International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)

ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)

http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 5, No. 5, p. 111-117, 2014
OPEN ACCESS

RESEARCH PAPER

Effect of organic manure and sowing date on the growth and

yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) in Samaru,
Zaria, Nigeria
Mahmoud Babawuro Ali1*, Hamma Idi Lakun2, Saidu Mohammed Sani3, Hayatudden
Mohammed Adamu4
1

Federal College of Agriculture, Dadin Kowa Gombe State, Nigeria

Samaru College of Agriculture ABU, Zaria, Nigeria

Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria

Federal College of Education Technical, Gombe State, Nigeria

Article published on November 23, 2014

Key words: Okra, organic manure, sowing date, growth, yield.

Abstract
A field trial was conducted to study the effect of organic manure and sowing date during the 2013 cropping
season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Samaru College of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria on
the growth and yield of okra. Treatments consist; no manure (control), cow manure, sheep manure and poultry
manure and sowing date of 8th May, 2013, 22nd May, 2013, 5th June, 2013 and 19th June, 2013 cropping season
and laid out in a split plot design with organic manure assigned to the main plots; whereas sowing date to the sub
plots with three replications. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters; Plant height, number of leaves
plant-1, number of branches plant-1, leaf area plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length plant-1, pod girth plant-1,
pod yield plot-1 and pod yield hectare-1. Results obtained indicated that growth and yield of okra was lowest in
control treatments which showed that the organic manure and sowing date used in the study especially poultry
manure and sowing date of 5th June, 2013 positively influenced the performance and yield of okra. Poultry
manure and sowing date 5th June, 2013 positively increased okra plant height and number of leaves plant-1,
number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod yield plot-1 and pod yield hectare-1 compared to control
treatments. There was no significant effect with respect to leaf area plant-1, pod length plant-1 and pod girth plant1.

Based on the findings of this experiment it could be deduced that poultry manure and sowing date of 5 th June,

2013 promoted higher growth and yield of okra.

* Corresponding

Author: Mahmoud Babawuro Ali Babawuroalikumo@gmail.com

Ali et al.
Page 111

Introduction

organic manure use and appropriate sowing period of

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) is one of

okra in Nigeria is rather scanty. The need to use

the most important vegetable grown in Nigeria

renewable forms of energy and reduce costs of

(Tiamiyu et al., 2012). It is an annual crop grown

fertilizing crops has revived the use of organic

mainly as fruits and leafy vegetables in both green

fertilizers

and dried state in the tropics (Tiamiyu et al., 2012).

Improvement of environmental conditions and public

The crop is used as soup thickener which may also be

health are important reasons for advocating increased

served with rice and other food types (Tiamiyu et al.,

use of organic materials (Tiamiyu et al., 2012;

2012). The fresh fruit is a good source of vitamins,

Omisore

minerals and plant protein (Eke et al., 2012).

Premsekhar and Rajashree, 2009). Farmers in the

Schippers (2000) stated that okra contains about

Northern part of Nigeria grow okra as rain fed and

20% edible oil and protein, while its mucilage is

irrigated crop with a wide range of organic materials

utilized for medicinal purposes. The mature stem

at sub-optimal levels thereby resulting in the

contains crude fibre which is used in paper industries

reduction in crop yield (Tiamiyu et al., 2012). In view

and for making ropes (Schippers, 2000). Okras

of the above, this study was conducted to evaluate the

flower can be very attractive and sometimes used in

effects of organic manure and sowing date on the

decorating the room (Schippers, 2000). Okra is

growth and yield of okra viety Clemson spineless in

cultivated under rain fed and in irrigated areas on a

Samaru, Zaria.

worldwide

et

al.,

(Tiamiyu

2009;

Sanwal

et

et

al.,

al.,

2012).

