7 On Grace and Free Will Hutt J. MeCany oriteby grace yuan vd tah fth—and tiie ot fom youre isthe gt of Gdn by woos that soenccantont (ha) [RapensrauiaR wire subject wil ecopze hat yt len from Augorine, who toward the pd a ise wrote eat hat ges by thesame name Austins reat wa sme ating small or hat brad aien ofr the perceived implications of his ne arguments gust Plagianisntreresents ne of Agustin st sstane temps tocome {o ge with goblet fo hm woul ot go away. and tha thie tars ot gone ay el the problem of how eon tro dotins, ‘one of Chitty andthe ter of common sens Theat et teas in hee postpearian condition, men anno bythe own endeavor eter ‘am orenter no Chriian sation: aeration sto be ge oly by Gods race which at lest on ane understanding Is only selectively be ‘owed The cmanon sent vie lo endorse by ty piloopher snd "hesegiann that rational creatures ate possessed of fe wl the exercise of which required fr us uly 1 be hl responsible for what we do, “his problem of race versus works spat version ofa moe general oblem—tat of how to recon man freedom adv sovereign ‘What difrnits the Meta the achievement of aaton regis Inadton tothe operation ofthe man wi something called race” he 68 “Hugh J. MeCann—On Grace and Free Wil rol of which sens tobe to ase that those desi to he saved wil do haters that ees tobe done inorder to reach a standing facet Abily before God. Te more general probiem ino dou the ore paey Philosophical a wel have addesed the general problen of sovereignty flere! Here wis to explore the impliatione Ota genes postion foe hcloial dipater about race and work, 1A BIT OF HISTORY ‘The general problem maybe sen tare in connection wth he daring that God not only erets the world “in the einning” but susthne throughout ts extence. That thi iz mpi that Go activity st case extends to every aspect ofthe universe. Angin gre, holding {hat al hinge ome tet bing to God? and tht the ony ting not owing to his action ir the movement ffi wils away fom him and toward lesser goods®Aqunar seers go uth ging thal thecal of God tends o anything that extn whatever manne apd hat thi apples ve to thot als in eich we sin thi fs then God action a Fist Causes pest io any movement of create wil whether toward Godot aay. Thislone enough to raise sinicant ites bth about human fredom and about Gods role ia the occrrenceof el. n the Csinn sein, however the dificult comppnded. “The compounding factor isthe doctrine of deston, scoring to which the quetion who it enjoy God nds freer settled ‘nil by hie decison. This cso, we ttl dacs not awa oa den ‘oe does depend on wha hy ar; rah the elect are chosen fom the foundation ofthe word, scoring solely tothe paar of God wl® lection seems, moreover ovr ot only God wil bt sls his row tg. "For those God forelew heals predeined to be conform tothe lkenet oft Son Ad those he pedetine dhe alo cl nd thse he calle he alo Juste” (Rom 839-30). By this scoon, the von ‘tween sheep and gous is ently subject to Gods sovereignty, exec ‘rough is knowing weil That hi es sem evident fom Serpe, 4, Mea," Snead he Fedo fhe Wl 9 Man, “nsf Sin sees. Fee Wo De Spa Rating Canes 73 1 Agia Sam Tala 388 Sriers 6Cauvesisne ano rite PRosten oF Evy the dctie is aie sl through the mainstream of Western dhecogy. ‘Augustine’ antiplaan wings ar founded upon the theme of election, fs ls prt 3.of Cav Inter The doctrine ele subscbed toby “Aguas ho gives deta restment oft Sema Teli 2) {n endorementeofthe doctrine can be fod nthe wings of italy ‘ery prominent gure from he Mile ges ough the Reformation and bevel. tn pile, Got choice ofthe eect coal be om any bass, for that mater on no Basil Bu instead» pont of sec abies ‘station tat as rouble nny In ete to he Romans, Pl uggs itis iting that sore reste be destined o manifeat Gods