Outline
Introduction
Elements of power monitoring
system
Some examples
A simple Experiment
Introduction
The technology of power monitoring has evolved
over the last decade from simple failure
notification to the delivery of data about a wide
range of different conditions.
This system should include three elements: 1) a
proactive power monitoring system at the
unmanned site which collects data and directs
reports and alarms to multiple locations; 2) a
data transport system, compatible with the
service provider's telecommunications network,
which communicates data between unmanned
sites, the alarm center and maintenance
personnel; and 3) an intelligent alarm center
which automatically collects and correlates data
from all of the sites, and redirects alarms to
responsible personnel.
Networked power monitoring
systems integrate and carry a variety
of power and facility data. They
include three separate subsystems
for data acquisition, data transport,
and data management
Data Acquisition Subsystem
The system installed at each remote site monitors
electrical and physical parameters 24 hours a day,
seven days a week, 365 days a year.
Proactive monitoring provides analog signals to assist
the user in making intelligent decisions. If a binary
warning signal indicates that a threshold has been
exceeded, the analog measurement provides the
magnitude of the signal. For example, if a cell voltage
generated a binary warning signal at 2.24VDC and the
voltage was stable at 2.23VDC, no maintenance action
would be initiated. However, if the cell voltage had
decreased to 1.7VDC, a dispatch to the site might be
required. In either case, the remote site would
immediately be contacted via the Data Transport
Subsystem to determine the true conditions.
Example: EPM420
Modbus-RTU
SCADAPLC
EPM420
TransducerRTU
EPM
,
(,
, )
, , LED
Data transport subsystem
Data must be moved from the
remote location to a common site
where the user has ready access to
many systems. In the past, this was
done using the PSTN.
Today, users are requesting a more
secure transport system which
encompasses their installed network
elements.
Data Management Subsystem
A Data Management Subsystem has
the capacity to receive all the
information sent by the remote sites,
present the analog readings in a
graphical user interface format.
These Management Subsystems use
generic hardware and firmware, but
each is adapted to the needs of the
particular user.
Some examples
RS-232
(CDCC)
(ADCC)(DDCC)
375 370
(1820)
78
1022 (1198)
506
(1940)
1190
()
IPP
1252
278
x3 1689MW
(464)
608
1124 IPP 563
x2 852MW
790
712
607
x1 1237MW
IPP
263
565
3778MW
65
852
1193
1865
1237
1111
(1194)
(888)
425
3778MW
(4635)
746
1050
792
434
517
93
87
704
310
IPP
810
(800) IPP
1643 820
512
37
IPP
(1656)
573
92
212
IPP
752
756
IPP
1909
(2913)
925
52
53
531
730
2357MW
292
958
(629)
1136
(1039)
519
1107
(1800)
29210MW
171
(D/S: 161/22.8/11.4kV)
(S/S: 69/22.8/11.4kV)
(D/S: 161/22.8/11.4kV)
(P/S: 161/69kV)
()
(%)
2,602
6.8
28,233
74.1
5,144
13.5
2,103
5.5
1,921
5.0
182
0.5
38,082
100.0
96 723 32,791
16.2 %
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
(MW) 10,000
5,000
00
06
12
()
18
24
89
6-2 (88)
514.4 442.2
(15.5%)
(18.1%)
452.7
(15.9%)
2,848
810.0
(28.4%)
38.0
(2.6%)
508.7
(17.9%)
1200
(4.2%)
6-1 (88)
145.3
(10.0%)
369.1
(25.3%)
527.3 1,458
(36.2%)
35.0
(2.4%)
253.8
(17.4%)
89.2
(6.1%)
()
()
(
)
1000 MVA 345kV/23.75kV
()
(a) 345 kV
(c) 69 kV
(b) 161 kV
(d) 11.4 kV
OLTC
(P/S) 200MVA
161kV/69kV/11kV
11kV/220V
ABB (Air Blast Breaker)
161kV
1.
2.
3.
1.
kW
15
1.
( )
(
)(
)
1.
()0730~2230
()10
00~12001300~1700
( )07
30~10 00 12 00~13 00 17 00~22
30()0700~22
30
1.
00 00~07
302230~2400
2.
=
()
/
/
24
10:00 ~ 12:00
13:00 ~ 17:00
2.
&
2.
()
()
()
()
2.
10% ( )
10%
2.
A. ()
B. ( )
C.
(A+B) (80% -0.15%+0.3%)
D. ()
= A+B+C+D
2.
()
()
(/)
3.45
(6 Hrs)
2.00
(9 Hrs)
0.82
(9 Hrs)
(/)
20.7
18.0
1.94
(15 Hrs)
29.1
7.38
0.77
(9 Hrs)
6.93
46.8 /
36.03 /
1 KW()
10.05
(/)
3.45
(6 Hrs)
20.7
2.00
(9 Hrs)
18.0
0.82
(9 Hrs)
7.38
46.8 /
(/)
0.82
(24 Hrs)
19.68
19.68 /
1 KW()
27.1217.55
3.
