a I BUI BASLE Trtrodi ction’ a “| The Fleete Chagen au the Avvver yg} the / | electromag resi CEM) filda, When ‘these. Avortes ove time vongitg \ | the EM Want propagate antag ‘tom the sowreer aad valiaton. | takes Plase © TA generat, the vadiaton can bh Condi dered os o The ve bedton of the electromagnetic breton of Krommnitting enw ay: a tonduchn, ese inty He Shaw oper achieved ty wing ° by dicleetye Atweteves Catled antennar ov tadiators So a mettllic duice ved he Yadiating or Yeeaiving a Called Antenna. : vadiv wave The Syrten used for Anvnching jhe elacotnag ned waver is either, Arahamition dine OF Mave guide + ‘The Antenne a a matching device becboeen free Shaw ood thy! awe. , Aapnehing dyshen dx an shown in belo tigers + jee Source Fromsmirsion . dine prienda Padiaded EM Biwe | in fee Abate - Fal Antenna arta metching davice between fas shace and awe Jaumehing System."Ra chiarting Mechanism im | | | Antenne Caw het vted as tranimitting antenna ov Necutving antenna, Tt ha directional rohan tt a the important Combonent ya worelys Wammunicator, Spsten. Sone. of Abe importenst dypa o antennas ore WE auttenrah, Arawelling awe antennas, dlots and aperuie antennas’, | “flat and Jepia, integrated cirest type artennes, } gle whiten for a Sing aive anlenna, . 4 charge x stationary, nd Correst is dunloped. So ik Obsewve d+ vith Uniforen velocity , Then no radia Ye dee Hm) i) No ~vadiation ev Extent ii) pomible vacation 4 wie eeinoted ow drncateds mw FG Recliation from a dingle hive Antenna. => Atrasg ht wire Which i 0% én a Cam ds bent, deh conto 4 = Dis wontinvovdae ee Consider an antenna driven by transmainvon Ji path a Voltage 4 ~_— qe Sour lanmected a» Bhousn in digoet. Ialhem the tovece ts aphid, ‘the eleedic eld gets n ebebre linn f free ane tangent ote eleedic jell Steength y the eleervic Linu { ore 4 profordonal te the As the ree. electrons have tendeney et Atberoted from ths atom, the elaete Linas of orca p) each tonducte and fore. tO electic field Operate ory prs elestrons 2} displace. Due to the change wnveenedt- Camunt in brodietach and it protien magnetic die ld intearte dene ) fo. dyaul 4oom positive 4 dine doen The electric Aiel cahile the magnete ful Came Ganeping Conde field bine. Avvriry eto, ‘the eletie qld negative changes dored Aoop> enciveling pr dint etree Arse wo dy efors. The Chage duatwlet. Sinuavilat voltage Aport Iedeen the ketone the ton duetos 18 alae Ainadoi da b+ Figs Radiation ren hoo tate antennas‘Dipole ss Considey a Sorat difele antenna where time of Havel | is negligible - Pe le eee ae fed 5 pale : dé in the fink quaxter of the bersod Gigi, © z This th t dime at whieh the cheqe attains ravine value A his instant, the loner travel radia thy outer i — F number %f linws produced ane hyear. 1% Shear in bebo d a sistanteX. + i | | | | em, | Atte My | Nos in next qarter besvd 0 time , The three liner bro dure originally, nov traucl am adebtonal My | distant. $y the total diatanu now becomer Al, The | charge density on the tonduubs Met dhimiashing This 2 heeaur ‘the opperite Changes ane iobedutad . Thae opposite changes neutaliye ‘the change on the lonductor . The opposte changes abo produ thes lines ors eohie drama Aetenw | Nee dwsiny Seeond tad of the fst haf 'TAS Wipacecs WNW “Ine rua yy qor In qeree pom 7 q the fist hay, The Clrecton of the Linu b pore i Offsite Ciny oped) as they ove road by the opposite thaqes. Svvavit athe appearanw a hyrea Ursa of Pore divearting V pred sin first Ay, Bitenu. eshiletves more Linn x} foe, dere eting etewin tse da tm next Aly distant Ato Thea 2 ho Charge on the londyetor, do the lines vf orn get aetached rom bonductors aod Gm bine ty foun closed boo pa, os shown de betors ty: iD aL de 2 Antenna Fondamertata: o_o aS As diseysred earlion, an ten re ite bate) ores pores vo] . tyttens here it a vied ava ‘link betwen ranmitter pl res Spare ov dees apau and receiver, The basic. pro perder | an entenra aye Yodation pattern, radiation Intensity, yen directivity, power qe antenna officieny, Gffective 4 A Yadiation vesstanw, bean wth, band esi dth ete:USotvopic Racttator i ~— nee Tavtopic Radiatoy ua hy pythertical or det ous Prackiatoe, De as dienes as @ vadrator which wadiates ongy in ah ebireetions Urifoernly TE 4 abo Called savbwhie dovrce- Ma it voolioles Urs fovily in all clirections it i aby tolled orant diveetional vadeator ov Unipele « Conaidey that an [40 tropic va diate & plaswd at diated | dhe Gate of spheve of xed ee There alt the poor ™™ by dhe Lrotopic vadsater- pone over dhe Ayden nee tf ithe sphere Fee by ye’, aBivming Zuo absoc phon 4 | dhe powers then ot point onthe dvxfame> the poyoting | Vector P ge the poser vaskiarted b | Anotion . But Ya diated bower Araubs in the Yadcal divectton- Ths the magrirtede 4 the oyotoy vector P cl be efaatto B in Cant ff directions ave ex unc axea in va deal Com ponent on ‘the Cows faprvsen ewe tas Por Py 707 Tener, \Pl = Pr the dutl power yadia ted a given ty Pye Sf Pp. as > ff Bas. - Pr §fas Neos This Yadial lomponuest Py is the average poor | demaity torohnnnct rahish Can he denated bu tah(a Pere Wy. Total Powter vadiated ,in weitts: ci: Racial torpor a] owernge bowery dlensity Poynting ech. 0 Want y > Radivs °| sphere in mnt: Radiation Pattern: — Kaci ee Tt us ond brachu that Yadiabed enucgy tom apn antenna ta not 9 dhe dome strength inal directions. Fpsteed, ita more in one direxton. and bis or Zee 1% ediarted ina poHeelan” othiv diveatin. “The eneqy ia Measvred ia terms ol field Sheng th directv, hy an atennan Asrtane Prom the acta at a print which at a pert cular For the claletion oF ak ctw points on an clectse Kner v fore ow it & dividd by the adistante bebe dhe taP ay milli - vl metre Uy AS roost field Strength, the voltages taken ond Tew points» Hence dhe vit | radiortion battler n is Vol rete The vatiaton pattern von antenna is genera b heai 7 i Cc veduinement because it determines. the dis tilution ofTotiated enecgy i Spare Radiation pattern of an antenna is no‘thing wt a rath hich shout the Variation ia acted field aheng tho} cletromagratie field at all poids ahh av and ofr Vertital dipole eleetrse pet dhength Fim He diveetion 6 and pe the horizontal Loop fn the dicetion 9 p- Jin wthar words, va diation field Strangtte nay have Lopuniatd Eg and Ee od well which may oY may nib be tn Aime phare oa mrathemat'enty Es J Eee E a ere rl cee field Strength Egs henplhs 8 of 8 Gmbonnt Ey « Amblede 4 y tom ponents Shun “the ‘ti90 dimensional falteens 49 obteord roe the three = dimensional palter- by etting calth a hongatal end Verte) planes vehpeetively, Kenson os “Hovigontal pattere! awd ‘Vertical pattern’.Principal palfeens: - “The perfovrante 4 he dorms o 18 ponatel Eo flame ond H plane Lineacly polanjed Cea E- plave adtenna YU Me deat bed oes potters » Few a pattern. died od the plane tavtaining aireation. of Mawimym Yadiation’ and the He plane. 5 ‘ the 1 plane Containing the magnete Field verse and th dvetion. dhe ehebie toi) vectr and The a 4 Maninwm vodietion » Tu normal bracttw oxenst most antennas In Auch a wy That ort leat oneal dhe prin pal bln baktems Cainerde taith we of the Jeomerrie principal Planes This is ‘Woschrote d in below Hye E-FIELD Ne uP we Hee diasfa) Radiation lobes 2} dig) E- Plame ond H-pleneBlane) and the Key flane thy printfa He Plane (aotmath- plane). Radiation pattern bohea:- aS Dif ferent pact of radiation hatter owe refered do on babes" Thes may le avb - Classified ay majo bbe, mine Jehe, Side lobe ond hack lobe « A vadtarton tobe a horton vf the radiation palters bounded by regions 2 “yetatively weake wa diation Tatenstty . A Ana Ato Binpemtional pattern of ite? ia Shoo in. ales gore hare only Pre Pen 3) dyin indiestib. i wo we SIDE LORE pnt pote a: Lina plat »| power patterns. Major habe 14 also Called as main beam and is defined as “he sadiation tobe Conkaining the diveetivn vo] mazimum : va diatinn": Za dome antennas, then exit rove then one major| Minvy lebe 14 any ‘tebe batepT a wraith lobe ey aurunt voves once pt the majo ta hes ave: Called minod tebe. di) Side labe is a vadsaction dobe in ang direvtion athe Than the lntendsd lobe - Normally 2 Side be is adjamnt cto th main bbe and occupies tthe heenisphere in dirertivn 9| ths main lbe- iv] Baer lobe nov Ve feos ty aminor lobe that occu pier the hemis phere in Arection opposite. Aovthet ot ‘the majo lobe.