia.
Parent body to regulate the game at international level is International Kabaddi
6

Chapter I

Federation (IKF). The first men's kabaddi nationals championship on Mat and indoor
Stadium were held in Pune and this championship organized by BADAMI HAUD
SANGH Pune. Kabaddi was introduced and popularized in Japan in 1979. The Asian
Amateur Kabaddi Federation sent Prof. Sundar Ram of India to tour Japan for two
months to introduce the game. In 1979, a return test between Bangladesh and India was
held at different places of India including Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Punjab. The Asian
Kabaddi Championship was arranged in 1980 and India emerged as champion and
Bangladesh runner-up. A goodwill tour was organized in the year 1981 in which, the
Indian men & women teams visited Thailand, Japan and Malaysia to play exhibition
Kabaddi matches. Federation Cup Kabaddi matches also commenced in the year 1981.
Kabaddi was included as a demonstration game in the IX Asian Games hosted by
India in the year 1982.The South Asian Federation included Kabaddi as a regular sports
discipline from the year 1984. In the year 1984, an open Inter- National tournament was
organized at Bombay (now renamed as Mumbai), in India. During the Tri-Centenary
celebrations of the city of Calcutta, an Inter-National Invitation Kabaddi Tournament was
organized in the city. Bangladesh became runner-up again in 1985 in the Asian Kabaddi
Championship held in Jaipur, India. The other teams in the tournament were Nepal,
Malaysia and Japan.
The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games held in the year
1990 at Beijing, China; Kabaddi was included in the main disciplines. This was a major
landmark in the history of Kabaddi. India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan
and Bangladesh took part. India won the Gold Medal, which was a proud and

Chapter I

unforgettable moment for Kabaddi lovers who had strived to bring Kabaddi to the Asian
platform.
Attempts to popularize Kabaddi in Great Britain saw British TV network Channel
4 commission a programme dedicated to the sport. The show, Kabaddi, on Channel 4 in
the early 1990s, failed to capture viewers despite fixtures such as West Bengal Police
versus the Punjab. Kabaddi was axed in 1992, but not before its presenter Krishnan GuruMurthy suffered a collapsed lung while participating in the sport.
Kabaddi was played for first time in the SAF games at Dacca, Bangladesh. Since
then Kabaddi is being included in every SAF Games, which is played every once in two
years. For the first time in the Inter-National Kabaddi scenario, India faced defeat at the
hands of Pakistan and had to be satisfied with second place, winning the silver medal, in
the VI SAF Games at Dacca, Bangladesh, in the year 1993. An International Women
Kabaddi tournament commenced in the year 1995 called the Nike Gold Cup, sponsored
by NIKE, Japan.
India has been the reigning champion in the succeeding six Asian Games held in
1994 at Hiroshima (Japan). In the 1998 Asian games the Indian Kabaddi team defeated
Pakistan in a thrilling final match at Bangkok (Thailand). The chief coach of the team
was former kabaddi player and coach Flt. Lt. S P Singh, Busan in 2002, Doha in 2006
And 16th Asian Games held at Guangzhou in 2010. During the 16th Asian Games
at Guangzhou Iranian Mens bagged Silver Medal and Womens bagged Bronze Medal.
Iran has turned out to be one of the emerging nations in all three forms of Kabaddi. They
stand to be one of the few nations having transparency in selection of team along with

Chapter I

world class infrastructure for development of this sport. Currently they are trained and
coached by Ashan Kumar, former Indian National Team coach and Arjuna Awardees.
Kabaddi will be introduced to the African countries as a demonstration sport in
the Afro-Asian Games, which is to be hosted by India in the year 2002. This is a feather
in the cap for Kabaddi lovers and has been made possible thanks to the efforts of Mr. J.S.
Gehlot, President, Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India and the Indian Olympic
Association.
1.2.3 Kabaddi World Cup
Kabaddi World cup was first played in 2004 and then in 2007 and 2010. So far
India is the unbeaten champion in Kabaddi World Cup. Iran is the next most successful
nation being twice runner-up. Pakistan was the runner-up in 2010.
1.2.3.1 International Competitions
The first Kabaddi World Cup tournament was held in 2007 with India winning
over Iran in the final round. The Punjab government organized a Circle Style 2010
Kabaddi World Cup from April 3, 2010 to April 12, 2010. On April 12, 2010 Indian team
emerged as the winner after beating Iran in the finals. The opening match of the
tournament was held in Patiala while the closing ceremony took place in Ludhiana. India
won the first edition of the Circle Style Kabaddi World Cup, Beating rival Pakistan in a
58-24 victory. The final of this 10-day tournament was played at Guru Nanak Stadium.
1.2.3.2 National member of International Kabaddi Federation
America (i) United States and (ii) West Indies

Chapter I

Asia (i) Afghanistan, (ii) Bangladesh, (iii) Bhutan, (iv) Cambodia, (v) Chinese
Taipei, (vi) India, (vii) Indonesia, (viii) Iran, (ix) Japan, (x) Kyrgyzstan, (xi) Malaysia,
(xii) Maldives, (xiii) Nepal, (xiv) Oman, (xv) Pakistan, (xvi) South Korea, (xvii) Sri
Lanka, (xviii) Thailand and (xix) Turkmenistan.
Europe (i) Austria, (ii) France, (iii) Germany, (iv) Great Britain, (v) Italy, (vi)
Norway, (vii) Spain and (viii) Sweden.
Oceania Australia
1.3 Forms of Kabaddi
There are three forms of Kabaddi.
1.3.1 Amar
In the Amar form of Kabaddi, whenever any player is touched (out), he does
not go out of the court, but stays inside, and one point is awarded to the team that touched
him. This game is also played on a time basis, i.e. the time is fixed. This form of kabaddi
is played in Punjab, Canada, England, New Zealand, USA, Pakistan and Australia. In the
Amar form of Kabaddi, each team consists of 56 stoppers and 45 raiders. At one time,
only 4 stoppers are allowed to play on the field. Every time a stopper stops the raider
from going back to his starting point, that stoppers team gets 1 point. On the other hand,
every time the raider tags one of the stoppers and returns to his starting point, his team
gets one point. At one time, only one of the stoppers can try.
1.3.2 Sanjeevni
In Sanjeevni Kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite
team who is out, one out, one in. The duration, the number of players, dimensions of the
10

Chapter I

court, etc. have been fixed by the Kabaddi Federation of India. This form of Kabaddi is
the closest to the present game. In this form of Kabaddi, players are put out and revived
and the game lasts 40 minutes with a 5-minute break in between. There are nine players
on each side. The team that puts out all the players on the opponents side scores four
extra points for a Lona. The winning team is the one that scores most points after 40
minutes. The field is bigger in this form of Kabaddi and the cant different in various
regions. Modern Kabaddi resembles this form of Kabaddi especially with regard to out
& revival system and Lona. The present form of Kabaddi is a synthesis of all these
forms with changes in the rules.
1.3.3 Gaminee
This is played with nine players on either side, in a field of no specific
measurements. The characteristic is that a player put out has to remain out until all his
team members are out. The team that is successful in putting out all the players of the
opponent's side secures a point. This is akin to the present system of Lona. After all the
players are put out, the team is revived and the game continues. The game continues until
five or seven Lona are secured. This form of Kabaddi has no fixed game time. The
main disadvantage of Gaminee is that the player is not in position to give his best
performance since he is likely to remain out for the better part of the match until an Iona
is scored.
1.4

Game play
There are prescribed norms of the game play.

(iii) A substitution is completed when a substitute enters his court.

(iv) All reserve players are subject to the authority and jurisdiction of the
referee, whether called upon to play or not.
If a substitute enters the court without the referee's permission play is stopped.
The opposing team is given a technical point. The chance of raid remains with the same
team and play is restarted.
1.4.3.8 Players Equipment
Here are the descriptions of players equipments.
1.4.3.9 Safety
(i)

A player must not use equipment or wear anything, which is dangerous to

himself or another player (including any kind of jewellery).
18

Chapter I

(ii)

Nails of the players must be closely clipped.

(iii) Application of oil based substance to the body or limbs is prohibited.

(iv) Players with long hair (below shoulder length) are required to neatly tie and
clip the hair into a bun shape.
(v)

Doping is not allowed by either player or official. The WKF will follow the
doping code adopted by the INOC and IOC.

1.4.3.10 Basic Equipment

The basic compulsory equipment of a player is as follows.
1.4.3.10.1 Jersey or T-shirt
(i)

The numberings on the back is must with a minimum of 15 cm and

maximum of 17 cm.

(ii)

Shows dissent by word or action.

(iii) Persistently infringes the Rules of the Game.

(iv) Delays the restart of play.
(v)

Enters or re-enters the play-field without the referee's permission.

(vi) Deliberately leaves the play-field without the referee's permission.

Chapter I

(vii) Is guilty of serious foul play.

(viii) Is guilty of violent conduct.
(ix) Spits at an opponent or any other person.
(x)

Uses offensive, insulting or abusive language.

(xi) Persistently questions the officials decisions.

(xii) Deliberately gives away points to the opponents.
b) The Referee or Umpires can use the following cards to caution or take action
against players or team officials.
1.4.3.26 Technical Officials
Each match is controlled by a referee who has full authority to enforce the Laws
of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed. He shall be
assisted by two umpires, one scorer and two assistant scorers in carrying out his duties. In
general the decision of the umpires shall be final. However, the referee may give his
decision if there is a disagreement between the two umpires provided that play has not
restarted.
1.5 Origin of the Research Problem
Kabaddi an indigenous folk game is considering now as our National Game.
Impetus is provided only very recently to make it an international one. To make a game
popular and to rise it up to the international standard different rules should be framed,
effective coaching should be provided, skills should be well developed and performance
should be measured as well as increased. For this purpose research should be done on

Chapter I

scientific footings. Unfortunately, till now very limited research has only been done. To
bridge up the gap best endeavour is being put to launch a research project.
Anthropometric measurements relevant to human movement gained formal
recognition as a discipline with the inauguration of the International Society for
Advancement of Kinanthropometryi in 1986. Anthropometrists of all continents have
participated in several major multidisciplinary studies that are being or have been
conducted to assess the physical characteristics of people. This interface is examined
through the measurement and analysis of age, body size, shape, proportion, composition
and maturation as they relate to gross body function. Previous reports have shown that
body structure and morphological characteristics are important determinants of
performance in many sports and certain physical impressions such as body composition
(body fat, body mass, muscle mass) and physique (somatotype) can significantly
influence athletic performance (Carter, 1970; Duquet & Carter, 2001).
In performance and high performance sport, a great importance is given to the
physical condition. It is in fact the preoccupation for the adaptation of the sportsmans
body to growing physical and mental efforts, to which all the parts of the human body
participate. The contemporary Kabaddi game, characterised by high intensity motor
activities, places upon players a wide spectrum of requirements on all their capabilities.
One can hardly single out any ability or a characteristic which is not engaged in
the performance of Kabaddi players. Kabaddi is a strength game. Without endurance the
player cannot perform well, in the same time the players need all the characteristics i.e.
i

Kinanthropometry has been defined as the quantitative interface between human structure and function.
Ross, W.D., Drinkwater, D.T., Bailey, D.A., Marshall, G.R. & Leahy, R.M. (1980). Kinanthropometry;
Traditions and new perspective. In: M. Ostyn, G. Beunen, J. Simons (eds.) Kinanthropometry II.
International Series on Sports Science. Vol. 9. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 3-27.

Chapter I

speed, agility, flexibility, endurance etcetera. Now-a-days most of the players having
good height can perform well in the game situation. Without physical characteristics
players cannot achieve the aim of the game, so physical characteristics is very essential
for the better performance of Kabaddi. The purpose of the study was to predict the
Kabaddi playing ability from selected Anthropometrical and Physical variables among
university level Players.
1.5.1 Statement of Purpose
Obviously,

physical,

anthropometric,

psychological

Physical and anthropometric characteristics, such as (i) Height, (ii)

Weight, (iii) Leg length, (iv) Arm length, (v) Mid thigh girth, (vi) Calf girth;

Body composition measurements, such as (i) Body Fat %, (ii) Fat Mass
(iii) Lean Body Mass, and (iv) Body Mass Index;

Psychological characteristics, such as (i) Sport Multidimensional

Perfectionism and (ii) Trait Anxiety;

Chapter I

Sociometric characteristics (Fuzzy Preference Index).

B) To compare
a)

Individual performance of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and low

achiever groups.

Physical and anthropometric characteristics of the Kabaddi players of high

achiever and low achiever groups.

Body composition measurements of the Kabaddi players of high achiever

and low achiever groups.

Psychological characteristics of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and

low achiever groups.

Sociometric characteristics of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and low

achiever groups.

C) To formulate multiple regression equations considering individual performance in

Kabaddi game as dependent variable and
a)

The physical as well as anthropometric characteristics as independent

variables;

The body composition measurements as independent variables;

The psychological and sociometric characteristics as independent variables.

D) To formulate a player selection, coaching and counselling programme for Kabaddi

players and hence to augment the social acceptability of the game as a national as well as
international one.
31

Chapter I

1.8 Delimitation of the Study

Due to financial and several other constraints the researcher was forced to delimit the
research areas in different aspects
a)

Only (i) height, (ii) weight, (iii) leg length, (iv) arm length, (v) mid thigh
girth, (vi) calf girth were considered as physical and anthropometric
measurements;

As body composition measurement (i) body fat %, (ii) fat mass, (iii) lean
body mass and (iv) body mass index were considered;

Only sport multidimensional perfectionism and trait anxiety of were

considered as psychological characteristics;

Only fuzzy preference index was considered as sociometric characteristics;

Only the university level male Kabaddi players were considered as source of
sample.

1.9 Limitation of the Study

The study has several limitations. Delimitations of the study were also its
limitations. At the end of the dissertation in course of putting further suggestion the
limitation of the present study was discussed at length.
1.10 A Brief Acquaintance with the Psychological and Sociometric Constructs
The psychological constructs used in the study were (a) Sport Multidimensional
Perfectionism and (b) Trait Anxiety; again the sociometric construct was Fuzzy
Preference Index (FPI).

Chapter I

1.10.1 Perfectionism and Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism

According to Flett and Hewitt (2002) perfectionism is a personality trait
characterized by striving for flawlessness and setting excessively high standards for
performance, accompanied by tendencies towards overly critical evaluations of ones
behaviour. In sports, some researchers see perfectionism as an adaptive trait that helps to
achieve elite performance (Gould, Dieffenbach & Moffett, 2002). Other researchers,
however, see perfectionism as a maladaptive trait that hinders, rather than helps athletic
performance (Flett & Hewitt, 2005).
Chang (2003), Enns and Cox (2002) have put their opinion that perfectionism is
multidimensional and multifaceted, and only some dimensions and facets are clearly
negative, harmful and maladaptive, while others may be positive, benign and adaptive.
Moreover, research has suggested that two major dimensions of perfectionism be
differentiated (Stoeber & Otto, 2006) (a) a dimension which has been described as
positive, healthy, or adaptive perfectionism, and (b) a dimension which has been
described as neurotic, unhealthy, or maladaptive perfectionism (Rice & Preusser, 2002;
Stumpf & Parker, 2000; Terry-Short, et al., 1995).
The positive dimension of perfectionism subsumes those facets of perfectionism
that relate to perfectionistic strivings such as having high personal standards and a self
oriented striving for excellence. This dimension has been shown to be unrelated to
negative characteristics such as anxiety, once overlap between positive and negative
perfectionism was controlled for (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).
In contrast, the negative dimension of perfectionism subsumes those facets of
perfectionism that relate to perfectionistic concerns such as concern over mistakes,
33

Chapter I

doubts about actions, feelings of discrepancy between expectations and results, and
negative reactions to mistakes. This dimension has been associated with negative
characteristics such as anxiety (Bieling, Israeli & Antony, 2004; Hill, et al., 2004;
Suddarth & Slaney, 2001).
The distinction between positive and negative facets of perfectionism may also
prove crucial when investigating perfectionism and anxiety in competitive athletes. For
competitive athletes, sport is more than just a game (Jones, 1995). As a result,
competitions require the fruits of training and experience to be transformed into top
performances under the critical evaluation of opponents, team-mates, coaches, and
spectators. So competition may be associated with heightened competitive anxiety
(Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990).
1.10.2 Anxiety and State-Trait Anxiety
Anxiety is defined as an unpleasant, diffuse and uncomfortable emotional state,
associated with psycho-physiological changes in response to an intra-psychic conflict.
Anxiety is an uneasy, fearful feeling. It is the feature of many psychological disorders. It
is often concealed and reduced by defensive behaviours such as avoidance or ritualistic
action (hand washing, and other obsessive- compulsive reaction, phobic reaction, etc. for
example). Therefore, anxiety is often a diffuse, unpleasant and uncomfortable feeling of
apprehension, accompanied by one or more bodily sensations that characteristically recur
in the same manner in the person. It an alerting signal that warns an individual of
impending danger and enable him to take measure to deal with. Anxiety and fear may
exist simultaneously or follow each other. Anxiety or fear arousing stimulus may be
internal, external, immediate or future, definite or vague, conflicting or non-conflicting in
34

Chapter I

nature. In normal fear no psychological conflict is involved and the threat is known, but
in anxiety there is definite mental conflict and the threat is very much unknown.
According to Hallam (1992), anxiety is a word used in everyday conversation,
and refers to a complex relationship between a person and his situation. It may refer to
(a) the behaviour of a person , (b) his appraisal of the responses and their effects, (c) his
intensions towards a situation, and (d)

his evaluation of the resources available for

dealing with it.

Anxiety is a state of apprehension, uncertainty and fear resulting from the
anticipation of a realistic or fantasized threatening event or situation, often impairing
physical and psychological functioning. Trait anxiety reflects the existence of stable
individual differences in the tendency to respond with state anxiety in the anticipation of
threatening situations (Spielberger, 1983).
No single set of biological or psychological processes are there to define anxiety.
It is not also possible to consider anxiety purely in objective terms that is as a state of the
organism. Anxiety may be conceptualized broadly in two ways (A) behavioural and (B)
non-behavioural.
1.10.2.1 Behavioural
From behavioural perspective, anxiety is considered as a set of cognitive and
physiological responses. This physiological state of anxiety is associated with increased
activation of the sympathetic pathways of the autonomic nervous system. This in
consequence prepares body for energetic muscular activities. The physiological state of
anxiety usually includes (a) accelerated heart rate and an increase in the blood volume

Chapter I

being pumped with each beat, (b) sweating, which triggers a rise in skin conductivity, (c)
rapid respiration, (d) inhibition salivation, stomach contractions, digestive secretions and
(e) dilation of pupils and inhibition of tear glands. The anxiety stricken patients often
express the reactions as trembling, pounding heart, knot in the stomach etc.
1.10.2.2 Non-behavioural
Form non-behavioural perspective, anxiety is understood, either in terms of
stimulus situation that may give birth to anxiety, or as a trait or characteristic of the
individuals personality.
1.10.3 Sociometry
Each day every body spends many hours on building relationships with others. An
individuals popularity among the friends is considered to be one of the indicators of their
successful integration into social life. As a rule, in school setting unpopular students, who
are not connected with the peer network, often demonstrate anti-social behaviour, poor
mental well-being, and have higher risk of school drop-out (Ostberg, 2003; Rubin, et
al., 2007; Cillessen & Borch, 2008; Motti-Stefanidi, et al., 2011).
An individuals level of involvement in a peer network can be assessed by two
methods designed to evaluate two different popularity types perceived and sociometric.
The perceived popularity index is derived from peer surveys directly asking about the
popularity of their peers (for example, Who in your friends circle are most popular?).
An individuals sociometric status is estimated from the names of the peer friends he like.
It has been shown that these two popularity indices do not necessarily correlate with each
other. Several studies reported that the students with high levels of perceived popularity

Chapter I

do not always have high levels of involvement in a peer network, and vice versa
(Cillessen & Mayeux, 2004; Parkhurst & Hopmeyer, 1998).
The first approach evaluating perceived popularity is mainly used in social
psychology studies dealing with the psychological profiles and behaviour patterns of
popular and unpopular teenagers. The second approach evaluates popularity levels via an
individuals involvement in a peer network, and has been widely used lately due to the
development of social network analysis (Lubbers, 2003; Baerveldt, et al., 2004;
Lubbers & Snijders, 2007). This approach emphasizes the structures of ties between
persons, rather than characteristics of the persons themselves.
Sociometry, the study of the interrelationships among people, can be very helpful
in answering some of these questions. Measurement of social and emotional relatedness
can be useful not only in the context of assessment of behaviour within a group, but also
for interventions to bring about positive change in the desired direction and for
determining the extent of change takes place as a result of these interventions. As
sociometry allows the group to see itself objectively and to analyze its own dynamics, so,
for a work group, it can be a powerful tool for reducing conflict and improving
interpersonal communication. It also acts as a powerful tool for assessing dynamics and
development in groups devoted to therapy or training.
Whenever a group of individuals come forward with a common mission, they
make choices where to sit or stand; choices about who is perceived as friendly and who
not, who is central to the group, who is rejected and who is isolated. Sociometry is
because individuals make choices in interpersonal relationships. Moreno says, Choices
are fundamental facts in all ongoing human relations, choices of people and choices of
37

Chapter I

things.