3.
3.
3.
/
/
(
)
(DTMF ( Dual Tone
Multifrequency ) )
DTMF
EM78567
SIN TONE
DTMF
PC 8051
DTMF MAX232
IC PC RS232
2.3
MT8870
MAX232 IC
RS232 PC RS232
***1***4/0
PSTN
DTMFDial Tone
1.
100V~200V
20Hz
2. On/Off-hook
hook
on-hookoffhook
on-hook off-hook
3. Dial Tone
Dial Tone
350Hz 440Hz
4. DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency)
DTMF 12
8051
30H~37H
40H~45H
MT8870
74155
OFF8051
MAX232 RS232
VB 3.11
VB
VB
mscomm
VB
VB
8051
VB
ADO(ActiveX Data Objects)
SQL
A 5254154 B
5256416 A
B
125V
90V
B()MT8870
DTMF MT8870 STD Hi Low
4.4
MT8870
***1/0xxx***4
xxxx
EM78567
PC
125V
90V /
1. /
2.
RS232
4.7
4.8
(I)
(I)
30%
Direct
Load Control
51.429.619.0
80%
/
[15]
RS-232
Time of Use Rate
15
15
10
10
FamaOMC-1/E
FBE PLC
Fama PLC
FIX PLC
Fama PLC
FIX
Fama PLC
UPS
PC Windows
NT 4.0
PC-Based
Fama Paradym-31[38]
Intellution FIX32
Fama OMC-1/E
(Fama PLC)
(FBE
PLC)
I/O
1. Fama PLC
I/O FBE PLC
2.
1.
Fama PLC FBEPLC
Fama PLC
1.
RS-232
2.
FBE PLC
RS-232
RS-232
ICP CON SST-900
RS-232
31
()
RS-232
:
(1)
32 ()
kWh meter pulse
kWh meter 1/1000
(1/1000 kiloWatt-hour)
kWh meter 1(Watthour)
n pulse
n1(Watt-hour) /hour =n (Watt)
A
3.5
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
5
(d)
(3)
(a)
RS-232 DCD
PC spDCD
(b)
(c)
spDSR
kW10
(4)
Internet
Internet
VNC
(Ethernet)10 BaseT
(server)(backbone)
(Packets)
kWhkW
1
10
10 100
3.1
3.2 3.3 (N+1)-1
(kWh)PC
(kWh)
1.
(IEEE Std. 141-1993)
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
3. ()
(Circuit-breakers)
(Switches)
(Disconnectors (Isolators))
(Switch-disconnectors)
(Contactors)
(Earthing switches)
(Make-proof earthing switches)
(Fuses)
(Surge arresters)
3. ()
()
()
3. ()
(Air
Blast Circuit Breaker, ABB)
(Magnetic
(Air
(Oil
Blast Circuit Breaker, MBB)
Circuit Breaker ,ACB)
Circuit Breaker ,OCB)
(Mini-oil
or Poor-oil Circuit Breaker, OCB
PCB)
(Vacuum
SF6(SF6
Circuit Breaker ,VCB)
Gas Circuit Breaker ,GCB)
3. ()
(Air Load Break Switch ,LBS)
(Oil Break Switch, OBS)
(Ring Main Unit ,RMU)
(HRC FUSE )
(FUSE LINK)
3. ()
Moving Contact&
Fixed or Stationary Contact
600V
3300V
3. ()
In
2~6In ()
>7In()
(1)
BIL(Basic
Impulse Level)
3. ()
SF6
a.1%
b.
()
SF6
4.
4.
(Power
Transformer)
(Distribution Transformer)
(Furnace Transformer)
(Rectifier Transformer)
(Testing Transformer)
(Instrument Transformer)
4.
V1/V2n1/n2
V1 /(4.44 f n1)
I1/I2n2/n1
V24.44 f n2
4.
--
--
()
--
Y
90
A
105
E
120
B
130
F
155
H
H
180
C 180
IP (Ingress Protection)
()
IP X X
()
()
0
1 50
2 12.5
3 2.5
4
5
1
6
2
()
0
1
2 15
3 (60)
4 ()
5 ()
6 ()
7
8
1
2
3
4
5. /
(Power Factor)
Active Power
P
Power Factor
Apparent Power S
KW
KVA
3 VL I l cos I l cos
IL
3 VL I L
2
2
VI
P Q
5. /
(Power Factor)
5. /
5. /
5. /
5. /
5. /
PL1 I12 cos 22
cos 21
2
,PL2 PL1
2
PL2 I2 cos 1
cos 22
PL1 PL2
2
I2
I1
cos 21
PL1 1
2
cos 2
5. /
5. /
PO
cos
S
0
PO P1
cos1
PO
cos
P O P1
cos1
cos0
P1 cos1 cos0
(K) =
1
P0
cos1
cos1
28.5%
48 % (1000 KVA -> 480Var)
5. /
Vr = Vs - BC
= Vs IR + j IX
Vs
Vr
Vd = Vs - Vr
= Vs Vs IR + jIX
= IR + jIX
= Vd / Vs
5. /
EXTR1000 KVA with 6% impedance
300 kVar capacitor bank
5. /
80%
1%0.3%
80%1%
0.15%
5. /
5. /
B480V
C 11.4KV
5. /
5. /
Harmonics
(
60Hz)
(Fourier series)
5. /
(VSD)
(Rectifier
(UPS)
AC to DC)
5. /
5. /
(Total
Harmonic
Distortion, THD)
V2 V3 V4 .....
