Kinds of text

(WPU 4 RCK 12)

PROCEDURE
Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a
set of instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :

Use of imperative ( Cut.., Dont mix..)

Use of action verbs (turn, put)

Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

Example 1

FRIED RICE
Fried rice is a familiar food from Indonesia; if you want to know how to prepare

fried rice this is the procedure how to make fried rice. Just follow this
explanation:

Ingredients:
350 gram of rice
2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil
3 Eggs
1 Onion
2 Green chilies, Sambal Ulek or Sambal Badjak.
1 Garlic Clove
1 Leek
1 teaspoon ground Coriander
1 teaspoon ground Cumin
250 gram of chicken meat
250 gram of shelled prawns
3 Tbs. soy sauce

Steps:
This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and
leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into an omelette, slice
into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok or large frying pan. Add the chopped
onion, leek, garlic and chillies. Fry until the onion is soft. Add the coriander and
cumin. Slice chicken into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and
cook, stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya sauce and
omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes. Decorate with some of the
leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy.
Example 2

HOW TO RIDE A BICYCLE

Sitting on the bike, make sure you know where the brakes are and how to
operate them.
You have to learn to balance the bike. Find a person who can hold your bike
behind you and try to steady it as you pedal. Also find a place to ride that is
grassy or such.
After practicing for a couple minutes, the person can release his or her
hands while you try to keep your balance.
When you are ready, ride alone. But first lower the seat until you can sit on it
and put both feet flat on the ground.
When you are confident you can put your feet on the pedals and coast for
a few feet, try not putting your feet down to train your sense of balance.
Do this for 30-45 minutes or so, until you have a good feel and some confidence
about steering the bike.
As you gain experience, raise the seat up so that only your toes can touch
the ground while you are seated. This is the more appropriate height for your
seat.
Finally, you have to practice.
Once you can balance, pedal, start, and stop, you're a bicycle rider.
Congratulations!

RECOUNT
Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a
sequence of events.
Generic Structure of Recount:
1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional closure of events)
Language features Recount:

Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)

Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)

Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)

Use of adverbial phrases

Use of adjectives

Example

My Holiday in Bali
by Annisa Aulia Saharani
When I was 2nd grade of senior high school, my friends and I went to Bali. We
were there for three days. I had many impressive experiences during the vacation.
First day, we visited Sanur Beach in the morning. We saw the beautiful sunrise
together. It was a great scenery. Then, we checked in to the hotel. After
prepared our selves, we went to Tanah Lot. We met so many other tourists there.
They were not only domestic but also foreign tourists.
Second day, we enjoyed the day on Tanjung Benoa beach. We played so many water
sports such as banana boat, jetsky, speedboat etc. We also went to Penyu island to
see many unique animals. They were turtles, snakes, and sea birds. We were very
happy. In the afternoon, we went to Kuta Beach to see the amazing sunset and
enjoyed the beautiful wave.
The last day, we spent our time in Sangeh. We could enjoy the green and shady
forest. There were so many monkeys. They were so tame but sometimes they could
be naughty. We could make a close interaction with them. After that, we went to
Sukowati market for shopping. That was my lovely time. I bought some Bali T-Shirt
and souvenirs.
In the evening, we had to check out from the hotel. We went back home bringing
so many amazing memories of Bali.

NARRATIVE
Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or
imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems
which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:
1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features Narrative:

Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)

Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)

Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)

Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)

Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

Example

The Ugly Duckling

One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them.
She just wished the eggs would break out.
Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little
ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their
mother greeted in return.
However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several
days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck
looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the
others at all. He was like a turkey.
Then the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming
lesson. The huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the
other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite
handsome" the mother said proudly.
However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by
day. Even his sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they

quacked. The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he
thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The
sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter.
Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he
saw three large white swans swimming toward him. Oh dear, these beautiful birds
will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him.
Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly
duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He
could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swan" he
exclaimed.
He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and
was happier than he had never been.

DESCRIPTION

Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.