It is immaterial whether the chooser knows the motivations or not it is

immaterial whether the choices are inarticulate or highly expressive, whether rational or
irrational. They do not require any special justification as long as they are spontaneous
and true to the self of the chooser. They are facts of the first existential order. (Moreno,
1953, p. 720).
Sociometry was created by Moreno (1934) and utilized extensively during the
1940s, 50s and 60's for practical purposes at schools and work settings and also for
research purposes to examine social interrelations and communication in groups.
Sociometry could be defined as the study and measurement of social choice
(Kerlinger, 1986, p. 499). Through sociometry, a researcher is able to study the
psychological properties of groups (Moreno, 1934), uncover the feelings and perceptions
which individuals have regarding one another, and examine the structure of interactions
between members of the formal or informal group (Jennings, 1977; Secord &
Backman, 1964). In sociometry, interpersonal relations are measured by asking group
members to express their preferences for particular companions in a certain situation or
activity, like Whom would you choose to work with? (Fastener, et al., 1950; Moreno,
1934; Northway & Weld, 1957). The typical choice is normally related to friendship or
companionship at work.
Since different choice criteria influence the content of interaction (Hare, 1962)
and also the obtained sociometric choices (Lindzey & Byrne, 1968), the choice criteria
should be decided based on the research question or design.
The sociometric test reveals the group (affect) structure (Secord & Backman,
1964) and identifies possible subunits of the group as well as various types of group
38

Chapter I

positions (Jennings, 1977). The sociometric group structure is examined using one or
more of three possible tools (a) sociograms, (b) sociometric matrices and (c)
sociometric indices (Lindzey & Byrne, 1968). In sociograms the choice data are
displayed as target diagrams where people are represented as circles and choices are
expressed by arrows or different types of lines (Northway, 1940). There are three types
of choices one-way, two-way (i.e., reciprocal), and no choice.
People who have received many choices have their circles located at the center of
the picture whereas those who have few or no choices have their circles out to the side.
Using the drawn sociogram, a researcher can visually analyze the pattern of attraction or
rejection and communication paths in a group (Jennings, 1977). There are at least six
choice patterns that could be studied in a sociogram isolated, un-chosen, stars (i.e.,
highly chosen ones), pairs (with mutual attractions/arrows), triangles, and chains
(Forsyth & Katz, 1946; Hare, 1962). Generally, sociograms are useful if a study is more
qualitative in nature and there are few groups and only a few group members, but it is
apt to be confusing to the reader, especially if the number of subjects is large (Forsyth
& Katz 1946, p-341).
Due to the limitations of sociograms, the matrix approach was proposed by
Forsyth and Katz (1946). A directed graph (i.e., sociogram) and a matrix display the
same thing, just in a different way. However, matrices can easily display the data for
studies of large groups (larger than 20 people) and for more in-depth analytic studies
(Kerlinger, 1986). In the matrix, group members are listed in the same order in both the
row and column headings. For a given row (with a persons name), one can find whom
that person chose among the members of the group (shown in the column headings), with
39

Chapter I

choices indicated by the number 1 or the mark . For a given column (with a persons
name), one can find who chose that person (i.e., the column corresponds to the person
receiving the choice; Festinger, et al., 1950). The number of times a person was chosen
is found out by adding his or her column of the matrix (Kerlinger, 1986), with all the
column sums used to calculate different indices.

Chapter II

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF ALLIED LITERATURE

2. Review of Allied Literature

Review of the allied literature actually provides insight into a research work. This
review suggests a method and a technique of dealing with a problematic situation a
scholar might have to face. This may also suggest avenues of the situation of similar
difficulties. It can provide the investigator with new ideas and approaches which may not
occurred to him. It also can assist the researcher in evaluating his own research efforts by
comparing them with related efforts done by other.
Kabaddi is a game which combines the actions of wrestling, judo, rugby and
gymnastics. The important body movements in this game involve catching, holding,
locking and jumping, thus the possession of desirable anthropometric and physiological
characteristics will have a greater advantage in executing a better performance in
competition (Dey, et al, 1993). So, this one is a team sport, which requires tremendous
physical stamina, agility, individual proficiency, neuromuscular coordination, lung
capacity, quick reflexes, intelligence and presence of mind on the both attackers and
defenders. The game involves team coordination and movement strategies. It involves
equal speed agents and requires a physical capture that leads to very different set of
strategies and game outcomes. It influenced by social moves, norms, ideals, morals and
expectations.

Chapter II

Human being is born in the world with many internal consistencies and certain
racial fundamental movements. To arouse these consistencies and proper uses of the
movements are few of the aspects of physical education and sport sciences. Sports
activities are the combination and modifications of the basic movements and to perform
any performance or activity proved their internal consistencies also.
It is now established that two man are not identical is all aspects. They differ from
each other in size, shape and appearance. Not only morphological characteristics, every
individual has his own physiological peculiarities and potentialities. They may differ
from each other not only by their maximum volume of oxygen consumption, lean body
mass, and percentage of body fat but also their anxiety, arousal, motives, interests,
attitude, needs and capacities also.
The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of physical or anthropometric
variables (such as, thigh girth measurement, calf girth measurement, arm length, leg
length, height, body weight, body mass index and body composition), psychological
variables (such as, sport multidimensional perfectionism and trait anxiety) and
sociometric variable (such as, fuzzy preference index) on individual performance and
group performance of the university level Kabaddi players. In this chapter the literature
that serves as the groundwork for this current study is reviewed.
Sincere efforts have been put to gather the best available literature. For this
purpose, a number of libraries like (a) Central and Departmental Libraries of the
University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India; (b) Central Library of the
Indian Institute of Statistics, Kolkata; (c) Central Library of the Indian Institute of
Management, Kolkata were visited. In addition to the above mentioned sources, various
42

Chapter II

related websites on internet and available personal and supervisors literature etc have
been searched.
The review of literature is divided into three main sections
i)

The first section will capture previous literature pertaining to the impact of
physical or anthropometric characteristics on sporting performance in
general and on Kabaddi playing performance in particular.

ii)

The second section explores the impact of psychological characteristics on

sporting performance in general and on Kabaddi playing performance in
particular.

iii)

The third section encompasses the effect of sociometric variable (such as,
fuzzy preference index) on sporting performance in general and on Kabaddi
playing performance in particular.

2.1 Physical or Anthropometric Characteristics vs. Sporting Performance

From as early as the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam (Kohlraush, 1929,
cited in Tanner, 1964), researchers have exploited the opportunity to examine the elite
athletes on show. As with the more broadly focused investigations, these studies have
considered basic factors such as height, weight, and age (Jokl, 1964) to more extensive
research on the size, shape, composition, and proportions of individuals (de Garay,
Levine & Carter, 1974). Initially, researchers primarily concentrated on the dimensions
of track and field athletes. However, as the number of events within the Olympics
increased, so did the range of athletes studied. Although statistical analyses within these
early studies were limited, data consistently demonstrated that, irrespective of the
43

Chapter II

nationality of athletes, distinct profiles were evident for individuals in a range of different
sporting events.
The employment of the statistical procedure discriminant function analysis
(Tanner, 1964) provided a unique contribution to the discussion of anthropometrical and
physical differentiation. Tanner was able to identify groups of variables that best
differentiated

among

athletes

within

different

events.

Consequently,

distinct

combinations of multiple measurements of anthropometrical and physical attributes were

shown to be important for success within specific events.
In similar fashion, Tittels (1965) research mathematically confirmed that
multiple anthropometrical and physical measures were able to distinguish between
athletes competing in different events in the Olympic games.
Kohlraush (1929, cited in Tanner, 1964), Correnti and Zauli (1964), Tanner
(1964) and Tittel (1965) have all provided useful information on the profiles of Olympic
athletes. However, these studies were limited, both in terms of the number of athletes
analysed, and also because only male athletes were considered. In extending this early
work, de Garay, et al. (1974) looked at the physical and anthropometric profile of 1265
male and female athletes across 13 sports (129 separate events) in the 1968 Olympics in
Mexico City. Measurements were compared with a control group of 370 non-athletes; de
Garay, et al. (1974) confirmed and developed awareness of distinct anthropometrical
and physical profiles for successful Olympic athletes in different sporting events.
The comparatively close relationship that was established between an athletes
physical characteristics and their sporting event has resulted in the belief, held by both
coaches and sport scientists, that profiling young children on anthropometrical and
44

Chapter II

physical measures will enable the identification of individuals who have the potential to
be successful in a specific event (Petiot, Salmela & Hoshizaki, 1987). Grabiner and
McKelvain (1987) stated, the ability to identify young people whose profile is
consistent with that of elite gymnasts may enhance the sport development of the
individual by giving information about future success (p.121). Consequently, talent
detection and identification models largely have been underpinned by an analysis of the
anthropometrical and physical characteristics of both successful senior and junior athletes
within a specific sport.
Wear and Miller (1962) studied the relationship of physique and developmental
level, as determined by the Wetzel Grid, to performance in fitness tests, of junior high
school boys. They found that subjects who were medium in physique and normal in
developments, to be the best performers and the subjects of heavy physique to be the
poorest in performance.
Espenschade (1963) investigated the relationship of age, height and weight to the
performance of body between performance and height and weight when age was held
constant.
Blanksby, et al. (1986) mentioned that the success of any talent identification and
development programme depends on a clear understanding of the specific performance
requirements in the sport. Information on these requirements, based on a variety of
morphological, physiological, and physical fitness measurements, is useful in any sport.
Numerous

studies

have

focused

morphological

and

physiological

characteristics for successful performance (Claessens, et al, 1999; Evans, et al, 1995;
Mermier et al, 2000; Mahood, et al, 2001) and talent detection (Russel, 1987;
45

Chapter II

Elferink-Gemser, et al, 2004) in various sports.

A number of studies have been published on various aspects of rhythmic
gymnastics, (Alexander, et al., 1987; Alexander, 1991; Baldari & Guidetti, 2001;
Guidetti, et al., 2000; Hutchinson, et al., 1998; Klentrou & Plyley, 2003;
Theodoropoulou, et al., 2005; Georgopoulos, et al., 2002) but only Hume, et al. (1993)
and Alexander (1989) have examined anthropometric, physical fitness, and physiological
factors as predictors of attainment in rhythmic gymnastics athletes and no agreement was
found between them. Indeed, Alexander (1989) reported no significant relationship
between performance and anthropometric measurements, aerobic power, anaerobic
power, and flexibility, whereas Hume, et al. (1993) found low but significant
correlations between performance and physical attributes such as anthropometric
measurements, explosive strength, and flexibility and outlined the importance of aerobic
power.
To evaluate these physical abilities, the anthropometric measurements, parameters
of the body composition such as the percent body fat (% FAT); fat-free mass (FFM) and
somatotype components are often used. Studies on the physical characteristics of the
human body to-date indicate that the morphological characteristics of athletes successful
in a specific sport differ in somatic characteristics from the general population.
Basketball and volleyball players are typically taller than the players of other games
(Rahmawati et al., 2007). Basketball and volleyball require handling the ball above the
head; therefore, having a greater height is an advantage in these sports (Kansal et al.,
1986). Higher body mass however, is a hurdle for volleyball players in achieving good
jumping height (Bandyopadhyay, 2007). Various researchers suggested that different
46

Chapter II

body size, shape and proportions are beneficial in different physical activities (Malhotra,
et al., 1972; Kansal, et al., 1986; Sidhu, et al., 1996).
Several studies on the anthropometric characteristics and somatotype of
basketball and volleyball players have been reported in literature (Fleck, et al., 1985;
Hakkinen, 1993; Hosler, et al., 1978; Spence et al., 1980; Sallet, et al., 2005;
Apostolidis, et al., 2003; Gualdi & Zaccagni, 2001; Pelin, et al., 2009; Gabbett,
2008).
Neeraj (1999) compared the coordinative Ability variables of Hand Ball and
Basket Ball female players of Haryana state, she conduct survey study of 40 female
players 20 players from Hand Ball and 20 players from Basket Ball) She found that
Basket Ball players had significantly better rhythmic ability, lateral movement ability and
agility component of coordinative ability as compared to the Hand Ball players.
Christine, et al. (2000) conducted a study to identify the physiological and
anthropometric determinants of sport climbing performance. The results of the multiple
regression procedure indicated that the training component uniquely explained 58.9% of
the total variance in climbing performance. The anthropometric and flexibility
components explained 0.3% and 1.8% of the total variance in climbing performance
respectively. The variance in climbing performance can be explained by a component
consisting of trainable variables. More importantly, the findings do not support the belief
that a climber must necessarily possess specific anthropometric characteristics to excel in
sport rock climbing.
Williams and Lind (2000) conducted a study on sprinters and the key findings
were (i) Sprinters muscles were thicker than those of distance runners and controls in
47

Chapter II

all groups except the forearm and lower front of thigh; (ii) Sprinters had longer fibres in
their vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles than distance runners, with a smaller
pennation angle in both muscles; (iii) Sprinters had longer muscle fibres than distance
runners in relation to limb length. Both the longer fibres and smaller pennation angle give
the sprinters a physiological advantage for high speed muscle contractions over the
distance runners.
Pilli (2010) conducted a study to compare the anthropometric and physical
variables among kho-kho and hand ball players of Andhra Pradesh School Games teams.
The result of the study shows that hand ball players were better in six variables such as
explosive strength, muscular endurance, height, weight, body fat, somato-type; further
the study indicates that kho-kho players were better in speed and endurance.
2.1.1 Physical or Anthropometric Characteristics vs. Performance in Kabaddi
The important body movements in Kabaddi involve catching, holding, locking
and jumping, thus the possession of desirable anthropometric and physiological
characteristics will have a greater advantage in executing a better performance in
competition. So, a strong agile body embedded with tenacious, fighting will force is the
primary requirement for a standard Kabaddi player. A particular body type is required for
the game of Kabaddi; and this type is named as endomorphic-ectomorphic.
Khanna, et al. (1996) conducted a study to determine the physical and
physiological profile of Kabaddi players and the physiological demands of playing a
Kabaddi match. They found the average heart rate and oxygen consumption during the
match were 146.5 (SD=9.25) beats min-1 and 2.25 (0.59) litre min-1 respectively. During
raiding the maximum heart rate attained varied from 162.4 (11.3) to 177.4 (4.2) beats
48

Chapter II

min-1. Out of 40 min of match play a raider raided on average on 8.13(2.03) occasions.
The average time per raid was 20.8 (6.26) s. The match heart rate and oxygen
consumption was 72.3-83.3% of the maximum heart rate, and 43.5-70.5% of VO2 max
respectively. Maximum lactate at the end of the match was 6.13 (2.53) mmol litre -1.
Kabaddi players had the somato-type of 2.68-4.71-1.83, with absolute back strength of
175.0 kg. VO2 max and O2 debt were 3.59 (0.36) litre min -1 [47.82(3.68) ml kg -1 min-1]
and 5.3 (1.85) litres (70 ml kg -1) respectively. According to the researchers the Kabaddi is
an intermittent sport; the rest pause during the game is sufficient for recovery. During
raiding the main source of energy is anaerobic.
Kala (1999) compared physical fitness, physiological and coordinative ability
variables of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players. The physical fitness variables such as agility,
speed, power and endurance strength of Kabaddi players were found significantly better
in the strength components than the Kho-Kho players. However, Kho-Kho players were
significantly better than the Kabaddi players in physical fitness variables such as agility
and speed, power and endurance. Kho-Kho players were found better in rhythmic ability
in the coordinative ability but in other coordinative ability there is no significant
difference in the Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players such as Balance, flexibility,
differentiation ability and lateral jumping ability. Kabaddi players were significantly
better than the Kho-Kho players in physiological variables such as PEF (Peak Expiratory
Flow Rate) but Kho-Kho player were significantly better than the Kabaddi players in
pulse rate.
According to Dey, et al. (1993) athletic performance in Kabaddi is a function of
aerobic fitness, anaerobic fitness, dynamic balance, agility, individual proficiency,
49

Chapter II

neuromuscular coordination, lung capacity, quick reflexes, intelligence and presence of

mind on the part of both attackers and defenders. During a match a player frequently
performs activities that require rapid development of force, such as reaction and quickly
changing direction.
Dey, et al. (1993) reported the total body fat percentage of the Kabaddi players
was higher than the judokas, boxers, weightlifters, wrestlers and foot ballers. The higher
fat percentage in these Kabaddi players may be due to their greater age. The Kabaddi
players were found to be lower in the mesomorphic and higher in the endomorphic rating
compared with the above mentioned sports.
Arvind, et al. (2009) compared psychological and anthropometric factors
Kabaddi players with athletes, basketball, volleyball and handball. In their study Results
showed that psychological parameters of Kabaddi players are better than others athletes.
Also anthropometrics data in Kabaddi players are higher than in basketball, volleyball
and handball players.
Dey, et al. (1993) conducted a study to investigate the physical characteristics,
body fat, lean body mass (LBM) and somato-type of Indian national Kabaddi players.
The mean and standard division of body fat % were 17.56 and 3.48 of Kabaddi players; it
was found to be higher than normal sedentary people. Their physique was found to be
endomorphicmesomorph (3.8-5.2-1.7).
Kumar, et al. (2011) conducted a study to compare the Kabaddi and Kho-Kho
players on the selected physical and mental abilities. The findings were (i) the Kabaddi
players group had more BMI showing greater body mass than the Kho-Kho players
group; (ii) in the speed ability (40m sprint test) the Kho-Kho players group had better
50

Chapter II

speed in comparison to the Kabaddi players group; (iii) The Kabaddi players group had
high explosive strength, showing greater jumping ability than the Kho-Kho players
group; (iv) in the Sit and Reach test the Kho-Kho players group had better hips and legs
flexibility in comparison to the Kabaddi players group; (v) in one minute Sit-Ups test of
muscular strength endurance the Kabaddi players group had better muscular strength
endurance of abdomen muscles group, showing greater muscular endurance ability than
the Kho-Kho players group; (vi) in the 12 minutes Run/Walk test of cardiovascular
endurance the Kho-Kho players group had better cardiovascular endurance, showing
greater heart and lungs capacity than the Kabaddi players group; and (vii) in the
psychomotor ability the Kho-Kho players group had better psychomotor ability or eye
hand coordination, proving better mental and physical coordination ability than the
Kabaddi players group.
As per report of Sodhi and Sidhu (1984) Kabaddi players was almost similar to
judo players but heavier than footballers, hockey players and boxers. They also reported
that the total body fat percentage of the Kabaddi players was higher than judokas, boxers,
weightlifters, wrestlers (except the heavyweight category) and footballers.
Dey, et al. (1993) have reported to be observed that the participants of interuniversity Kabaddi competition showed higher values of height, weight and surface area
than average Indian population, indicating better attainment of growth in them.
Bhomik (1997) concluded that Kabaddi players were significantly superior in
vital capacity whereas soccer players were significantly superior in resting pulse rate in
comparison to their counterpart but in case of blood pressure non- significance difference
were found between the two groups.
51