| | The vativ G0 6/9) i/Glled power vadiation pélterna FE a inde pendest yf The /dustentay Siau eo and Patan veg iny wy with x. pion dipole, the pyyh oe patlero a Y 48,9) * Kon batten 14 giver y Radian ond Slevadi an’ the bee ae letoemn ‘Yadian and fe hed he radian Jn the measere Y| a plore anges tahil the ds one of Whe 97 jp avoibe. woventen ttf Tha radiation bottler au dth, % Aheradiohon Jeon & fonekon oh ong pattern yladh woo onetion cl direction + sates: Bean vai the angle PPO PRAer Uy 7d Th bet Ray PBlae POINT) Then INL Ary LL Pop, # "beans eid th! ¥ the antenna + Thecedove antenna beam wid th tn be difined as “the angular width Cinleqad of the roan he bebo Ahr toy direstions at eahich the. Nalioted pv nutved Prod i one hey Phe masini power’, between First Nuth [BWEN) gab odb CHPaW) CB) Became wid on pola lo-ordincle (¢) Bean width on on bined Stale» Tectong vl tw brdinetin on logy amn Phere ot Dd hh gent) Pew tee b le e Vereen’ the bea ae : OL the lee . with a idea to highlight The dhvetiore of miner lobes, ‘the Yaddation pathrn thewnin FEO platted on | uth dete Clagaaithe) thee d-dh tomer bonds ty main lobe masimom aedb to a power points» Some times radation | paktern ¢3 alan derenbed in terms 1 angela width letwan frat nib OF rst Side lobes, Reon 03 bean-taidth hetsem fot not ( BWM) +aie Dives tivity CP) velated woth bean dob dd ang ls) bY Beam ova tb) od pa, ae aA ye 14 a S-dimendtonal- Sinte the yediator pattern or bo Ly the and heave the maj Jobe axea dffoumetely My be giver product + ewan, widths in horipratah and verdieed bene or E- jee and He pln bes . Be 2 cups) in honor tal plane’ x Lnpen) in : yertied Pleven spare wadiand ~ (Hpawt) in E- pln x Lrpae) an H ple x Oy laa ae i jadiand Bo O¢ pc HL thae og ond °y dn vadiand « 06 PH D> MB UTD . — oo ‘ “Ira dian = SHB 9e xR ene B, aod By avcten deren Thin pred vey Af approval. and apple Jy antennas besing amert « pel Plame Ue jab deqress’) heamersi dh, at eee banThe factors afferting Ha beam esdth of an aan ANe the shape p} vadietion Jottean OD, the awe bog th Gi, Dirensons [egry Yedivn of spectre ete), Pens Ser fs oe Som, SH Cah 60° ——— An anea ds vo) the Avyau 9 a Sphere ar deen dom The wate ¥ tha Sbheve dvblerds ta Solid angle From iq. incremental aren ds Cr too ay) (v Ao) ys - \ Conk 2 vr sind oo AY. «4 Prem 5 OF Sbhove. S| Phere solid ang Ss¥* Sine app t | } Sok hes Area S, 4 pve dave Gold engl ta! Solid angle Seles e * by avea S The total doled Sie Sulton ded by the 4 Move is YF storie oy at ee * abhaiveated ax S,- ec a by ase? aay s, ase YA Dyas ye : ah oy df + yf| | i | antenna is ‘therefore given by. the 1 Stevadian » Ao 7 . Sol «Sold angle of ple af L Eaten (=) Ldagraa)™ 2 [Renee ay 34,400 we ; ye tO a Bel edb Sl4e Bly % Be 9313. ab LC Pe Clg 3 IHb WF mag ga. 1707 tag Sine K-adian 7180" “hey? | Yadlen * se") : * = oo (hh St eradion © Ae tea te (ag) = U5I3le 13% Selgib Cag The heem axea( vv beam Solid age) Ay ane integral Fhe noreoali BA prsoye SJ hy tothe sy: a v nw Op. | PLB, 9) Sind ao ay Sy ee Whe Pa 8) = Normalidea Power pattern ple vy = PL® 9) PO Dru 1 PCe 9) = Poynting Verto . £, ¥) +Ey lo) 0 Ine Zo oe) tae Masons vali P07 ¥) a ee 120%° From ig: ‘the denen aren sy of an aaeth | Aethil patin. ie epee toh gor omen ame Solid angle subtended by the orm npaW) i Shheteal ob of te tare theped Gili Angle 2 alee dar enibed roe: in teem of the pa dobtended bythe Hay ny = pots ofthe won lobe ia intel Planes - y 4 [ae Pn Pap | Fa: A Spomendseah Porsex pottery Of anglenna ith equi valent {nd D5 vem te eet) mw OLD.Racoon Geb: EB) 2 Dt herps in defining C—O Antenna i ob qoun ov directive 97° oY powergain ow deat: Radiation Entensty 4 dread as” pew her unit solid ang ht. Sinw. ott o} fous and Solid angh in 6.5 wyats ae ‘watt! and " Storadion! vespestly aod hens urdt o} vacation Fntenahy Wott] Sheva dion oy Wott [ra dian, we Kens that doe AS = ase raw Whe 44 celemental Avfav ote dae di oreotieh Solid ange: as i = fy ak further ib as Keowm Hhok the power in any dixetion “a er by the poroting pe £x# (= a tOP tt le) phe Bo theme fold tees pin rvot| agree Hid Bots ie Alene He™. Pe Fn stan tonsa? Poyoting Vertorine Wot] ae Hore Exh a vet product dicdked fer unit aren yeeto-But wWhin E ond Hare changin with dime Than Anecage pryoting Vertor (Pay) instead 9 in pe P au 4 Great Yphat» In order to find Cau) ar blet notation hes te” be qotlesed. In ompla notation poration Veedoe iu given 4 Pe + tex wn’). jut eee eer eee He 2 compla tonjugate of wee af gritist nh ? eartors jn the ditertiom o} Here a, anda, art unit ¥. Band tt vedfertivedt » Aso jet ~8) Hoe a) Ho e and S2 Phuc angle bebe nn ting yea L Pau’) a 4 syertor be7 ay a Eand He Now dt ge Average p? ae by dp teal pvt + Abe lon ple pernting Pays Peat pect of pl comple) > a? . ~ ee S Re per® 5 rats : Tk uv Rowen Joe vadiotion fuel thek. E end Hove ov thegonal ina plane ‘normal to abo enter and Jathscen E> laoRH E+, 4 a a A at RhnanTher power fl pervnit aren con-now be weiHena, © Pew ES cfrom above. Tp the far field, Poyerting Vert satlvely va dial bey Ipl = Py + Radiation Intensity Aachen da on the amp Band p hynefore the relation berhecen anerage Poywrting Vertor and electric fald at o point of the daxfera & eo My te 2 OO ze Ne Seo nn } peyating Veto pt i 4 7 4 vadivs ¥ at wahteh vadia ton ce cody & meatore d, then oor gat the power pec unit dol aogle be, thera dition Yotonity CB) p he Con ECBO) > Poe a the doth Power radiated (Wy) ne caltalated tron po Differeotial power (Avr) Dy otia stolid ang 4-0.) Awe: B dnWye | awe = Jang De Jean) Lor an Bvtw pie vadiator, total Solid angle wortadna Lit stevadiand ly = | BT Wot « sett | f y vd Sor, SWy? at: p. actapi | where Pat Radiation oben produted My an V4 \ ow radiator, vadiating Ahi dace trial a tah : ends ufo Sin radiation Sotinvly Brgy) Hbo's “he ‘aang B acd & therdore tan he wepresented i gr P, 40% 9) p+ tnatent flo, ~)- frog fonction ogy a Also in qenvcal, dhe detal power Yadiated 1 given by c | Wy + Va tle aoe wv > (Bp. 4C0,¥) Sine 20 48| Bean E — Ube WwW pete that frequent vaed ah edge antennads for an Tt wn the the quality + Araoamitting and teuabving antenna with iB raja Lele twineicent with z-auis (O> 0), the bean ef precnny defined Powe trensmittel Lov rewived) within lone angle B, Powe Aranamitled dor reuived) My the antenons Where 0) * hai} angle of the sane v2ithin eohich the pecmailege of rl bre Bote hd * j pcs, ¥) gine 40 44 BE > RE? eo Tf peo eee dboY Dn tems + dean ara (a), the been fp eveeg dyna ree BE wv CEy)? mm . Main beaw ace Sn etal bean rem where ye 4g t Fm — 0 ys Main bea axen. ems Dividing 9D with Xp, havebe Py Se Minor ble aren P- 7 ea Ser hoy faster Lp Tet ah lean aver of 4 fy mine Bean Ef fiona +Gain! ~ oun i Gain of am antenna ds defined ob Max. Radiation Intensity rors object otal Gain C61) = 7 Mat, Radiation Intensity drom Yeon antenna with, ame power input For a Wslos Voropic antenan 6 qain (G2 0 whue Pye Matt, Radiation rom test antenna y+ Radiation Tntenssty fom lo lus. Daobo pe Antennas Further Gaon of am antenna 4 clohely elated to Directv Cp) Cyaan epuat to eal provided. antenna ey a Wo0'/- . Sn other viorde wa ithyot on internal losses, gain and directivity are Aame otherlte vob 1 | | | | i | : i | } \ | 2. In terms 4 Sarek power yeuived by a Ye wetyey at a distant point in the divestion © manimom- Ya diation , the 1" | a antenna Com be difinsd Pee Mani sured Yeteive ee Gar €6)) « run owe Ye lei 2 fom given fhomas Manion Prsen ve teived from *feranta avtenng ep) me3. ae field Sheocg th at a givin distant. from the practical antenna in i Hott favored eee b SagEy amd the fied Streopth, om a Motmbic antenna at ee —— Then pen y 7 ge fu fa. oa qn 4 an antinna i enprened ia deccbel rade ber \ Ab goin * Iv ey SI Directve Stein (44): Radiation Untensiby ina pater lem Dreetive Stain » Radon Sree 08 gti Breage yadiated for glo 9 — gle ® G68. 9) ~ Baw os of 24m gl 9) 2 Wy Gy (9,9) 2 TPL Oe @) Jo ae Lith. disevtive gain 4 ex proved in deci bes ther, “ab age 0 leg Gal ) To ara tb)Power Gan .- Corp’) Powey domity radiated ina parhoslen Arrerton Sp tn el ie Poser olensty yadiated in that divwton by an Uotwpie antennas dor the Aame Antal input brosur and at the tae given distanta. Hente in the dufinitrons b| areetivily Lov Odertive qo) and bowser gain only ones ia deen that Pe dewey The endeared praue 14 Lonsideced Joe the dinstive antenna, Wher ad foe power er dhe fouser fed (bes power input) to the antenna is Kalen , Gpr "| oa ; [ | Whee Y° Elion arti Livy beboeon ote | thus when er!) | Gpr HA ia ens di ie.) Power gone egual digstive gaite hap drepuey VHE ond UNF ete- ” vem divectiow iA als difned a a. Power gain ina gi Radiotion Dntenstty in anette Creation * Presnge. total iopot eo Wl 0, 9)bhee Wet Nyt Nee Total in put poor. gb, hang white, oes in the antenna, Gp pCO) oa 5. Sn terms 4 power inpub, Power gain a ger My power Input Supplied T8 avhject antenna in the dimation Gp . 