wrath and tet his mercy (2-13). That this sould bes is welcomed by fre pe, Angstine’ who ceminds ur tha here canbe no accusation hee that anyone wronged, sine both the sve and the lost are dering of reprobation night of thr sinflne the same sentiments are echoed by ‘Calvin? Bute to why partis nda are ound in one apy or the other Augustine fers o cones tht he can Sd no ase? on this point both he and Cats can only have recourse to God's una thle wisdom and judgments. Furthermore, all ofthe ators cod ace fm the impo ur pening passage rom Epesins. Salton ty trrks but by grace. And thie mean more then that the logon of ins [Seccomplied ony trough the redemptive userng of Christ so that he ‘opportunity fr fendhip wth God onc lst by ei sn snow ney rable tou H meas that wea nvidia canot take advantage of that avai tht we cannot move oa stance of personal eoneiation veth God—indod tht we eat even prepare arses otk such 2 ep_wihout is ace. Romans 839-0, cited above, ys Inf that the election ofthe siti ought to realization in hl Jotiiaton by the power of God vl ata ny be ten tooccrin teint conversion, he ‘ret when rebel against God i reine, and te tsk of man {zing the individuals destiny Is ein Gods nd Now reinguishing ‘hein implies some action o hep he individual some sort fa Teast momentary urtender And oe right think that this act febmision 1 again if of Poeun hg 2 Opetache fo-Inctcore—eg, Pash wy Danae (ete Anne snus ing Cnn cme rpm hae Hugh J. MeCann—On Gace and fre Will ‘isthe foundation forthe penitent’ jnication. There however tension refer the psage ro Romar seems to bith i sy those wh ate ‘oreknowe and chosen by God are lo alle nd ji by him This ts pefect wth ou passage from Ephesians, according to which lation Is Apt of God, nat accomplished by any doing on the prt of those who ae ‘sve That this oi the guiding principle of Augustine atpctagian tings where els cael oust hat even thebglnning a hea git FG" and this pan ated by Aquinas, who reerates the pot ht the sinner cannot even prepare inset recive "thelght of grace” except ‘ythebelp of God" and by Calvin Final, we shold noe ta the grace conversion iso be understood as eficacous: that once bestowed guarantees ot only he nner bern fem te bong sn but also ‘is peseverance acter ie * But now weaves problem. ser thitia manta thenogy. or salvation snot up tou Ih race of God bth reuied for ou at ‘ation and bys etic stint ori thet cms certain that God is sbleto guarantee «sine ostfction simply by Besoin ace o het individual. Equally, he s ble to guarantee the sinner darian spy ‘by withlding his race But then what abot the teimony of common sense tases to contac lof hare that we atonal exetes Doses of re wil nd ean deserve no Blame or punishment without ts ‘rise Is this silt denied? This the problem Angin stout to dress ia his On Grace and re Wil and to which we now tr IL. IDENTIFYING THE ANTAGONISTS A good way to beg by ashing exact what ie mean in these dts by the term ace" And its iportant 1 elie Sit tht none meaning ‘ofthe term, grace i simply a dspoation of mind. One x raclos tows voter fone eit a aude of foro good wil ovard then pat, sconces the present dscns an atitde of pardon ot forgiveness, should the oter be guilty of some oflente. Conse, then, the passage from Ephesians ted above Read in accordance with this int seiton says ony tat iis out of God kndes toward hem tat is ‘retures (or some af them aye) are sed and that hey coef pr tite in his vation not rough deeds but through ath through as 1, Angin, Peden oft Sat chapter 2 Ans Sma hg, 8 HCL Aisin a nd ray geCauvintsa ano Tite Prone oF Evi ‘in God. Nothing about the exact proces by which the newly formed believer reacher a stance of faith apart ot ths unermand=| {ng sre that grace contac some sot of force