Chapter II

Bhatnagar (1980) has found that volleyball players are lightest-shortest with
maximum amount of fat compared to Kabaddi players and athletes whereas Kabaddi
players are heaviest and fattest among the rural sportsman of Madhya Pradesh.
Vaz (1994) investigated some of the selected anthropometric characteristics and
physical fitness components of predictors of performance in Judo. He found in his study
that anthropometric variables namely, height, weight, calf girth, arm girth index, were
related to Judo Performance in various weight categories, but by length, thigh girth and
rural ratio were not seen significantly related to Judo performance.
Kala (1999) conducted a study on Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players to compare
physical fitness, physiological and coordinative ability variables of these games players.
The physical fitness variables such as agility, speed, power and endurance strength of
Kabaddi players were found significantly better in the strength components than the KhoKho players. However, Kho-Kho players were significantly better than the Kabaddi
players in physical fitness variables such as agility and speed, power and endurance.
Kho-Kho players were found better in rhythmic ability in the coordinative ability but in
other coordinative ability there is no significant difference in the Kabaddi and Kho-Kho
players such as Balance, flexibility, differentiation ability and lateral jumping ability.
Kabaddi players were significantly better than the Kho-Kho players in physiological
variables such as PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) but Kho-Kho player were
significantly better than the Kabaddi players in pulse rate.
Taking one hundred junior national male Kabaddi players as sample Nataraj and
Chandrakumar (2008) have conducted a study on motor abilities in different proportions.
The result indicated that amongst the selected motor ability variables muscular endurance
52

Chapter II

of arms, explosive power of legs and arms predict the performance of junior male
Kabaddi players, and was the dominant abilities.
2.2 Psychological Characteristics vs. Sporting Performance
Sports Psychology is the study of persons behaviour in sport. It deals with
increasing performance by managing emotions and minimizing the psychological effects
of injury and poor performance. Some of the most important skills taught are goal setting,
relaxation, visualization, self talk, awareness and control, concentration, confidence,
using rituals, attribution training and periodization.
Patial (1991) studied the selected psychological variables of Indian female
hockey players with the purpose (i) to sketch a profile if national hockey players, (ii) to
compare the status of national and international and finally (iii) to form the individual
profiles for international players who have represented the country in the recent most
international tournaments. The variables selected for the study were incentive motivation,
state and trait anxiety, sport competition anxiety and extraversion-introversion and
neurotism. On the basis of results, following conclusion were drawn (a) National and
International female hockey players of India had a moderate motivation profile; (b) the
level of achievement motivation was just moderate; (c) both were beset with high trait
and state anxiety; and (d) low competition anxiety was perhaps a great asset with both of
them. International players were found to be stable, introverts where as national players
had leaning towards ambivalence and neurotism.
Rhodes and Smiths (2006) review aimed to combine the literature on major
personality traits and physical activity alongside providing some meta-analytic
summaries of the findings. Overall, 33 studies containing 35 independent samples,
53

Chapter II

ranging from 1969 to 2006, met the inclusion criteria. Extraversion (r=0.23), neuroticism
(r=0.11) and conscientiousness (r=0.20) were identified as correlates of physical activity
using random effects meta-analytic procedures correcting for sampling bias and
attenuation of measurement error. The five-factor model trait of openness to
experience/intellect and agreeableness, as well as Eysencks psychoticism trait, were not
associated with physical activity. Potential moderators of personality and physical
activity relationship such as sex, age, culture/country, design and instrumentation were
inconclusive given the small number of studies. Still, the existing evidence was
suggestive that personality and physical activity relationships are relatively invariant to
these factors. Studies examining personality and different physical activity modes
suggested differences by traits such as extraversion, but more research is needed to make
any conclusions. Future research using multivariate analyses, personality-channelled
physical activity interventions, longitudinal designs and objective physical activity
measurement is recommended.
The study of Jalili, et al. (2011) indicated that there was a significant difference
between individual athletes, team athletes and non-athletes in mental toughness, social
skills and personality dimensions. The researchers concluded from the results that
personality characteristics of individual and team athletes are different from non-athletes.
Rathod (2011) also found that Athletes were having good personality traits compare to
non athletes.
2.2.1 Motivation and Sporting Performances
Zojonc (1965) found that the presence of spectators is a source of drive arousal
and hence facilitates performance on well learned tasks and hinders performance on
54

Chapter II

poorly learned tasks. Pauls, et al. (1974) found that the more highly skilled an individual
was in the gymnastic routine, the greater the decrement in quality in performance.
Halvari (1985) observed that the success oriented group of boys performed better
than the indifferent group where time was the dependent score. In mediocre level
athletes, Kamalesh (1987) found relation between the level of performance and the level
of achievement motivation.
In his study, Sivaramakrishnan (1994) found that (i) there was no significant
difference in Sports Achievement Motivation (SAM) levels between Indian men
Basketball and Volleyball team players; (ii) there was no significant difference is SAM
levels between Indian Women Basketball and Volley Ball players; (iii) Indian Basketball
men team players had a higher level of Anxiety than Volleyball men team players. Both
the team showed higher level of anxiety before competition in SAF games; (iv) there was
no significant difference between Basketball and Volleyball women team players in
anxiety levels.
Ilyasi and Salehian (2011) obtained from their research that (i) individual
sportsmen had higher degree of extraversion, openness and conscientious than team
sportsmen and (ii) there were no significance difference in agreeableness and neuroticism
between individual and team sportsmen.
2.2.2 Anxiety and Sporting Performances
Con (1960) administered tests of anxiety to fifth grade boys in Melbourne,
Australia and divided them into three groups, representing high, middle and low anxiety.
The physical performance of the middle anxiety group was significantly higher than that

Chapter II

of the other two groups. The poorest was that of the high anxiety groups. The results of
Nelson and Langer (1963) study showed that the performance of athletes with extremely
high level of anxiety was poor; again they also found that athletes who scored extremely
low in anxiety did not perform well, either perhaps because of a lack of dedication.
Holliingsworth (1965) found a strong relationship between sports performance and state
as well as trait anxiety; it was also found that as practice increased the performance level
increased and anxiety level tended to decrease. Tutko (1971) suggested that the athletes,
who could maintain a moderate level of anxiety, would be the most efficient performer.
Scanlon (1978) showed that during competition high trait anxious person perceived
greater personal threat than low anxious persons. But Purvis and Morgan (1978)
suggested that anxiety does not influence physical work capacity.
Singer (1980) examined the relationship between anxiety and learning. The
relationship can be illustrated by the inverted-U hypothesis performance improves with
increasing levels of arousal (anxiety) to an optimum point, whereupon further increases
in arousal (anxiety) cause performance impairment.
2.2.3 Perfectionism and Sporting Performances
The study of perfectionism in competitive sport has gained increased popularity
by researchers in recent years (Flett & Hewitt, 2005; Stoeber & Eismann, 2007).
Perfectionism is considered a stable pattern of thinking and behaviour that
changes relatively little over time, as opposed to a measure of a persons state at any
particular moment (Anshel & Eom, 2002; Antony & Swinson, 1998). Perfectionism
may be viewed as both desirable (adaptive) and undesirable (maladaptive, or neurotic).
According to Enns and Cox (2002), and Flett and Hewitt (2005), adaptive
56

Chapter II

perfectionism reflects setting reasonably challenging and achievable goals, high personal
standards, a strong desire to excel, self-forgiving of ones own mistakes, modifying
standards in accordance with situational factors, striving for success in achievement
settings, and enhanced levels of motivation. Maladaptive perfectionism, on the other
hand, describes the tendency to set excessively high standards, be overly self-critical, and
be extensively influenced by the approval of significant others, such as parents, teachers,
and sports coaches. Individuals who are characterized as maladaptive perfectionists tend
to exhibit exaggerated expectations, have a high fear of failure, and are less capable of
coping with challenging situations. Perhaps not surprisingly, then, perfectionism has been
traditionally perceived as negative, also referred to as undesirable, abnormal, neurotic,
maladaptive or dysfunctional (Anshel & Mansouri, 2005; Blatt, 1995; Hamachek,
1978; Suddarth & Slaney, 2001; Terry-Short, Owens, & Slade, 1995).
While numerous sport perfectionism studies in recent years have been concerned
with identifying components of perfectionism, examining the adaptive and maladaptive
dimensions, or perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, of this construct, has
received limited attention. For example, in a study of university level (elite) Canadian
athletes, failure to meet personal standards, regardless of extreme expectations of both
self and others, markedly contributed to increased frustration and anger (Dunn, Gotwals,
& Cosgrove Dunn, 2005). The researchers speculated that fear, frustration and anxiety
may lead to an increase in critical self-evaluations and lower self-esteem. Along these
lines, Gotwals, Dunn and Wayment (2003) found that low self-esteem among athletes
was related to maladaptive perfectionism, specifically the dimensions such as concern
over mistakes, parental criticism, and doubts about actions. Self-criticism as a

Chapter II

perfectionism sub-dimension was not measured.

There are several unique attributes of skilled athletes that directly relate to
perfectionism in both positive and negative forms. With respect to personal standards and
self-criticism for example, it is well known that athletes develop challenging performance
standards and goals, and become self-critical when they do not meet those (often lofty)
goals (Anshel, 2003). However, when goals are prescribed by others, or are set primarily
to acquire approval from others, the motivation to achieve is markedly reduced, and this
may lead to performance failure (Campbell & Di Paula, 2002).
In their sport perfectionism study, Anshel and Mansouri (2005) asserted that
individuals in a competitive environment have high personal expectations, and that sport
performance will more likely reflect those expectations. Although typically classified as
adaptive in nature, the maladaptive effects of high personal standards may be intensified
when the level of ability is incongruent with the projected goals (Flett & Hewitt, 2005;
Hatzigeorgiadis, 2006). Negative (maladaptive) perfectionists may project unreachable
standards, in which continued striving results in performance failure, feelings of
inadequacy, and the loss of motivation and confidence in ones ability to succeed. These
characteristics may be inherent in competitive sport.
Researchers have focused on the negative, or maladaptive, properties of
perfectionism in competitive sport (Flett & Hewitt, 2005; Haase & Prapavessis, 2004;
Ommundsen, et al., 2005), and to a far lesser extent, in exercise settings (Anshel &
Seipel, 2006). For example, Ommundsen, et al. (2005) found that the combination of
motivational climate, achievement goals, and perfectionism was significantly related to
peer acceptance and quality of friendships among male and female soccer players. They
58

Chapter II

speculated that unrealistic and excessive parental criticism and parental expectations
might impel adolescent players to develop maladaptive perfectionistic tendencies. More
ominously, Haase and Prapavessis (2004) and Hopkinson and Lock (2004) each found
that perfectionism was significantly related to disordered eating among female athletes
and dancers, respectively. Others (Flett & Hewitt, 2005; Frost & Henderson, 1991;
Gotwals et al., 2003; Hall, Kerr, & Matthews, 1998) have concluded that perfectionism
in sport is associated with severe anxiety among athletes, ostensibly due to excessive
personal standards and the high expectations of the athletes parents and coaches.
In a study of Canadian ice hockey players, Vallance, et al. (2006) found that
highly perfectionistic athletes anticipated significantly higher levels of anger following
personal mistakes than low and moderately perfectionistic athletes.
Hinton and Kubas (2005) found that perfectionism is more prevalent among
athletes than their non-athlete peers. This suggests that either sports participation or level
of competition may foster perfectionistic thinking among competitive athletes, or that
individuals with perfectionistic tendencies are more likely to become higher skilled
athletes. Taken together, several sport studies have examined the negative manifestations
of perfectionism.
One primary source of perfectionism is the individuals parents. Children whose
parents display affection only after their child meets their parents excessive expectations
(i.e. perfect behaviour patterns) are likely to develop perfectionist behavioural
tendencies or thought patterns (Flett, Hewitt, Oliver, & Macdonald, 2002; Hamecheck,
1978; Missildine, 1963). Negative perfectionism is more likely to occur when parental
praise, approval, and adoration is given only when the child behaves according to
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Chapter II

parental expectations. Perhaps not surprisingly, then, children whose parents have such
high expectations are rarely satisfied with their performance, even if they succeed, or
win, in competitive conditions (Flett & Hewitt, 2005). In a rare study of parental
influences among competitive athletes, McArdle and Duda (2004) found that the
athletes parents markedly contributed toward the development of perfectionism among
athletes by promoting the athlete's disposition of ego-oriented goal attainment, that is,
motivation based on winning rather than enjoyment of sport participation.
One source of expectations and perhaps subsequent perfectionist tendencies,
specific to sport and heretofore under-addressed in the literature, is the coach. Coaches
are instrumental in crafting and sustaining the learning environment in a sport context
(Anshel, 2003). Previous studies of sport perfectionism (Anshel & Eom, 2002; Dunn, et
al., 2002, Dunn, et al., 2006) have indicated an additional dimension of perfectionism
that may supplement the existing dimensions as parental expectations and criticism in
their socially-prescribed context (Hewitt & Flett, 1991). In sport, specifically, the
perceived expectations of the coach can markedly affect athletic performance. It is
apparent that athletic coaches jointly influence an athletes expectations, perceptions, and
other thought patterns that mirror characteristics of perfectionism (Anshel & Eom, 2002;
Dunn et al., 2002; Dunn et al., 2005, 2006).
Taken together, then, the collective findings of previous perfectionism in sport
studies (Anshel & Eom, 2002; Anshel & Mansouri, 2005; Dunn et al., 2006a,b)
suggest that perfectionism has three sources: the athlete (e.g., personal standards, concern
over mistakes), the athletes parents (e.g., perceived parental pressure, parental criticism),
and the athletes coach (e.g., perceived coach pressure, coach criticism).
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Chapter II

2.2.4 Psychological Characteristics vs. Performance in Kabaddi

From a study of psychological constructs Rami and Silawat (2009) found that
the players of all Athletics, Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Basketball, Volleyball and Handball
games were seen reserved, critical, cool, emotional, mild, easily upset, conforming,
accommodating, sober, prudent, serious, shy, timid, trusting, tough minded, confident
serene, self-reliant, affected by feeling.
Karad and Wahid (2011) reported that Kabaddi players were fewer extroverts
and more psychotic than Kho Kho players. Joshi and Vakani (2011) found that the
Kabaddi Players had less extrovert tendency whereas Volleyball players had less neurotic
tendency.
On the basis of the study of comparison of morality among Kabaddi, Kho-Kho
and Wrestling intercollegiate male players of University of Delhi Basumatary (2013)
concluded that there were no significant difference among these three types of players.
Sk., Adhikari and Nandy (2012) have conducted a study on Kabaddi, the
National Game of India. The study was carried out through descriptive survey method
within ex-post-facto research design. To measure perfectionism Sport Multidimensional
Perfectionism Sport-MPS of Dunn, et al. (2002) was considered and for Trait Anxiety
the scale devised by Spielberger, et al. (1983) was taken. The researchers have found
that (i) as Personal Standards (P.S.) increases Trait anxiety Decreases; (ii) as Concern
Over Mistakes (COM) increases Trait anxiety also increases; (iii) as Perceived Parental
Pressure (PPP) increases Trait anxiety also increases; and (iv) as Perceived Coach
Pressure (PCP) increases Trait anxiety decreases. They also concluded that to control
Trait Anxiety, Concern Over Mistakes (COM) and Perceived Parental Pressure (PPP)
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Chapter II

should be controlled; whereas to do that Personal Standards (P.S.) and Perceived Coach
Pressure (PCP) should be increased.
2.3

Sociometric Characteristics vs. Performance

Bion (1959) observed two distinct groupings within the structure of therapy

groups a work group where group members acted as if they were in tune with the
groups goal, and the basic assumption group where group members acted as if they were
in the group for some other purpose. He identified three assumptions as uniting factors
for group members in relationship to the group leader. He termed these the dependency
assumption, the fight-flight assumption, and the pairing assumption. He noticed subgroupings forming around these.
Schein (1986) noticed that groups formed for purposes other than the immediate
task at hand. He identified that it is precisely because an individual brings multiple other
group identities into any group family, occupation, neighbourhood, friendship groups,
prior employers, cultural experiences and so on - that s/he experiences new situations
with anxiety. The anxiety is present before new configurations, new identities, and new
associations are built.
Williams (1994) comments, appropriate sociometric interventions can extend
systems definitions of themselves and allow room for change. Krackhardt and Hanson
(1993) in the Harvard Business Review write about the company behind the chart, and
affirm the notion that much of the real work of the company happens despite the formal
organisation structure. These networks can cut through formal reporting procedures to
jump start stalled initiatives and meet extraordinary deadlines. But informal networks can

Chapter II

just as easily sabotage companies best laid plans by blocking communication and
fomenting opposition to change, unless managers know how to identify and direct them.
In one instance Hoffman, et al. (1992) used the sociometric data to help work
groups diagnose their own problems and to document the effectiveness of the
intervention.
2.3.1 Performance and Leadership
Effective team performance derives from several fundamental characteristics.
First, team members need to successfully integrate their individual actions. They have
specific and unique roles, where the performance of each role contributes to collective
success. This means that the causes of team failure may reside not only in member
inability, but also in their collective failure to coordinate and synchronize their individual
contributions. Team processes become a critical determinant of team performance, and
often mediate the influences of most other exogenous variables.
Second, teams are increasingly required to perform in complex and dynamic
environments. This characteristic applies particularly to organizational teams, and
especially to top management teams. The operating environment for todays
organizational teams features multiple stakeholders with sometimes clashing agendas,
high information load, dynamic situational contingencies, and increased tempo of change.
Advances in communication technology have made the use of virtual teams (i.e., teams
whose members are not physically collocated) more practical and prominent in industry.
These performance requirements heighten the need for member coordination. Further,
because of the greater rate of change in todays environment, team members need to
operate more adaptively when coordinating their actions.
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Chapter II

Team leadership represents a third characteristic of effective team performance.

Most teams contain certain individuals who are primarily responsible for defining team
goals and for developing and structuring the team to accomplish these missions. These
roles exist even in self-managing teams (Nygren & Levine, 1996), although the conduct
of leadership roles in such teams varies considerably from similar roles in more
traditional teams. However, the success of the leader in defining team directions and
organizing the team to maximize progress along such directions contributes significantly
to team effectiveness. Indeed, we would argue that effective leadership processes
represent perhaps the most critical factor in the success of organizational teams.
Despite the ubiquity of leadership influences on organizational team performance,
and despite large literatures on both leadership (Bass, 1990; Yukl, 2002) and team/group
dynamics (Forsyth, 1990; McGrath, 1984), we know surprisingly little about how
leaders create and manage effective teams. Previous leadership theories have tended to
focus on how leaders influence collections of subordinates, without attending to how
leadership fosters the integration of subordinate actions (i.e., how leaders promoted team
processes). Path-goal theory, for example, represents an excellent example of leadership
influences on subordinate outcomes. However, it specifies the leaders role in creating
performance expectancies and valences for individual subordinates (House & Mitchell,
1974), not in developing and maintaining effective team interaction and integration.
Most leadership theories that mention team processes treat them as moderators
that indicate what leadership behaviours are most appropriate or effective in particular
circumstances (Fiedler, 1964; Kerr & Jermier, 1978; Kerr, Schriesheim, Murphy, &
Stogdill, 1974). Accordingly, Hackman and Walton (1986) noted, we have not found
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Chapter II

among existing leadership theories one that deals to our satisfaction with the leadership
of task-performing groups in organizations (p.-73). Kozlowski, et al. (1996) also stated,
Although there are substantial literatures in both [the team development and leadership]
areas (e.g., Levine & Moreland, 1990; Yukl & Van Fleet, 1992), existing models are
limited in their ability to provide prescriptions to guide team leadership and to enhance
team development ( p. 255).
Alternatively, few team performance models specify leadership processes as
central drivers of team processes (e.g., Hirokawa, 1980; McGrath, 1991). Thus, in
summarizing future research needs on team performance, McIntyre and Salas (1995)
raised some critical questions related to the behaviours that define effective team
leadership and the corresponding knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics
that enable such behaviours. These observations point to the need for conceptual models
of collective performance that integrate both leadership influences and team dynamics.
Leadership processes influence team effectiveness by their effects on four sets of
team processes (a) cognitive, (b) motivational, (c) affective, and (d) coordination. A
number of environmental, organizational, and team characteristics moderate the
magnitude of these effects.
2.3.2 Popularity and Academic performance
Some researchers have noted that good academic performance has a negative
correlation with perceived popularity, but that it significantly increases sociometric
popularity (LaFontana & Cillessen, 2002; Gorman, et al., 2002; Schwartz, et al.,
2006).

