CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

activities: capturing input data, manipulating the

data, and managing output results. Data is basically
a raw material used as input to data processing and

The word computer comes from the word

information is processed data obtained as output of

compute, which means, to calculate. Hence,

data processing.

people usually consider a computer to be a

calculating device that can perform arithmetic
operations at high speed.

1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

Increasing popularity of computers has proved that

In fact, the original objective for inventing a

it is very powerful and useful tool. The power and

computer was to create a fast calculating machine.

usefulness of this popular tool are mainly due to its

However, more than 80% of work done by

following characteristics

computers today is non-mathematical or nonnumerical nature. Hence, to define a computer

merely as a calculating device is to ignore over 80%
of its functions. More accurately, we can define a
computer as a device that operates upon data. Data
can be anything like bio-data of applicants when
computer is used for short listing candidates for
recruiting; marks obtained by students in various
subjects when used for preparing result; details
(name, age, sex, etc.) of passengers when used for
making airlines or railways reservations; or number
of different parameters when used for solving
scientific research problems, etc.

A) AUTOMATIC

An automatic machine works by itself without

human intervention. Computers are automatic
machines because once started on a job, they carry
out the job until it is finished. However, computers
being machines cannot start themselves and cannot
go out and find problems and solutions. We need to
instruct a computer using coded instructions that
specify how it will do a particular job.
B) SPEED

A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a

Hence, data comes in various shapes and sizes

few seconds, the amount of work that a human

depending upon the type of computer application. A

being can do in an entire year. While talking about

computer can store, process, and retrieve data as

speed of a computer we do not talk in terms of

and when desired. The fact that computers process

seconds

data is so fundamental that many people have

microseconds, nanoseconds and even picoseconds.

started calling it as data processor.

A powerful computer is capable of performing

or

milliseconds

but

in

terms

of

several billion simple arithmetic operations per

The name data processor is more inclusive because

second.

modern computers not only compute in a usual

sense but also perform other functions with data
that flows to and from them. The activity of

C) ACCURACY

processing data using computer is called data

processing. Data processing consists of three sub-

In addition to being very fast, computers are very

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accurate. Accuracy of a computer is consistently

D) 1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical

high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its

Engine Never completed. Important concept: a

design. A computer performs every calculation with

general-purpose machine capable of performing

the same accuracy.

difference functions based on programming.

D) VERSATILITY

Versatility is one of the most wonderful things

E) 1834: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace impressed with

about computer. One moment it is preparing result

the concept of the Analytical Engine at a dinner

of an examination, next moment it is busy preparing

pArty. Daughter of poet Lord Byran Created plans

electricity bills etc. In brief, a computer is capable

for how the machine could calculate Bernoulli

of performing almost any task, if the task can be

numbers. This is regarded as the first computer

reduced to a finite series of logical steps.

program," and she is the first "programmer."The

Department of Defense named a language Ada in

E) DILIGENCE

her honor in 1979.

Unlike human beings, a computer is free from
monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It
can continuously work for hours without creating

F) 1890:Punched cards used by Herman Hollerith

any error and without grumbling. Hence, computer

to automate Census Concept of programming the

score over human beings in doing routing type jobs

machine to perform different tasks with punched

that require great accuracy.

cards was from Babbage. Punch cards based on

Josph Marie Jacquards device to automate weaving
looms. Hollerith founded a company that became

1.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

A) 1623: Mechanical calculator Wilhelm Schickard

invented first known mechanical calculator, capable

International Business Machines (IBM) to market

the technology.

of simple arithmetic. Similar mechanical adding

machine made in 1640s by Blaise Pascal.
G) 1946: ENIAC completed Electronic Numerical
B)

1673:

More

advanced

mechanical

Integrator and Computer. By Presper Eckert and

calculator.1673byGerman mathematician Gottfried

John Mauchly 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupied a 30

Leibniz Capable of multiplication and division

by 50 foot room Programming by plugging wires

purely mechanical with no source of power.

into a patch panel. Very difficult to do, because this

C) 1823: Charles Babbage begins work on

style programming requires intimate knowledge of

Difference Engine. He designed, but it was

the computer

completed by a Swedish inventor in 1854. Image of

the Difference Engine from Niagara College
1.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS

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The history of computer development is often

referred to in reference to the different generations
of computing devices. Each generation of computer
is

characterized

by

major

technological

development that fundamentally changed the way

computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller,
cheaper, more powerful, more efficient and reliable
devices.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry

and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great
deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which
was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine

FIGURE 1.First Generation Computers

language, the lowest-level programming language

understood by computers, to perform operations,
and they could only solve one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape,
and output was displayed on printouts.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples

of

first-generation

computing

devices.