2007;

wide range of soils (Tiamiyu et al., 2012). The

production is seriously affected by the use of low

Materials and methods

yielding, sub-optimal and inappropriate manure

A field trial was conducted during the 2013 cropping

doses as well as late sowing date (Tiamiyu et al.,

season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Samaru

2012); Kol et al., 2012; Ayoub and Afrah, 2014). The

College of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University,

use of inorganic fertilizer has not been helpful under

Zaria located on latitude 11011N and longitude 7038E

intensive agriculture because it is often associated

and about 686m above sea level. Zaria falls under the

with reduced crop yield, soil acidity and nutrients

Northern guinea Savannah agro ecological zone of

imbalance especially when okra is sown very late in

north western Nigeria. The area has an annual rainfall

the season (Tiamiyu et al., 2012); Ojeniyi, 2000;

range of 900 1,000 mm and mean annual

Diruba et al., 2009; Ekwu and Nwokwu, 2012).

temperature ranging from 25 0C to 350C (Tamiyu et

Furthermore, the extent to which farmers can depend

al., 2012); the soil of the area is sandy loam (Tamiyu

on this input is constrained by unavailability of the

et al., 2012). The treatments consist of no manure

right type of inorganic fertilizers at the right time,

(control), cow manure, sheep manure, poultry

high cost, lack of technical know-how and lack of

manure and sowing date of 8th May, 2013, 22nd May,

access to credit (Tiamiyu et al., 2012; Eke et al.,

2013, 5th June, 2013 and 19th June, 2013 cropping

2012).

This has encouraged scientists towards

season. The trial was laid out in a split plot design

making use of organic materials both organic

with organic manure in the main plots, whereas

manures as well as organic wastes for improving the

sowing date in the sub plots and three replications.

physical properties of soils that allow profitable crop

After viability test, seeds were treated with Apron star

production (Tiamiyu et al., 2012). Currently, the

at the rate of 10kg 3 kg-1 seeds before planting to

utilization of these organic materials in soil fertility

protect the seeds against soil borne pathogens and

management in Africa and planting period of the crop

pests (Tamiyu et al., 2012). Planting was done at a

is not encouraging when compared with the countries

spacing of 50 x 50cm. Four seeds of okra Clemson

in Asia (Tiamiyu et al., 2012; Kolo et al., 2012; Eke et

spineless were directly sown hole-1 at a depth of 2cm

al., 2012).

According to Ojeniyi (2000); Ijoyah

(Tamiyu et al., 2012). After germination, seedlings

(2010); Ijoyah and Jimba (2011), published works on

were thinned to two plants stand-1 two weeks after

Ali et al.
Page 112

planting. Soil samples from (030cm) were collected

plant-1, pod length plant-1, pod girth plant-1, pod yield

from 8 different locations in the study area and were

plot-1 and pod yield hectare-1. Data collected were

composited, air-dried and sieved through a 5mm

analyzed statistically using mixed model procedure of

sieve and their physical and chemical characteristics

statistical analysis system software version 8. Means

were determined before application of treatments

of treatments were compared using Duncan Multiple

(Tamiyu et al., 2012).

Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability

Organic manures were

composted for two weeks and applied by broadcasting

(Rangaswamy, 2010).

and thoroughly worked into the experimental plots a

week to sowing. The trial beds measured 3 x 2m were

Results

watered and left for one week before planting okra

Table 1 shows that the physical properties of the soil

seeds on them. This was to enable carbon-dioxide

in 2013 cropping season was sandy-loam with high

escape thus preventing burning and scorching of the

proportion of sand (82.51%), low silt (5.36%) and clay

tender seedlings (Tamiyu et al., 2012). Cultural

(12.12%). The chemical analysis revealed that the soil

operations such as spraying, weeding were strictly

contains low amount of organic carbon (4.88%), pH

observed as at when due. Five okra plants were

in water ( 6.52), total nitrogen (3.50%), total

sampled in the three inner rows of each treatment

phosphorus (2.10 mg kg-1), potassium (1.88 mg kg-1),

and used to record growth and yield attributes such as

magnesium (0.54 mg kg-1), sodium (0.48 mg kg-1)

plant height, number of leaves plant-1, number of

calcium (1.35 mg kg-1) and cation exchange capacity

branches plant-1, leaf area plant-1, number of pos

(CEC) (5.20 mg kg-1).