ope that works certain agents fore ht asences them to ple tht tt in God ori ‘sly eficacous in ht project, ‘One need ot, howeres hak and speakat grace erly aan tide ofindlgeace on Gods part Oten, indeed most the ine, Kis poke of "ssomethingmor, frome orf orate provided by Gos the individual in aed of ation, or on he pathway tot Usual this ind of dred a neeary formation 0 be thieves inde, some have eld tha in te len tte of humanity he anita of race eee ‘Bey ae to accomplish ny good actions tal il spy hing, ow cer fe encrtate much a possible on asistance tate drs ‘pectelly oad he india adopting ates of regions th And tre should note tha apart, peas, em rig there need be nothing ‘Specialy speratral aout sch pt cold consi simply in every sons of occurences. Ope mig fr example pickup Bible of = hagiog ‘phy ost of cris and fin ntrenng reading. One might be dw bychance into some srt of chariy work that brings one ita contact With igus people orb mgged by on spouse nto sending chr, where foe hea a pmsive sermon Perhape the ntnc” wold take 4 mote _egave form: rroas busines revere gave danger to octet oon ‘amy tht motivates one to ty tel whatever help maybe sable, neo iherwise Such occrvencerasthese~ we might cl hem ordinary ‘sstince™need aa re miracolualym rdert be considered for fof grace Like all event they fal under God meticlos providence This bling cse hey canbe ordered by hum ower sane slain, oa Jest towardenblag It, whe remaiing etre poh natural ore ‘ink however that grace conde a postve aie fen though cofarmore than orinay amtance tends tobe rested aro pi ‘ual energy or empowerment whore source i external othe individ celnary expenence or rears an energy the encoarae and pe ‘aps even impel the person toward adopting «tance of fh Thee ‘ower, to way to understand ach energy. On theft eas ind of phenomenal fotpat.Iis aoc unusual een in nonzlgio cont {propia crs tuations to daciverin themselves ume srt of power ‘or resle that hey would not have expected oid nd that ste hem in adresing whatever difcaly they face. Asia phenomenon fen sends religion conversion this, beset wth sense of pul cris 4 paronhthero pve ently to sl reance might unexpectedly indi Self readies to place rlnce upon God. And atop a est a Hugh J. MeCana—On Grace nd Fee Wilt ep ont some ote tao seit tne Seen creo ae SSicenghoisctgc homered Stoning tecinupame ont mincutoray nips ewer Isdivecthesenyivolvomect. rine cress ee irr enenimentataenrne capac tne ere 17 belew that grace is operative throughout our lives and that without it Gnsawne agentes enc peronet ate Senay real eage e cetangieiaenteneneaeennt ciegegtesee son ots “rales dpetanseacmsten ve wend meee See tenet Soede nly etc teeta can cutee memento ee sa alee Eevcietentvia smart atnre Egret ar ae cogil ae sorcerer ga memes tre antares miele mene em Ste esc torre Satanic Sawer aan a ejector ieisaaeetgernge pans fotea: ese sacs get ee egCauvisisa ano Tite PRopiam oF EviL iL. THE CONFLICT cst patents oe deta I ae nb se mong ce tha anal este ity eon Tir own ding, we ight uppne Oat whether orn peo comes toeeton mua intend bea qoeion how they eect or ‘Sonomy Marcore sce st ony sold be understood ee {Sd hn tens stay do undersand ths wey» eran tte or ey wel argues ni under th undtandig hat be ‘sents aly nd tryst what dos. The qusion of {ttn thn, ut bea goeon of ow on los eran ee wa id itt a ote ge a an Inte endmspensie rte own te then Kote osble achire favton cantly on oe on Rok by empeingthe tra ores dla sd cht with hh God fa endowed ey ‘Ena tnd By och mene tole prep ae aks ‘ocongdng tend took dts In ake paces of elgons ‘Searvance an perform water other poste dx might be ery to acevo sane of copay bere God And ence that nding thle jt God wos ne wield his for and ind the be trouldnumberbendvdalinqution