The

UNIVAC was the first commercial computer

delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census
Bureau in 1951. Figure (1) shows first generation
computer.

FIGURE 2.Second Generation Computers

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many different applications at one time with a

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers. The transistor
was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread
use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor
was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing

central program that monitored the memory.

Computers for the first time became accessible to a
mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors Figure (3) shows
second generation computer.

computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more

energy-efficient and more reliable than their firstgeneration predecessors. Though the transistor still
generated a great deal of heat that subjected the
computer to damage, it was a vast improvement
over

the

vacuum

tube.

Second-generation

computers still relied on punched cards for input

and

printouts

for

output.

Second-generation

computers moved from cryptic binary machine

language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,
which allowed programmers to specify instructions
in words. High-level programming languages were
also being developed at this time, such as early

FIGURE 3.Third Geneation Computers

versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were

also the first computers that stored their instructions

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

in their memory, which moved from a magnetic

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation

drum to magnetic core technology. The first

of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits

computers of this generation were developed for the

were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the

atomic energy industry. Figure (2) shows second

first generation filled an entire room could now fit

generation computers.

in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

developed in 1971, located all the components of

the computerfrom the central processing unit and

The development of the integrated circuit was the

hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an

memory to input/output controlson a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the
home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the
Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the
realm of desktop computers and into many areas of
life as more and more everyday products began to
use microprocessors. As these small computers
became more powerful, they could be linked

operating system, which allowed the device to run

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together to form networks, which eventually led to

the development of the Internet Fourth generation
computers also saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices. Figure (4) shows
second generation computers.

FIGURE 4.Fourth Generation Computers

Fifth Generation
Intelligence

(Present

and

Beyond)

Artificial

Fifth generation computing devices, based on

artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. The use of
parallel processing and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum

Figure 5.Fifth Generation Computers

computation and molecular and nanotechnology

will radically change the face of computers in years
to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is

CHAPTER 2: THE MEANING OF E-BALL

to develop devices that respond to natural language

TECHNOLOGY

input and are capable of learning and selforganization. Figure (5) shows second generation
computer.

2.1 DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

Arent you tired of your PC? By his ugly shape and

the way that it looks? Well, this

is exactly what
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designer Apostol Tnokovski was feeling when he

decided to create the smallest PC ever made.
Apostol Tnokovski introduced a new pc that is EBall Concept pc. The E-Ball concept pc is a sphere
shaped pc which is the smallest design among all
the laptops

and

desktops. This computer has all

the feature like a traditional computer, elements like

keyboard, mouse, dvd, large screen display etc
E-Ball is designed to be placed on two stands ,
opens by simultaneously pressing and holding the
two buttons located on each side. E Ball concept pc
don't have any external display unit.
It has a button when you

press this button a

projector will pop and it focus the computer screen

on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation
keys. This concept PC will measure 160mm in
Figure 6.E-Ball PC

diameter and it was designed for Microsoft Windows F

OS.
For the moment there is no word on pricing or when

2.2 FEATURES OF E-BALL

its going to be available, however, I am sure that

everybody would like to see a small spherical PC

I-TECH VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

like this E-BALL shape is spherical because in

DUAL CORE PROCESSOR

Tnokovskis opinion this is the best shape in nature

and it draws everybodys attention.

2GB RAM

E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-

350-500 GB HARDDRIVE

500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated graphic card

and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD
recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser keyboard,
LAN and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and

INTEGRATED GRAPHICS AND SOUND

CARD
SPEAKERS

integrated LCD projector.