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of the soil used for the experiment during the 2013 cropping season.
Mechanical composition

Soil depth 0-30cm

Sand %

82.51

Silt%

5.36

Clay%

12.12

Organic carbon%

4.88

PH

6.52

in H20

Total nitrogen %

3.50

Available phosphorus mg kg-1

2.10

Available potassium mg kg -1

1.88

Available calcium mg kg -1

0.54

Available sodium mg kg

0.48

-1

Available magnesium mg kg

1.35

-1

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) mg

kg -1

5.20

Plant height (cm)

difference at P<0.05 between means due to sowing

Table 2 shows a significant difference at P<0.05

date at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013

between means due to organic manure at 3WAS,

cropping season. Sowing okra on 8th May, 2013

6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013 cropping season.

significantly produced the lowest means of 6.34, 8.25,

The control of no manure applied, significantly

and 10.80 on plant height; whereas sowing okra on

produced the lowest means of 6.56, 8.34, and 12.00

5th June, 2013 significantly produced the highest

on plant height; whereas poultry manure significantly

means of 9.10, 12.21 and 14.10 throughout the

produced the highest means of 9.20, 12.28 and 14.15

sampling periods on plant height.

throughout the sampling periods on plant height.

Table 2 also shows that there was a significant

Number of leaves plant-1

Ali et al.
Page 113

Table 2 shows a significant difference at P<0.05

significant difference at P<0.05 between means due

between means due to organic manure at 3WAS,

to sowing date at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS during the

6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013 cropping season.

2013 cropping season. Sowing okra on 8th May, 2013

The control of no manure applied; significantly

significantly produced the lowest means of 3.76, 4.21,

produced the lowest means of 3.80, 4.26, and 8.30 on

and 8.31 on number of leaves plant-1; whereas sowing

number of leaves plant-1; whereas poultry manure

okra on 5th June, 2013 significantly produced the

significantly produced the highest means of 5.25, 6.67

highest means of 5.16, 6.62 and 10.11 throughout the

and 10.21 throughout the sampling periods on

sampling periods on number of leaves plant-1.

number of leaves plant-1. Table 2 also shows a

Table 2. Growth parameters of okra as influenced by organic manure and sowing date in 2013 cropping season
at Samaru, Zaria.
Plant height (cm) plant-1
Organic manure

3WAS

6WAS 9WAS

Number of leaves plant-1 Number

plant-1
3WAS 6WAS 9WAS 3WAS

No manure (control)
Sheep manure
Poultry manure
Cow manure
SE+

6.56c
7.81b
9.20a
7.33b
0.24

8.34c
10.43b
12.28a
9.76bc
0.42

3.80c
4.32b
5.25a
3.63bc
0.22

4.26c
5.48b
6.67a
5.58b
0.24

8.30b
8.33b
10.21a
9.99ab
0.38

3.14d
4.12b
5.22a
3.87c
0.09

3.88d
4.36b
5.36a
4.20c
0.15

Sowing date
8th May, 2013
22nd May, 2013
5th June, 2013

6.34d
7.41b
9.10a

8.25d 11.80c
10.22b 12.65b
12.21a 14.10a

3.76c
4.28b
5.16a

4.21c 8.31bc
5.43b 8.26c
6.62a 10.11a

3.12d
4.10b
5.20a

3.82d 4.41c 25.30d 26.68d 29.41d

4.32b 5.34b 25.65b 26.82ab 31.57b
5.32a 6.12a 26.31a 27.38a 33.00a

19th June, 2013

7.23c

9.68c 12.21bc

3.54d

5.54b 9.84b

3.83c

4.23c 5.30b 25.48c 26.23c

30.34c

SE+

0.14

0.22

0.32

0.10

0.14

0.18

0.05

0.08

0.09

0.12

0.14

0.15

OM x SD

NS

NS

NS

12.00c
13.35b
14.15a
12.23bc
0.53

of

branches Leaf area (cm2) plant-1

6WAS 9WAS 3WAS

6WAS

9WAS

26.72b
26.92ab
27.48a
26.33b
0.26

29.61d
31.83b
33.10a
30.43c
0.28

4.42c
5.38b
6.16a
5.32b
0.18

25.32b
25.68ab
26.37a
25.51b
0.23

Key: - OM = Organic manure, SD = Sowing date, NS = Not significant, * = Significant at 5% level of probability.
Number of branches plant-1

Table 2 shows a significant difference at P<0.05

Table 2 shows a significant difference at P<0.05

between means due to organic manure at 3WAS,

between means due to organic manure at 3WAS,

6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013 cropping season.

6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013 cropping season.