9] Pasion Aalbiation- | | Powe input supplied to vee antenna + Lor the deme field Seng the at the dame given fotat- 1 fw exam ble, Let the field bre duced by a Aobjut | antenna 2 tree ote that prodeced ya Tavbebie. antbene ben \ 2M | G, wo i | L “poe gain Gps (ab) ote | thes Aheose that to prectuce the dane field aheng th (ak thy dawd direction, fovy times 0 much power ped have | pple dv ppleed joan isvbepic Ya kato in Low parison Pe toe practicol antenna .the power ~~ depends on The de Movoing ceo Ihangas i i Sharpners pv) lobes Shaner the lohe hag hen wit be prowgate, Ji, ple of the 2b Yadlaacion het + Power gam 2 ea pramed in deedhels. antenna. system & cae Power rashio < the nomber b) Aecilels tnrehonding ary Leg eaithen % poorer radi" 1, PAD equ Ap ib times The (loreson Gea to ley SP peas = wm ly he Pe , 2 oy Gpt 46) = I “gn { 3) Cp wtige ) Mayimom Raddation Detensity 4 det antenna Direedivity LD) + - U 7. _ ' Pvecege Radiation Feta ty Ve ao pe BOO me Pay ) N oxtinom. Radiation Dotensity 7] Sobjert ye 07 teit artheana the dest antenna. Radiator Lntensity yor Laheobs Brel i antenna, , 4 oo 7 43. aha) vaddated Pow Pause Ya diated prom atert antenna ee SSS 2 Powe yadiated pow an ‘jawtebie hes BC, ne lin Ledowm The rwmeneal Value of ditty P adie Jand wv be, 1S0Se, I besng Abe dinecbotty ear aotenna and han D connat be las than 1» Lit ve noo fied 2 gerual erpronion Are Va Direchiihy Fr the radiation Dotatihy meq le ang donetion yl 0 and p im aprevol p xe efoateath eal os eC eee) on 4 PCB, P) max The deveectaty D1 abo expeamed tn deedbels vatio as | | | i | | { ' | | \ \ Ube = 0 lonstant 2 eRediatiors Jotensity . | oo+ Maximom Velow ah Rediation Gotensity da gin 4 Bran ? Fad Omen Sp Cone of an Bvtrpie antenna flee! 5 “Frat Ba, —? ® Soba titeting e® in 29.) we get or B, oo ¥) Forth, the average vadiation Ioteossty LY) e goo we Sea = Gir yt eae 4eo ae a hire dite 2 tind db aly = elemesli 4 solid ony thes Dieetivity to) « Max. &4.1 Bar) Aumrage & 3. cy) [wale @) an Jot oar > Ut pL o Vomae Galen SJ ony) arae o, PAOD pce, ge nomad be $091 Dra beter Go JJ 4c 879) aan . at / BB. rp" Wire Beas» Jj fle, %) Se or trea. tov) Benn solid FO WD ypan ween Tere dhe. dinctivily y an actenna in nothing bot Goled ongle of 3phwe CHF thecedien) divides ty he beam avd ang A" antenna Ne Kou thet pe Prax HE x Pou , ve ¥ > Un, = Paw 4 ao ar city Sp Bar a hese Wyo Tibd poode MAM:“Thers bean doldd angle the Srbd ang theough which atthe power. vediated Wold thea i] the bower por unit Zoid ang egrel tothe manimom ween of vadiation Intensity Graz Over te bean told angle. | The Direetvity and Gane velated as Whee &* 92%" ke ‘Hey Joan or de wor elfeng ay i} lone ae pore oe Ane 1 Effective Area or E fective Phere OF Avensmi Senate A clransmestting antenna antenna Terivers a fraction op the Bamne+ ja bat on derstood by waves and a receiving “The tonupt a] tive anne ov apache a Tlrt—~—~——r—CtCCSCN adduct aka wy abechure bver which it exkatt cbetomagneble energy trom the rec Ming Geaueal aaa waves, Lt may Le defined as the veto of fousen veceived at the avitenna. Jost termina ‘Ho the porting veetor. (ov power ceesity) n wot | nehe® 4 the invdect Weve. pall. p Ae? =Abshere We power vereived iy Waclts pe Printing vert Of ines deat Place usave., inovetts/. Pou flo fer Sprmetye opt the incident wae Ae Eta ov Gaflve ren ov Ein Apert | let a yetsiving antenna she plaud in the fold 0 | plane pelasisea travelhing waver as, Hartacbed im Delon fig having astve Area A and the cone) antenna (ai pole’) ia in oh an 2 fi | tevininated ob a doah impedone Z, 2k t5x,- | LF — )Direetiow — {4 i — Propagation Anmicteh | | 9 fe ante Polanye bad vee? eceyin bave+ Antenna Fp: Rctng antenna inv‘the fold 9) plave Polen sed wave + >) #4: (b): E4vvalont Girevir 9 4 +9: ta), qT D de the terminal borreet, then veuived boar Wee Tog Fe there Roe bead verittanee, in ALAv AL Tins Re we i P . Since the antenna ettark conay from incidlert ele magnene Waves, deliver the rane to terminated Joo impedance ZL end the power Hovaing per Muara on oe Peyeting vel ib Pp Whyr. This entire System can be veplaud by equivelech Citexit ar Shan in 49 cb) according to Thevenin’s theorem. Tr tig (BF V2 Equivalint Thavenin’s Voltage Zpe Equiva bust Thenenre's impedenta The Vottage Vin indutad ly paving eluchomagmaie oman Which prodvers lamest Trg, Brough derminal, dalimpedanne, a, Eutvalent, Volhage. ms Equivalst imbedante Logg Xap, 9) Tm, A Zara C Uthere Zp Ry tixys ombla Antenna impedanu- ank Rye Ret Ry = Rg, Yeu fa atowed > Radiation Rersistontea + Ao veristante dnd Zs Rp tax, Now putting the value 4 Zp and Tp ywe have VvVv) GRee fin) aCe) A) a Whive _ hoad Reatlanu,in Le. ov = |T 2 xm | Xp? Prtenca Reactame,in OO. we Know that Ne Dmg? Re x vo Re = CRetkp te CitX A) ab the above in eq? Jor bower dalivered by antenna the terminating doad. in pe dames Zr Now My dination. of Cfertive Aperhere (Ae) VRE [emer end t Cx. eat] P + mr ord Ne Re [Rt Ry th) Cxp ten) P‘hia is evpromton fe effeetre Area OY A pertheece vy Capture ata in terns ¥ poosen density ( vr Poynting veer P), induced Voltage V, entenna jm fe demic z, and teeming dowd ‘im bedamy z+ The ‘nduud voltage Vow manimnam usher antenna bh Oriented for mans ves ponse and the anttemna,: incident wave both have Accor ding do mraninor pour chanrtortesreun, manimum power silt be Prandin d thom aertemoa to Ihe. aéhenns. Feemenating ded if The dane prlatsaton. aa and Ree Ry a Ray oy Rye Ry 1 Ry 0 ea Co he 297 @ rx qe L Wnag ? Se ve 4 RY Ry 2 Manimom Effective Apache Max, poor veteived CD) rman if Poynting Yeetor 0 Fpuidest WaveForth , th. ratio of effertive area and mantmorn P mac) | amd boas A portune sPye Vi wa *t/y VRA ov Avy =.yt now the don dition 4 Mandmvrr feta of uy 1 introdueed in eq @) He have | L (+ 2 Ae 4RE p (As)p.. 2 4RYP Thu Unde the tonditivn 3 Manamuom trent der ereaty Monimom Seacttening perhene and Manimum epfetive opectine are Same (4s), » (Ae) War forth, the ratio 7 fea) sper hae y ef tion Opechere. is aaa an name Ravan as Seattering vata and uu denobed by Bethe The Vals of PB lies betwen vty o- Collecting Aperhure UAe) I~ Al? Ae tAsy TAY ae L = Dims Rit Tams Rat Ppa Rt Ttma Sk TT ma AT ima P iG P2 NT RU very Se s oe PLERARRT CE AAD | PleRARAYt xetxnl | z + very a PLR LARA) Creed Nv CRL AR ARL) kee aa, PIER Ry) + Lxexn)” | vO RFR, TRL) PL CR + RytR Lt (xt xa) hysicel Aferbre !— Physical Ab SKIL ancth, type »f aperture it Kroon aa Physical Aperture pohich ia selected to the actual phydical Siye Cor tent - Section) + the antenna and u dencted by ths Sym bol Ap’ The Physical apevre nay he dpined 0 N4he Physical CmoW ~Aeeion perpen dita tothe direstion es Propeyation. 4 indi dent thet magne bic roave with antenna det fo marimum response".Tn an ideal Size when the & 0 thermal Jette ind The field 4% phase the phiptical aperture Mp end eHertve aferhee Be ane egual and under this Condition mmeximum direethyi ly u ahierd bey Ap = Ae When no losses Bot dinetvity D and effestive aperture. Ae axe rt lasted b 4 De eee At am Pine = anole forthe dhe rao | maximo ef fertive apoctexe to the Phyaical Apecture va gen The name as absorption vatin andi denoted by Y. Thon The wolue2 of x a Lrr—— being statio has no nit:Relation betinen Mon A bectune § Gain a Directivity: Wawy ee, ——=_— “the vadiation pabtern Aaime PL Honsmitting and Yeeaiving antenna, by Mirtue eo] yeti byw uty Aheoren ad hramte- dhe idea of direcavidy, which itslt ia related with Ahofe of the ‘ . obs Yadtation fablorn, i extend a reining ademas ator 2 ove d in brace that the decay + weaving anknnas exe airecty proportional tb the manimor fective Bherhuves « Let There be hor avtennas Aand B thse divechuties ond manimwmn <}ertive epchures ave dansted. by Da, Py and Ay 209 Aer dren retpeePel« Dit (Maly, $y & AerJinare Pa 2 Chea) mas Dy Cen) But the gain and dereetiay torct iarbeble Arorte vv astinn u ia ty Gye KD Uheve a Gain 1 a Aeacasnitting br musing antennas Ke ficiency fact D+ Directividy, Ty} novo the douses 4 officeoy fart K and mameteh gre Mneladed , The K Con le veplaud by e}factivencss vatio o, t-e-5Let v8 nog arborea that Gy ai, Pi being Again, ep festive nen vatip and diteetvity aotenna A and Gop, %, Py Abe Cones ponding Guantitis fr the antenna B then tom e7 ® a Aor Priteona A+ a a a wna Be Go %4 PO pot oa, a Pa Ya en) on oO . Go, a Pe % TAeb) mam Oot rom afin Hon, : ae ene Rea) mart Beat a then) spe { Aen” HAD sro Hen drons 2D Gina Pea. Sop Deb hove. b., od Pe, ane The 2 ffertiveners aperhuces vf antenna & _ end 2B. Lot vs ny adume that antenna AL an Aobopic antenna , then iB dinebvity Dat.ee ANA Lnodition In eF?