WIRELESS OPTICAL MOUSE
LAN AND WLAN CARD
LCD PROJECTOR
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 PAPER HOLDER

Intel Core is a brand name used for various midrange

MODEM

to

high-end

consumer

and

business

microprocessor made by Intel. The current lineup of

Core processors includes the latest following
processors:
Intel

Core

i7

Core

i3

Intel Core i5
Intel
Intel Core
Intel

Core

Intel Core 2 Duo

Intel

Core

Solo

Intel Core 2 Quad

FIGURE 7.I-TECH VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

The e-ball pc basically uses Intel core 2 Duo

processor. Figure shown below shows the Intel core
2 duo process

FIGURE 8.Features of E-Ball

FIGURE 9. DUAL CORE PROCESSOR

B) RAM

RAM stands for Random Access memory. It gets

the word random because information can be
accessed in non-sequential order. Though the data
A) PROCESSOR

itself is stored tighter, it could be anywhere in the

container or amount of RAM available. RAM is
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measure in bits, and 8 bits equal to 1 byte. A

device. It is non-volatile in nature. It consists of

kilobyte is equal to 1024 bits , and megabyte is

metal platter coated with oxide that can be

equal to 1024 kilobyte. The E-BALL pc uses 2gb of

magnetized to represents data. We can directly

RAM.

access the data from hard drive. The e-ball pc

basically consists 350-500 GB of hard drive

D) GRAPHIC & SOUND CARD

A video

RAM

card, display

card, graphics

card,

or graphics adapter is an expansion card which

generates output images to a display. Most video
cards offer various functions such as accelerated
rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics , MPEG2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV output, or the ability to
connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor). Other
modern high performance video cards are used for
more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC
games. Video hardware is often integrated into

SRAM

the motherboard, however all modern motherboards

DRAM

provide expansion ports to which a video card can

be attached. In this configuration it is sometimes
referred to as a video controller or graphics A video

1) SRAM dont require external refresh circuitry

2) SRAM is faster than DRAM.

card, display card, graphics card, or graphics

adapter

is

an

expansion

card

controller

3) SRAM is more power-efficient when idle.

4) SRAM is several times more expensive than
DRAM

C) HARD DRIVE

1) Hard drive is basically a secondary storage

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CHAPTER 3: VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

3.1 VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

Virtual Keyboard is just another example of todays

computer trend of smaller and faster. It uses
sensor technology and artificial intelligence to let
users work on any surface as if it were a keyboard.
Virtual Keyboard is a small Java application that
lets you easily create multilingual text content on
almost any existing platform and output it directly
to web pages. Virtual Keyboard, being a small,
FIGURE 10.Graphic card

handy, well-designed and easy to use application,

turns into a perfect solution for cross platform
multilingual text input.
The

main

features

are:

platform-independent

multilingual support for keyboard text input, builtin language layouts and settings, copy/paste etc.
operations support just as in a regular text editor,
already existing system language settings remain
intact, easy and user-friendly interface and design,
and small file size.

FIGURE 11.Sound card

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who's become frustrated with trying to put

information into a handheld but doesn't want to
carry a notebook computer around. There is also the
provision for a pause function to avoid translating
extraneous hand movements function, so that users
can stop to eat, drink etc

3.2 COMPONENTS

This system comprises of three modules,

1. The sensor module,
2. IR-light source
FIGURE 12.Virtual Keyboard

3. The pattern projector

The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a fullsized computer keyboard onto almost any surface,
and disappears when not in use. Used with Smart

1) SENSOR MODULE

Phones and PDAs, the VKey (TM) provides a

practical way to do email, word processing and

The Sensor Module serves as the eyes of the

spreadsheet tasks, allowing the user to leave the

Keyboard Perception technology. The Sensor

laptop computer at home.

Module operates by locating the user's fingers in 3D space and tracking the intended keystrokes, or

VKey technology has many applications in various

mouse movements. Mouse tracking and keystroke

high-tech and industrial Sectors. These include data

information is processed and can then be output to

entry and control panel applications in hazardous

the host device via a USB or other interface.

and harsh environments and medical markets.