2
VTHD %
V1
I 2 I 3 I 4 .....
2
I THD %
I1
100%
100%
cn
cn %
100 %
c1
5. /
H = n P 1; n= 1, 2, 3,
P=6
H= 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
P=24
P=12
H= 11, 13, 23, 25,
P=18
H= 17, 19, 35, 37,
H= 23, 25, 47, 49,
5. /
()
5. /
IEEE/Std 519-1992
1.3.3kV~22.8kV
2.34.5kV~161kV50%
*ISC /IL20
ISC
IL12
69kV
69kV
69kV
(%)
3.0
1.5
1.0
(THD%)
5.0
2.5
1.5
161kV
0.10.1
34.5~161kV
0.150.15
3.3~22.8kV
0.30.3
5. /
---
(single-tune band-pass,
ST)(high-pass, HP)
5. /
RLC
(R)
Z R j( L 1
C )
0
L
Q
R
1
LC
L
1
C
R
LC
5. /
RLC
1
1
1 1
Z
(
)
jC
R jL
1
L( R 2 C L)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
()
1.
PROTECTION PREVENTION
1.
2.
(1). (Reliability)
(2). (Selectivity)
(3). (Speed)
(4). (Simplicity)
(5). (Economics)
2.
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).
VIpfPfT
3.
3.
(CT)
(PT, VT)
3. -
(CT, Current Transformer)
3. -
3. -
VS
Ie
3. -
1.5
1440A2000/5A
1.5
3A
3. -
burden
CTCT
CT
1020
10%5%
CT
3. -
CT
(VA)
()
(V)(saturation
voltageknee voltage)CT
(Excitation curve)CT
3. -
(CT)
()CT
CT()
()
()
(VA)(5)2 (CT5A)
(V)(5)(1020)
3. -
ANSI C57.13CCT20
10%2000/5100VAC
()100VA/(5A)24
()5A204400
CT2000/5A100VAC400
IEC-185CT 2000/5
10P20100VA
10P20ANSI-C57.13CCT20
(100VA)10%
10P105P105P20
3. -
CT
CT
CT(
CTCT)
CT
CT
1.CT
2.CT
CTY
3.CT
4.CT
back-up
5.CTCTCT
6.CT
7.(change-over-switch)3
(transducer)CT
3. -
(PT, Potential Transformer)
110V115V120V
PT
Class 1.0
(MCB)
3. -
3. -
3. -
(Protective)
(Monitoring)
(Regulating)
(Auxiliary)
(Reclosing)
(Sync check)
3. -
Current relays
Voltage relays
Power relays
Frequency relays
Temperature relays
Flow relays
Vibration relays
Pressure relays
3. -
Electromechanical relays-EM
Type
Solid state relays
Static relays
Digital relays
Thermal relays
(Intelligence Electronic Device, IED)
3. -
Full Feeder Functionality
Feeder Data Base
System Automation
3. -
Overcurrent relays
Differential relays
Distance relays
Undervoltage relays
Overvoltage relays
/Inverse/Definite time relays
Directional relays
Phase comparison relays
Over speed relays
3. -
1.
2.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
3. -
(50/51/50N/51N)
(Definite Time)
(Inverse Time)
IECNIVIEILI
ANSILIMIDIAIVISIEI
--
(I/I P ) - 1
TP
t(
(I/I P ) - 1
) D s
(I/I P ) - 1
TP
Tp
I/Ip
3. -
(50/51/50N/51N)
(Definite Time)
(Inverse Time)
IECNIVIEILI
ANSILIMIDIAIVISIEI
--
3. -
(IEEE Std C37.2-1996)
21
25
27
32
40
41
43
3. -
(IEEE Std C37.2-1996)
46
50/50N
51/51N
52
59/59Vo
67/67N
68
3. -
(IEEE Std C37.2-1996)
79
81
85
86
87
89
94
3. -
86/94
DCUPS
4.
CT/PT
5.
5.
A
B
5.
(Coordination Time IntervalCTI)
0.3~0.5
ANSI CTI0.2 ~0.50.3
5.
T-Back-upT-Main + 0.3
T-Main
T-Back-up
5. -
5. -
6.
1).
-
2).
ANSI
3).
6.
6. -Protection Scheme
6. -Protection Scheme
(<1MW)
(>1MW)