the company oth ce grt Ing im th ation bys own ender ea ern or mete Now i shoal be spent that, fom he point of ew of thr hogy hsp lat Risin ft the very plan tick Augen asso sly peed nd ht as ben ended Uy numberof crc od and crocs down th the cn ‘as Asmentonlsbve sae wl rae tht impose erage {nay ators ct whoa thea fee id of race Ba een tee tis Ken we cy shod wonder whee nyo cul by oval means come tos posts fa enone ny pes mor orrpton tht God woud be eid a aero t Beso bi {Gayo Unt prs. Eve f God eto he Sands oe thy debe point thi woul som to ete he edepve ‘ice of Chris, which tbody hlsndpenbie oto Bat ‘nn uation Vins eras eae tata cept om ‘rl cine cop ly wr enn’ exo veil en he ne ae pny een eo se “cy ity a ny Horan aha he ope of ay Be bs mat Galan, ie by ging, ca WH hapa a ‘ugh J. MeCann—On Grace and Fe Wil 175 Shemostinporant once pts inl by recuring our fom Ephesians. According that pags nen cress basen ee fe hing our d-gode nip ccnp even mats Wess Important a ign tha someone he hed tpn ot eee Ingweh Gotan isis nul inc the adnate ‘anormal eis nx padi cee insti tes en ef what myocar on the pawn to scene old eens hat gpd were wil ee aerial ute wanes ‘shan oncerel ch eds ety bee te pose ea oe ‘ech sation do sont by jong themes o Ga ty ing zs the oppose coe: by abandoning coon cost bye these pving thence Gland pong te te Batwa sonic dati be ery at of easing nc oaay {God ater than ying wg iton oe wnt Arar soo vot theknd of er which wold be reso rsseeh eee seta ci ay Kind of mor et Jt te poate ead xen ofa ah cain cet oan cape ofan ee ito ny side complely the busines eng jy one a, ‘od Rites teas the age hold etl ro ee es pevor sch an act. But wnt aly dos the pee "beogledy nay tn thon? Moule tg oer taps ae Seeder ea itheconrt eee te day eect hg ete aything ike ain pot tb ne he oh {xen a rendering his io Ge he eee east seal dectonowhich ving hn nh ae ge the god dees ofthe repent tn een Gee, ‘seme ny hat he pent autonomy i sling se a be enact. Pep then, the comet porn that te See nae towininytosaatan, atk ype eer keenes ornctone ktrmide ete atin thie ote ae rb The Epes peg ses fan os God et and soa lm ei eet ‘soy but in cl Bova pen nd teen ne ‘ie arenes to spa ofthe quan ofan eye fhe india decison to sage tt Gat ue cn hpi and threat may ther Bal tenet okey tn Exod Gnd repel hades Parscs herr he ec Inlet denna tobe lego” tise he cet ha ee le Tl pt my Spt wii yo ad cae you eeCanvnism ano rum Propies oF Evi statute (Kck 27) nthe New Tetament the ete Sue of alvaton| tends tobe ported ta mater of secon or predation, concealing ihc the advidul appear to ave ie any" ade, even the ate Jad the Betrayer portrayed, n Chis own woe shaving come thou “at the srptne might be fled” (joke 2a) Thelen that thowe who each a rane of th sete by thelr own decison whether they tietobe numbered among the sve ono seers then, toate alt oft ‘leridene ping gant t Whats espesally important or ou purposes weer ith alee fr described thiview ses entirely oer Took the quetion of grace, How canbe by grace’ hat ene saved ts conc oma ft and not Gs emporermant tat aly sets the mater? ‘Grace can be brought int the cae i we adopt «daca of pre venient gacethat sab erpoermen! divine i eg, whose infision Prt converion enable the sone to surrender hs fet God Perhaps, then shuld opt for a view according to which ony though he tmpmerrent of what fs known as pevenl” grace thatthe ier thle to surender his le eo God. If We do, however i oaks ke we ae in danger of having to ape wdsterminisesexount, according to Which that fst purported to be an ai or empowerment actualy ecesstats ‘he individual accopting the slstion pared by God. How ds are we to gurantee tat tis Ges eleion that sees the question who—and i ‘end whether onyone—vil be sve, rather than dhe autonoeus