Electronic Perception Technology:

Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to

Electronic perception technology enables ordinary

provide the convenience of compactness with the

electronic devices to see the world around them

advantages of a full-blown QWERTY keyboard. An

so they can perceive and interact with it. Now

interesting use of such keyboards would be in

everyday electronic devices in a variety of markets

sterile environments where silence or low noise is

can perceive users actions, gaining functionality

essential like operation theaters. The advantage of

and ease of use.

such a system is that you do not need a surface for

typing, you can even type in plain air. The
company's Virtual Keyboard is designed for anyone

The tiny electronic perception chips and embedded

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software work by developing a 3D distance map

to nearby objects in real-time. This information is
factored through an on-chip processor running
imaging software that translates the image into
defined events before sending it off-chip for
application-specific processing. Its an action that is
continually repeated, generating over 30 frames of
3D information per second.

2) IR-LIGHT SOURCE

The Infrared Light Source emits a beam of infrared

light. This light beam I designed to overlap the area
on which the keyboard pattern projector or printed
image resides. This is done so as to illuminate the
users fingers by the infra-red light beam. This helps
in recognizing the hand movements and the
pressing of keys. The light beam facilitates in
scanning the image. Accordingly the information is
passed on to the sensor module which decodes the
information.
An invisible infra-red beam is projected above the
virtual keyboard. Finger makes keystroke on virtual
keyboard. This breaks infrared beam and infrared
light is reflected back to projector. Reflected
infrared beam passes through infrared filter to
camera. The camera photographs angle of incoming
infrared light. The Sensor chip in the sensor module
determines where the infrared beam was broken,
detected

co-ordinates

determine

actions

or

characters to be generated.
FIGURE 13.Sensor module

Electronic perception technology has a fundamental

advantage over classical image processing that
struggles

to

construct

three-dimensional

representations using complex mathematics and

images from multiple cameras or points of view.
This single chip contour mapping approach
results in a high reduction of complexity, making it
possible to embed the application independent
processing

software

directly

into

the

chips

themselves so they may be used in the most

modestly-priced, and even pocket-sized electronic

FIGURE 14.IR-Light source

devices.
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3) THE PATTERN PROJECTOR

FIGURE 15.Pattern Projector

The Pattern Projector or optional printed image

presents the image of the keyboard or mouse zone

3.3(a) ADVANTAGES

of the system. This image can be projected on any

1. Portability

flat surface.
2. Accuracy
The projected image is that of a standard qwertykeyboard, with all the keys and control functions as
in the keyboard.

3. Speed of text entry

4. Lack of need for flat or large typing surface
5. Ability to minimize the risk for repetitive strain

The Projector features a wide-angle lens so that a

large pattern can be projected from relatively low
elevations. A printed image, with replaceable

injuries
6. Flexibility

templates allows system flexibility, permitting most

7. Keyboard layouts can be changed by software

any kind of keyboard configuration for greater

allowing for foreign or Alternative keyboard layouts

functionality.

3.3(b) DISADVANTAGES

In some types of virtual keyboards, a second infra-

1. Virtual keyboard is hard to get used to. Since it

red beam is not necessary.

involves typing in thin air, it requires a little

Here the projector itself takes the inputs, providing

dual functionality. A sensor or camera in the

practice. Only people who are good at typing can

use a virtual keyboard efficiently.

projector picks up the finger movements, and passes

the information on to the sensor modules.
2. It is very costly ranging from 150 to 200 dollars.

3. The room in which the projected keyboard is

used should not be very bright so that the keyboard
is properly visible.
APPLICATIONS

1. High-tech and industrial Sectors

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2. Used with Smart phones, PDAs, email, word

These devices use dichroic mirrors to split the light

processing and spreadsheet tasks

from the input source into red, green, and blue

components.

Each

then

passes

through

the

corresponding panel, where pixels form an image.

The

3. Operation Theatres

three

colors

are

then

recombined

in

a prism before being projected through a lens. LCD

projectors use separate panels for each color
because it results in better color saturating than
4. As computer/PDA input

using a single panel for all three.