Chapter II

Academic performance is more important for the perceived popularity of girls

than it is for boys (Adler, et al., 1992). For boys, good academic performance may
negatively affect their perceived popularity. In his study of children in their early teens,
Adler noted that boys often have to hide their interest in good grades (Adler, et al.,
1992).
While studying the phenomenon of acting White, Fryer and Torelli demonstrate
that higher academic achievements of Black and Hispanic students in urban American
schools lead to diminished popularity among co-ethnic peers (Fryer & Torelli, 2010). In
continuation of this study, Flashman examined the observable phenomenon of choosing
low achieving same-race friends by Black and Latino students and demonstrated that this
is partly explained by opportunity structure (Flashman, 2012).
A number of researchers have shown that, in some situations, students that
demonstrate an interest for learning and for getting good marks face the disapproval of
their peers because, in the eyes of these peers, they do not support common values (Fryer
& Torelli, 2010; Ogbu, 2004).
2.3.3 Sociometric and Sporting Performance
Participation of adolescents in sports is considered as contributing to a better
sociometric status and acceptance by schoolmates. It is believed that sport helps to shape
character, self-discipline and persistence, reflected in ones sociometric status. Numerous
studies point out positive, enhancing effects of physical engagement and positive
correlations between intellectual and motor abilities during adolescence (Baanac,
Lazarevi & ilojevi, 2001; Gruber & Kirkendall, 1970; ilojevi, 1996; Wilson,
Tunstall, Eysenck, 1971).
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Chapter II

The relationships between extracurricular activities, such as sport participation

and perception of sport and social competence, were the objective of many studies
(onli, rui-timac, Smojver-i, 2005; Rose, Larkin & Berger, 1997); it was
shown that sport participants had higher self-esteem, perception of sport and social
competence and lower scores for anxiety/depression, etc., compared with their sedentary
mates. These findings imply that children, who consider themselves successful in sports,
are also so perceived by their peers. The importance of social competence among
competitive athletes was confirmed by Vukovi (2004) who found that basketball
players of the first league in Serbia and Montenegro, who had better social competence,
were more successful as players. Sport activities require co-operation, support,
understanding and sportsmanship; it is, therefore, logical to expect a transfer of these
values to the social environment of sport participants. Some authors found significant
relationships between sport participation, and peer acceptance (Daniels & Leaper, 2006;
Lubbers, Van Der Werf, Kuyper, Offringa, 2006; Weiss & Duncan, 1992) and
popularity (Chase & Dummer, 1992; Eder & Kinney, 1995). Other authors suggested
that sport participation contributed to social inclusion (Bailey, 2004; Weiss &
Bredemeier, 1990) and pro-social behaviour (Gai-Pavii & njetovi, 2007).
Among many factors which may contribute to the acceptance by schoolmates,
athletic competence is probably the most important one, especially for younger children.
Many satisfying interpersonal experiences can be gained through sport participation such
as the formation of friendships, social affiliation, feeling part of a team and gaining
approval from peers, hence it seems natural for young boys to be part of such experience.
Specifically, both perception of personal efficacy and motivation are significantly and

Chapter II

positively correlated with physical exercise (Dishman, Sallis & Orenstien, 1985).
Carlson, et al. (2005) have found that 8 years after graduating from a secondary school,
the athletes were more successful in continuing education and finding jobs than their
sedentary mates. On the other hand, some authors reported negative effects of sport
participation on social competence (Endersen & Olweus, 2005; Kavussanu, Seal &
Philips, 2006), reflected in e.g. higher social exclusion (Collins & Kay, 2003).

Chapter III

CHAPTER III

METHOD

Method
The present study was carried out through descriptive cross-sectional survey

method within ex-post-facto research design.

The details regarding the method of

research design, sample, research instruments and tools, procedure of data collection and
statistical technique are reported herewith.
3.1

Research Design
The research design adopted in the present study is presented hereunder.

3.1.1 Descriptive Research

At times descriptive research is called as mere description. But good description
is fundamental to the research enterprise. This type of research has added several
elements of knowledge immeasurably to our cognition about the shape and nature of our
society. Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research
including population census, collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic
information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and
crime statistics and the like. Good description provokes the why questions of
explanatory research.

Chapter III

3.1.1.1 Survey Method

The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be
useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly
observed. Surveys are used extensively in education and other social sciences to assess
attitudes and characteristics of a wide range of subjects, from the quality of user-system
interfaces to students reading habits.
3.1.1.1.1 Cross-Sectional Surveys
Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single
point in time. In the present study, in a cross-sectional survey was carried out to ascertain
the impact of independent variables on dependent variable relating to Kabaddi.
3.1.2 Ex-Post-Facto Research Design
Causal-comparative or ex-post facto research is a design which enables a
researcher to examine cause-and-effect relationship(s) where it would be illegal,
impossible, or unethical to manipulate the dependent and independent variable(s). Here
manipulation of dependent and independent variables were impossible as they occurred
naturally in society. Following steps have been taken in this research:
a)

Independent and dependent variables were identified within a sample drawn

from a population of interest, the purpose of which was to search backward
from consequent data (i.e., dependent variable) to antecedent causes (i.e.,
independent variable or variables). Attribution was based on logical analysis
and the accumulated body of evidence.

Chapter III

In case of causal-comparative research (correlation method) hypotheses

and/or research questions were employed. The collected data-sets were also
used. Statistical procedures were routinely applied to data for analysis
purposes.

3.1.3 Variables in the Study

Any research is mainly aimed at establishing the relationship among the
dependent and independent variables. In this research following variables were
considered.
3.1.3.1 Independent Variables
a)

Physical and Anthropometric Measurement

(i) Height, (ii) Weight, (iii)

Leg length, (iv) Arm length, (v) Mid thigh girth and (vi) Calf girth were
considered as physical and anthropometric measurements.
b)

Body Composition Measurement (i) Body Fat %, (ii) Fat Mass, (iii) Lean
Body Mass and (iv) Body Mass Index were considered as body composition
measurements.

Psychological Characteristics (i) Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism

and (ii) Trait Anxiety were considered as psychological characteristics.

Socio-metric Measurement Fuzzy Preference Index was considered as

sociometric measurement.

3.1.3.2 Dependent Variables

(i) Individual Performance and (ii) Group Performance were considered as
dependent variables.
71

Chapter III

3.1.4 Nature of the Present Study

Survey Part In case of collecting data on the variables under study survey
method was adopted.

Predictive Part Multiple regression analysis was done considering

Individual Performance and Group Performance as dependent variables
and

Physical

Variables,

Socio-metric

Variable,

Psychological

Variables as independent variables.

3.2

Sample
Kabaddi players of different university teams participated in the East Zone Inter-

University Kabaddi (Men) Tournament, held during October, 12-14, 2006 which was
organized by the University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia. Total 24 teams participated to
the tournament and total number of players were (24 12 =) 288.
3.2.1 Selection of Team
Due to scarcity of fund and research personnel, the present researcher could not
include all of the 24 teams in his research. So, out of the total 24 teams 8 were selected
randomly for the study. A list of 24 university Kabaddi teams was uploaded onto a
computer, and then the computer was instructed to generate randomly a list of 8
universities out of 24.The selected university Kabaddi teams were (i) M.G Kashi
University, (ii) Calcutta University, (iii) Burdwan University, (iv) Kalyani University, (v)
Benaras Hindu University, (vi) Pandit Ravisankar University, (vii) Sambalpur University,
(viii) V.B.S. Purbanchal University. Then total number of players were (8 12 =) 96.
These 96 players were the subjects of the study.
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Chapter III

Total 96 players were approached with the instruments and tools to measure
Physical, Anthropometric, Socio-metric and Psychological Variables. But as all of the 12
players of a team was not selected to play the game so individual performance of 12
players of a team could not be assessed. The total number of players from where full set
of data were possible to collect was 71.
University wise distribution of the said 71 players is given in the following table- 3.1.
Table 3.1: University Wise Distribution of Samples
University

Frequency

Valid %

M.G Kashi University

12.7

Calcutta University

14.1

Burdwan University

15.5

Kalyani University

11.3

B.H.U Varanasi

9.9

Pandit Ravisankar University

15.5

Sambalpur University

11.3

V.B.S. Purbanchal University

9.9

100.0

Total
3.3

Research Instruments
The following research tools were used in the present study for data collection.

The tools were selected by applying yardsticks of relevance, appropriateness, reliability,

The respondents should have some actual experience in reference to the

criterion, whether ex post facto or present, otherwise the questions will not
arise any significant response.

iii)

The criterion should be specific rather than general or vague. Vaguely

defined criteria evoke vague responses.

iv)

When possible, the criterion should be actual rather than hypothetical.

A criterion is more powerful if it is one that has a potential for being acted
upon. For example, for incoming college freshmen the question Whom
would you choose as a roommate for the year? has more potential of being
acted upon than the question Whom do you trust?

vi)

Moreno points out that the ideal criterion is one that helps further the lifegoal of the subject. Helping a college freshman select an appropriate
roommate is an example of a sociometric test that is in accord with the lifegoal of the subject.

vii) As a rule questions should be future oriented, imply how the results are to be
used, and specify the boundaries of the group (Hale, 1985).

Chapter III

viii) And last, but not least, the criteria should be designed to keep the level of
risk for the group appropriate to the groups cohesion and stage of
development.
3.3.2.4 Validity of Sociometry
Goodacre and Daniel reported in Moreno (1960) that one study has found a
significant positive correlation between group sociometric cohesion and field
performance of small military combat units. Sociometric ratings by co-workers for
desirability as work partners and other job related activities correlate with positive
attitudes toward work and with quality and quantity of performance on the job (Springer,
1953; Van Zelst, 1951).
Accident proneness is inversely correlated with sociometric choices received
(Speroff, and Kerr, 1952; Fuller & Baune, 1951; Zeleny, 1947). Consistent with these
findings about safety are studies in military settings which show that flight accidents,
frequency of sick bay attendance, and number of disciplinary offences are negatively
related with the number of sociometric choices received when the criterion measures a
positive aspect of behaviour (Zeleny, 1947; French, 1951).
A study of leadership showed that when leaders were chosen by sociometric
procedures, their groups were more efficient than when members not seen as leaders were
assigned that role (Rock & Hay, 1953).
A study of navy pilots suggested that low morale and cliques may result when the
official leader is not a sociometric star (Jenkins, John G. in Moreno, 1960).

Chapter III

A study of choices of playmates in fourth-grade children showed a high correlation

between the choices children made on the sociometric test and the choices children made
in actual play (Byrd, 1946).
3.3.2.5 Construction of Preference Matrix
To construct preference matrix a sociometric test [Blank Response Sheet is Shown in
Annexure - I] was administered on the players of a Kabaddi team. The instruction
(criteria) was According to your preference, write the name of fiveii of your teammates with whom you want to enjoy your leisure time. Your response will be kept in
strict confidence and this will be used for the research purpose only.
By tabulating the value of nomination in order of preference (1 to 5), as exercised
by an individual member a Preference Matrix was formed which is shown in table-3.2.
A row of the Preference Matrix represents the preference exercised by an individual
member and a column represents the preference received by an individual member. The
blank cells of Preference Matrix were supposed to contain integers greater than 5.

Psychological experiments have shown that human beings cannot simultaneously compare more than
seven objects (plus or minus two) (Miller, 1956). This is the rational of considering five alternatives in this
study.

Chapter III

Table 3.2: Preference Matrix of the University Level Kabaddi Playersiii

Player No.iv

4
1

1
2

6
4

9
4

5
1

2
5

3
4

4
5

4
3

12
5

5
2

2
4

3
1

5
3

3
4

2
2

From table-3.2 it is clear that player-1 put his 1st preference to 4, 2nd preference to
6, 3rd preference to 12, 4th preference to 5 and 5th preference to 7, and so on.
3.3.2.6 Construction of Fuzzy Preference Matrix
A Fuzzy Preference Matrix was formed which is shown in table-3.3. In course
of converting a preference value to a fuzzy numberv, following membership function was
used:
a)
(x) = 1;
for x < 1
b)
(x) = (5 - x) / (5 -1); for 1 x 5
iii

For example the Preference Matrix of Burdwan University Kabaddi Team is shown here.
For ethical purpose, we did not disclose the name of the members of the team and so not to disclose the
nominating pattern of the members instead of writing their names, members of the group were symbolized
by numbers.
v
Fuzzy number In the real world, the data sometimes cannot be recorded or collected precisely. For
instance, the water level of a river cannot be measured in an exact way because of the fluctuation and the
temperature in a room also can not be measured precisely because of a similar reason. Therefore fuzzy
numbers provide formalized tools to deal with non-precise quantities possessing non-random imprecision
or vagueness. Thus a more appropriate way to describe the water level is to say that the water level is
around 25 meters. The phrase around 25 meters can be regarded as a fuzzy number, which is usually
denoted by the capital letter A. Zadeh (1965) introduced the concept of fuzzy set and its applications. In
Dubois and Prade (1978) introduced the notion of fuzzy real numbers and established some of their basic
properties. Goetschel and Voxman (1986) introduced new equivalent definition of fuzzy numbers using
the parametric representation.
iv

Chapter III

c)
(x) = 0;
for x > 5
It is clear that when
x=1 then (x) = (5-1)/ (5-1) =4/4= 1.00
x=2 then (x) = (5-2)/ (5-1) =3/4= 0.75
x=3 then (x) = (5-3)/ (5-1) =2/4= 0.50
x=4 then (x) = (5-4)/ (5-1) =1/4= 0.25
x=5 then (x) = (5-5)/ (5-1) =0/4= 0.00
Table 3.3: Fuzzy Preference Matrix of the University Level Kabaddi Playersvi
Player No. 1

0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.25 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50

1.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.75 0.00 0.25

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.25 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 1.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

0.25 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.25 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.75

1.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00

FPI

2.25 0.50 1.50 4.75 0.50 4.50 3.00 1.50 3.25 3.75 2.25 2.25

3.3.2.7 Determination of Fuzzy Preference Index (FPI)

Column total was calculated to determine FPI of each individual member of the
group.

For example the Fuzzy Preference Matrix of Burdwan University Kabaddi Team is shown.

Chapter III

performance of a player in Kabaddi. This method has been developed by Sk., Adhikari
& Chatterjee (2013b)x.
3.3.4.1.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
The pair-wise comparison method and the hierarchical model were developed in
1980 by T.L.Saaty in the context of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Saaty,
1980; 1983). AHP is an approach for decision making that involves assessing the relative
importance of these criteria, comparing alternatives for each criterion and determining an
overall ranking of the alternatives (Christos & Ian, 1994). AHP helps to capture both
subjective and objective evaluation measures, providing a useful mechanism for checking
the consistency of the evaluation measures and alternatives suggested by the team thus
reducing bias in decision making (Lai, Trueblood & Wong, 1992). Some of its
applications include technology Choice (Akkineni & Nanjundasastry, 1990) and
vendor selection of a telecommunications system (Maggie, Tam, & Rao, 2001).
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was introduced by Saaty in 1977. It is a multicriteria decision-making approach as well as a decision support tool. Due to the nice
mathematical properties and the fact that the required input data are rather easy to obtain
the AHP has attracted the interest of many researchers. A multi-level hierarchical
structure of objectives, criteria, sub-criteria, and alternatives are used here and the
weights of importance of the decision criteria are obtained by pair-wise comparisons. The
AHP can be used to solve complex decision making problems, such as evaluating the
x

The paper has been published in Sk., S.A., Adhikari, S. and Chatterjee, S. (2013b). Assessment of
performance of an individual player in Kabaddi with the help of analytic hierarchy process (AHP).
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(12): 7220-7231.

Chapter III

individual performance in a group game, like Kabaddi, a folk game, which has been
gaining popularity.
A set of axioms that carefully delimits the scope of the problem environment is
the foundation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Saaty, 1986). This is based on
the well-defined mathematical structure of consistent matrices and their associated right
eigenvectors ability to generate true or approximate weights, Merkin (1979), Saaty
(1980, 1994). The AHP methodology compares criteria, or alternatives with respect to a
criterion, in a natural, pair-wise mode. To do so, the AHP uses a fundamental scale of
absolute numbers that has been proven in practice and validated by physical and decision
problem experiments. The fundamental scale has been shown to be a scale that captures
individual preferences with respect to quantitative and qualitative attributes just as well or
better than other scales (Saaty 1980, 1994). It converts individual preferences into ratio
scale weights that can be combined into a linear additive weight wa for each alternative a.
The resultant wa can be used to compare and rank the alternatives and, hence, assist the
decision maker in making a choice. Given that the three basic steps are reasonable
descriptors of how an individual comes naturally to resolving a multi-criteria decision
problem, then the AHP can be considered to be both a descriptive and prescriptive model
of decision making. The AHP is perhaps, the most widely used decision making approach
in the world today. Its validity is based on the many hundreds (now thousands) of actual
applications in which the AHP results were accepted and used by the cognizant decision
makers (DMs), Saaty (1994).

Chapter III

3.3.4.1.2 Selection of Criteria

There are several criteria to evaluate the performance in Kabaddi. The two main
criteria are (a) Attacking and (b) Defending
Attacking can be subdivided into ten sub-criteria such as (i) Bonus Point, (ii)
Touching by Hand, (iii) Touching by Leg, (iv) Squat Thrust, (v) Touching by Toe, (vi)
Turning, (vii) Side Kick, (viii) Back Kick, (ix) Roll Kick and (x) Jumping over the chain
Defending can also be subdivided into seven sub-criteria such as (i) Ankle
Hold, (ii) Knee Hold, (iii) Thigh Hold, (iv) Waist Hold, (v) Bear Hug, (vi) Wrist Hold
and (vii) Scissors Hold.

3.3.4.1.3 Determination of Weights

The weights of importance of the decision criteria are obtained by pair-wise
comparisons.
3.3.4.1.4 Weights of Criteria
The weights of the two main criteria are (a) Weight of Attacking (A) = 0.70
and (b) Weight of Defending (B) = 0.30. These weights were calculated from the
decisions of the experts.

Chapter III

3.3.4.1.5 Weights of Sub-Criteria

Weights of the sub-criteria were determined by the method of pair-wise
comparison as proposed by Saaty (1977).
3.3.4.1.6 The Use of Pair-wise Comparisons
Pair-wise comparisons are used to determine the relative importance of each subcriterion in terms of each criterion. In this approach the experts are requested to express
their opinions about the value of one single pair-wise comparison at a time. Each choice
is a linguistic phrase. Some examples of such linguistic phrases are: Ankle Hold is more
important than Knee Hold, or Knee Hold is of the same importance as Ankle Hold,
or "A is a little more important than B, and so on (see also table-3.4).
Table 3.4: Scale of Relative Importance (according to Saaty, 1980)
Intensity of
Importance
1

Definition

Explanation

Equal Importance

Weak Importance of one over another

Essential or Strong Importance

Demonstrated Importance

Absolute Importance

2,4,6,8
Reciprocals
of
Above
Nonzero

Intermediate Values between the two

Adjacent Judgement
If Activity i has one of the above nonzero
numbers Assigned to it when Compared with
Activity j then j has the Reciprocal Value
when Compare with i

Two Activities Contribute

Equally to the Objective
Experience and Judgement
Slightly Favour one Activity over
Another
Experience and Judgement
Strongly Favour one Activity
over Another
An Activity is Strongly Favoured
and its Dominance Demonstrated
in Practice
The Evidence Favouring one
Activity over Another is of the
Highest Possible Order of
Affirmation
When Compromise is Needed

Chapter III

The main problem with the pair-wise comparisons is how to quantify the
linguistic choices selected by the experts during their evaluation.
The values of the pair-wise comparisons in the AHP are determined according to
the scale introduced by Saaty (1980). According to this scale, the available values for the
pair-wise comparisons are members of the set: {9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5,
1/6, 1/7, 1/8, 1/9} (see also table-3.4).
3.3.4.1.7 Calculation of Principal Eigenvector
The next step is to extract the relative importance implied by the previous
comparisons. That is, how important are the sub-criteria when they are considered in
terms of judging individual performance in Kabaddi? Saaty asserts that to answer this
question one has to estimate the right principal eigenvector of the previous matrix. Given
a judgment matrix with pair-wise comparisons, the corresponding maximum left
eigenvector is approximated by using the geometric mean of each row. That is, the
elements in each row are multiplied with each other and then the nth root is taken (where
n is the number of elements in the row). Next the numbers are normalized by dividing
them with their sum.
From the table-3.5 it is clear that the weights the ten sub-criteria (i.e. Bonus Point,
Touching by hand, Touching by leg, Squat thrust, Touching by toe, Turning, Side kick,
Back Kick, Roll kick and Jumping over the chain) of the main criteria of attacking were
0.194, 0.035, 0.036, 0.075, 0.047, 0.026, 0.089, 0.092, 0.144 and 0.261 respectively.