cole ‘findvdul age loks a though thi pot of orthodoxy cannot be Suwtned nls God rice i understood et oaly as empowering bat tho a efcacon inthe sense of being easly sleet bring aboxt the inalidalsdecon. And then of coarse we wl be back nthe pos thn of wondering how ts tha eet, who now seem hs to tle thee eternal destiny, could poss be deemed esporaie for scan of ‘efi Gof offends and Yo deserve whatever punishment ot ‘ewan their fte ay inva, IV, HUMAN FREEDOM AND DIVINE SOVEREIGNTY We sw caer that he lem af ace versus wots Sems to hav tou bed Angustine for most of ise a Cristian icles however tty theend be had ete in favor of rc a et othe point of iting that Iisdvine ction, not cea decison o deeds that sete the mater ofwhoisto besaved Morower, hes eedy in slater writings o renounce Hugh J. MeCann—On Grace and Fee Wil Caterers ope ree wl pro inthe mate Yet he seems il to ‘wan tots that feedom sat work het als. In On Grate and Po Wi for example, he ces wih approval Philp 2:33: "forts God who scisinyou ah wiland doth goods a ‘hastens toadd: a ad a —S=—S te: Pal tuscan wee yetoo ‘eefhspedpur waa “term an a ng i siren when iv add ees eine tare tags em waranty ‘Atthis pin then tooks as though Augustin wate o have things bth ays. One means of reconciling ti appazet conc to Undersea ‘usta having bythe end of hie, abandoned libertarian feedon in favor of veson of compaibilsn"Tht le hose who reach sation do fret in that iy an exercise of thee witht they place the rst. !n.God yet is God wh causes thee wilingby the nunc of cal e casos race—so tha ther redo consi nly in acing in accords ith Godsnfluce Now terete teatual eldest Angus ‘amet view grace ba causl foc ofthis kind Bath as Auetines final postion, ten thine gave oo soon tis outa ld ta ar ‘mor abut conception of feedom, wilt the sme time according Ged complete sovereignty over creature will, “Tosee how, we need to undertnd what itis about ur decisions hat ‘ead so ay that they area mater oa a respenssliy that hey ase "wp tows So consider my decison to wee thi paper | erin thin of| element, Meee ta cone, Aapies etn oh ee Wa Dns zoel Winget et when we wah ewe eed on esr Rte Ge wat “yates poet wl Agus Gcéon Poe a ”8 Cauvinisa ano THs Provtem oF Evit thet deo ashe en pte bhatt for a bet Seca igh spe ht wht eget ae alte Sehr rapt hre pice he dson og. we mis hre CSc faints won ane sondern deco ip deve om a cons uno tht val iin ago ymin ste up Furthermore te» god revo 0 tk ht nosis Tal exsene contra ommt edghon at msr oon hr ben ie fore psc the dco se “hcp pa orcs ise sep bsg nl ow yclon ns produced peo ets mie, the ta “oni coer oot cna Geom. intr toe br up oe and hen we ner ious os. ‘Wtcecr tantly da hat pois acto cig Sept ery Pra hat arom a there thing ao Sere onions arntinge proce eto pecatae unt wane oes dente areas sowing tron” ‘he doce ofan eam ec ob comitl othe ston apt usenet mos natal ate cel era ‘Seton dh can The fone entre ‘ats eden aaa rad fee ato Steentoft oper pon he innchsway tt es pst compeleto act Avex ew ot ein rc he reds ee rongen moe o of See tute bran pcre ot pen of ote spa apni, ot Bee incr er ilo ead he tere at cha reengineered whemsng There en, est Pn dors sca what a Gn be TE pesomeal quip hee tary tot eno at SEN apc ne nw tht ae ing thr hashing “ening dete" Andon ses wil are atay 2 Fer en of oe pt tin ie, a et SR Geriti non ee ane tenn ae, on ‘Sema Pe se ae tn ht ape py a ese eget atte cnn tbe png oan stm aon SENCEESISc and Doe apa 8 ‘Hugh J. MeCann—On Grace and Fre Wil neon hat ss inpoabl tenga n them tot tending © db prec what ones dng woul satcontdion os) Dat smientonlor andere cided owe th ppe ecu She ery tre feng that when oe eds ne meno dae ad tedsde crt aon doe And sth the many oe aeons ‘hat mig prom unten (eg. nachong overs cro cote ‘Reval acy