5. Gaming control
6. TV remote control

CHAPTER 4: PROJECTOR USED IN E-BALL

4.1 LCD PROJECTORS

LCD

projectors

are

systems

that

display

or project information or video onto a surface. LCD

stands for liquid crystal display, the technology
FIGURE 16.LCD projector

used to project images. They are the technological

descendants of overhead and slide projectors, older

LCD projectors employ a three-panel LCD (Liquid

systems which serve the same purpose. They are

Crystal Display) system, referred to as 3LCD. LCD

most commonly used for displaying images in

projectors

presentations or lectures, but are also used in home

colored images that are easy on the eyes. LCD

theaters.

projectors are also capable of detailed shadow

crisply reproduce

bright,

naturally

reproduction that is ideal for demanding business

Video signals are comprised of three colors: red,

and home theater applications.

green, and blue. LCD projectors contain a separate

glass panel for each. Each panel consists of two
plates of glass with a layer of liquid crystal between
them. When a charge is applied, the crystals open to
allow light through or close to block it. This
opening and closing of pixels is what forms the
image.
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your digital alarm clock. LCDs are very common

because they offer distinct advantages: they are
thinner, lighter, and draw less power than many
competing display technologies. A reliable,
sophisticated technology with universal appeal,
3LCD is the world's most popular projection
technology, delivering high quality images for the
most

demanding

business

and

consumer

audiences.

FIGURE 17.Internal view

The white light from the projector lamp is split

into red, green, and blue components using two
dichroic mirrors, special mirrors that only
transmit light of a specified wavelength. Each red,
green and blue beam then passes through a
dedicated LCD panel made up of thousands of
miniscule pixels. An electrical current turns the
panel's pixels on or off to create the grayscale
equivalent of that color channel. The three colors
are then recombined in a prism and projected

ADVANTAGES

1) LCD is generally more light efficient than DLP.

2) LCD projectors can project bright, vivid images
with a low output lamp.
3) 1000 lumen LCD is more preffered than 1200
lumen DLP.
4) LCD trends to produce a sharper image
5) More accurate color.

through the projector lens and onto the screen.

6) Sharper image.

By using a combination of three LCDs to produce

7) LCD also delivers a somewhat sharper image

than DLP at any given resolution.

a final image, LCD projectors are capable of

billions

of

colors

and

smooth

grayscale

gradations. The resolution of the image is

determined by the number of pixels in the LCD
panels

used.

Currently

LCD

panels

offer

8) Another benefit of LCD is that it is more lightefficient.

9) One benefit of LCD is that it controls red,
green, and blue independently through

resolutions as high as true HD (1920 x 1080) for

home theater applications. New panels promise
resolutions as high as 4K (3840 x 2160).
LCDs are not just found in projectors. They are
found in many of the electronics you use
everyday, from a cell phone to an MP3 player to

DISADVANTAGES

1) More bulky as there are more internal

components.
Page | 14

2) Dead pixels.
3) DLC panel can fail.
4) Screen door effect.
5) Contrast.
6) Portability.

large screen.
Another way that DLP is implemented is to utilize a
separate DLP chip for each primary color. Light
from a single source is passed through a prism,
which creates separate red, green, and blue light
sources, then reflected on each of the chips
designated for each primary color, and from there,

7) Image degradation.
8) LCD competes extremely well when high light
output is rrequired.

projected onto a screen. This application very

expensive, in comparison to the color wheel
method, and is used only in higher-end consumer
and commercial DLP projectors.
This technology is used in both rear-projection
televisions and in separate video projector, screen

4.2 DLP PROJECTORS

applications.

DLP stands for Digital Light Processing.

A video projection technology, developed by Texas
Instruments, that utilizes a chip, referred to as a
DMD (Digital Micro mirror Device). In essence,
every pixel on a DMD chip is a reflective mirror.
The video image is displayed on the DMD chip.
The micro mirrors on the chip (remember: each
micro mirror represents one pixel) then tilt very
rapidly as the image changes.
This process produces the grayscale foundation for
the image. Then, color is added as light passes
through a high-speed color wheel and is reflected
off of the micro mirrors on the DLP chip as they

FIGURE 18.DLP Projector

ADVANTAGES

1) Portability.

rapidly tilt towards or away from the light source.

The degree of tilt of each micro mirror coupled with
the rapidly spinning color wheel determines the
color structure of the projected image. As the
amplified light bounces off the micro mirrors, it is
sent through the lens and can be projected on a

2) Higher contrast.
3) Reduced pixilation.
4) Reliability.
5) Sealed optics this makes it better for use in dusty
Page | 15

environment.

LCD = Slow switching, significant lag

6) Less screen door effects.