Chapter III

Touching by hand

Touching by leg

Squat thrust

Touching by toe

Turning

Side kick

Back Kick

Roll kick

Geometric Mean of the

Row
Weights: Eigenvector ()

Bonus Point

Jumping over the chain

Table 3.5: Pair-wise Comparison Matrix of Ten Sub-Criteria within the Main
Criteria Attacking and the Weights of the Ten Sub-Criteria

0.25 2.58 0.194

0.2

0.33

0.5

0.33

0.2

0.17 0.48 0.035

0.25

0.33 0.33 0.25

0.2

0.33

0.5

0.33

0.2

0.25

0.33

0.5

0.33 0.17 0.63 0.047

0.17

0.5

0.2

0.25

0.25 0.25

Side kick

0.33

Back Kick

0.33

Roll kick

0.25

Jumping
over the
chain

Bonus Point
Touching
by hand
Touching
by leg
Squat
thrust
Touching
by toe
Turning

0.48 0.036
1

0.075

0.2

0.17 0.35 0.026

0.5

0.33 1.18 0.089

0.33

0.5

1.23 0.092

0.5

1.92 0.144

3.48 0.261

Again, from the table-4 it is clear that the weights the seven sub-criteria of (i.e.
Ankle hold, Knee hold, Thigh hold, Waist hold, Bear hug, Wrist hold and Scissors
hold) of the main criteria of defending were 0.055, 0.081, 0.076, 0.045, 0.132, 0.227 and
0.385 respectively.

Chapter III

Knee hold

Thigh hold

Waist hold

Bear hug

Wrist hold

Geometric Mean of
the Row

Weights:
Eigenvector ()

Ankle hold

0.5

0.33

0.25

0.2

0.505

0.055

Knee hold

0.5

0.33

0.2

0.75

0.081

Thigh hold

0.5

0.33

0.25

0.701

0.076

Waist hold

0.5

0.25

0.2

0.17

0.414

0.045

Bear hug

0.33

0.25

1.219

0.132

Wrist hold

0.33

2.1

0.227

Scissors hold

3.557

0.385

Scissors hold

Ankle hold

Table 3.6: Pair-wise Comparison Matrix of Seven Sub-Criteria within the Main
Criteria Defending and the Weights of the Seven Sub-Criteria

3.3.4.1.8 Synthesis and Calculating the Overall Performance

After the sub-criteria are compared with each other in terms of each one of the
main decision criteria and the individual priority vectors are derived, the synthesis step is
taken. The priority vectors become the columns of the decision matrix. Therefore, if a
problem has M sub-criteria and 2 main criteria, then the decision maker is required to
construct 2 judgment matrices (one for each criterion) of order MM.
Finally, given a decision matrix the final priorities, denoted by, AiAHP of the subcriteria in terms of all of the two criteria combined are determined according to the
following formula (1).

Chapter III

AiAHP =

For i = 1,2,3,,n --------(1)

Here n = 2 (number of criteria, i.e. Attacking and Defending)

3.3.4.1.9 Example to Use the Model
Here an example may be sighted to use the model. In course of running a game
the experts were given the following format to fill
up.

In a game the seven players of the M.G. Kashi University Team had the chest
numbers as 10, 2, 11, 5, 6, 3 and 4. After counting the tally table 3.7 and 3.8 were
prepared.
To calculate the performance of an individual player in attacking the following
matrix product AB was done.

Chapter III

0
1
0
0
0
0
0

1
2
0
0
1
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
2
0
0
0
0
0

1
3
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0
1

B
0.19
0.04
0 0 0
0.04
0 0 0
0.08
0 0 0
0.05
0 0 0 0.03
0 0 0
0.09
0 0 0
0.09
0 0 0
0.14
0.26

Table 3.7: Performance of Individual Player in Attacking of M.G. Kashi

University Team

Serial No

Chest No

Bonus Point

Touching by
hand

Touching by
leg

Squat thrust

Touching by
toe

Turning

Side kick

Back Kick

Roll kick

Jumping over
the chain

Performance

Attacking

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

10
2
11
5
6
3
4

0
1
0
0
0
0
0

1
2
0
0
1
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
2
0
0
0
0
0

1
3
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.108
0.472
0.000
0.089
0.035
0.000
0.089

The performance in attacking of the players with the chest numbers 10, 2, 11, 5, 6,
3 and 4 were 0.108, 0.472, 0.000, 0.089, 0.035, 0.000 and 0.089 respectively.
To calculate the performance of an individual player in defending the following
matrix product AB was done.

Chapter III

0
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
0

A
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

B
0
0.055
0
0.081
0
0.076
0 0.045
0
0.132
0
0.227
0
0.385

Table 3.8: Performance of Individual Player in Defending of M.G. Kashi

University Team

Thigh hold

Waist hold

Bear hug

Wrist hold

Scissors hold

0
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
0
0
0
1

1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Performance

Knee hold

10
2
11
5
6
3
4

Ankle hold

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Chest No

Serial No

Defending

0.208
0.000
0.045
0.000
0.000
0.055
0.045

The performance in defending of the players with the chest numbers 10, 2, 11, 5,
6, 3 and 4 were 0.208, 0.000, 0.045, 0.000, 0.000, 0.055 and 0.045 respectively.
The overall performance of the individual players in the game was calculated by
the matrix product 0.70 A + 0.30 B.

Chapter III

0.70

A
0.108
0.472
0.000
0.089
0.035
0.000
0.089

0.30

B
0.208
0.000
0.045
0.000
0.000
0.055
0.045

Table 3.9: Overall Performance of the Individual Player of M.G. Kashi University
Team

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Chest No.
10
2
11
5
6
3
4

Performance
Attacking
Defending
(A = 0.70)
(B = 0.30)
0.109
0.208
0.473
0
0
0.045
0.089
0
0.035
0
0
0.055
0.089
0.045

Overall
Performance
0.1372
0.3311
0.0135
0.0623
0.0245
0.0165
0.0758

Individual
Performance
13.72
33.11
1.35
6.23
2.45
1.65
7.58

The overall performance in the Kabaddi game of the players with the chest
numbers 10, 2, 11, 5, 6, 3 and 4 were 0.1372, 0.3311, 0.0135, 0.0623, 0.0245, 0.0165 and
0.0758 respectively.
All of the members of the overall performance vector were decimal numbers and
were not easily cognizable for further statistical calculations. So, individual performance
of a player was calculated and to do so a linear transformation was given by multiplying
the overall performance vector by 100. The individual performance in a game of the
players with the chest numbers 10, 2, 11, 5, 6, 3 and 4 were 13.72, 33.11, 1.35, 6.23,
2.45, 1.65 and 7.58 respectively. The players with chest numbers 10 and 4 exhibited their
good performance in both attacking and defending. But the players with chest numbers 2,

Chapter III

5, 6 and 4 were mainly attackers and the players with chest numbers 11 and 3 were
mainly defenders. The player with chest number 2 was the best attacker and according to
his individual performance he was the best player in the game.
3.3.4.2 Group Performance
The group performance of each team was assessed on the basis of points scored
by the team during the matches. The average score of the total number of match was
considered as their overall performance of the team.
3.4

Procedure for Data Collection

The relevant data on different constructs were collected by administering the

above-mentioned tools on the subjects under study in accordance with the directions
provided in the respective manuals of the tools.
3.4.1 Procedure of Physical and Anthropometric Measurement
Procedures for physical and anthropometric measurement are reported herewith.
3.4.1.1 Measurement of Height
Purpose: To measure the body height from head to foot of the subject.
Required Facilities and Equipments: A Steel tape, Horizontal surface and
stadiometre manufactured by Hindustan Minerals and Natural specimens supply co.,
Kolkata, India.
Procedure : Each subject was ask to stand erect on a horizontal surface and to
stretch as much as possible taking care that heels were touching each other on the
horizontal surface vertically and the horizontal arm was brought down. So that it touched

Chapter III

the height was recorded in cm.

3.4.1.2 Measurement of Weight
Purpose: To measure the body weight of the subject.
Required Facilities and Equipments: A weighing machine manufactured by
CROWN co. Ltd., for measuring body weight of the subject.
Procedure: A slandered weighing machine was used for measuring weight. The
subject stood on the weighing machine maintaining erect posture and body weight was
recorded in kg.
3.4.1.3 Measurement of Girths
The girths were measured by steel tape, manufactured by Tajim Asa Bhanu tools
ltd., Hyderabad, India, graduated in cams. The measurement was taken in such a way that
the tape was kept as right angle to the long axis of the body segments. During
measurement compression on the skin by tape was as less as possible.
3.4.1.3.1 Abdomen
The circumference of the abdomen is measured at its one inch the umbilicus,
perpendicular to the long axis of the trunk.
Subject Position: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms
folded across the thorax.
Method: The researcher stands in front of the subject who abducts the arms
slightly allowing the tape was passed around the abdomen at its one inch umbilicus
position and slide the tape to the correct plane. Using cross hand technique position the

Chapter III

tape was readjusted as necessary to ensure it and measurer to align the eyes with the tape.
3.4.1.3.2 Right Upper arm
The circumferences of the right upper arm at the level of the Mid-acromial-radiale
which is in-between the shoulder and the elbow.
Subject Position: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the left
arm hanging by the side. The subject right arm was extended in front of the body with
palm-up.
Method: The subject holds the palm up (i.e. fore arm supinated). While relaxing
the muscle of the fore arm using the cross hand technique, move the tape measure up and
down the forearm and make serial measurements in order to correctly locate the level of
the maximum girth.
3.4.1.3.3 Calf
The circumference of the leg at the level of the medial calf skinfold site is the
measure of calf. It is perpendicular to its long axis.
Subject Position: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms
hanging by the sides. The subjects feet should be separated with the weight evenly
distributed.
Method: The subject usually stands in an elevated position. The researcher passes
the tape around the calf and then slides the tape to the correct plane. The tape was used
by the cross hand technique positions and held in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
leg. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does not
indent the skin.
98

Chapter III

3.4.1.3.4 Mid Thigh

The circumference of the thigh measured at the level of the Mid-trochanteriontibiale lateral site, perpendicular to its long axis.
Subject Position: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms
a relaxed standing position with the arms folded across the thorax. The subjects feet
should be separated with the weight evenly distributed.
Method: The subject usually stands in an elevated position. The researcher passes
the tape between the lower thighs and then slides the tape up to the correct plane. The
tape was used by the cross hand technique positions and held in a plane perpendicular to
the axis of the leg. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped
and does not indent the skin.
3.4.1.4 Measurements of Lengths
Following length measurements were considered in the study.
3.4.1.4.1 Arm Length
The arm length was measured the vertical distance from the Acromiale to Stylion
sites.
Subject Position: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms
hanging by the sides.
Method: This measurement represents the length of the arm. One branch of the
calliper or segmometer is held on the Acromiale while the other branch was placed on the
Stylion. The segometer or calliper measurement scale should be parallel to the long axis
of the arm.
99

Chapter III

3.4.1.4.2 Leg Length

The leg length was measured the vertical distance from the Torchanterion to
Sphyrion lateral sites.
Subject Position: The subject assumes a standing position with the feet together
and the arms folded across the thorax.
Method: This measurement represents the length of the leg. One branches of the
anthropometer or segmometer is placed on the marked Torchanterion and the other
branch is placed on the marked Sphyrion lateral site.
3.4.1.5 Body Composition
Following body composition measurements were considered in the study.
3.4.1.5.1 Body Fat%
Body Fat% was estimated with the help of girth measurements in the procedure as
described by McArdle, Katch and Katch (2000). The equation is:
Body Fat% = Constant A + Constant B Constant C 10.2
Where, Constant A was determined by the conversion of Girth measurement of
the right upper arm and the conversion was made by using the Chart F.1. (McArdle,
Katch & Katch, Appendix F, 2000). In the same way constant B was determined from
abdomen and Constant C from right forearm.
3.4.1.5.2 Fat Mass
Fat Mass was calculated with the help of the following equation:
Fat Mass = (Body Weight Body Fat %) 100
100

Chapter III

3.4.1.5.3 Lean Body Mass

Lean Body Mass was estimated by the equation:
Lean Body Mass = Body Weight Fat Mass.
3.4.1.5.4 Body Mass Index
The following equation was used for the estimation of BMI:
BMI = Weight in kg / (Height in m) 2
3.5

Reliability of Data
Reliability of data was ascertained by confirming reliability of instruments and

tools as well as testers reliability. Reliability of the instruments was established by their
respective manufactures. The psychological tests were used as standardised tests.
3.6

Data Collection
Before the collection of data began, permission to conduct the study was

requested and granted by the Head of the Department of Physical Education, University
of Kalyani; Coaches of different teams of different universities. Consent was also
requested and granted by all of the participants.
The collection of data took place over a two days session. (a) First session
participating players were pulled out to a large room to complete the items of the research
tools as per instructions of the respective tests and scales. (b) Group performance and
individual performance were measured during the playing of the games.

101

Chapter III

3.7

Statistical Techniques
The descriptive as well as inferential statistics and underlying relationship were

found out by computing appropriate statistics with the help of SPSS-10.01 software.
3.7.1 Descriptive as well as Inferential Statistics
In the following cases descriptive as well as inferential statistics were computed:
i)

To show the Descriptive Statistics of the scores obtained by the Kabaddi

players on (a) Physical and Anthropometric Variables (viz. Height, Weight,
Body Composition from Girth measurement, i.e. Percentage of Body Fat,
Fat Mass and Lean Body Mass), (b) Socio-metric Variable Preference
Index,

(c)

Psychological

Perfectionism and

Variables

(viz.

Sport

Multidimensional

Trait Anxiety) and (d) Performance Variables

(Individual and Group performance).

ii)

To show the Report of group performance (high & low) wise

Comparison of Means of scores obtained by the Kabaddi players on
independent variables.

3.7.2 Multiple Regression Analysis

Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation, involving one
or more independent variables that best predict the value of the dependent variable. In the
present study we have tried to predict the attitude towards physical education of the
school going adolescents (the dependent variable) from independent variables such as
sense of deprivation (home and school), perceived parenting (fathering and mothering)
and different facets of sport multidimensional perfectionism.
102

Chapter III

Calculated statistics

Following statistics are usually calculated in this method.

(i)

For each variable: Number of valid cases, mean, and standard

deviation are calculated.

(ii)

For each model: Regression coefficients, correlation matrix, part

and partial correlations, multiple R, R2, adjusted R2, change in R2,
standard error of the estimate, analysis of variance table, predicted
values, and residuals are calculated. Also, 95% confidence intervals
for each regression coefficient, variance-covariance matrix, variance
inflation factor, tolerance, Durbin-Watson test, distance measures
(Mahalanobis, Cook, and leverage values), DfBeta, DfFit, prediction
intervals, and case wise diagnostics are also made.

Dependent Variables

In the present study the dependent variables in several cases were as follows:
i)

Dependent Variable as Individual Performance of the Kabaddi

Players of high performance as well as low performance teams as a
whole.

ii)

Dependent Variable as Individual Performance of the Kabaddi

Players of high performance teams.

iii)

Dependent Variable as Individual Performance of the Kabaddi

Players of low performance teams.

103

Chapter III

Independent Variables

In the present study the independent variables were Thigh Girth (cm), Calf Girth
(cm), Arm Length (cm), Leg Length (cm), Height (cm), Body Fat %, Fat Mass, Lean
Body Mass, Body Mass Index, Trait Anxiety, different facets of Sport Multidimensional
Perfectionism (viz. Personal Standard, Concern Over Mistake, Perceived Parental
Pressure, Perceived Coach Pressure) and Fuzzy Preference Index.

104

Chapter IV

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4. Results and Discussions

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of (i) Physical and
Anthropometric

Characteristics,

(ii)

Body

Composition

Measurements,

(iii)

Psychological Characteristics, and (iv) Sociometric Measurements of university level

Kabaddi players on their (a) Individual Performance and (b) Group Performance. The
descriptive survey method within ex-post-facto research design was used and as subjects
sample was drawn from the university level Kabaddi players during East Zone
Interuniversity Kabaddi (Men) Tournament held on 12th, 13th and 14th October, 2006 and
organized by the University of Kalyani.
The results are presented in three separate headings (a) descriptive
presentation, (b) comparative analysis, and (b) multiple regression analysis.
4.1. Descriptive Presentation
The results are presented in the tabular form. In the tables at first the descriptive
statistics are presented hereunder. The descriptive statistics of the scores obtained by the
University level Kabaddi players in the measures of different variables under study are
presented herewith.

105

Chapter IV

4.1.1 Individual Performance

Descriptive statistics of Individual Performance of Kabaddi players are presented
herewith in table-4.1 and figure-4.1.
Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistics of Individual Performance of University Level
Kabaddi Players
Performance

Mean

Std. Deviation

Individual Performance

10.82

2.61

Histogram

Frequency

5
Mean = 10.82233
Std. Dev. = 2.606529
N = 71

0
0.000

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

Individual Performance

Figure 4.1: Histogram with Normal Probability Curve of Individual Performance of

University Level Kabaddi Players

Table-4.1 exhibits the descriptive statistics of Individual Performance of the

university level Kabaddi players of different groups as a whole. The mean and standard
deviation of the said distribution were 10.82 and 2.61 respectively.

106

Chapter IV

4.1.1.1 Discussion on Individual Performance

Form the table-4.1 and figure-4.1 we observe the distribution of the Individual
Performance Score of 71 Kabaddi player was almost normal. Form this fact we may
conclude that the sample selection was almost random in the true sense.
4.1.2 Group Performance
Descriptive statistics of group performance of different Kabaddi teams are
presented herewith in table-4.2 and figure-4.2.
Table 4.2: Descriptive Statistics of Group Performance of Kabaddi Teams of
Different Universities
University

No.

Mean Group

of Player

Performance

Remark

M.G Kashi University

High Achiever Group

Calcutta University

Low Achiever Group

Burdwan University

Low Achiever Group

Kalyani University

Middle Achiever Group

B.H.U Varanasi

High Achiever Group

Pandit Ravisankar University

High Achiever Group

Sambalpur University

Middle Achiever Group

V.B. S. Purbanchal University

Middle Achiever Group

107

Chapter IV
40

Mean Group Performance

0
M.G Kashi
University

Calcutta
University

Burdwan
University

Kalyani
University

B.H.U Varanasi

Pandit
Ravisankar
University

Sambalpur
University

V.B. S.
Purbanchal
University

Figure 4.2: Bar diagram of Mean Group Performance of Different Kabaddi Teams

It is already said that the group performance of each team was assessed on the basis
of points scored by the team during the matches. The average score of the total number of
match was considered as their overall performance of the team. Form table-4.2 it is clear
that the team of M.G Kashi University obtained 35 as its average score, the team of
Calcutta University obtained 24 score on an average, the team of Burdwan University
obtained average 25 score, the team of Kalyani University obtained 29, the team of
B.H.U Varanasi obtained 36, the team of Pandit Ravisankar University obtained 34, the
team of Sambalpur University obtained 33 and the team of V.B.S. Purbanchal University
obtained 31.
4.1.2.1 Discussion on Group Performance
On the basis of obtained average scores the teams were categorised as High
Achiever Group Group, Low Achiever Group and Middle Achiever Group. The teams of
108

Chapter IV

M.G Kashi University, B.H.U Varanasi and Pandit Ravisankar University constituted the
High Achiever Group Group; whereas teams of Calcutta University and Burdwan
University constituted the Low Achiever Group; again the teams of Kalyani University,
Sambalpur University and V.B.S. Purbanchal University constituted the Middle Achiever
Group.
4.1.3 Physical and Anthropometric Characteristicsi
Descriptive statistics of physical and anthropometric characteristics [viz., Thigh
Girth (cm), Calf Girth (cm), Arm Length (cm), Leg Length (cm), Height (cm), Body
Weight (kg)] of Kabaddi players are presented herewith in table-4.3 and figure-4.3.
Table 4.3: Descriptive Statistics of Physical and Anthropometric Characteristics of
the University Level Kabaddi Players
Physical Variables

Mean

Std. Deviation

Thigh Girth (cm)

52.20

4.26

Calf Girth (cm)

34.64

2.88

Arm Length (cm)

56.69

2.76

Leg Length (cm)

84.10

4.88

Height (cm)

169.45

6.39

Body Weight (kg)

67.46

8.31

The result has been published in Sk. S. A. & Adhikari, S. (2014). Physical and anthropometric
characteristics of kabaddi players. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4(1): 464-465.