- os © Pree) mac amen) Dy (Bet Inren sg Perna CoB nag Py The above e9? Suggs thet the manimurr opie thuchice and arecbvity + antinna Dre Known , then the vatio o} fhe tee pill pre the manimom Tae aperture + an tan tropic antenna From above eg” Thin stater that The dinetivity of = antenna is nothing but the recto vi PB ranks ef festive A pevhure-ty the Wndsk- Cfferkive. aperture of an Hartwble: aafeana-&w Let os take the ease of a Short Abele antenna wohete et alae Operhue. and Direetvity, if ertelatea, will be given We x aod Z (A ») . (Pet) rane Ba Sf oe -e . ae , 2B 4 a (en) & > (eb me (A ean, > (Feb) an A — ae un = CP et) man the relation be hese Direetivity : Hennes The above eqn isAntenna Effidend (n)i- Power Radiated Total Input power a) W. . We Be Nv Me HCO) Nip Wy th, Ny grgco,y) » 4688) wy hy ur peo, 9) apo tes St GL G4 w Where Wy = Power yadiated. Wy? Ohmic Losses. 4 Cowest flowing in the antenna UT, then r+ BPR DOR ra) the Ry» Radiation Reristane Ry» ohmic om resisten. tae we wctesesath Arathion 0] Total energy,El fectve bog ths ey The term | effective Jength yon antenna eprom | the cffectianon e] an antenna advadiatr v4 (bith of electromagnetic Wave Onangy + _ =~ of fenton legth- | jdteacter “hous fir en antenna di tHestive Ie rammitting oF Teuivi | for an * 9} amamikting Te wing the elechw magnetic crave energy \ For a veeiving CE oyeetoe Legth (Ae) | may he defined as Open. Gruited voage- Jb owes Tntident field strength (hat) “the pete begth- ds nothing Lb the rate oe ecmi nal of the rewivin aslaone unde Ce ‘induced apottage ot the oe civtuited ton dation Ay the incident Elete fet thengie Sinu. dye induced voltage nN alAv ob punds spn dhe Hetiee aperhuce ang hw fea ‘tbngth- anh pee tpt melaled ty eachother dediurd by loos of an antenna ane The effete aperhone ia prey ae oe Ad [otha * gy + ( 1, aD J ier L = yr: Ae [CR the) + OX 4%) ‘|e Zeke Ve he [Ckp rar) + Cretan | a ZR bs Abbey Manimom bowed Ahantfor Moore bes Xe Xp L Rye Rat RitRa Lt Rat 3} Rye OeNow for The trenmitting antenna, the *Ppuctie Ungth that hes the ane TN coment DUD Cas at the Fecwinals ofthe TI. athal antenna) at atl the point olny wo fle d Jonge and thet Yadintes theteme | | | fietd intense ty Eo the acted onternas This in iUustrated te this bg. 495 achaton offen Hece bog fr Penang acttonns Tle) = Curent at the teminabs vf actual actenna, Tez)» Wweot at cal print 2 4 dhe antenna, Lew Effective length de Actual length Hone fae Bana mit tin avin Tete) days J Did) de “He +Ye det + J giz) at Lett) yTramsynission Beturern da antennas— ee The utilely 4 aperture lonupt will be shoo Inv deriving a impb foumule plasty Krown as Fri3 Trarammon ctovmole ov Aenply aid fe grmole - this forrnvla Helps in dbecmitn Aha Vansmisiion Les bebvem ‘tov antennas ae “hee Let Re Distenu betsem cLranamitting and Yeceivin EL, antennar + Net Pen? Effective aber fers of v Franamy ing and aeciving antennas We 2 Total pon radiated Me ise hic avtennain Wott - Wye power reuind ak ontenna terminal in watt . wy 2 Poasew veuived af Teleived inact dh» Weve length in metre. fig: ae Yeraption ct 0] iAvtrpie Kawamitting antenna and a eee) antenna. iaoAmbie “hans mitting antenna Sinte Power Vadictosd be yavea at 4 Ae? Thunpore dhe power yeuived ber vne Ye wrving antenna & We at Rr”Power Yewived at Reteiver 4 ey QTR” a nog x uu avvmed that the transmitting acteona we practical antenna, insted of dot pie a Dinetivity B, is 4 the practical antenna i gro'y Dd 2 A A on Nhe, Pant * Max. effevtive oferture 4 Aratumo eg en p emt he prove yeteived at Reteivr U new Gree ' a 7 ~ Mey =X Ty Pemt This in Kenan as Pris Transm ion dovroole, whicbrepcl dhe Vatio 4 power veteived to. power Arvamami Hed pov a devact pat this equation iv applied as lng the Fravrhafer condition Batifind be v BRAWhore ae Lacy dironton of Cask ater A+ None le . , N. lngth. eqn) can be genes, 4 Maro feiee ofectce of rantmy thing actenna Play vepleud 4 plete sper Pay then Fivin tama min forrsla is enprened in temas 5 Effeaive opera fe rons ting ULF Betoun the doy antinnas and te ean legit We Knew thet ot qi Py = in aye Pet bye ee Pew : GE ayy Gy > » Bet,” § New? —— an 4 Solatheting above Valus in eg @ we pt wv ~. Ga: : . ay 1 NE a ar op We Se Sy —_—_- wit rhwR\This iy also Knwonas Frits formole. rghach-relaba The pou Wy [ deliveced ty the Yeeurver load) to thy. inpst foe. 4 the fans miHing aittorna Wy ‘the Front to Back Ratio i- CFBR) wk a eS Power radiateal in desired davee tion. FBR = — Power radiated im opposite directiow obyiousy, high» hu foot to Back vari, the ne bi the FAR chengeo fo peng 4 bperacion asttenna Sy ahyas- Tt tem eto Azewante I] Speing lehooe clene yl The FRR Arpends on the turing won dition vv Hr peraeheelaneatl » th. agro pig onchieus entleana inerentes + elechical Longin > iy divectiog dhe he +} the opporte dirertion L aan “eaborte) to the fornerd wr detred domcton b usting ye elements - ent the higher velar of PAR ning the Length pera Lean 4 ed Othe lott of Susy - ete adjvt mo ave made 4098" . 13 ash fer dhe wbpoiite: Utvestion . civ Sachi bract we, for veusving ‘purposes Manimom efron qo back ratio rather Than "acim qn Resola Hon pate Sd Resoluton *| an antenna may be defined as etal hey Me WEN ve, EXPY, |he i sa Pervblens !— ee ~ Calealate Ae doveetvily 2) an. iso opie antenna Directoy Dm gery pee For iavhobic ootema Dg > att -. De Aa = The the di - reehiyi bf 730A, ; 5 the ama llab * a fie embe antenna & vaily which i caleulate the effective eegth a a A), aetna. Given Rye Tat le)» oat and Y= 1407 Agee Iino: ® tz 13a” x 73 — jan xslt - 2d [ae _ 31h 8D Calerlte th Maximom Hee Operhee- 4 an actenna Which operating vat 2 Howe lngth of 2 moet ys en hao ditectivily + lo. (.) 2 2, ee UST L 2, AR we Buse, cnt ieB.| Petermone the mamrmnum *fecter apechereol bean Sntenna, heving € Haw) 0} so! & 25 ine perpendiealed pleneds inteaechng inthe beam ane. Agvme dal 3ide Jober. Al og, fast. ast, Anast Op eey + ap £35" Iso" 4 De Aeateg mb 858 _ veut) * padilog 5 THE 2 3q-se" Dye 1 Ing De fto dngto4 30 oe ISqyy abs 4 or i cot gm tas pl AD Go Urwlas~ a dance” dana Aah Boo | 3 | Aa qt “CooemHZ 6o Res 73 ne WA se)” Gels a ? he) 2 7 - averay q ee Caltulele the Yadiation reiatane of en antenna whieh ‘a om) 1S Ainbwe Ginren't tnd ‘ediading Siw. we Tr RY 1A, i a pant & 107 no} F ya 1S Wthete Rae He SER caren AB Bytes ous 4 . Ohinte. vvesiatanu. and Tre radsetion Dis Hnguish he tveen dhe. foc heat “goneected alae fo ves dtvd yesdtany of aad entenna Lee hanies sep ptane, 4 cteue? odbsles athe, redostion. voittant aceount fl. Yadiated poser’ Cald tate thy shoot fe hack C FAR) tatio upon hoa obtinon m. eer fk cohieh, ro dearter 3 Kevin AS most wtivn an direction» — | wept on by Walt in “othe FRR» tv ay a Bove = \v ] Bevo bp! ‘K “500, oo Fe ~ Tohg eva ttée 1F ae 2 von, 078 “4 vara } ; \Cleulle the in rs antena mn db eye a Svuv Signal +e a hans miplon line Ove hak vl anaoteona thier delives 254K Banal wn der identical -bonditons.. -t Boh vi Svxw 5h Ge 5 Ga v } Y 5 aswel Wo = byr ab. pav ye » gero-sv lof An ‘ote poe antenna Yadiattu eel In alk direativns, the Atak power deleversd to Re vadiatt i tookw Cole the basen elenury ak distance FI Wwe metrer., 2 ot c 7 i a : rae mad = bTWITEW Le, Tolariyetion: - Polampation vr plane of Polarjation o) a radioweve tan he defined by the slixechon inuohteh the Electie vecbt E “ aligned doving the passage 4 atleast one pil yee Since Electic vett E and magnetic Veet Have tual Pet un deenlar and this Cleromagnete have Propegete. Im ths ber purelienlarclérection ar fen in Lelap By ae sabi ae an dovestions 81 chebie Verb, magnetic Prjection. ane Mus tated -ae > ~~» propagation in A ae . C Ne a , ay . Senor i we ' narshas vider als ak yh Po tg RE A ah hose abe 9 sd ~ ., the nedie Hele surround Ph itd one Pipe aha to it, ‘it means Weeteeade Pe Lh poxateth che bore- af abtaeter: alee the iol gveteioge 9) Yo dated electdign tes Wali in Apaice - a poles za tion Can be clanified. a diner polasrgetir Cicealar fpolaryation ond EllspieaL foley ation » fe Whee the Eluctie field verter at ony point othe Fre spe & function of dime ond if 2 diverted alors dong Se dlins, then the folerigactin called Linas elesyption: ond field Bad te be Brwsly folenqed pista bug dhe figure trates L l inttamtansous Bleedic field veetor ts ellepre the fied dt be ell’phently pobayil field and te poles ™ Called elk prical ~pola'gotion - Sirilanly Loken inttartanenus base diel Vecht trac a Corel the field & 4aid to be ma readinAntenna lenberatwreai- (Ia) 5 ~ Ary