The control of no manure applied; significantly

The control of no manure applied; significantly

produced the lowest means of 25.32, 26.72, and 29.61

produced the lowest means of 3.14, 3.88, and 4.42 on

on leaf area plant-1; whereas poultry manure

number of branches plant-1; whereas poultry manure

significantly produced the highest means of 26.37,

significantly produced the highest means of 5.22, 5.36

27.48 and 33.10 throughout the sampling periods on

and 6.16 throughout the sampling periods on number

leaf area plant-1. Table 2 also shows a significant

of branches plant-1. Table 2 also shows a significant

difference at P<0.05 between means due to sowing

difference at P<0.05 between means due to sowing

date at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013

date at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013

cropping season. Sowing okra on 8th May, 2013

cropping season. Sowing okra on 8th May, 2013

significantly produced the lowest means of 25.30,

significantly produced the lowest means of 3.12, 3.82,

26.65, and 29.41 on leaf area plant-1; whereas sowing

and 6.16 on number of branches

plant-1;

whereas

okra on 5th June, 2013 significantly produced the

sowing okra on 5th June, 2013 significantly produced

highest means of 26.31, 27.38 and 33.00 throughout

the highest means of 5.20, 5.32 and 6.12 throughout

the sampling periods on leaf area plant-1.

the sampling periods on number of branches plant-1.

Number of pods plant-1
Leaf area (cm2) plant-1

Table 3 shows a significant difference at P<0.05

Ali et al.
Page 114

between means due to organic manure at 3WAS,

difference at P<0.05 between means due to sowing

6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013 cropping season.

date at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS during the 2013

The control of no manure applied; significantly

cropping season. Sowing okra on 8th May, 2013

produced the lowest means of 2.22, 2.56, and 3.10 on

significantly produced the lowest means of 2.20, 2.52,

plant-1;

number of pods

whereas poultry manure

and 3.08 on number of pods plant-1; whereas sowing

significantly produced the highest means of 4.26, 4.53

okra on 5th June, 2013 significantly produced the

and 5.35 throughout the sampling periods on number

highest means of 4.22, 4.48 and 5.32 throughout the

of pods plant-1. Table 2 also shows a significant

sampling periods on number of pods plant-1.

Table 3. Yield parameters of okra as influenced by organic manure and sowing date in 2013 cropping season at
Samaru, Zaria.
Organic manure

Number of pods plant-1

Pod length (cm) plant-1

Pod girth (cm) plant-1

Pod yield plot-1 Pod yield hectare-1

(kg)

Organic manure

8WAS

(tons)

10WAS

12WAS 8WAS

10WAS 12WAS

8WAS

10WAS 12WAS

2.53d

No manure (control) 2.22c

2.56d

3.10c

3.41a

4.11a

4.34a

2.10a

2.11a

2.12a

2.73c

2.78b

Sheep manure

3.35b

3.48b

4.38b

3.52a

4.16a

4.47a

2.10a

2.12a

2.16a

3.83a

2.86b

Poultry manure

4.26a

4.53a

5.35a

3.53a

4.35a

4.56a

2.11a

2.15a

2.17a

2.82b

3.23a

Cow manure

2.45c

2.88c

4.22b

3.43a

4.10a

4.44a

2.12a

2.11a

2.13a

0.22

2.90ab

SE+

0.23

0.24

0.26

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

8th May, 2013

2.20c

2.52d

3.08c

3.38a

4.10a

4.33a

2.09a

2.10a

2.11a

2.48d

2.64c

22nd

0.24

Sowing date

3.32b

3.44b

4.32b

3.48a

4.12a

4.45a

2.11a

2.11a

2.12a

2.68c

2.66c

5th June, 2013

May, 2013

4.22a

4.48a

5.32a

3.48a

4.32a

4.54a

2.12a

2.13a

2.14a

3.13a

3.11a

19th June, 2013

2.42c

2.78c

4.20c

3.40a

4.08a

4.43a

2.13a

2.11a

2.13a

2.78b

2.83b

SE+

0.12

0.13

0.14

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

0.12

0.13

OM x SD

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Key: - OM = Organic manure, SD = Sowing date, NS = Not significant, * = Significant at 5% level of probability.
Pod length (cm) plant-1

the highest mean of 3.78 during the sampling period

Table 3 shows that there was no significant difference

on pod yield plot-1. Table 3 also shows a significant

at P>0.05 between means due to organic manure and

difference at P<0.05 between means due to sowing

sowing date at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS during the

date during the 2013 cropping season on pod yield

2013 cropping season.

plot-1. Sowing okra on 8th May, 2013 significantly

produced the lowest mean a of 2.48 on pod yield plot-

Pod girth (cm) plant-1

1;

whereas sowing okra sowing date of 5th June, 2013

Table 3 shows that there was no significant difference

significantly produced the highest mean of 2.78

at P>0.05 between means due to organic manure and

during the sampling period on pod yield plot-1.

sowing date at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS during the

2013 cropping season.