109

Chapter IV

Meam

Mean
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Thigh Girth Calf Girth
(cm)
(cm)

Arm
Length
(cm)

Leg Length
(cm)

Height
(cm)

Body
Weight
(kg)

Figure 4.3: Bar diagram of Mean of Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of

University Level Kabaddi Players

Table-4.3 shows the descriptive statistics of physical or anthropometric

characteristics of the university level Kabaddi players. In case of thigh girth measurement
the mean and standard deviation were 52.20 and 4.26 respectively. In case of calf girth
the mean and standard deviation were 34.64 and 2.88 respectively. For measurement of
arm length the mean and standard deviation were 56.69 and 2.76 respectively. In case of
the leg length measurement the mean and standard deviation of the said distribution were
84.10 and 4.88 respectively. For measurement of height the mean and standard deviation
were 169.45 and 6.39 respectively. In case of body weight the mean and standard
deviation were 67.46 and 8.31 respectively.
4.1.4 Body Composition Measurements
Descriptive statistics of body composition measurements [viz., Body Fat %, Fat
Mass (kg), Lean Body Mass (kg) and Body Mass Index (kg/m2)] of Kabaddi players are
presented herewith in table-4.4 and figure-4.4.

110

Chapter IV

Table 4.4: Descriptive Statistics of Body Composition measurements of the

University Level Kabaddi Players
Physical Variables

Mean

Std. Deviation

Body Fat %

14.28

3.88

Fat Mass (kg)

9.86

3.76

Lean Body Mass (kg)

57.60

5.40

Body Mass Index (kg/m2)

23.45

2.13

Mean

Mean
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Body Fat
Percentage

Fat Mass (kg)

Lean Body Mass Body Mass Index

(kg)
(kg/m2)

Figure 4.4: Bar diagram of Mean of Body Composition measurements of University Level
Kabaddi Players

Table-4.4 shows the descriptive statistics of body composition measurements of

the university level Kabaddi players. In case of body fat % the mean and standard
deviation were 14.28 and 3.88 respectively. In case of fat mass the mean and standard
deviation were 9.86 and 3.76 respectively. In case of lean body mass the mean and
standard deviation were 57.60 and 5.40 respectively. In case of body mass index the
mean and standard deviation were 25.45 and 2.13 respectively.

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Chapter IV

4.1.4.1 Discussion on Physical as well as Anthropometric Characteristics, and Body

Composition Measurements
Discussion is actually the interpretations of the results. The results have been
presented in tabular as well as figural forms. Now, let us try to understand the meaning of
the numbers in the tables and bars in the figures.
The mean height (cm) of the University level Kabaddi players was 169.45, which
was slightly higher than the average height of the Indian males [165.3 cm (5' 5")].
The mean body weight (kg) was 67.46 8.31. But the standard height and weight
for Indian men is 60.8 kg 65.3 kg for 165 cm height. Here the mean weight of the
university level Kabaddi players was slightly higher than the Indian standard.
The normal range (Healthy Weight) of Body Mass Index (kg/m2) is 18.50 24.99.
But in the present study it was found that the BMI to be 23.45 2.13, which is slightly
upper than the normal range.
Players with higher leg length and arm length may be better performers in
Kabaddi. In Kabaddi there are two most important offensive skills (i) hand touch and
(ii) toe touch. The skills to a large extent depend on the lengths of the concerned
extremities like the arm and leg. Apart from the offensive skills the leg length and arm
lengths are also beneficial during struggle of raid. The fore limbs and the hind limbs may
equally and alternately benefit a player during his fight back i.e. during struggle when a
player tries to return back to his home court, while being held within the opponents chain,
the length of the concerned extremities naturally helps them to touch the midline which is
supposed to be most important for an offensive player. The individual performance of a

112

Chapter IV

player also largely depends upon the mentioned skills. Thus the lengths of the arms and
legs are predictors of Kabaddi performance. So, it may safely be concluded that good
Kabaddi players should have greater leg and arm length or they facilitates the players
concerned with the game Kabaddi.
Devaraju et al. (2013) have reported that for the male inter collegiate Kabaddi
players the mean height was found as 170.8175 6.705703, mean weight as 62.8413
6.909024, mean leg length as 99.3651 5.860525 and mean arm length as 73.1349
3.96253.
As per report of Majlesi, Azadian and Rashedi (2012) the BMI was 22.01 2.3,
arm- span (cm) was 178 9.5, leg height (cm) was 99.6 5.5, sitting height (cm) was
92.58 33.5, weight (kg) was 68.2 5.2, height (cm) was 176 7.3, body fat % was
9.25 3.4 and VO2max was 46.99 8.6.
Dey, et al. (1993) have found that for the Kabaddi players the mean weight (kg)
was 75.49 5.13, height (cm) was 174.34 4.33, fat % was 17.56 3.48, lean body
mass (kg) was 62.18 4.25.
As per report of Sodhi and Sidhu (1984) Kabaddi players was almost similar to
judo players but heavies than footballers, hockey players and boxers. They also reported
that the total body fat percentage of the Kabaddi players was higher than Judakas,
Boxers, Weightlifters, Wrestlers (except the heavyweight category) and Footballers. The
researchers also found that the mean height and weight of the Kabaddi players were
higher than those of the average Indian population.

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Chapter IV

The result of the present study was in corroborated with the findings of previous
studies. In selecting players for a Kabaddi team physical and anthropometrical
characteristics as extracted in the study may be considered.
4.1.5 Psychological Characteristics
Descriptive statistics of scores of psychological characteristics (viz. Trait Anxiety,
Personal Standard, Concern Over Mistake, Perceived Parental Pressure and Perceived
Coach Pressure) of Kabaddi players are presented herewith in table-4.5 and figure-4.5.
Table 4.5: Descriptive Statistics of Psychological Variables of the University Level
Kabaddi Players
N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Trait Anxiety

44.44

6.54

Personal Standard

23.49

4.70

Concern Over Mistake

4.000

6.000

8.000

FPI

Figure 4.6: Histogram with Normal Probability Curve of Fuzzy Preference Index of University
Level Kabaddi Players

Table-4.6 shows the descriptive statistic of Fuzzy Preference Index of the

university level Kabaddi players. The mean and standard deviation of the FPI were 2.74
and 1.58 respectively.

119

Chapter IV

4.1.6.1 Discussions on Sociometric Variable (Fuzzy Preference Index FPI)

Form the table-4.6 and figure-4.6 it is observed that the distribution of the Fuzzy
Preference Index of 71 Kabaddi player was not normal. The preference received by
players from their co-players cannot be distributed normally; this fact may be revealed
here.
4.2 Comparative Analysis
Here the results of comparison done between the characteristics of the players of
the upper groupii and lower groupiii of Kabaddi teams under study are presented. To draw
the comparison independent sample t-test was done.
The physical, anthropometric, body composition, psychological and sociometric
characteristics, responsible to discriminate the two groups (upper and lower), were
actually responsible for good performance in Kabaddi. Here, with the help of inferential
statistics inferences were drawn from sample to population.
4.2.1 Individual Performance of the Kabaddi Players of Upper and Lower Group
Results relating to individual performance of the Kabaddi players of upper and
lower group are presented herewith in table-4.7and figure-4.7.
Table 4.7: Statistics of Individual Performance of the Upper and Lower Groups of
University Level Kabaddi Players
Variables
Individual
Performance

ii
iii

Group

Mean

Std. Dev

Variances

Upper

11.43

2.38

2.54

47.00

Lower

9.58

2.68

Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed

Sig. (2tailed)
0.01

1.84

40.30

0.02

High Achiever Group is Abbreviated as Upper Group

Low Achiever Group is Abbreviated as Lower Group

120

Mean Individual Performance

Chapter IV
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5
Upper

Lower

Figure 4.7: Bar diagram of Mean of Individual Performance of the Kabaddi Players of Different
Groups

Form the table-4.7 it is observed that the mean and standard deviation of
individual performance of the upper group of university level Kabaddi player were 11.43
and 2.38 respectively; whereas, for the lower group those were 9.58 and 2.68
respectively. The players of upper group had (statistically) significantly higher mean
score than their lower group counterparts.
4.2.1.1 Discussions on Individual Performance Upper and Lower Group
The mean of individual performance scores of the upper group was (statistically)
significantly higher than that of their lower group counterparts. Form this result it is clear
that the individual performance scores had the power of discrimination of the upper and
lower group players. This in turns exhibits the validity of the technique used here to
measure individual performance of a Kabaddi player.
4.2.2 Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of the Upper and Lower Group
Results relating to physical and anthropometric characteristics of the Kabaddi
player of upper and lower group are presented herewith in table-4.8 and figure-4.8.

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Chapter IV

Table 4.8: Statistics of Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of the

Upper and Lower Groups of University Level Kabaddi Players
Variables

Calf
Girth

Lower

Body Weight

Lower

Upper

Height (cm)

0.03

Lower

(cm)

47.00

Upper

Leg Length

-5.85

Lower

(cm)

Equal variances assumed

Upper

Arm Length

3.30

Lower

(cm)

51.33

Upper

Calf Girth

Upper

(cm)

Upper

Lower

Thigh Girth

tailed)

Lower

Dev

Sig. (2-

Arm
Leg
Height Body
Length Length (cm) Weight

Figure 4.8: Bar diagram of Mean of Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of the Kabaddi
Players of Different Groups

From the table-4.8 it is clear that the means (and standard deviations under parenthesis)
of the upper and lower group players in (i) thigh girth were 51.33 (3.30) and 54.03 (5.33)
122

Chapter IV

respectively; (ii) calf girth were 34.22 (2.17) and 35.07 (2.70) respectively, (iii) arm
length were 56.82 (2.41) and 56.49 (2.80) respectively; (iv) leg length were 84.53 (4.38)
and 84.00 (4.15) respectively; (v) height were 168.14 (5.78) and 171.41 (5.95)
respectively; and (vi) body weight were 65.34 (6.77) and 71.19 (9.01) respectively.
Again, the two groups differed (statistically) significantly in thigh girth, height and body
weight; in all cases mean scores of lower group were higher than those of the upper group
players. In other physical and anthropometric characteristics the two groups did not differ
(statistically) significantly.
4.2.2.1 Discussions on Physical and Anthropometric Measurements of Upper and
Lower Group
The mean scores in thigh girth, height and body weight of the players of the lower group
were (statistically) significantly higher than those of their counterparts of higher group.
These factors may be detrimental to good performance in Kabaddi and so, due to the
higher value of these characteristics, the lower group players could not exhibit good
performance.
The mean height of the upper group was (statistically) significantly lower than that of the
lower group, but was not lower than the average height of Indian males (165.3 cm). For
better performance in Kabaddi average height is needed; and not more than that. Balance
is an important factor in Kabaddi. In this game the players (both offence and defence)
have to stay lean-down bending specifically at their knee joint. So, maintenance of
equilibrium is an important factor concerned with the execution of this skills related to
Kabaddi. Both the defensive and offensive skills emphasize maintenance of the
individual players own equilibrium and on the contrary disturbing or hampering the
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Chapter IV

balance or equilibrium of his or her opponent. More clearly speaking when the raider is
held captive by his opponent he applies his best effort to return back to his own court,
similarly when the raider attacks the opponent the defensive player always try to break
the equilibrium of the attacker opponent to put him to disadvantage. The phenomenon of
balance or equilibrium is somehow like equal as opposite i.e. to reduce the opponents
equilibrium one has to increase ones own balance or equilibrium and vice-versa.
Moreover according to mechanical point of view lower the height of individual lower
will be their height of centre of gravity which definitely supplements their balance as well
as better execution of skills. So, the height of the Kabaddi may be detrimental to the
performance.
The mean body weight and thigh girth were (statistically) significantly higher in lower
group players; from this fact it is may be inferred that the lower group had higher fat
mass as well as body fat percentage. It is also very common that both body fat percentage
and fat mass hinder most of the motor performances required for sports and games.
4.2.3 Body Composition Measurements of Upper and Lower Group
Results relating to Body Composition Measurements of a Kabaddi player of upper and
lower group are presented herewith in table-4.9 and figure-4.9.

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Chapter IV

Table 4.9: Statistics of Body Composition Measurements of the Upper and Lower
Groups of University Level Kabaddi Players
Variables

Group

Mean

Std.

-1.10

36.22

0.09

From the table-4.9 it is clear that the means (and standard deviations under
parenthesis) of the upper and lower group players in (i) Body Fat % were 13.31 (3.63)
and 16.59 (3.90) respectively; (ii) Fat Mass were 8.85 (3.07) and 12.06 (4.24)
respectively, (iii) Lean Body Mass were 56.49 (4.62) and 59.13 (5.59) respectively; and
(iv) Body Mass Index were 23.09 (1.86) and 24.20 (2.43) respectively. Again, the two
groups differed (statistically) significantly in Body Fat % and Fat Mass (kg); in all cases
mean scores of lower group were higher than those of the upper group players. In other
body composition measurements the two groups did not differ (statistically) significantly.

125

Chapter IV
70

Mean

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Upper

Lower

Percentage of
Body Fat

Upper

Lower

Fat Mass (kg)

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Lean Body Mass Body Mass Index

(kg)

Figure 4.9: Bar diagram of Mean of Body Composition Measurements of the Kabaddi Players of
Different Groups

4.2.3.1 Discussions on Body Composition Measurements of Upper and Lower Group

The upper and lower groups differed (statistically) significantly in body fat % and
fat mass (kg); the lower group had the higher mean values. In other cases the differences
were not so statistically significant. Body fat % and fat mass (kg) may be detrimental to
the good performance in Kabaddi.
The lower group i.e. the low achiever group players had greater percentage of body
fat as well as fat mass. Most of the research findings concluded that body fat percentage
and fat mass are detrimental for any motor performance. Chatterjee and Banerjee
(2010) has found that the performances in 50 yard dash, and 600 yard run and walk were
negatively influenced by fat mass and body fat percentage. Thus it is quite obvious that
fat mass and body fat percentage hinders speed agility and endurance related
performances. The game Kabaddi involves high levels of physical fitness. The players
should be efficient enough in motor performances like speed, agility, endurance etc. Thus

126

Chapter IV

from the result it may be said that players with lower fat mass and body fat percentage
perform better in Kabaddi.
4.2.4 Psychological Characteristics of the Upper and Lower Group
The results of psychological characteristics of lower and upper group players are
presented herewith in table-4.10 and figure-4.10.
Table 4.10: Statistics of Psychological Characteristics of the Upper and Lower
Groups of University Level Kabaddi Players
Variables

Group

Mean

Trait Anxiety

Upper

44.50

Std.
Dev
5.42

Lower

45.52

7.15

Upper

21.36

3.45

Lower

27.14

3.53

Upper

21.64

5.28

Lower

26.57

5.91

Upper

27.54

4.41

Lower

28.81

4.31

Upper

17.14

2.90

Lower

19.10

3.29

Personal Standard

Concern Over
Mistake

Perceived Parental
Pressure

Perceived Coach
Pressure

127

Variances

Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed

-0.57

47.00

Sig. (2tailed)
0.57

-0.55

35.99

0.59

-5.76

47.00

0.00

-5.74

42.69

0.00

-3.07

47.00

0.00

-3.02

40.37

0.00

-1.01

47.00

0.32

-1.01

43.76

0.32

-2.20

47.00

0.03

-2.16

40.09

0.04

Mean

Chapter IV
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower
Trait Anxiety

Personal
Standard

Concern Over
Mistake

Perceived
Parental

Perceived
Coach

Figure 4.10: Bar diagram of Mean of Psychological Characteristics of the Kabaddi Players of
Different Groups

From the table-4.10 it is clear that the means (and standard deviations under
parenthesis) of the upper and lower group players in (i) trait anxiety were 44.50 (5.42)
and 45.52 (7.15) respectively; (ii) personal standard were 21.36 (3.45) and 27.14 (3.53)
respectively; (iii) concern over mistake were 21.64 (5.28) and 26.57 (5.91) respectively;
(iv) perceived parental pressure were 27.54 (4.41) and 28.81 (4.31) respectively; (v)
perceived coach pressure were 17.14 (2.90) and 19.10 (3.29) respectively. Again, the two
groups differed (statistically) significantly in personal standard, concern over mistake and
perceived coach pressure; in all cases mean scores of lower group were higher than those
of the upper group players. In other psychological characteristics the two groups did not
differ (statistically) significantly.
4.2.4.1 Discussions on Psychological Characteristics of the Upper and Lower Group
In trait anxiety and perceived parental pressure the two groups did not differ
(statistically) significantly. But in personal standard, concern over mistake and perceived
coach pressure the lower group had the (statistically) significantly higher means. The

128

Chapter IV

sports perfectionism actually reflects anxiety. Higher personal standard, much concern
over mistake and heavier perceived coach pressure may be the cause of relatively bad
performance of the players of the low achiever groups.
Sk., Adhikari and Nandy (2012) have conducted a study on Kabaddi, through
descriptive survey method within ex-post-facto research design and found that (i) as
Personal Standards (P.S.) increases Trait anxiety Decrease; (ii) as Concern Over Mistakes
(COM) increases Trait anxiety also increase; (iii) as Perceived Parental Pressure (PPP)
increases Trait anxiety also increases; and (iv) as Perceived Coach Pressure (PCP)
increases Trait anxiety decreases. They also concluded that to control Trait Anxiety,
Concern Over Mistakes (COM) and Perceived Parental Pressure (PPP) should be
controlled; whereas to do that Personal Standards (P.S) and Perceived Coach Pressure
(PCP) should be increased.
4.2.5 Sociometric Measurement of the Upper and Lower Group
The results of sociometric measurement (fuzzy preference index FPI) of the
upper and lower groups of university level Kabaddi players are presented in table- 4.11
and figure-4.11.
Table 4.11: Statistics of Sociometric Measurement (Fuzzy Preference Index FPI)
of the Upper and Lower Groups of University Level Kabaddi Players
Variables

Group

Mean

Std.

Variances

Dev
Fuzzy
Preference

Sig. (2tailed)

Upper

2.88

1.81

Equal variances assumed

1.02

47.00

0.31

Lower

2.41

1.28

Equal variances not assumed

1.07

46.87

0.29

Index

129

Mean

Chapter IV
3
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
Upper

Lower
Fuzzy Preference Index

Figure 4.11: Bar diagram of Mean of Sociometric Measurements of the Kabaddi Players of
Different Groups

From the table-4.11 it is clear that the means (and standard deviations under
parenthesis) of the upper and lower group players in (i) Fuzzy Preference Index were
2.88 (1.81) and 2.41 (1.28) respectively. In sociometric measurement (fuzzy preference
index FPI) the two groups did not differ (statistically) significantly though the mean
score of the upper group was slightly higher than that of the lower group.
4.2.5.1 Discussions on Sociometric Measurement of the Upper and Lower Group
In FPI the two groups (upper and lower group) did not differ (statistically)
significantly. Any individual player of a team received preferences from his co-players of
the same team. Usually, the leaders and popular players acquired higher preference from
the team mates. The same fact happened in both lower and upper group teams and so,
there was no statistically significant difference in means of the two groups.
4.3 Multiple Regression Analysis
Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation, involving one
or more independent variables that best predict the value of the dependent variable. Here
the researcher tried to predict individual performance of Kabaddi players (the dependent
130

Chapter IV

variable) from independent variables such as physical and anthropometric measurements,

body composition measurements, psychological characteristics and sociometric
measurement.
Here the results of the multiple regression analysis are presented in tabular forms.
4.3.1 Individual Performance of as Dependent Variable and Physical as well as
Anthropometric Measurements as Independent Variables
The results of multiple regression analysis considering individual performance of
the Kabaddi players as dependent variable and physical as well as anthropometric
characteristics as independent variables are presented herewith in table-4.12 (a), table4.12 (b), table-4.12 (c) and table-4.12 (d).
Table 4.12(a): Variables Entered in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance as Dependent Variable
Dependent

Variables Entered

Method

Individual

Thigh Girth (cm), Calf Girth (cm), Arm Length (cm),

Enter

Performance

Leg Length (cm), Height (cm) and Body Weight (kg)

Variable

Here
Dependent variable was Individual Performance of University Level Kabaddi
Players.
Independent variables were Thigh Girth (cm), Calf Girth (cm), Arm Length (cm),
Leg Length (cm), Height (cm) and Body Weight (kg).
Method of analysis Here enter method of analysis was considered
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Chapter IV

Table 4.12(b): Model Summary in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performance as Dependent Variable
R2

0.682 0.465

Adjusted
R2

Std. Error of
the Estimate

0.415

2.069617

R
Change
0.465

Change Statistics
F
df1 df2
Change
9.264

Sig. F
Change
0.000

Table-4.12(b) shows the model summary in multiple regression analysis. From this
table it is clear that the F change was highly significant.