Generic Structure descriptive:
1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features descriptive:

Focus on specific participants

Use of attributive and identifying processes

Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.

Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example

Mother
My mother is a beautiful person. She is not tall but not short, and she has curly
hair and brown. Her eyes color are like honey and her color skin color light brown,
and she has a beautiful smile. Her weight likes 120 lbs.
She is a very kind person. She is very lovely, friendly, patient, and she loves to help
people. I love my mom, because she is a good example to me. She loves being in the
Church, and she loves sing and dance too.
She is a very good child, wife and mother. She always takes care of her family.
She likes her house to be clean and organized. She a very organized person, and all
things in the house are in the right place. She doesn't like messes.
She always has a smile on her face. She is so sweet and lovely. I like when I am
going to sleep or went I wake up or when I am going to go to some places, she
always give me a kiss, and when the family have a problem she always be with us to
helps us and to give us all her love.

NEWS ITEM

Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day
which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:
1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved
in the event)
Language features news item:

Information on the use of head lines.

Use of action verbs( hit, attack)

Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)

Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)

Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example

Pamekasan student wins math contest in Romania

Alyssa Diva Mustika, a student from Pamekasan Junior High
School, East Java, won the gold medal at the International
Mathematics Contest held in Romania between March 22 to 29,
Antara news agency reported.
Speaking to journalists, Diva said she was glad that she had been able to win the
competition, which she said had been very tight. Thank God I won. I will study
harder, she said.
Indonesia sent 10 students to the competition in Romania. Diva is not the first
Pamekasan student to win an international science competition. Oktavian Latief, a
student from SMA Negeri 1 Pamekasan won gold at the International Physics
Olympiad in 2006. Another student, Shohibul Maromi, won the same award in 2010.
I thank Diva for giving a good name to Indonesia and Pamekasan on the
international stage, Pamekasan Regent Kholilurrahman said as quoted by Antara.

REPORT

Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man made
thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report:
1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what
phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts,
qualities, habits/behaviour).
Language features report:

Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)

Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)

Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)

Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)

Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

Example 1

Thanksgiving Day
Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for peace, and
the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn.
In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In North
America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival in the new land
which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated as in New
England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and in Canada.
Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of November in the U.S and on the
second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated in four to five days in the
North America and for three days in Canada.
It is celebrated through families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey
is the main dish in the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held. In
Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps are
lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china and antique
silver dishes to mark the occasion.

Example 2

Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua,
the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the
Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Bridges, and The City of Light. The

city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy

Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an
archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a
shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are
connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the
canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used
for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel
by motorized waterbuses (vaporetti) which ply regular routes along the major canals and
between the citys islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in
common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand
Canal at certain points without bridges.
You can see the amusing citys landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del
Bovolo, Saint Marks Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural
residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of
Venetian countryside.
They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society.
The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners
that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates

the writers position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points
may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments
presented)
Language features analytical exposition:

Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.

Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably

Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand,
therefore.

Usually present tense

Compound and complex sentences

Example

Laptop as Students Friends

Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff.
Additionally, in this multimedia era, students need more to reach their progressive
development. Students need mobile keyboards to record every presented subject easily.
Of course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its function.

First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs
to catch the target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in demonstrative
method. Consequently students need extra media cover the subject. Since there is a
laptop on every students desk, this method will help student to get better understanding.

Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an

online shop which provides comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has
service of online shopping. The students just need to brows that online shop, decide which
computer or laptop they need, and then complete the transaction. After that the laptop
will be delivered to the students houses. That is really easy and save time and money.

From all of that, having mobile computer is absolutely useful for students who want to
catch the best result for their study. Buying laptop online is advisable because it will cut
the price. This online way is recommended since online shop also provides several laptop
types . Students just need to decide which type they really need.