Object earth “physical: ted barathive above abtolurte. Zao ( te, above O'R ov -273") Yadsetes cmqy: The pce antenna ‘Tepreative is not the @herent: property of aa antenna because jkanst at all related tothe Phyateal Fern perature of the: aitindia’> Byt The: avtteonie Temperature velated ty the Temprrdie af he Averounding covpld tv the owtenna Shrowgh Yadtostton . soristtane So we Can Conai dev the receiving avtenna aba remo be hewn porate. ery and weasoring device » Conrider a Siwple vesistrr ab temperature Tyas thn in chs bolo digo. The noite fer unit bandsidth ovarbbl acre the “terminals v geen by [pax] 0 thee Pp > Nvite poner por unit hernd voi 34 A) oy, k + Boltzman's Constect = 1Bexw? THe Ty Ab solete temperate 4 restr ta R. Anechie tap Antenna eaitheTD se vee a tah 4 LES. antenna 0) the vodiaton vest -R in am amechetc chawher at Teofeea Pere Te, the role power pervatt band caidth awailable at the Fecminals i unchanged Conder Condition Tye Te) Now y antenna th vomoved fom The anechote Lnvekss Char bor end pointed at a sky 4 Tem peratuce T, the Noise prover et | the terminals 8 the dame as fol the cho previovs corer, Tt 4 | arsumed hove that eotive antenna pattern Boer the. Styharhoates |r. | i I) the power per unit bend width pi ein | frequent, tthe doted power CPD 6 thtarned by rou) Png by The | bandwidth (8) te, | : Pie] 0 Whace pa Tot poor incoatt Box Band width im Herter det the actenna Shyer tn Age ha» on af feative opettuore Ap ond that Lt beam is divested ata douree of vadiotion thick produc poten donsrty por unit hand uaid Hr ov flan det CS) at ths antenna, the prwa received afro the Sovra 21 give, bi | eERese]-9 eee seal Lo dadddhinfe + afecive afecnt in me Bo» Remdungdth in HL epaing 466 @ th poever density her vat ban duvide we din denaity efron the doves te atthe abtenna Px Ske KTP Rk os RT, A roe HE 16) Ae thece Ty 2 Arttoona Tempuratuce dae ty the sores in? k. from 4) 4} the anpeler Sige of ithe dovete Li Swnadl ~orofrancd do thy beam solid angle a and 13 moagrt ede py Rowen, thin dk 4 powibu ty determine the Avoca Tempero tere. Ts vey diply qrom eqn, a "3 i 7 7A os pees Prlenna beam avbid wep lyin Sfevaddin rs ong in Shera dion Tp + fintonnn tem puetine i . At tee aDy tse The Vetiver tel! har a Lortain noite eon pocatioct 7) tuto theremad noise inthe revive Com ponents | the Syphon hele penser at the vewivr teeminals is given by Pos KOC TL + TL) B- i tshuce Toys» Ty t Tx + bE ffectve aptly eine tenn atl Yetuiver terminals Pas System noe. prow ob teedtver Jerminals B + Band width. EQvivalst alse Temperature of antenna ia The reine inredata by 2 ereoste wy absy be eaprotid denpurahie Ty Apfirud that fierional | as effete oe Mtoe parotune at the in byt + dha nerboor ly whied tovord account dor the nowe AN atthe output - Bal the additions) noise introdued bg “ths nehoorly Heep Gomertimes andthe peas noise gore ‘uuaed. The nese dpe 4 elated with cffeed nee temperate Tq ad fee foe Te y 7 he Moise figvee(P) in dies bel is given byAntenna ield Zones! - 2 iieana Gees Oe : the fields anund an antenna may he divided into cure prines pal Yegions , one pear the antenna cated a the madrtetd of {reanel Zone and another one at a lager distance eatted the Jarteld ov Traushof a tone dig?! Yepresents the antenna te Id Znes. Avge Relevin ty fig.'a, the bovn daw 7 betwean the tov may be avbitrer forfild 7 ov takin tbe ata yadius 7 ” Re 2a? rol" x bw. di > maximum dimention 4 the antenna 47:0 . fresnel ~ ; Frourhe) As Howe eagle Antenna “gis phos” Tq jess Cfrenbfe) region 4 > the measurable feel tomfponen!s ame. Ham svewse te the Yadial dive ction from the antenna and all. power flow iy diverted Yadiody outward. > ‘the shape of the field fatten isindefemdoat of the olatante + Sn Nea fold Creare) ‘pion > the longihudinal tomponust of the eleetie. field may be9 the shafe yh i pattern dspends ingen son the dia any (0. dik vs tonaider that an anantenna it cactnd foae! iain “J brung sphee a Ahnarin tp b i myer ai Etwod HIN SM dafuld <—— — Plane Me N 7 1 Bunda Sphere. Sit Z «ht En a nea The A pole totenne. and Yadicton +i tield poten « > the “ger _ pe vl a of a Sphere oot ab a vef lect tk Have cxfeodin pace do ‘the iy in the etaatosal region of the 4 Poe vault in bwour de Jhroog'r he Sphere anf partially trons pereat inthis ri 2 thes vray) 88 ha. teci veortin energy Por near the awtenan Acton pained ovtward pha in the equetonal > he dvi flows ateounh per the povoex radiated from The. antenna, wht le the veer frocating en engy Yepresentd veactive. porse-thoct u Trapped nea the ae, Like fy a rekonatol.Retarded Vertr Potential: - 2 —e—_e— 4) fhe expremion oy rect polenta integrated it follows that potential due to Varivvs Corrensb element are added up. det the pstantanenvs torvert CT) dethe elements he a Ainusvi dal function | time a5 TD Bowt — D there Den © Yaniv vr peak corrent - + Taatan tances corres bey, Corvest er instant wer 2a] ths. anpilox Pepeney: The Vee potential ex brewsivn represen’ the Avpere positon of putentials clue ty Various corvent elem (Tad), at a distant print P ok a distant of v- y here axe serhly added ub, it means an adsunbiion 4a mace that there fe ldepyets hich ove Buber imposed oct Himet, ah darted From the eorrent M >} the owns Value 4 corvest and time , even Arovgh. hey Ven, Hawllid diferent varying aitants Tn other reds haste bred propagation has bem ignored eshich unct Grrect + cthia wovtd have bun orvert provided the Ve toahy | prepegation. vovtd have been infinite cabich i ech et « Hen, ib ror heromes nieeaacy To iethoduee “the tonupt &| retardation ov thal the eyeet reaching a destant porst P Toner atin eleunente aban Inctast tA dua deo Cunrent value cohiem,ached cA earlier time. This tine th depends onthe distamea: Fravellsd trum C44) 1 P- Thus the initentancovs Gnent geen by eg) rosdipieak now as Cc ri)-s, «(+> ) — © tthure ve daatann hemi 5 €sveleuty of fhe gotier LI) + Retarded convent , be \ = Retavded time vx (*-=) oe | or While ctealing with vadiatovs of J antennas ‘thy finibe dime 3 fepegetion He ogre infer tane with ve een? Ha 4 ak a oa alternating coment Z Posing inthe | + Sherk elon (At), ‘the effect 8 v : creole gad at a distant P iartaneot but oly fig a, A Covent Conrgins ~ oe! “al the we a s f at distorbans +0 fropegite over a distenu ¥+ 2q4® implies thet the custo bente oy Chiat $) frm the element ue Canned by dthak occured at an eowkier tine Ct-2) : ak time t at the distance SL . ‘ fh » ableSnuLt aa) = Sintwt- BY —7w doc vhanded covreet {3} eter ded Thes vaing a ® rafecily he | coment tensity [a] tn exponential dou ton | Witten od wot 5 (wt-eO P@ | an o) aye Avot. seat PD | pa = In e poplar: b Accor dingy dhe a ov nagnete vert introduced with above ers Fe inte %) potential A shen * edad vecth polential” uohich applicable Fire wlanyn} t Con diton’® here distann Avavelld axe aigmsfant inden of wavelingth» tenu fy) Tt oe ay ye Tw fn] 4a J a y a alt) fa : a ee aw stan - 7 et be a | ( ) dw > Generel v v lement , the nataded Veetor potlestiol ta For Sinusoidal Correst el a 7 T(E 2 Lduere dA Cit Sector and Ah the dengthTito) y inate v ak 72 | [Ale an | ; ctavdlsd Sele Similacdy, fealax potential in av the foon a ded potential uw vorntten ab . _ a oe J fd av v ame ry ott“) oe [v]J et f f, © ane Y —_—_—————_ uv dW vy vhave [v}= Retar did scale potential NV, in volts t jeatt -% ; } cel = fe aoe c y Pein chest duns, 5 i boleat- , 1 Short Eleetse Dipmer at a A Short Lins ton dyetor 4 4° “ ; 4 as wn 4obe Coprtast Aroughe put 1B Jongh. way he. anomed Y a +h in tye Nae * - Goch: Short lineaL’ fpralanted | : a} % Condurtd 4 often caltedas Short oe dine | Ld ig. A Bhoit A: bole fod 4s botanced ranuanin oolong. ci pole” py” Hertzian dipole”.evi Zien Bipot 4 A My por meticas yr wnere wes ee me Short iAvdated lndyetor Comping niform ahernating — Ty T be the Cowedt thanit i teleted to charge o> = a Sinee in short ape cleetie charge oacttecter, ney also be cated a * onettioting eclectic dipole” wo ot 8 -& " DAdllating tragnetic di fol.” Farther, a wrrast ino wire iS 9 a eae amalh) Magnetic A.ctombamied by @ magnetic faa Han ine the imme ceate Surmnding durroonding Thy wire and Avthe Of elemental depole« diprle antenna will be Suvvoun dad by an dhectre and magnetic Bergan Morrrated in fiat (fg). Fields | « short ‘Dipole :- We Shalt nova enaluve te the fields © aheve anvund’ & short olepole as shoonin Figs 3% ‘ia arsomed. “that dipoles is ol doogth 4, trinetdent with Ahe Zranis and | iB Garche Hat te origin “G4 alo anvmed that mesiom Syeroniing +9 la) Dipole in a spherical Coordin sts aD a RN pce beneat E Ba By 2rt Showy4 