ha era the ban of sch co ng he {xeon move ee for ere hook at ued theca oe ean ony entra 1s poste oes porte acount of dom tht et gent cation adibertaran tet opi tt alo ec he ‘deh our ection nd ation at proto vent casa tat sy wor enh ght bbl compl ste be ne ‘mora hs acount dst fy declon S wrhetspepe ‘hee every enon told be eporeorht Jcon, For while ‘es ot determined yay etal Case pee hd my deci eran "ctu Kas made rth ae ce! hgh might acne ‘iting ts paper ring oreo he jes tobe dined cp inginevetal ig wath low schol and oft, And bythe {as gen my den as made potas ad ithe tion of cing prvi a de A fa rca set psec ot et me Ssreponte fra desisn an hewn Prosumer do scr re wi es oli en rightake nthe tre Soyo encragemeiy ‘Is any good, or discourage me if its bad. os mee at now poe doe ae hing he mi Supe Got acs cous theca! ols acon, ‘Tht in eentig the wera cet al at pean toned ‘nm dig he poietic ay decison twtr ‘ne Ont it nnn might eto Mak ha i ad ecustnce hunger eetinga fryer fry den coed Inf boweer fag mthing My drone mine pro cfm no ot Frere tl eae aces fe doa jst dete Tht Gd sold we ceo os not an yet a ‘cling nt something tata ori ay oy ase hl ar ‘he phenomenal gay factional sale act hat meat ile ed te ste ce ee wg. Tn ges ta en ct we 9Cauviwtam asp Tile Promina oF Evtt tobe performing. Farther, ist an actin whose performance Les hot acted upon by any festa overtly wl compelled me to do wht {di might be protested that this ast dm cannot be ra, ‘at ny decion to wrt this paper omen existence to God activity as tet then tnt den ost in that way. Bu that stat easton | the acount of crestion o which ubserbe God doesnot cent the word fete being” alter which it prison Nit ovn- Rather be ssa i ‘roughoat ts extent that his reition to each pase fs Nsoy i preci the same. He dos theefoecrente my decison by entering feo the world and ating upon me or my wil. Neither dos be ds by infsing me with ome intl pial energy tht turn overtakes ny will compeing me by event cation to dei as do tls were the cor ‘ect ay to model the enc of grace operation wounded undo my freedom But the model i wrong becuse God ned not employ any mens pital or ther, ave me decide anything Rater God creates me I my act of delding and ined inal of my exec of agency, which ‘eae al ofthe fetares hat have argued characterize fre decison and ‘ton intact en if we count God a primary case he, west have ‘ln of reason fo think ey decison to wrt this paper asan exercise of ete rewind of me as sponsible fort. "Ter i however, aspect ofthis pice that may be found unset ting ft coset, hen whe my decison to wate ths paper fay bare been up ome afar a event aston cancerned cee ssla sense in| hich Tama lintel eponaible oi God i He chooses me fr the eon far: complete ot only ny powers a an agent ad the crcam= ena ia which find mye, ata the exec of hore powers a8 wal. ‘And whl may be tre thst one f the aspects of feedom described ‘hove te vied in Go ceating tha pron, ale tue that tng Fright do can eer act God wl for me Rather whatever might do simply sis wl In gt of tis someone sight wast argue that while the sort of fedon ave described e indeed prety robust des not ‘dere the adjective" Werarian® For, the argument woud or Hera ‘feed equeshat fot God, be eat sponse for the things ‘Naural sti etiment my sen, thik i i misguided. ar of vat least it ra mistaken view of creation, acording to which Gods ey as ceatori pssedd by kd of daltberaonal scl, n whlch ecaamies diferent potenti rier or pou worlds and elects one {the word he prefers to ceete™ Only then dese proce tothe act os tte cle Go crete Bos pate whe at he Hugh J. MeCann--On Grace and Free Wil of creation proper which consis in actusising ot ening exitenc to the red ehoen this is the way things goa if pat the endeavor of {Geaons