SPOOF
Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:
1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features spoof:

Use of connectives (first, then, finally)

Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)

Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Example 1

ABSENCE
Joe's Mother got angry because her son got a low mark on English test.
"Why did you get such a low mark on that test?" Asked mother angrily. Asked by
his angry mother, Joe just kept silent and went out.
A few moment, Joe came back home and met his mother again. His mother asked
the same question.
Joe answered steadily, "Because of absence."
"You mean you were absent on the day of the test?" Mother wondered.
Joe replied, "No, but the kid who sits next to me was."
Example 2
SAM TING WONG
Jacky Wong got married with Lia Wong. Both of them had a white skin and
straight hair. They are really a well-matched couple.

One year later, Wong family got a new baby. A nurse brought them a son with curly
hair and a black skin.
The nurse congratulated and said, "What name will you give to this son?"
With a confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, "Sam Ting Wong!"

HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners
that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language features hortatory exposition:

Emotive words: alarmed, worried

Words that qualify statements: usual probably

Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore

Usually present tense

Compound and complex sentences

Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Example

Indonesian People Should Value All the Different Culture

to Promote Unity of the Nation
Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different
religions and cultures from many provinces are now
seen living side by side in many places. One of the
biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to
deal with a culturally diverse citizenry and then
promote unity.
Therefore, Indonesians should appreciate differences
among culture for the following reasons. Firstly,
Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago
and culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain
the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal, even
if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to be

tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to retain
their heritage. Then, unity of the nation can be preserved.
Secondly, Indonesians must recognize that every culture has different customs
and beliefs. Thus, people are forbidden to make judgments of comparative value,
for it is measuring something unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the
modern era, can allow for cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits
both parties. The cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a
better place and preserves the unity of the nation.
Lastly, raising nationalism is one way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense
of fellow feeling between group members. This promotes cooperation and social
cohesion within the group. The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social
security and medical programs much more likely and stronger.
Cultural differences are sometime a sensitive matter for people. Indonesian people
must teach younger generation about the importance of the cultural identity and
nationalism to promote unity of the nation.

EXPLANATION
Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or
working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation:
1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing
Language features explanation:

Focus on generic, non-human participants.

Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense,
passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences,
and technical language.

Example

Tsunami
The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and
wave ("nami"). A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a
sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically
displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust
can occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and
occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its
equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge

mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising
fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

DISCUSSION
Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than
one side of an issue (for points against points)
Generic structure discussion:
1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation
Language features discussion:

Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.

Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.

Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.

Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.

Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.

Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.

Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.

Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

Example

Giving Children Homework; Pro and Con

There are lots of discussions as to whether children should be given homework or
not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional
time in home for study after school time?
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue
that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport
or music. A further point they make is that lots of homework are pointless and
does not help the children learn at all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and
teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their
own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good
time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school.

Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It
makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task
which not need the teachers support.
I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at
the weekend when children have more time.

REVIEW

Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review:
1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can
consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and
plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line
of the art works being criticized.
Language features review:

Focus on specific participants

Use of adjectives

Use of long and complex clauses

Use of metaphor

Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may
include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Example 1

A Book Review
Rhymes of the Times By: Harold Matthew Nash
Publisher: Booksurge
Reviewed by: John Lehman
I particularly liked the first few pages of this book where the poet acknowledges
those who have helped him and tells us something about his life. Too often writing
is a lonely task and poetry so personal that it excludes others until they read the
final result. But both poets and audiences are intimately involved in the process.
Readers are not consumers looking for a pair of shoes, but people trying to
discover something about how they feel, as well as understand the emotions of the