Table 4.12(c): ANOVA in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performances as Dependent Variable

Regression

Sum of Squares
238.083

df
6

Mean Square
39.681

Residual

274.132

4.283

Total

512.215

F
9.264

Sig.
0.000

Table-4.12(c) shows ANOVA in multiple regression analysis, from where we can see that
the F was highly significant.
Table 4.12(d): Coefficients in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance as Dependent Variable
Predictors

Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error

(Constant)

-6.929

10.015

Thigh Girth

-0.595

0.117

Calf Girth

-0.136

Arm Length

Standardized
Coefficients

Sig.

-0.692

0.492

-0.938

-5.091

0.000

0.149

-0.144

-0.908

0.367

0.775

0.169

0.790

4.581

0.000

Leg Length

0.037

0.093

0.067

0.400

0.691

Height

-0.240

0.081

-0.567

-2.958

0.004

Body Weight

-0.223

0.083

-0.686

-2.699

0.009

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Chapter IV

Table-4.12 (d) shows coefficient of multiple regression analysis. The linear multiple
regression equation was as follows:
Individual Performance = 6.929 0.595 Thigh Girth 0.136 Calf Girth +
0.775 Arm Length + 0.037 Leg Length 0.240
Height 0.223 Body Weight
4.3.1.1 Discussion on Individual Performance as Dependent Variable and Physical
and Anthropometric Measurements as Independent Variables
Thigh girth, calf girth, height and body weight had negative impact to individual
performance in Kabaddi; whereas, arm length and leg length put their positive
contributions. This result again validates the previous findings. The negative effect of
thigh girth, height and body weight were statistically significant these measurements
also discriminated the lower group from the upper group (results shown in comparative
analysis section); players of the lower group teams exhibited higher average
measurements in these characteristics than their counterparts of higher group. So, higher
measurements of thigh girth, height and body weight may be detrimental to Kabaddi
performance. Again, arm length had statistically significant positive contribution to
individual performance in Kabaddi; and leg length also had positive impact but not
statistically significant. In comparative analysis it has been shown that there was no
statistically significant difference between upper and lower group with respect to these
measurements; but the upper group possessed the higher mean values here. These two
characteristics are much important in playing Kabaddi; and so, the results here may be
justified. It may be safely said that arm length and leg length (mainly arm length) are
beneficial to the performance in Kabaddi.

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Chapter IV

4.3.2 Individual Performance as Dependent Variable and Body Composition

Measurements as Independent Variables
The results of multiple regression analysis considering individual performance of
the Kabaddi players as dependent variable and body composition measurement as
independent variables are presented herewith in table-4.13 (a), table- 4.13 (b), table-4.13
(c) and table-4.13 (d).
Table 4.13(a): Variables Entered in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance as Dependent Variable
Dependent
Variable
Individual
Performance

Variables Entered

Method

Body Fat %, Fat Mass (kg), Lean Body Mass (kg), Body
Mass Index (kg/m2)

Enter

Here
Dependent variable was Individual Performance of University Level Kabaddi
Players.
Independent variables were Body Fat %, Fat Mass (kg), Lean Body Mass (kg)
and Body Mass Index (kg/m2).
Method of analysis Here enter method of analysis was considered
Table 4.13(b): Model Summary in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance Dependent Variable
R

0.369 0.136

Adjusted
R2

Std. Error of
the Estimate

0.084

2.589469

Change Statistics
R2
Change

F
Change

0.136

2.597

df1 df2
4

Sig. F
Change
0.044

Table-4.13(b) shows the model summary in multiple regression analysis. From this
table it is clear that the F change was significant at 0.044 levels.

134

Chapter IV

Table 4.13(c): ANOVA in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performance as Dependent Variable
Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

Regression

69.662

17.416

2.597

0.044

Residual

442.553

6.705

Total

512.215

Table-4.13(c) shows ANOVA in multiple regression analysis, from where we can see that
the F was significant at 0.044 levels.
Table 4.13(d): Coefficients in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance as Dependent Variable
Predictors

(Constant)
Body Fat %
Fat Mass
Lean Body Mass
Body Mass Index

Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
-12.948
9.754
-1.785
0.595
-2.018
0.713
-0.291
0.146
-0.058
0.248

Standardized
Coefficients

-2.558
-2.802
-0.581
-0.045

Sig.

-1.327
-3.000
-2.829
-1.988
-0.233

0.189
0.004
0.006
0.051
0.817

Table-4.13(d) shows coefficient of multiple regression analysis. The linear

multiple regression equation was as follows:
Individual Performance = 12.948 1.785 Body Fat % 2.018 Fat Mass
0.291 Lean Body Mass 0.058 Body Mass Index
4.3.2.1 Discussion on Individual Performance as Dependent Variable and Body
Composition Measurements as Independent Variables
Body fat %, fat mass and lean body mass put statistically significant negative
impact, and also BMI put (not statistically significant but) poor negative impact on
individual performance in Kabaddi. This result also validates the previous findings. In
comparative analysis it has been shown that the lower group players had (statistically)
significantly higher mean values of body fat %, fat mass; in lean body mass and BMI the
135

Chapter IV

mean values of the lower group were not statistically significant, but higher. In
continuation of the discussion of the comparative analysis section it may be safely said
that body fat %, fat mass, lean body mass and BMI are detrimental to Kabaddi
performance.
4.3.3 Individual Performance as Dependent Variable and Psychological as well as
Sociometric Measurement as Independent Variables
The results of multiple regression analysis considering individual performance of
the Kabaddi players as dependent variable and psychological characteristics as well as
sociometric measurement as independent variables are presented herewith in table-4.14
(a), table- 4.14 (b), table-4.14 (c) and table-4.14 (d).
Table 4.14(a): Variables Entered in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance as Dependent Variable
Dependent
Variable
Individual
Performance

Variables Entered

Method

Trait Anxiety, Personal Standard, Concern Over

Mistake, Perceived Parental Pressure, Perceived Coach
Pressure and Fuzzy Preference Index

Enter

Here
Dependent variable was Individual Performance of University Level Kabaddi
Players.
Independent variables were Trait Anxiety, Personal Standard, Concern Over
Mistake, Perceived Parental Pressure, Perceived Coach Pressure and Fuzzy Preference
Index.
Method of analysis Here enter method of analysis was considered.

136

Chapter IV

Table 4.14(b): Model Summary in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual

Performance as Dependent Variable
R

0.604 0.365

Adjusted R2

Std. Error of
the Estimate

0.306

2.254074

R2
Change
0.365

Change Statistics
F Change df1 df2
6.135

Sig. F
Change
0.000

Table-4.13(b) shows the model summary in multiple regression analysis. From this
table it is clear that the F change was highly significant.
Table 4.14(c): ANOVA in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance as Dependent Variable
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
187.041
6
31.173
6.135
0.000
Regression
325.174
64
5.081
Residual
512.215
70
Total
Table-4.13(c) shows ANOVA in multiple regression analysis, from where we can
see that the F was highly significant.
Table 4.14(d): Coefficients in Multiple Regression Analysis with Individual
Performance as Dependent Variable
Predictors
Unstandardized
Standardized
t
Sig.
Coefficients
B

Std. Error

(Constant)

19.365

2.644

Trait Anxiety

-0.041

0.042

Personal Standard

-0.221

Concern Over Mistake

Coefficients

7.324

0.000

-0.099

-0.973

0.334

0.075

-0.383

-2.947

0.004

-0.070

0.068

-0.143

-1.028

0.308

Perceived Parental Pressure

-0.056

0.075

-0.094

-0.743

0.460

Perceived Coach Pressure

-0.329

0.097

-0.418

-3.372

0.001

Fuzzy Preference Index

0.358

0.174

0.209

2.052

0.044

Table-4.14(d) shows coefficient of multiple regression analysis. The linear

multiple regression equation was as follows:

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Chapter IV

Individual Performance = 19.365 0.041 Trait Anxiety 0.221 Personal

Standard + 0.070 Concern Over Mistake 0.056 Perceived Parental Pressure
0.329 Perceived Coach Pressure + 0.358 Fuzzy Preference Index
4.3.3.1 Discussion on Individual Performance as Dependent Variable and
Psychological as well as Sociometric Measurement as Independent
Variables
Trait anxiety, personal standard, concern over mistake, perceived parental
pressure, perceived coach pressure had negative impact; whereas, fuzzy preference index
had positive impact on individual performance in Kabaddi. Here, personal standard and
perceived coach pressure put statistically significant negative impact on Kabaddi
performance. In case of trait anxiety, concern over mistake and perceived parental
pressure the negative impacts were not statistically significant. Now, let us recapitulate
the results of comparative analysis where it has been shown that the lower group acquired
(statistically) significantly higher mean values in personal standard, concern over mistake
and perceived coach pressure; though not (statistically) significantly yet higher mean
values in trait anxiety and perceive parental pressure. Here, it may be safely said that
higher value of personal standard, concern over mistake, perceived coach pressure,
perceived parental pressure and trait anxiety are detrimental to the performance in
Kabaddi.
In case of sociometric measurements (FPI) the impact on individual performance
was statically significant; in comparative analysis it has been shown that the upper group
achieved higher mean value (though not statistically significant). Here also it may be
safely said that the players, popular among the co-players of the same team, exhibits
better performance in Kabaddi.

138

Chapter V

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS &

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

In this chapter, the study has been summarized by including the purpose of
inquiry, objectives of the study, methodology taken and synopsis of result extracted.
Additionally, the limitations of the study and future research investigations are
recommended herewith.
5.1 Summary
Summary of the present work is presented hereunder.
5.1.1 Introduction
Kabaddi is a folk game. It was popularly prevalent even in ancient India. This
game is indigenous to India, and it was considered as the National Game of India. To
make it international, impetus is provided only very recently.
5.1.1.1 Aim of the Research
To make a game popular and to rise it up to the international standard different
rules should be framed, effective coaching should be provided, skills should be well
developed and performance should be measured as well as increased. For this purpose
research should be done. But till now very limited research has already been done. To
bridge up the gap we are putting our best endeavour to launch a research project.
5.1.1.1.1 Specific Objectives of the Study
The present study was carried out to probe into some research questions and on
the basis of the questions following specific objectives was formulated.

139

Chapter V

A) To explore the numerical description of

Group as well as individual performance in Kabaddi game;

Physical and anthropometric characteristics, such as (i) Height, (ii)

Weight, (iii) Leg length, (iv) Arm length, (v) Mid thigh girth, (vi) Calf girth;

Body composition measurements, such as (i) Body Fat %, (ii) Fat Mass
(iii) Lean Body Mass, and (iv) Body Mass Index;

Psychological characteristics, such as (i) Sport Multidimensional

Perfectionism and (ii) Trait Anxiety;

Sociometric characteristics (Fuzzy Preference Index).

B) To compare
a)

Individual performance of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and low

achiever groups.

Physical and anthropometric characteristics of the Kabaddi players of high

achiever and low achiever groups.

Body composition measurements of the Kabaddi players of high achiever

and low achiever groups.

Psychological characteristics of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and

low achiever groups.

Sociometric characteristics of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and low

achiever groups.

C) To formulate multiple regression equations considering individual performance in

Kabaddi game as dependent variable and
a)

The physical as well as anthropometric characteristics as independent

variables;

The body composition measurements as independent variables;

The psychological and sociometric characteristics as independent variables.

140

Chapter V

D) To formulate a player selection, coaching and counselling programme for Kabaddi

players and hence to augment the social acceptability of the game as a national as well as
international one.
5.1.1.2 Variables in the Study
Any research is mainly aimed at establishing the relationship among the variables
(dependent and independent variables). In this research following variables were
considered.
5.1.1.2.1 Independent Variables
a)

Physical and Anthropometric Measurement

(i) Height, (ii) Weight, (iii)

Leg length, (iv) Arm length, (v) Mid thigh girth and (vi) Calf girth were
considered as physical and anthropometric measurements.
b)

Body Composition Measurement (i) Body Fat %, (ii) Fat Mass, (iii) Lean
Body Mass and (iv) Body Mass Index were considered as body composition
measurements.

Psychological Characteristics (i) Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism

and (ii) Trait Anxiety were considered as psychological characteristics.

Socio-metric Measurement Fuzzy Preference Index was considered as

sociometric measurement.

5.1.1.2.2 Dependent Variables

(i) Individual Performance and (ii) Group Performance were considered as
dependent variables.
5.1.2 Methods
The present study was carried out through descriptive survey method within expost-facto research design. The details regarding sample, tools, procedure of data
collection and statistical technique are reported as under.
5.1.2.1 Sample
Kabaddi players were selected from the teams of different university participated
in the East Zone Inter-University Kabaddi (Men) Tournament, held during October, 12141

Chapter V

14, 2006, and organized by the University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia. Total 24 teams
participated to the tournament and total number of players were (24 12 =) 288.
Due to scarcity of fund and research personnel, the present researcher could not
include all of the 24 teams in his research. So, out of the total 24 teams 8 were selected
randomly for the study. A list of 24 university Kabaddi teams was uploaded onto a
computer, and then the computer was instructed to generate randomly a list of 8
universities out of 24.The selected university Kabaddi teams were (i) M.G Kashi
University, (ii) Calcutta University, (iii) Burdwan University, (iv) Kalyani University, (v)
Benaras Hindu University, (vi) Pandit Ravisankar University, (vii) Sambalpur University,
(viii) V.B. S. Purbanchal University. Then total number of players were (8 12 =) 96.
These 96 players were the subjects of the study.
Total 96 players were approached with the instruments and tools to measure
Physical, Anthropometric, Socio-metric and Psychological Variables. But as all of the 12
players of a team was not selected to play the game so individual performance of 12
players of a team could not be assessed. The total number of players from where full set
of data were possible to collect was 71.
5.1.2.2 Tools
The following research tools were used in the present study for data collection. By
applying yardsticks of relevance, appropriateness, reliability, validity and suitability tools
were selected. Brief descriptions of the tools are given hereunder.
5.1.2.2.1 Instruments to Measure Physical Variables
A series of physical and anthropometrical measurement was carried out with the
help of the following instruments.
i.

Height - Standing height measured by Stadiometre.

ii.

Weight - Body weight measured by weighing machine

iii.

Length Measurements Arm Length and Leg Length was measured by

Steel Tape.

iv.

Girth Measurements Right Upper arm, Abdomen, Right Forearm, Mid

Thigh, Calf was measured by Steel Tape.
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Chapter V

5.1.2.2.2 Socio-metric Variable Fuzzy Preference Index

Fuzzy Nominating Technique was used to assess Fuzzy Preference Index of a
Kabaddi player. This technique is developed by Sk., Adhikari & Chatterjee (2013a)i.
5.1.2.2.3 Psychological Variables
(i)

To measure Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Sport-MPS developed

by Dunn, Causgrove Dunn & Syrotuikm (2002) was considered and

(ii)

To measure Trait Anxiety the scale devised by Spielberger, Gorsuch,

Lushane, Vagg and Jacobs (1983) was taken.

5.1.2.2.4 Performance
For Individual Performance a method developed by Sk., Adhikari and
Chatterjee (2013b)ii was applied and for Group Performance the total points acquired
by the teams in games were considered.
5.1.2.3 Procedure for Data Collection
The relevant data on different constructs were collected by administering the
above-mentioned tools on the subjects under the study in accordance with the directions
provided in the respective manuals of the tools.
5.1.2.4 Statistical Techniques
The descriptive as well as inferential statistics and underlying relationship were
found out by computing appropriate statistics with the help of SPSS-10.01 software.
5.1.3 Summary of the Results
Summary of the results are presented herein.
The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of (i) Physical and
Anthropometric

Characteristics,

(ii)

Body

Composition

Measurements,

(iii)

This method has been developed by Sk, Adhikari & Chatterjee (2013a) and published in Sk. S.A.,
Adhikari, S. & Chatterjee, S. (2013a). Fuzzy nominating technique to determine fuzzy preference index
of a player in kabaddi. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 17(3): 68-75.
ii

The paper has been published in Sk. S.A., Adhikari, S. & Chatterjee, S. (2013b). Assessment of
performance of an individual player in Kabaddi with the help of analytic hierarchy process (AHP).
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(12): 7220-7231.

143

Chapter V

Psychological Characteristics, and (iv) Sociometric Measurements of university level

Kabaddi players on their (a) Individual Performance and (b) Group Performance.
The results are presented in three separate headings (a) descriptive presentation,
(b) comparative analysis, and (c) multiple regression analysis.
5.1.3.1 Descriptive Presentation
Table 5.1: Descriptive Statistics of Individual Performance, Physical &
Anthropometric,Body Composition measurements, Psychological
Characteristics and Sociometric Measurements of University Level
Kabaddi Players
Performance

Mean

Std. Deviation

Individual Performance

10.82

2.61

Thigh Girth (cm)

52.20

4.26

Calf Girth (cm)

34.64

2.88

Arm Length (cm)

56.69

2.76

Leg Length (cm)

84.10

4.88

Height (cm)

169.45

6.39

Body Weight (kg)

67.46

8.31

Body Fat %

14.28

3.88

Fat Mass (kg)

9.86

3.76

Lean Body Mass (kg)

57.60

5.40

Body Mass Index (kg/m2)

23.45

2.13

Trait Anxiety

44.44

6.54

Personal Standard

23.49

4.70

Concern Over Mistake

23.13

5.52

Perceived Parental Pressure

27.52

4.56

Perceived Coach Pressure

17.44

3.44

2.74

1.58

Physical & Anthropometric Measurements

Body Composition Measurements

Psychological Characteristics

Sociometric Measurements
Fuzzy Preference Index

144

Chapter V

Table 5.1 shows the descriptive statistics of individual performance, physical &
anthropometric, body composition measurements, psychological characteristics and
sociometric measurements of Kabaddi players under study.
Table 5.2: Descriptive Statistics of Group Performance of Kabaddi Teams of
Different Universities
University
M.G Kashi University
Calcutta University
Burdwan University
Kalyani University
B.H.U Varanasi
Pandit Ravisankar
University
Sambalpur University
V.B. S. Purbanchal
University

No.
of Player
09
10
11
08
08
11

Mean Group
Performance
35
24
25
29
36
34

Remark
High Achiever Groupiii
Low Achiever Groupiv
Low Achiever Group
Middle Achiever Group
High Achiever Group
High Achiever Group

07
07

33
31

Middle Achiever Group

Table 5.2 shows the descriptive statistics of group performance of Kabaddi

teams of different universities.
5.1.3.2 Comparative Analysis
Here the results of comparison done between the characteristics of the players of
the upper group and lower group of Kabaddi teams under study are presented. To draw
the comparison independent sample t-test was done.
The physical, anthropometric, body composition, psychological and sociometric
characteristics, responsible to discriminate the two groups (upper and lower), were
actually responsible for good performance in Kabaddi. Here with the help of inferential
statistics inferences were drawn from sample to population.
iii
iv

High Achiever Group is Abbreviated as Upper Group

Low Achiever Group is Abbreviated as Lower Group

Performance
Individual
Performance

Group

Upper
Lower

28
21

28
21
28
21
28
21
28
21

Mean

11.43
9.58

13.31
16.59
8.85
12.06
56.49
59.13
23.09
24.20

Std.
Dev

Psychological Characteristics and Sociometric Measurement

Trait Anxiety
Upper
28 44.50
5.42
Lower
21 45.52
7.15
Personal Standard
Upper
28 21.36
3.45
Lower
21 27.14
3.53
Concern Over
Upper
28 21.64
5.28
Mistake
Lower
21 26.57
5.91
Perceived Parental
Upper
28 27.54
4.41
Pressure
Lower
21 28.81
4.31
Perceived Coach
Upper
28 17.14
2.90
Pressure
Lower
21 19.10
3.29
Fuzzy Preference
Upper
28 2.88
1.81
Index
Lower
21 2.41
1.28

146

Sig. (2tailed)

Chapter V

Table 5.3 shows the descriptive statistics of individual performance, physical,

anthropometric and body composition measurements, psychological characteristics and
sociometric measurement of the upper group and lower group Kabaddi players.
5.1.3.3 Multiple Regression Analysis
Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation, involving one
or more independent variables that best predict the value of the dependent variable. Here
the researcher tried to predict individual performance of Kabaddi players (the dependent
variable) from independent variables such as physical and anthropometric measurements,
body composition measurements, psychological characteristics and sociometric
measurement.
The linear regression equations are presented herewith.
Individual Performance = 6.929 0.595 Thigh Girth 0.136 Calf Girth +
0.775 Arm Length + 0.037 Leg Length 0.240 Height 0.223 Body Weight
Individual Performance = 12.948 1.785 Body Fat % 2.018 Fat Mass
0.291 Lean Body Mass 0.058 Body Mass Index
Individual Performance = 19.365 0.041 Trait Anxiety 0.221 Personal
Standard + 0.070 Concern Over Mistake + 0.056 Perceived Parental Pressure 0.329
Perceived Coach Pressure + 0.358 Fuzzy Preference Index
5.2 Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, now the conclusions are drawn. In this section
conclusions are presented as per objectives of the study.