a Cument “ flaaing inthe Short dipole The pect 9 the Current ~ dnd Jur inshantaneavy at the frist p, bot only after an interval equal othr ‘Hine re quired Jor the distante 40 propagate over the datanu +. Thia u nvihing bot vetardativn fet : The Corvest T inthe dipole is job TiTme- — 9 cohteh implies instantamenos propagation aie “fet y the Guest, the propagation dima ov vetardation Tne vied hy Lovesstz bey In), ee) 8 (7 a _itat PO _—>® Whee LI] \ Retarded lunes We Keg that the eleetse field Intensity 4 given bey aaa Ee “ia © eae pet se alee teeta) e Peea deme A> Vector potential at point p, inh). ond also magnitic field Hat ony point pia gon by TK A> Be My or Hs Leven) Am —? © Yo thre Moye uaxi™™ HlaTD] the Sear potential V and VerTm prtenmar mat ine Point Pave Reon, the cleric feld E ana magnet Field H Gon be de termined vaing en®) ¢® Using the retavded. potentials, te havethe eaten a) E ond H ay E 2 vf[vj- £4) Nin © ; > EB - vfv) - 380s) Ap wie af . aE VK red) Alea = #~ bihere [vd a f fc] ay vit. Wig, y . an eh { hs — 7 cane wl—> © oa Ca): ay & (Jan wh), Eas ee jee av win | 7G Ti o thes 09n(B) Ion Gertes ‘hed the magnate geld H depends ont on Current, hil epn@ indicts the eclectic piel E depends On the Conreat and changes os sel Let vs row, proterd 0 detewnina the cleric anck magnatic fre 18a owwny tahoe from a dhort a pole by frat Acterminyae ey | Figo Short dipole i Short oli pols. when'T>? b | Nour dor a. short Acpole located win ig-ta) Ae danet), the retarded potential of the eketie werent has 0 lomponent Az bey the corvest ti entively in the z- direction « Tt rllous thet the vetarded vert pstetial has only %- tempore ery one uy In]s Age Be { 33 a 3s thee Cae a, emcee) z. datenn We poiat vn dibple. ae 0) Tye Peak value in time wn lewentt y= Permenkility 4 free sete + 97 2081 HI, tw Roian Pre puemey : ang aH.eee tom the dipole u Lange. compared cto Lath Ce, wrt ord the was nat i Aaage tomppucch 40 the hagih» & the debole bey AMrL then, Ss ¥ canbe put and the empitide and dhe phase Berens of the frets tontsbutions chrom Aelfeccet puvit y hy. caire may be neglacted « Hene a (D) reduc to TU diate 2) A,+ 2 ac at y “Hy 7 Ye yo (te > Uo i Ime de at ¥ v _ Ay : sy Inne! z) [=] Lay >’ at bet 5 Im Heo’ Ie) ae any 7 : ) jw lr-@ wa lt-Ye) An, Im 1 » Ws Im Le = ty 2 ai an aSthe vetavclid Scalar potential v FT a change dushilastion is ‘acai 5] ' if Ve f a av — & v ae, thee Pe] ty eet) — ® [eds Retarded change. density Ave Snjinctesimnal Volume element” eye permet fret tau » 6-854 21 pL, Since the tegion » thage inthe Case vf the dipole vn der Consideration is tonfined to the points oct the ends, the eon @ herom om, PS ES -@ But fora Londuetoy 4 shoo th L witha Unifown corrent T sed point charge @ at the ends the tumedt and change are relate by : ae a by faa: J2 dt > a+ ft dt > for weherded potential fej: flajat> } te 2 w(t-s C4) Tae OR) —> tA walt) atLe}: bed _, & = jo Now putting eqn (®) into eqn) Oe here $ Se | dm _salt- s\ elt =) — So HE Jory Jw Sa ve im welt) oie (eS AT EJS — - An 40 then york, the dines Lanoeeting The en do ie di pole ene He point Pray le Considecad poral! se that s,>x-h we | : | © S, evr we e Bobs titcting eqn Go) in eqn() @ reget c(t wh rp jolt 222] ve Im & — oS ATE ys x- eso veh wo > © . 0 _— yet We) wakes? (Lev) list e ee > In [ie e . ATE, 10 x4] ws0 yard we L |In an (eX) pee fra Ymo4 Real ee A wos} Se 2 iT E, js ae (2 wie) L 4® . Sinu word. (4 so) is nequcted and by demoivre's Theortun 2° Uso tj sino Jesh tos6 s wh 8 ey PY bra ) sia Je Henee eqn Ql) reduces 40 1 ED preset") fees) -meeyte rhea LPL thant ( AEN «el 5) wi?) wh Lehd and Sin ( Sohetituting qn) in gn @) we have jus (t-2 i ve dm Ce) p, jokes jul eas hep (x+8 wo)- ft GE, doar ae z ; at (v-4 29]o duty 2 In Juvhwos® Swat ws —— _f#- ¥+ —— T= sd ———_ 40¢ jor ae L Ae 4e jury Oy ja P sro - YH ae sO + c = el _iwts Award uso cme Bore? se] - pe jwts 2 Tne ™ hee Cort ane, ¢ L dwrh : jut, . g, othe ot i tee | vt 9) ange thee t.t-t C2 Veluh 0 Jight + diatany of point P frm the Getre, tn onitres 8; Angle betieean dipole amd rackiva era) beng th vo the point p Eo Pens hehe tes Jas 8854 x07 Pn eqn QD and an Are Scaler and veet potential ex Nr ee) ny hana due tia short libel. subjat to the vertictons tht v>>4 andak point p oe teams of the disteme y dy the point qrom the 7 Meegth J 0) the dipole ond tome tonttants Cone of tha dipole, ang lh: @ , the Currents ‘onthe dipole , the Sina the veel A and Sead (v) potential are Rnowon, Th eleetic and magnetic elds cambe obtained from Follesaing eqns. Ee -jwa-VV 2S and une VXA Tt beter to enhren £ and in bolav toordinated« The pe tar dinate tow ponents dor the. Verto putuatval are An yA t Robgt yA e 44 (a) Retolution 9 Ain tony and Astheveetal fototial of the ul Ao Uerponumts hab only tom bonent , ee Aye 0, Ay? 2 Ag* HR, sine @) Swat | Where _ HlBmm © a Tn polar to-ordinate the gradient eae potential va gee *y J ow. % yaino xLet vs now Caleulate tha Electie field £ from eg iQ) £ =-jwa-VvV AyEyt OF gt Rye y ~ J (ayryt a A gt ay Ay) cra —-ajtwiat Ww Yur 8 10 OF sine yo E quoting Ae in dividual fom ponent, we have. Ey -jway- AG) OY Ey? why Ht 8) Byt in eq ee Wig wvin eqn 3) y without P ¢ Eye -® Ey —jwa, ese - Vv drome @ -7 EX) Eg: thw Azsin 1 ay Jom ea ® 68 but from ee) Juot vee Imbeang oO GM Ey &wD. Umkwse eo td WOW ae lei 7 Gil €, © ee = nietl j - + | f Jeot, ! . 7 2 a € . (4 Se), AM G9 © Ww = Dmleasof swt) [ 3 : : renel oh [Heese [SH AE (6 JLT der 7 ie) a Sp, srsoer oy 7 —_—————_ ORR ir Um ege ne sae] We wentsoel se 6) a = it Rp EE Amey ee TET jon] 7 Putting es i 1 Band Diner De bew Ee cis ( Meth -p ; uity eT yy h AS © i rJwo an Y Sinte e*s — ov Wye +. ef s 1 Tyy Code 5 ‘ 7 oe a je a oe oe + =t Ts Ce - senthere bt LD sub BY g Appin row eng) on Mitty torret 0, we have ~~. I Jy Lt” "Ud aie —.) ve +8 ut gc Jer Jat) or 1 .2v, Im 4 C-8in8) © Ae fe y 20 Uhre jaar ° Potting eqn 68) and eqn (3) in eqn Gs) we get jot) Laing eit . E pl Ue Dp te J . Z,, A8inde (a3 any aT & of VW jas, jut) a 2 ding e& jaa, tt abt ae =te uty joe : Sine uo. _ aaajot) : — 2 Ty Lind & Jw wh fty ti] an Gy Ge bt Sua? . dwt Ay: ; E> Tyy d ding e Ju t 1 eu pte 4, i cat dur? > This u the leche field E in teams 7 i Comborent Ey, Ee ond Ee let v3 now Caleylate the magnetic field H interna | WB Gmbponentd Hy He and Ay? For thes a, 4eY Ayrsin® HH TKR * » _ _ x? Sind | 2% 2 vt Ay No vAytin® But Aye 0 Th w Aen oon egns(D, EP end (8) that Ay and Agar inde pen deat 4 Jerm'p » So For 0 Hint. ay aX ty Sind AH 7 dg + oe wrsin® | 57 re Ay YAg 2 fot ay an, = (VxA) + 0 ov Hs 0 -® AeUHe = (VXA),2 0 oy Hy? 0 a)xh ain® ww [> (rag) -% (4)| 7 @) Oyu Hes Cet y tyly of ay TA 99 | - 20 1 Po uot Now Ay > Az 0 : jot) fe Tica Oca > One from 9® 9 4iv dwt) y Ue Dm & dinde (av) 2 7m ® > 29 any + = Az 3108 ; jut) aiv ed Henu hy ‘tram® poting x, we get . i he Ape ~ tatnd singe” a 2 Crag)» “Lf Aetms Mee fo oY 7 Dr Jsinoe” 7 (v9) * = My Tm 77170 © Im 13" “C2) a! 6®Now potting eqns) & @® in 4(@) ‘ sty hoe | tam ae oy) MT, Lune” 2 ———_ ar ¥ dig uit - iy jot . je 2 Yo Tn} Hn? © 7; | at “x Nee , jaty 5 Jp sang Ef SH) IH] > Hye ul | a a cv v Hy20 Hp 0 Sommariaing ath the fombonentt, He have j a7 Ty A asO wt t) 1 2 &,2 eee et err Sears 27 Ey dw (t-2 Ty, I dino e (tz) ju : Bae i ] ot et jae awe, oy Ey 0 hy? 0 Hprd sole Ep ju 8 4 { —ts My Fm Ae ie =| \ uiNe may now inpagine that the Shave u divided into las Vegions. cake Ti Fardietd Region o¢ Radiation Zone Ix]>>)- the Field in thos Yegion very wo 5 hun avery Lange intanpesiton ty A, The ipher forms of E andl H bey tend a tan te neglected in danove . +: As duh, a y y? the Ey foroponent is neglested af con be des megn @) rahich hea ‘tem + Therefore seffectively only “ho lombonants Fo axe lontiboting tothe vadiativn Sera ieesy and Hy jo(t-x Tm pane 22 't oe) (22) Fy wey (FF a ES ee jolt 2) . 3 BI m 2 dine e Ege Rims WG ye¥ jug (t-2 fe Joo Dy 4 sin Jel z) = : ancy ‘ jo (bE Hy SP Im tino & =) t any4, L tative epuation. 