person writing the poem. This spirit of openness and participation is right here
from the start in this collection.
Harold is one of nine children, raised by his mother. In the Introduction he tells us
about public moments that have shaped his life (Martin Luther Kings I Have a
Dream speech, Muhammad Alis I can float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.)
as well as very private ones like attending the wedding of a girl he was still very
much in love with. This not only gives us an insight into the person behind these
poems, it helps us understand their inspiration and connection to things outside of
the words. The Bee in the Web draws on the butterfly/bee of Alis boast, yet
expands on it to a message of racial harmony as opposed to one of militant
aggression and separatism.
There are some great titles (The Martian and the Wino, W Stands for Wrong",
Fasten Your Seatbelt) and lines that make us think (Sometimes I feel that lifes
a curse, has front-wheel drive and no reverse and the very poignant I hate in
order to protect yourselfyou pack a gun or mace. So why dont I say what the
hell and hate the human race.) There are also some bad lines: Her skin is cream,
her body is slim. Looking at her makes the average saint sin.perhaps, but what
or who is the average saint? The book ends with a sweet poem by Charla Angeline
Hultmann (and I really like the candor of her bio) called Gift and giving is the
real spirit of this book of poetry.
I will be honest, I am not a fan of rhyme. There is a delight in adjacent sounds
rubbing togethervowels held and savored, consonants clicking in a rowbut
easy rhymes (head/dead; love/dove; moon/prune) tend to overshadow
poetic subtleties, determine word choice and the words themselves lose their
meaning, becoming clichs. But this is the music of this poets generation, and
there is no denying that poetry is more alive, more meaningful and more accessible
than it has ever been at any other time during my life. PS I do love the Osama
mama rhyme. In general I think it would benefit Harold Nashs development to
read more of the published contemporary Black poets.
But form aside, this is an honest (courageous and unflinching) look at life today
one we need to share together for the survival of us all. That is Rhymes of the
Times message. And it is a good one.
Example 2

A Product Review
Acer Iconia Tab A100
Acer
Reviewed By mikeandrew

While the 10-inch tablet market is very crowded and highly competitive right now,
when it comes to 7-inch powerful and reliable slates, there are still some gaps that
need to be filled. The Iconia Tab A100 wants to do just that, being a very
interesting, portable and snappy gadget.
Design and display
When talking about 7-inch tablets, the aspect is very important. The Tab A100
does not disappoint from this point of view, being elegant and classy. The front
face is surrounded by glossy black plastic, while the back of the tablet is a dark
gray plastic with Acers logo in the middle. In terms of portability, the Iconia Tab
A100 is also a more than a satisfying device, being about the same size and weight
as the HTC Flyer, for example.
The 7-inch touchscreen with 1024x600 pixels resolution offers great image
quality, contrast and brightness, but does more of a mediocre job when talking
about viewing angles. Still, the display is overall decent and holds the comparison
with the HTC Flyer or the Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.
Performance and software - The Iconia Tab A100 features the already classic
Nvidia Tegra 2 dual-core processor with 1 GB of RAM memory and is therefore at
least as snappy and powerful as any other 7 or 10-inch tablet on the market right
now. The cameras are surprisingly decent, the 2 MP front-facing and the 5 MP
rear-facing devices offering pretty much the best image quality you might hope to
find on a slate.
In terms of software, Acers 7-inch tablet is set to be a pioneer, being the first
slate of its category to be powered by the Android Honeycomb OS. Not only that,
but it will run on the latest 3.2 version of the operating system, which means that
you will get loads of apps and snappy performance.
Connectivity and pricing - The Iconia Tab A100 is set to feature WiFi and
Bluetooth compatibility, as well as a micro-USB port and a micro SD slot card. It
would have been perfect if it would have featured HDMI as well, but still it is
pretty decent for a 7-inch tablet.
As far as pricing is concerned, the Acer Iconia Tab A100, which has not yet been
released on the market, will be available for 329 dollars( the 8 GB version) or for
349 dollars( the 16 GB version). This is consistently less than HTC Flyers or
Blackberry Playbooks prices, to name two of the important 7-inch tablets right
now.
Wrap-up - While the Iconia Tab A500 is still struggling to become one of the
important names in the tablets world, the from this Android tablet review it looks
like a winner right away. Packing good technical specifications, as well as a decent
display and a revolutionary software for a 7-inch tablet, Acers new slate also
comes at an affordable price tag and will probably mesmerize technology fanatics
all around the world.