7) Since the DLP light engine consists of a single
chip rather
DLP

4: Sharpness

than tthree LCD panels,

p

projectors tend to be more

compact.

DLP =No misalignment

LCD =Misalignment likely over time

8) Another DLP advantage is that it can produce

smooth, high contrast video.
DISADVANTAGES

5: Color Quality

1) Rainbow effect

DLP = Can match any LCD color gamut

2) Light leakage.

LCD = Cant match any DLP color gamut

3) High cost.

R, G, B, bandwidth is depend on each color

because of non sequential system.

4.3 COMPARISON AND CONCLUSION

6: Smallest & Brightest

1: Pixelization (fill factor)

DLP = Simple optical system, good reflectivity.

DLP = Seam-less , Film-like.

LCD = Complex optical system

LCD = Grainy, Pixellated.

7: Repeatable performance
2: Contrast Ratio

DLP

Digital,

precise

control,

constant

performance over time.

DLP = Simple optics, easier light management
LCD = Analog, variable, affected by temperature,
LCD = Complex optics, more difficult light

vibration, heat, humidity,

management
deterioration over time.

3: Video Quality
8: Reliable
DLP = Fast switching, minimal lag
DLP = Reflects heat
Page | 16

LCD = Absorbs heat, performance degrads

image size. For this reason, we don't recommend

SVGA-resolution LCD projectors for home theater
use except for those on the most limited of budgets.

While

both

technologies

have

produced

improvements in contrast in the past year, and

Sanyo's new PLV-70 is rated at 900:1. Meanwhile,
the latest DLP products geared Toward home
theater are rated has high as 1800:1. However, one
should not place too much emphasis on the specs.
In reality, though the difference between projectors
rated at 400:1 vs. 800:1 is quite noticeable, the
difference is not so dramatic between products rated
at 900:1 vs. 1800:1. Once you get to contrast ranges
of 900:1 or higher, blacks appear as solid black and
shadow details resolve quite nicely. Increased
contrast can yield relatively subtle improvements,
but there are other factors which contribute to
image quality that become equally if not more
important. Reduced pixelation is another benefit of
DLP. LCDs were always known for their visible
pixel structure, often referred to as the screen door
effect because it appears as though the picture is
being viewed through a screen door.
Historically, LCD technology has had a hard time
being taken seriously among many home theater
enthusiasts (quite understandably) because of this
flaw in the image. DLP technology went a long way
toward eliminating the screen door effect. In SVGA
(800x600) resolution, DLP projectors have either a
muted pixel structure or an invisible pixel structure
depending upon the size of the projected image
relative to the viewing distance (the larger the
image the more visible the pixels). Conversely,

Three developments have served to close the gap

between DLP and LCD in the area of pixel
visibility. First was the step up to XGA resolution
(1,024x768). This higher resolution uses 64% more
pixels to paint the image on the screen, as compared
to an SVGA-resolution projector. The inter-pixel
gaps are reduced in XGA resolution, so pixels are
denser and less visible. In XGA resolution, DLP
projectors have an invisible pixel grid on any
typical home theater screen no matter how big.
LCD projectors with standard XGA panels still
have a visible, but much reduced screen door effect.
Second, the inter-pixel gaps on all LCD machines,
no matter what resolution, are reduced compared to
what they use to be. So even the inexpensive
SVGA-resolution LCD projectors have less screen
door effect than they used to.
The third development in LCDs was the use of
Micro-Lens Array (MLA) to boost the efficiency of
light transmission through XGA-resolution LCD
panels. Some XGA-class LCD projectors have this
feature, but most do not. For those that do, MLA
has the happy side effect of reducing pixel visibility
a little bit as compared to an XGA LCD projector
without MLA. On some projectors with this feature,
placing the focus just a slight hair off perfect, a
practice The Current State of the Art DLP maintains
its lead in contrast performance, while LCD
projector makers have continued to emphasize
latent advantages in color fidelity and image
sharpness for data display. DLP color has improved

SVGA-resolution LCD projectors uniformly have a

of late, and color accuracy on the latest models is

clearly visible pixel grid at just about any screen

much better than it used to be. Both LCD and DLP

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are evolving rapidly to the benefit of the consumer.

holder and the paper sheet on the holder could act

The race for miniaturization has produced smaller

like a screen where you can watch movies or

yet more powerful projectors than we might have

something.

even imagined possible just a couple of years ago.