4 ~¥ FE, 3BIn Gop Sele) . th eS Eee : wo ‘4. ie Fag tyne : ' ' ._ | - 7 s” gesuawt Ad cee. EBSyXIdD x3XID 2 BIG GS S208 “this ih a pore impedamu Cer reittenu Called intren sie Impeden yo} The medion » Here Egeckty ace in time phase Here E ond Hin the vadiaton w forded of He Spherical towed from tthe aihole awervelated “the fame ramasr asin a plane Freaellang Loewe» Te how fied d The eneegy How vob bey eneray Tlovs & vo. dally vvtierd ,Thisenegy Fa dtcted« Core Near field region Iv 1 joth-* Ey Iq Leo 2% MF ’ ’ —— aa jr 2RE, cr jw bao Sy tainge *HOE I fe ee ° awe, ) bt Hy * ate ae a ja +2 at for a Small value of v, theelete di pre has “hae tom ponentsEs Ca} dio me je el D 21 e, cr ae Similandy Aind J Lal] bin fn (Brat ay] ev ere Guard oe, . LA) Lato “ot 4 ame, ey Also magnetic eld a given 4 tye Sense Pe ok, an + Sn dts Ay fe Lone fee sft) Sm Ls reat =O Bae Bn 23108 5 Hpt By Ldind herehagneticfiet d arina vermnath « Dt intermediate distanus Ey and Ey oT Approach me = phase quad vadene do that electric veetoL Notate ina plene paretlel ty ty dintvn of propagation , thar shaving thr Phunomenon 0] eo—teta» for Eg ort Hy lombonea® , the neat fel d pattern are the deone asthe farbeld pripecine to Sind . However, heak Held fottern for Ey 4 broportional tv cos6 ad thon in tig to)-The Space pattern fr Eu afigoe y yeVo lation ofthe fattn arnvnd the del ans Agta) nas fu d fater ¥ E, lombonent Qooai - atationarry facta Rugion ov Dic-cate’ Tha Sitation -ail ven ‘Lowa -f ve quences » opened ao od vast ~dtationacy or der Cares Leon eqn (8) La}+ jwofe]~ a, esti om + dled [iv S thet yD § @ wdn to bys eae IP DIPLE Case ti: Wage > jeale} deose SeamRE weewe qesse gem mp Nm to these vbtaind in eletrestanes for the fet 4 too point charged By Seperated bya datance Le The ‘relchon tov mnagnetic fit d egn@® may be een niged a) Bit~Savart Las for the mragne tte fret fora short element Coming a steady vr alot Nawging Corrent io Staton, GH Yo of ak "ed the fields eve fey cue, the ford detrveme a Yye Lowfinad to the victnely of the diifole ond hore * neg ged vadiation + Truevecthe qeeneh enrenion dor Hel Ut-% sqame OEP page E,° DIE, err jaar? 6. Tm tsne eee pee Att > ne yt at ye RT bo qott 2) ‘ Jpn 2 38 jw y all KHy® qi ev r Jt iw the 1/, tem johich acenost dhe dactield and impoctact Jot vadeatvon At hgh frepauneies in the for ditd Eg ey § Hy Nery as", or Such these fields one vadteted and hemu eased a the Rodiation field of a dipole « As the scalar potential V daa not lootibute te the few fierd » 40 the Eand H tor be determind trom A alone bey tom Et ~jwA-VvV deg keting 7 oo ieee we}E j ma HL > Hye 58. WJ yg ae thre a Alternative ly Ny tan be direaty fond fom Hye nls Loly< at Hy y eens Lu neglated, Fo nov Eyt MyHy Hy Eee B® |yxal Xo Radiation Resistan w 44 shovt Pipole :- Tt Sur faee integral of the auerage pryrting Veer is taBen over any dorfaw onelasing an antlenna, the S ditah pirsere vadsocteat oy auttenna 4a Wwe Paw da where Ws Power ya dialed wn Watts Cpe Average Pounting Vector in ifs “The simplat Sor]are we inaghrt chante 4 have both dhs antenna at the Cente. Ar the fecfietd epections dov am — tid xelotions, it i bette to mater the vadevs of he phere daege Compared saith the dimensions vl the antenna. Thee decto. mt the ahd bee tethe fon Field and vou Tar Tera Lemppnent? arenes gece + Now power radiated by auotenna dh Sheol to ahe aayerag & prox vadsated (delivuced) to the artenna terminals which a nothing bit Ty R there Dy manimuny (bey peak wales indi; anoplitude 3 the tumest at The Feeminels and R a The radiation qwistene, at tha Tecminals. Hense we £ To R ow ee tH 3) L Tye oh Average pryoting Veto & ' * ie oS pe Cex ) | th. for Field Lom ponents whieh ave wl Zang, ave Es aod Hy do theb the vadeal Com poneaste y the. Poynting Vet & Pus the l ls iy’) yt . Pe thee Ep ond Hy axe tom pln Quantity andy dh Compl Lonjvgate v Hy forthe th Jaw fiel? torn bomat axe ve lated bay the inbensic ioe dant of the Incdion'es Es —. VF bis fare # 2 — ’ é Py 7 + RCV My’ ny)Ren ye Mee 28 & Hone the total prow vadiated ib” a. f Pays as C0) 2 vraind Ab AY. 1 VI i ‘ - S\rylae pe j xi 3ino 46. oD 20 2e n” ; oe : £ fie fay | (Seer yowess we v amen “ye tayo Ue ae 2 4 fm wr a2 sin tO . Zz wom oy sine A FS L «| 1g weer x® eee mH eT 1 hp Ww me PE et [ sinte a02, S 20% Ry > ex pre BR a kys 20 Pate 20-(%) uw c Beak Ry 2 #0 nay. eo xcs (Ayr = 7184572044)" . , Ayr ne 740 (4)ney = eeeniste ee —_— —_—_—_—_—_— cavdatoaliiae Knowledge | Cerveat ina dipole vicy much esseotial and Vee simple and eas Ay dtemine: Let the ai pol. ontene, be feblg a. fan were tromsmission ine ond the yer hh tonnedteA ak the terminals AB zeaw . fg ta) Shaeas axynfprtte Current, Ms Aistibotion in 0 difeole fed tpmnentriced] of 220 fd erometioid QA, Ginn eas antenna arm ‘The \ eiG P ae torent _ : zerh Giz) za USPT +R sin pe orn i) - be turret in dinvdordal ond hanes giz) + AS Mp2 pe sing. Z4- 0) 1D Ab the ends of ape Great matt Naraths o Theve Ge Mo tended where amutefon 3 ths ze th Tlany-Tl-")*° —7® Srate the gore» sqmenctica) and ‘| the qeruntor ip badanud the cvrrentd in AC and eo mut be equal to tht gyn thi Jodo Je A,B: BD axecqual end apport hus antenna eumrent enteing a dering pier >) 8 act Now applying too dition ef e® aun e9® poe have 8 eoplaK) +8 ging th) = 0 oe upphad’ Sioph+? —-® beyee epee fe pl wph- BM anphee —© om d ap @, B tan be enprmed in Tex i Farens v] Some tea tonttant I k mad 7 at or batho ' ple, sinph wa =z, mph _ © ante at ph {—-® uth i J ot @ 5 @ in gO woe have Bee) > 3, senh ea RE — tos Bh ange] > 7, pin (phe pz >) (27 a0) thae peed p’ o J, amph giz) 24) amp ate)2T, AP poe have Applying pow the jwoditor 6, +4, »T,, cAay) The above C$ redyee 70 gedte)= ce an BC n-7) 2770 © gL) 2 Dyq AA PERAD zi-v 7 v : 2 Bm ay th, madmuer porrent oF Nolur vf Cnet atthe Gurent Loop.Rackiation from o Hal] wave ies CA], Antenna) .- Hay Wave beg dipolr vx nh hey usave depo. CA), attend) as one 7 dhe Sinaplest antenna, and 21 quel eonblayed a oun. of a more Complex divertion al Ayrton» qo antenna rraupck spndomuctal radio attrnna of etal red ov cleaner A Aly antenna ts the tubing oY thintaive which har « phosieal dength + Aes sas eg in fee shaw ot the epaeney >| dperation A dy antenna vay also Known as Hevtz antenna dv Aometmes ols Cabal orb Dipels and dovblit mean the dame thing het} wove dovblet - ab the electrical chimensinns afm ov axe the dawe+ ke difinad on atymmestical antenna fotertial ‘relative tv mid print ° hoy vaca da pole ah bn A dipole antenna 5 which the Aoends are ah equal dhe Yadiation Ferd 9 4 Lwitrated ah lee a. cond © Oa oats Bg TN r a Ty Caleutete bh de -h Hig.) A Sinvtidal. Covert daatibuton Irnege Prtteone | artume) in corte qed dipole figeth) A Sinusoidal Corresa eee le ee es newing eM Cowent atthe lente Ce, manimum vadiotin in thy. plewa. normal to the ants. Theswer abl spoofed dang doh and dhe vert) astro Pgh Sah Jedsganast on inpinhly dope fefecty wdety fe ha the deme Checartenstits above the fline aa does ithe defrle. ortinnn OY Jaogte Aaah an fas sfose Than fit vigende durty comast element TL dz, appeay. dy vagina te hom ak om wage. element Sihate belmthe plage afore ag betion cfm the Pane Hosen Fhe imfedente of verBeal. fed agannat the ry beting plane ts Just dey a thet of ctitole ¥ Jength ol Aeoh. Sines Cument & Avmul. Stratordal hy wrto hs [deste by tad or thea in ig. ea) 4 fig th) dv foun eqns O&O me get T +m sin pl h-z) fey 270 La Im sin phar) fo dbo Lehers D3 Conant Manimom at the Gren’ leod + Now vet potential at adistant Point P du to Gest elemmt 2 dr i given My ea Bhee Re dittenn beduen Td dy detent point + SBR dace MT dre oe i “nrThe total Veet pulential ole ty all dvch turredt element at distect point P uM ave’ WL ipr 2 -ipr 4 ~Sp Lave : MIdL e@ Jan. f SEEM Meee oh ATR OR ; ° , 7 2 . Ape [ Be sinathre) ey a) Im inp CA-Z) on “a HR “att Al ch ; — Sine the ostent point pd ob a dange déstanu where the Hie12s are nanded by the dines the pois't prety be otnomed doe. pore Vel. Reve zee —=@® Ruy —@® When Pott ak a lege distame+ cthus in danominadtve, R may be veplaud by y by? net i Fane licens Re inated ee phase farir ond [| A Jerome a CLUrS—e the e49@ revo vedas to | Tyq Sina Ch tz) or iperen io) a ete «x _ “mt a] Toy Sinpeh-D eames at ¥ 0 j -j +jBT LSD eipty zee) eae Ap» Adm et pe se veo ; +h ae [3 Sip here erry J sinp Ch-2) # ak de HitY oTA A antenna , Arn 20 : VY aT ln i %e Yn : Ale - Sin BChtz) 2 Sip ptb-z) simp Ch, te) » ae 2) 2 cope eta = [i spt et ® aot f ospr é tee a] SPY a 5 1 AEE ape fete eine te “ny : Sousintegraton ovdur & evened « “Ipy . BIg @ [Jef sm creeag]en Ghy- Sag fe Deak tape cai te) + caer] Aye AT oP ha 7 ATY [J co f pect cae ve pec we} bv Ale 2 =) Sin g PAC tt eos) } . sin§ pe (ret) J Cirtes ») anr p Cte oo) Pp ! 