147

Chapter V

In chapter I, the specific objectives of the study have been presented in four
broad headings: (a) to explore the numerical descriptions of (i) individual and group
performances, (ii) physical and anthropometric characteristics, (iii) body composition
measurements, (iv) psychological characteristics, (v) sociometric characteristics; (b) to
compare (i) individual performance, (ii) physical as well as anthropometric
characteristics, (iii) body composition measurements, (iv) psychological characteristics
and (v) sociometric characteristics of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and low
achiever groups; (c) To formulate multiple regression equations considering individual
performance in Kabaddi game as dependent variable, and (i) the physical as well as
anthropometric characteristics as independent variables, (ii) the body composition
measurements as independent variables, (iii) the psychological and sociometric
characteristics as independent variables; (d) to formulate a player selection, coaching
and counselling programme for Kabaddi players and hence to augment the social
acceptability of the game as a national as well as international one.
Here also the conclusions are presented in four broad headings.
5.2.1 Descriptive Analysis
(i) First objective was to explore the numerical description of individual as well
as group performance in the Kabaddi players and the teams under consideration. Form
the table-4.1 and figure-4.1 and summary of result of table-5.1 it has been observed that
the distribution of the Individual Performance Score of 71 Kabaddi player was almost
normal with 10.82 as mean and 2.61 as standard Deviation. Form this fact we may
conclude that the sample selection was almost random.

148

Chapter V

In table-4.2 and figure-4.2 the results of group performance of the Kabaddi teams
under study have been presented. On the basis of obtained average scores the teams of
M.G. Kashi University, B.H.U. Varanasi and Pandit Ravisankar University were
considered as the High Achiever Group; whereas teams of Calcutta University and
Burdwan University were considered as the Low Achiever Group; again the teams of
Kalyani University, Sambalpur University and V.B.S. Purbanchal University were
considered as the Middle Achiever Group.
(ii) Second objective was to explore the numerical description of the physical and
anthropometric measurements of the Kabaddi players under consideration. The
descriptive statistics of physical and anthropometric characteristics (viz., Thigh Girth
(cm), Calf Girth (cm), Arm Length (cm), Leg Length (cm), Height (cm), Body Weight
(kg) have been presented in table-4.3 and figure-4.3.
From these results it is clear that the mean height (cm) of the University level
Kabaddi players was 169.45, which was slightly higher than the average height of the
Indian males [165.3 cm (5' 5")]; the mean body weight (kg) was 67.46 8.31 but the
standard height and weight for Indian male is 60.8 65.3 for 165 cm height, so, the mean
weight of the university level Kabaddi players was slightly higher than the Indian
standard.
(iii) Third was to explore the numerical description of the body composition
measurements of the Kabaddi players under consideration. The descriptive statistics of
body composition measurements (viz., Body Fat %, Fat Mass (kg), Lean Body Mass (kg)
and Body Mass Index (kg/m2) have been presented in table-4.4 and figure-4.4. Summary
of the results are presented in table-5.1.
149

Chapter V

The normal range (Healthy Weight) of Body Mass Index (kg/m2) is 18.50
24.99; but in the present study it was found that for Kabaddi player the BMI to be 23.45
2.13, which was slightly higher than the normal range.
(iv) Fourth objective was to explore the numerical description of the
psychological characteristics of the Kabaddi players under consideration. In table-4.5
and figure-4.5 the descriptive statistics of psychological characteristics (viz. trait anxiety,
personal standard, concern over mistake, perceived parental pressure and perceived coach
pressure) have been presented. Summary of the results are also shown in table-5.1.
Trait Anxiety, a latent and relatively stable predisposition, of the Kabaddi players
was slightly higher than the normal. Anxiety reflects the negative state of disturbed
feeling which warns the athlete to find some ways to meet a situation. Again, anxiety
describes an individuals level of emotionality. Anxiety and arousal are related, so, a
certain amount of anxiety is needed for peak performance in Kabaddi.
In sport multidimensional perfectionism which reflects some sport related anxiety.
In the subscale labelled as Personal Standards the Kabaddi players mean score remained
around the neutral score slightly tilting towards the higher score; in the subscale labelled
as Concern Over Mistakes the mean score remained around the neutral score; in the
subscale labelled as Perceived Parental Pressure the mean score remained around the
neutral score slightly tilting towards the higher score; and in the subscale labelled as
Perceived Coach Pressure the mean score remained around the neutral score. From the
results it may be concluded that the anxiety due to perfectionism was also low in
Kabaddi players.

150

Chapter V

(v) Fifth objective was to explore the numerical description of the sociometric
measurements of the Kabaddi players under consideration. In table-4.6 and figure-4.6 the
descriptive statistic of sociometric characteristics (i.e., Fuzzy Preference Index) of the
university level Kabaddi players have been presented. It was observed that the
preferences received by the individual players of a team from their co-players of the team
were not distributed normally in actual situation this fact also happens in natural
settings, some receive higher preference and not the others. Most preferred members are
the leaders.
5.2.2 Comparative Analysis
In the comparative study comparisons were made between high achiever group of
teams and low achiever group of teams. From this comparison actually the factors and
characteristics to high performance could be chalked out.
(i) First objective was to compare individual performance of the Kabaddi players
of high achiever and low achiever groups. Results relating to individual performance of
the Kabaddi players have been presented in table-4.7 and figure-4.7. It has been observed
that the mean of individual performance of the upper group players was significantly
higher than that of the lower group players. Form this result it may be concluded that the
measuring technique of the individual performance of Kabaddi players could
discriminate of the upper and lower group players; this in turn exhibits the validity of
the technique developed and used.
(ii)

Second objective was to compare physical and anthropometric

measurements of the Kabaddi players of high achiever and low achiever groups. Results
relating to physical and anthropometric characteristics of the Kabaddi player of upper and
151

Chapter V

lower group have been presented in table-4.8 and figure-4.8. It has been observed that the
mean thigh girth, height and body weight of the lower group players were significantly
higher than those of their counterparts in upper group. In Kabaddi high measure of
height, thigh girth and body weight may be detrimental to good performance; high
measure of arm length and leg length may be beneficial to good performance.
(iii) Third objective was to compare body composition measurements of the
Kabaddi players of high achiever and low achiever groups. In table-4.9 and figure-4.9
results relating to body composition measurements of the lower and upper group Kabaddi
players have been presented. In body fat % and fat mass (kg) the lower group players had
significantly higher mean values. It may be concluded that body fat % and fat mass (kg)
are detrimental to the good performance in Kabaddi.
(iv) Fourth objective was to compare psychological characteristics of the
Kabaddi players of high achiever and low achiever groups. In table-4.10 and figure-4.10
results relating to psychological characteristics of the lower and upper group Kabaddi
players have been presented. The lower group players scored significantly higher in
personal standard, concern over mistake and perceived coach pressure. These are the
facets of sports perfectionism which in turn reflect anxiety higher personal standard,
much concern over mistake and heavier perceived coach pressure may be the cause of
relatively bad performance of the players of the low achiever groups.
(v) Fifth objective was to compare sociometric measurements of the Kabaddi
players of high achiever and low achiever groups. Results relating to sociometric
characteristics of the lower and upper group Kabaddi players have been presented in
table-4.11 and figure-4.11. In FPI there was no statistically significant difference in
152

Chapter V

means of the two groups. In sociometric measurement any individual member of a group
receives preferences from other members of the same group. Usually, the leaders and
popular members obtain higher preference. The same fact happened here in both lower
and upper group Kabaddi teams and so, probably, there was no statistically significant
difference in means of the two groups.
5.2.3 Multiple Regression Analysis
(i) First objective was to formulate a multiple regression equation considering
individual performance in Kabaddi game as dependent variable and the physical and
anthropometric measurements as independent variables. In table-4.12 (a), table- 4.12
(b), table-4.12 (c) and table-4.12 (d) the results of multiple regression analysis
considering individual performance of Kabaddi players as dependent variable and
physical as well as anthropometric characteristics as independent variables have been
presented in the previous chapter.
Thigh girth, calf girth, height and body weight had negative impact; whereas, arm
length and leg length put their positive contributions. Again, the negative effect of thigh
girth, height and body weight were statistically significant; from comparative analysis it
was known that these measurements also discriminated the lower group from the upper
group players of the lower group teams exhibited higher average measurements in these
characteristics than their counterparts of higher group. So, it may be concluded that
higher measurements of thigh girth, height and body weight are be unfavourable to
Kabaddi performance. In case of arm length there was statistically significant positive
impact on individual performance and leg length had also positive impact, but not
statistically significant. In comparative analysis too it has been shown that the upper
group possessed the higher mean values in case of arm length and leg length though the
153

Chapter V

differences were not statistically significant. These two characteristics are much
important in playing Kabaddi; and so, the results may also be justified. In conclusion it
may safely be said that arm length and leg length (mainly arm length) are beneficial to
the performance in Kabaddi.
(ii) Second objective was to formulate a multiple regression equation considering
individual performance in Kabaddi game as dependent variable and the body
composition measurements as independent variables. In the previous chapter the results
of multiple regression analysis considering individual performance of the Kabaddi
players as dependent variable and body composition measurement as independent
variables have been presented in table-4.13 (a), table- 4.13 (b), table-4.13 (c) and table4.13 (d).
It has been shown that body fat %, fat mass and lean body mass put statistically
significant negative impact, and BMI also put (not statistically significant but) poor
negative impact on individual performance in Kabaddi. In comparative analysis also it
has been shown that the lower group players had significantly (statistically) higher mean
values of body fat %, fat mass; in lean body mass and BMI the mean values of the lower
group were higher, but not statistically significant. In conclusion it may be safely said
that body fat %, fat mass, lean body mass and BMI are detrimental to Kabaddi
performance.
(iii) Third objective was to formulate a multiple regression equation considering
individual performance in Kabaddi game as dependent variable and the psychological
characteristics and sociometric measurements as independent variables. Results of
multiple regression analysis considering individual performance of the Kabaddi players
as dependent variable and psychological characteristics as well as sociometric
154

Chapter V

measurement as independent variables have been presented in table-4.14 (a), table- 4.14
(b), table-4.14 (c) and table-4.14 (d).
The psychological factors such as trait anxiety, personal standard, concern over
mistake, perceived coach pressure had negative impact, whereas, perceived parental
pressure and fuzzy preference index had positive impact on individual performance.
Personal standard and perceived coach pressure put statistically significant negative
impact. In case of trait anxiety and concern over mistake the negative impacts were not
statistically significant. Again, the positive impact of perceived parental pressure was not
also statistically significant. From the results of comparative analysis it can be easily
understood that the lower group acquired significantly (statistically) higher mean values
in personal standard, concern over mistake and perceived coach pressure. In conclusion
here, it may be safely said that higher value of personal standard, concern over mistake
and perceived coach pressure are detrimental to the performance in Kabaddi.
The impact of sociometric measurements (FPI) on individual performance was
statically significant. In comparative analysis it was observed that the upper group
players achieved higher mean value (though not statistically significant). Here also it may
safely be concluded that the players, popular among the co-players of the same team,
exhibits better performance in Kabaddi.
5.2.4 Player Selection, Coaching and Counselling Programme in Kabaddi
Here the work was divided into three parts (a) formulation of player selection
programme, (b) formulation of coaching programme and (c) formulation of counselling
programme.

155

Chapter V

a) Formulation of Player Selection Programme In course of selecting

Kabaddi players the physical, anthropometric and body composition measurement
standard as extracted from the results of the study might be consulted.
(i)

The height of male Kabaddi players should remain around average range of
the Indian males [165.3 cm (5' 5")].

(ii)

The average body weight of the male Kabaddi players should be slightly
higher than the Indian standard [60.8 kg 65.3 kg for 165 cm height].

(iii) Leg length and arm length should be as good as possible.

(iv) The BMI should be slightly upper than the normal range [Body Mass Index
(kg/m2) is 18.50 24.99].
(v)

Body fat % and fat mass (kg) should remain within the normal range.

b) Formulation of Coaching Programme In coaching programme usually

skills are developed; but from the present study some body composition criteria have
been developed, so, fitness programmes should also be included here.
c) Formulation of Counselling Programme Anxiety causes arousal, so,
optimum level of anxiety and perfectionism is needed for good performance. Through
psychological counselling anxiety and perfectionism management programme should be
included in player development programme. The players not only set their personal
standard and concern over mistake by themselves but they also feel perceived parental
pressure and perceived coach pressure so, not only the players but also their parents and
coaches should keep under counselling and anxiety management programme. In this
programme regular exercise and relaxation should included to proper psychotherapeutic
156

Chapter V

sessions. Trained psychologist should be invited to this programme.

In this way good players would be developed and thus social acceptability of the
game in national as well as international level would be augmented.
5.3 Applicative Value of the Study
The applicative value of the study was to formulate selection and coaching
procedure of Kabaddi players and counselling programme to inculcate positive
psychological makeup of the players and hence to boost the social acceptability of the
game in national as well as international context.
5.4 Limitations of the Study
The study has several limitations. Due to financial and several other constraints
the researcher was forced to delimit the research areas in different aspects. These
delimitations were also the limitations. Only (i) height, (ii) weight, (iii) leg length, (iv)
arm length, (v) mid thigh girth, (vi) calf girth were considered as physical and
anthropometric measurements; as body composition measurement (i) body fat %, (ii)
fat mass, (iii) lean body mass and (iv) body mass index were considered; only sport
multidimensional perfectionism and trait anxiety of were considered as psychological
characteristics;

only

fuzzy

preference

index

was

considered

sociometric

characteristics; and only the university level male Kabaddi players were considered as
source of sample.
5.5 Recommendations for Further Research
This study was delimited to do research only on university level men Kabaddi
players. The insights gathered from this study, although helpful, were in no way
157

Chapter V

exhaustive. It is therefore imperative that future research in this area should be continued
considering all levels of Kabaddi players of both genders. Following were the
recommendations for further research:
(i)

The procedure developed by Sk., Adhikari & Chatterjee (2013b) by using

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate performance of an individual
player in Kabaddi may be extended to evaluate individual performance in
other team games.

(ii)

The fuzzy nominating technique developed by Sk., Adhikari & Chatterjee

(2013a) may be utilized in several other group games.

(iii) Several other physical, physiological, anthropometric, body compositions,

psychological and sociometric measurements may be included in the future
study.
(iv) So on and so forth .. .

158

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187

ANNEXURE I
SOCIOMETRIC TEST FORMAT

EAST ZONE INTERUNIVERSITY KABADDI (MEN) TOURNAMENT

OCTOBER 12-14, 2006
(Organized by University of Kalyani)

According to your preference, write the name of five of your team-mates with
whom you want to enjoy your leisure time. Your response will be kept in strict
confidence and this will be used for the research purpose only.
Team:
Name:
Preference
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

Name

ANNEXURE - II
SPORTS MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERFECTIONISM SCALE (Sports MPS)
Dunn, Causgrove Dunn & Syrotuik, (2002)
English Version
Fill in the information

Name Age
F/M Religion
Educational Qualification ...
Name of the Institution ...
INSTRUCTIONS
The following include statements which express your opinion on physical education and
sports. Please read the statement carefully and mark the box in accordance with the criteria
given below. Please fill the questionnaire from in 20 minutes and do write your name /
surname. The data will be used only research purpose. Thank you for your time.
Sl.
No.
1

3
4

Statement
If do not set the highest
standards for myself in any
sport, I am likely to end up a
second rate players.
Even if I fail slightly in
competition, for me, it is as
bad as being a complete
failure.
My parents set very high
standards for me in my sport.
I fell like my coach criticizes
me for doing things less than
perfectly in competition
I hate being less than the best
at things in my sport.

Strongly
Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly
Agree

Sl.
No.
6
7

12
13
14

15
16

Statement
If I fail in competition, I feel
like a failure as a person
In competition, I never feel
like I can quite meet my
parents expectations.
Only outstanding performance
in competition is good enough
for my coach.
It is important to me that I be
thoroughly
competent
in
everything I do in my sport.
The fewer mistakes I make in
competition, the more people
will like me.
Only outstanding performance
during competition is good
enough in my family.
I feel like I can never quite live
up to my coachs standards.
My parents expect excellence
for me in my sport
I think I expect higher
performance and greater result
in my daily sport- training than
most players.
I should be upset if I make a
mistake in competition.
I feel like I am criticized by
my parents for doing things
less
than
perfectly
in
competition.
My coach stets very high
standards
for
me
in
competition.
I feel that other players
generally
accept
lower
standards for them selves in
sport than I do.
If a team mate or opponent
(who plays a similar position
to me) plays better than me
during competition, than I feel
like failed to some degree.

Strongly
Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly
Agree

Sl.
No.
20

23
24
25

Statement
In competition, I never feel
like I can quite live up to my
parents standards.
My coach expects excellence
from me at all times both in
training and competition
If I do not do well all the time
in competition, I feel that
people will not respect me as
an athlete.
My parents expect excellence
from me in my sport.
I have extremely high goals for
myself in my sport.
I feel like my coach never tries
to fully understand the mistake
I sometimes make.
People will probably think less
of me if I make mistakes in
competition.
I feel like my parents never try
to fully understand the
mistakes
I
make
in
competition.
I set higher achievement goals
than most athletes who play
my sport.
If I play well but only make
one obvious mistake in the
entire game I still feel
disappointed
with
my
performance.
My parents want me to be
better than all other players
who play my sport.

Strongly
Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly
Agree

ANNEXURE - III
STATE - TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY (STAI)
Spielberger, Gorsuch and Lushane (1970)
Name: , Age: .,
Gender: , Religion: ,
Educational Qualification: ...,
College/University: ..,
Date: ,
TRAIT ANXIETY (Instructions):
Read each statement and then put a tick mark () in the appropriate box to the right
side of the statement to indicate How You Generally Feel. There are no rights or wrong
answers. Do not spend too much time on any one statement but give the answer which
seems to describe how you generally feel.
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Statement
I feel pleasant.
I tire quickly.
I feel like crying.
I wish I could be ads happy as others seem to be.
I am losing out of things because I cant make up.
I feel nested.
I am calm, cool and collected.
I feel that difficulties are piling up so that I cant
overcome them.
I worry too much about something that really
does not matter.
I am happy.
I am inclined to take things hard.
I lake self confidence.
I feel secure.
I try to avoid facing crisis or difficulty.
I feel blue.
I am content.
Some unimportant thought runs through my mind
and bothers me.
I take disappointment so keenly that I cant put
them out of my mind.
I am a steady person.
I become tense and upset when I think about my
present concern.

Almost Some Often Almost

never times
always

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chapter-3

METHOD

Chapter-4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONs

Chapter-5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,
LIMITATIONS &
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
FURTHER RESEARCH

Annexure

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