Light output per pound has increased dramatically.
And video quality on the best LCD and DLP
projectors now surpasses that available in a
commercial movie theater.

This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter

and it was designed for Microsoft Windows OS,
sorry about the others. For the moment there is no
word on pricing or when its going to be available,
however, I am sure that everybody would like to see

When it comes to home theater, DLP has continued

a small spherical PC like this one.

to make competitive advances in color, contrast,

and image stability that have served to establish
DLP as the preferred technology for video. But the
fact is that both DLP and LCD continue to improve,
and both are capable of delivering higher quality
video for home theater than they ever were before.
Which technology is the best? When comparing
DLP to LCD in a home theater environment DLP is
the winner. Better blacks and the removal of the
screen door effect making the DLP an obvious
choice.

E-Ball concept pc has a laser keyboard that is fully

a concept keyboard that is visible when the pc is in
working. The keyboard is not physical - it is
interpreted by lasers that appear after you press the
respective button. It recognizes your fingers with
the help of an IR sensor when you are typing at a
particular place, while the mouse is a pop out
wonder making this an unique piece of technology.
The software interface of E-Ball concept pc is
highly stylized with icons that can be remembered
easily that support all type of windows operating
system. E-Ball concept pc work very easy while

CHAPTER 5: WORKING OF E-BALL

you are making video presentations, listening music

watching large screen movies, and chatting on the
net.

5.1 WORKING

As year passes, the computer size is becoming

E Ball concept pc don't have any external display

smaller. This ball is known as E-Ball and its design

unit, It has a button when you press this button a

is given by Apostol Tnokovski. He was trying to

projector will pop and it focus the computer screen

create the smallest PC in the world when he came

on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation

across this idea.

keys.
It is shaped like a sphere because in Tnokovskis
If there is no wall then it has a paper sheet holder

opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws

that divides into three pieces like an umbrella just

everybodys attention. You'll see the pop-out laser

after popping up, and it will show desktop on the

mouse, a pico projector inside that illuminates

paper sheet. Also, the E-Ball PC supports a paper

either the wall or a sheet of paper for a screen, and

Page | 18

that laser keyboard that would almost certainly be a

clumsy input device. Fix that, and find a
motherboard thatll fit inside this palm-sized baby,
and Apostol might be onto something here.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated graphic
card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD
recorder,

wireless

optical

mouse

and

laser

keyboard, LAN and WLAN card, modem, Web cam

and integrated LCD projector.

FIGURE 20.Using stands

5.2 IF THERE IS NO WALL

1) When we are working in an open place we can

make use of a paper sheet as a screen.
2) Paper sheet holder is placed at the back panel of
this computer.
3) The holder can be opened by pressing it in the
lower part.

FIGURE 19.Working on paper sheet

Page | 19

FIGURE 21.Paper sheet holder

FIGURE 22.Scenario of Use

5.4(A) ADVANTAGES

1) E-BALL is portable.
2) E-BALL has large memory.
5.3 SCENARIO IN USE

3) E-BALL is useful for making video presentation.

4) E-BALL support user defined keyboard layouts.
5) E-BALL is efficient.
6) E-BALL is very easy to use
7) E-BALL is more secure than other computer.

5.4(B) DISADVANTAGES

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1) Normal operating systems cannot work in these

5) At last this ball technology has taken the

computers.

computer technology to new horizons.

2) Cost of E-BALL is very high.

3) It is difficult to understand if any problems occur
in hardware part.
CHAPTER

REFERENCES

http://www.google.co.in/EBALL
6:CONCLUSION

AND

http://www.electronics.howstuffworks.com

REFERRENCE
CONCLUSION

1) As the year passes, the computer size is

becoming smaller.
2) Todays technology is at its peak point beyond
what we could ever imagine.
3) New inventions and innovations are emerging on

ht1. http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh
www.canesta.com. www.procams.org

daily basis.

www.billbuxton.com/3state.html

4) Our imaginations have dressed into reality and

www.smarttech.com

today it has become possible to have a whole

computer in our pocket all the time.

www.3m.com/us/office/meeting/product_catalog/w
d.jhtmltp://www.google.com

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