Pod yield (tons) hactare-1

Table 3 shows a significant difference at P<0.05

Pod yield (kg)

plot-1

between means due to organic manure during the

Table 3 shows a significant difference at P<0.05

2013 cropping season on pod yield hectare-1. The

between means due to organic manure during the

control of no manure applied; significantly produced

2013 cropping season on pod yield

The control

the lowest mean of 2.78 on pod yield hectare-1;

of no manure applied; significantly produced the

whereas sowing okra on 5th June, 2013 significantly

lowest mean of 2.53 on pod yield plot-1; whereas

produced the highest mean of 2.90 during the

sowing okra on

5th

plot-1.

June, 2013 significantly produced

sampling period on pod yield hectare-1. Table 3 shows

Ali et al.
Page 115

that there was a significant difference at P<0.05

effect of these sources of organic manure on

between means due to sowing date during the 2013

enhancing vegetative growth. All the nutrients

cropping season on pod yield hectare-1. Sowing okra

supplied by the different manure sources might have

on

8th

May, 2013 significantly produced the lowest

mean of 2.64 on pod yield

been diverted to vegetative growth (Tiamiyu et al.,

whereas sowing

2012). This may be due to their bulkiness and higher

June, 2013 significantly produced the

amount of nutrients already present in the soil may

highest mean of 2.88 during the sampling period on

contribute to this phenomenon (Tiamiyu et al., 2012).

pod yield hectare-1.

The increase in fresh pod weight of okra due to

okra at

6th

hectare-1;

poultry manure and sowing date could be attributed

Discussion

to easy solubilization effect and sowing okra at the

The increased in plant height of okra due to organic

right time when moisture in the soil was adequate

manure and sowing date could be due to the

which enhanced the released of plant nutrients

contribution made by manure to increased in fertility

leading to improved nutrient status and water holding

status of the soil and adequate moisture; as there was

capacity of the soil. The results obtained were in

low moisture in it (Tiamiyu et al., 2012; Dilruba et al.,

agreement with the findings of (Tiamiyu et al., 2012;

2009; Ijoyah, 2010). Manure when decomposed

Sanwal et al., 2007; Premsekar and Rajashree, 2009;

increases both macro and micro nutrients as well as

Ekwu and Nwokwu, 2012) in which they reported that

enhances the physical and chemical properties of the

higher yield response of crops due to organic manure

soil (Tiamiyu et al., 2012). This could have led to its

application could be attributed to improved physical

high vegetative growth (Eke et al., 2012; Tiamiyu et

and biological properties of the soil resulting in better

al., 2012). The non-significant difference observed in

supply of nutrients to the plants.

the treatments supplied with sheep and cow manure

with control treatment could either be there were

Conclusion

some nutrients already present in the soil or the

Application of organic manure and sowing date had a

plants need were satisfied with the quantity of

significant effect on plant height, number of leaves

nutrients present in the soil (Tiamiyu et al., 2012).

plant-1, number of branches plant-1, leaf area plant-1,

Okra grown on poultry manure and sown at the right

number of pods plant-1 and pod yield plot-1of okra

time performed better in terms of the height of the

grown during 2013 cropping season at Samaru, Zaria.

plant than other two sources of organic manure and

The results obtained revealed that okra responded

sowing date (Tiamiyu et al., 2012; Ijoyah and Jimba,

well to the application of poultry manure and sowing

2011). This shows that poultry manure was readily

date of 5th June, 2013 compared to other sources of

available and in the best form for easy absorption by

organic manures and other sowing date in the study.

the plant roots, hence there was a boost in the

Based on the finding of this study, it could be

morphological growth of the plant (Tiamiyu et al.,

recommended that applying poultry and sowing okra

2012). The obtained results corroborated the finding

first week of June of every year would be good for

of (Tiamiyu et al., 2012; Ayoub and Afrah, 2014) in

greater pod yield of okra production.

okra production in which they reported that organic

manure, especially poultry manure could increase

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