2 ¥dm oly [f esp) Sinpz C tre Lose) + (tb cos0) sinpie CI-torp) ame jee eee ee eee sas (ive cose) Gt ces) a5 0 Sobsh hating B22 Gz Yop eget a ag ase) sin A (rpearo) + (1tlose) sin BE oe ft, (le wey an py Ve ¢03>6+ MT THEY Pe cos) Bin (AF *),° ) se Ctetesp) $in("), NY toh) 4H By Sin? 8 v AT OP (1 ~ wos0) ad (%, oh) + (tt eho) tos ( A], 00) | ane fo Sin? 8 ym By p Sin* © dpe Pt ae [ tes CM, woso)- % ee a A, MTe ” Tg BY [ 7S te2)| © on Te sin © Sef sete But for a cowest elemuit ohng ze anis, trom mam well eqn. VeAeun, tahun voly the dirtert © ye Live, tadiatton etd ont) _ BH y* (ways af i, | LLP D(a, gin0 £2 OM | yAz 7 UH - Sind oa O r PoAting egn-8) into eqn Biss get Def see hf ott) Toeargs ~ Pm CIB ¢ tat) anger [es sino { Hye + ime stg eo} LRY aa Hipy Tm eh 6 eas C7, e010) —_ ———_— RY sind Zin wt) LRY _ \ Pra fect | mpctre This pp the required wagnate Aield sate exprenion fr a. hat] wave dipole - he Flere field eafrosion for the etd tan be achiornd ron thy ovale th redetion —t ne 120n ow” Eyl: 12° }y) Eo] = ee om j lt oo \ Bin® bvLm ti YY, Leo) } ven ¥ f io Olt mete Tia ts the exhrenior™ Aor the om pldude 4 the Eluctic field Yolen drethe vadiadion Feta v] a A], antena oF a 4) senna terono}ok)Sine Eg and Hy ee in Hime phase, the maninoom Valse tn dione the pryntiog “Hele Just the product ¥) thy featovalues >} Eg endly bey ee > Ee) Wy) the Cap Value in Hime of the poyotiog aeuuiaater . f » 2 ey My ay is 2 2b Em | HeTm f voi Cr), 40) a Y Sind p46 a4 ts (7), wot ie sind ‘ OE Timst = > Tye Ae Lams 2 . . p 2 IS OS “on f ace On —_ —— Rr™ Sind The the et prenion. dor average prow in ey 14 Coment »Tower Kadkoton ape FU eats ligt) and ib Rodiaton Resistamte! — wR For the Calculation 2 total. prover vadiaton hy ae AL, ontena. and ‘ath radiation resistance con be Joomd sia the Rone wnanrer am bad bern adapted a tare o] Cearent clemmte power Caleutations bey wtikzing the Poynting Vectt method. 4 From the 9%) the elemental aurea 3} ‘the 4 phericah shell is aely Sr pz ad ase LKr> Sin® AO Hen the dotal poroer radia oct fom went poy he befau. integral y the: punting vec Wo ony Syrynding ovjae oealy” Figiet: An elemental axea. on a Apherical Surfoue + Halen aa dphive- Tating « hemnisphene Yradivs 7 at fee eb Rye s Sint tos™ CF), = 60 Bae J f= CM 9.) ge Sind x sO 2 eo > bo t J : fssovcswny f ae ee AMA a 4nd 1 we bo Tig Lhe TEE oUF * torn = ate ie i Sie‘This la an wilegrar 4 spear type mn eee ae -. be exluated sith Areal Gey Dumedeal vategration method ov grape wethod oF by Stenpare's ov dhe ha peavi dl yole. Asia den the value & Te rt we get “4 Fhe totol poorer Yadioted by a Ay, eavtenna as ar We 60 Digg KER we Tadeo 2 ins or wy? 7 oo Ry We cussed Tyaieg Radicled by aaech eethad antennas for al mys ay be poole! 0 qroord sine» inte") the antenna should be pute short ond heave Ah, cao) avecticably rounded short antenna con Le Taken + foes dias 4 Vert Shock dipole, aikorning Sinusoidal somudt dashibotons 1 cs we son (zy"" 2 a But dav the caeaf qrove ded vectical achuna a] e] a » festive height (Ae), the apparedt uignt pot he CR be) dae 40 imoge effat, 80We pon (=) Tins 2 w = 207? (22). 2 watts —@ Eqn® que the power radiated Trough 2 4 Of cahich che antenna of daagth- (ake) 2 fat Sine cathe antenna vadioter Through a hemisphere, pout radictoh ly phece al dhe botre Now ing the Yatio ‘| + 2 WOPD ys Ae Eos ( AY A At a toon (At) Fe a ° tok x120F tbhovd 240 vere: reo Ke Tas : EAs ao a dol F 2 ATW wd = &)Thea 44 €xfremsion i 7 w q power vadicled and x abo useful Joomela dor Calalation Ey, den W gna wave gi ; t piven) Some timer et) tan he avttenin alernate eum as fe we thoxt/ te) g% 2 iste-s de’ A ims . +(*) Dims a 78 ( ae oo. Watts + Problema: - find pat the fetd Strength. ath totem onsay fom a trons tt Staten 4 25K Prose 4 Ih | the eld Strength abi om civtantt point di given by qa ama * oy V)m Giver Ws QSKWiW §& sorkivim Frowasem? Cea 2 50 mete. Sox lo 2] Shoo thal the. deneitvily 9} an etic covert elomeat i 5), Sh G. Power radiated by Goment elewat fre vodiated 4 Jaotopie antenna a TY gig Be — 0 WL Wi ane the poser vadsatel by o Caren t Clemact 44 given hy Sink, trees BRB Jaefe Py (an) » 1 LB dd)" Chain = Alo power Input & gover 4 ee eon ( ay. Oa wor (aby: ar oo = Potting these Valuer in eg(S) we have G+ hae. ‘Lm ity : naa Bary noe (SL) Im : week - ton wep i This Valu e| gov om be exprnel in Abad » Iolo ty Ao Ps aes a W754 “as , ae ; a perve The et prenion po the goin el frat {eran lth athena, q hw. e Ie: 4m 3D PE Wilater Bi toying Veta poeoer aa fora A), 2otenna. ss given by Bo Pims fo CN, wo) So tams | Be ae S40 8 Than ts wnawimwen then Ot Tote Lor GEL Go Bn ore I Pytaud*}, W i bu e ams Ute : Pousen Input bh ap antenna i given by Eqn. van) L Wye 7314 Dm Tom ex , 30 De 2 aT Po ati. a = 4 wi fi Fak thos Fr NL bed 131 Ip deems vy detdhods Gs weg & jp Mgt bul + 19% 9 21S 215d ab? p aherd Verteal Grooe dash antenna & casiand Ayre. diate UND, Calealate, thy vadlotion verirtante 1) the eft hath of antenna 4 Bo metres « a. wens)” v a 2 IMA - oe yee dom GFE . won (23) J de ; Ad ot . fF 1xee aw 1S.T45% = Vor 8 Oe > Soom A cans ms ting oo hosing wn effeunive haght of &qe daten a. tavmeart of Se. Ampl vmod) aba awe Length 4 baSmetres. fod Radiation Resistane- 4 the antenna Power Yadoated ant 2 tthe. » owStivers des btm, Tams oe ok , Ar SSM 4 2 Go [f76 teow [Je ) ‘ 6 > 314-4 2 thon” ( EN. agent (28) bes 370 5 abort (AsS X18) NERY» : . q a Wwe Twa Ry - (50)*- ('s->4) 2 BRL KW i es IS | 9. av4se 0-48), " a ‘ ee So Re RE y VD0 Rw enecgy axe vadsated fom am, dotensa y too rectes offetive height ot a fe puoney | bo kz, What covvld be the Bhength of the Eletic fetd ata distamte vf toy Ren amoming dhe ne absorbtion ffs eee preset + - Giver Ae tpom, we lokw, fs 60K H%, Ye Loox im aay he sx? ™ me (S) qd Gx Ive = 2 Sodoom + 60% (Sor) = 0:67 >Bote "pees. Sag ; 2a Amp = be pris NOR PP . ia0K te oS : See titres lap ® x 1op x 40a, sp.syom4 ims © Dy Soop. Xiv0x10>Calealste ‘the mavimom ective « furhue of ashorb Dipole. Za TE adumed thet Short Pipole is teins cleat with K- aus ah Shown Plene pola ged ctl Arowe ting along yan 23 Ahowgn and inducin 65 Cowart along the %-aes as ji ¢ ah antenna ihe eT oe : t —— Aeovghost the Lagth of the dle and in Same Phuc Length the Short dipole ja 3mald in fom pa.yjaon oho Wat. ~ beat. bey Alee>- Iv] Antenna domes ave Ze bey Lape _ +hy oF RU oRy RY a ay “he manimym effective aperture a ye [Aj 2» — —=0 mek PRY thane Vv» Induced wage pe es Vecte Ry + Radiation Resistane- Thos (Pcjnag Can be calculated i bom facts axe Kane0) () & The inched voltage vin the short dipole dl uw marimom the iE A peyote l tothe ineident eletic feld E+ This fete. Valine. oI vis given 4y the product ‘| effective langth of Shost dipol. Cab) and Elaebic preld Fotensy E tes ve Fal —9@© c Poyting Verto ov power chai 9] inside wave al the. Short dipole a giver by. — “F i oo iv pa Ext ee - Went — ® ong EH “bo : ‘oor tthe E> Electic field Teen opt” @ E> Electiec field in y 7 1° Antreosie Tmpedan ee pe Poynting verte. the radiation vesistante vf thot dipole, Rye ron” (2) a (4) sb. 0,0 §@ in eqnD woe get . (Ac) » EaCalculate the matimum effective af a A, antenna. OD Tn adelition to arsomplions emadein above problem, it 4 forthew avmed that induuol tumart has Sinvdnidal dasti hoor : and ot amy point L trom ‘the vipa the Cuvent T is given by LT -Ty se —() here Im > Mak. Curcent Now the eg -for am infinetestmadty tmall tumrest an be sors Hena _ dT AT, ae —-@® z at WY. BD x Rt As ¥ n 4 os (0) AJ, enitenna terminated (b) Equivelst Fe Lith Ined vesistanu Ry The venia's tnerato ae entive antenna System t lip replaud as thoroyan above fyte) q 44 ch) e eqn® ton be wurcitton in ‘Tens 4 infinstesinal Arnal voltage 2+ dv = 4% yq wilt —©®thus, the inpintbemfal Small votlage ay, faded |e in finite simal dinall clemest da, daety Inadent ean eleetwe feta ey E iA given “4 dvs E ax ts s —& Hens, the total in duced wt y 13 vbtained My integ voting eq&) over the entire a Ne, tors «fav f E. cit it ae 22 | ws 0 my — De > 2E sin 5* AED | sin BE r am fm oO yr ED (Ae) (a ay Ny jo0fd Man” ae we ———— E 7B AXTEK® ARTAX l= F 2 DIBA tTRaoltation Resistamu act a point which is not Gurent <4 Maximum t< The pouser Seppleal by by the Fransmision oe is pe / eat Tek, theve R, in Vadeatron 4 eA] a yeistanu aE, ¥ Current amplihede minals » at the Fermin has, ty (a): Relation of Conrent T Tye, 4, " THromymaron - dine — Rk: _ g 1 2 © Ferminels Te Current, aE Lerreffl marino. iheve Ry the w radiation voastane Calertated ot The Curent marimom . hus the yadiation yesstanue appeaing act the terminals 8 L c,-(20) T, e Cuwent T, at adistane drom the nearest ment Masimum , is diver by TT, Cope —©) Where T, > Terminal Currenst Ts mantmum Currente4gn(®) Can be eaproncd an R Ry» “© Cos" px then % 60) B+ Ry but then ws A Raw REO t get v However the yaddation vasistane measyred ad a Curreut minimum Ca» %,) a nob inginsbe as biovld be Coluulated trom 2, Sinte an actal antenna i not infinitesimally thin aond the. cument at a minimom: point 14 not Jero- The Yodkation vesistamu oct a Cument miimom Woy 1 prac te be ce lenge. trey thoysen ds 4 ohms +