for Goto provide forthe existence of our deisions and actions, Ic becomes eatonaleo hi that plot crest thee ae on ler ma meus version af ach atonal beng who mightbe ested elting the various carers tht tha being might prsac—that the varios sequences ‘efactionin which eo she might engage Aad then tis roe to apes ht ror to renting us Go atal dees fr us which decison an ato we wll undertake in on fie. Tis pictues in my view completely ‘wrong. God doe ot liberate prior cretion, What would is purpose ‘be to tsar puns err? Only a neo God wo ave toda that A pevet God erste what he dacs a part of ls very natu, mmedaely {nd spontanaouly ith no prior conadeation whatve And he gett "igh the fist (and onl) tine. We a agents conse varios fate or lures and sleet among them. God doe not He oes olive in ths entirety rom beplaning to ead an be esther rom the foundation of the worl Tn that foundation, moreover he sees thera ood and hie sng them tht way ir intel hie wling our existence fn that wig we are known and preesined called and asi? and i hat wling we lve andmove and have our beng” wth ntammledfeedom. Ascretor ‘Go does, then, select among pose potent versions oyu nd me He enrtaias no “pose persons and he dent etl ou action or sinadvance ny moran, sabsequent tooo resin be determines ot wills by inducements or palin rom thou. Rates, there va prfct Alison of abort nly we who decide our actions, and it only God ‘who lends existence other the foundational manetton of is one Toreachof There inalt more that can be ld in respase othe obeton we are considering bat for nw thre pont wl have od. beta re lon isa tere fart hat we may define awe wish, Noll definition ot ‘alors to be umatly respon for our deions ad action in ty tense tongs than the one Fendere which jes only the ci hat out Aecisions and actions are subject o worldly or mcondaycrston have 1m objection f someone chooses o se the Lem in 2 tonge sens, one ‘Seid Sn ae red bor at ee yD ie poutCanvnusne ano rim PRontem oF EviL that would eet God action a irt Cae als I wold ction, ower, that f we tke “alist reponabiy” to imply doce according to ‘which we coaer existence on our vn doings then ules the eof age ‘satin cen besos, ibe eedom wim oat ey aie ‘oe someting we nt ely do nt bt alo eanot have Soon, even we dectne call the typeof freedom Ie tine "iberarian” tat ind of ‘ced certainly obit enogh jy attrbutions of mera respons bili Indes a moment ago ti kind of eedom seemed to ju testing ‘peas responstelor my dean to we thispaper, eve though we had et that polt discern no eaute fn Rnd fr my 0 deciding fat tance ves cote, then should not eset old me esponuble fy ds Sion turns ou te its extencs o Gods activa crestor provid of course, ht fam correc dang tha the nate frm csi i such st eave the crcl etre af fe agency intact. Pallant Important fom the plata ew of ith~no mater what we choos tcl eran redom, the reaionship hate defined between oman 960°) nd Gods ait as creator has the advange of being preset ‘needed to resolve the age-old conoversy ove race and works Ut me ‘herefrs rn, he ie space tht en, bil dso of how Teeth two ale V. GRACE AND WORKS Ie shouldbe pain hats there i «God whose elton to the wold ae ‘the carci ust dserbed then what holds of my deco to write thi pape lds of al yy decans,and af every decon ever made by any ‘atonal agent, Conse, then the desson ofthe sinner to pace bi tt in God, Obviosy, that decison owes ts extnce to God ot Dea of ny pio force or ener that nl the agen to decd he does, ot ‘ply because God creates him the person het be, and thersby ex bt direc sovereignty over every exerci fhe wll This fits prety ih theserptral language of redestinton according to which there tre frdinown and foreordined for jticaton tl sows rhe ‘gett chow hs destiny nan act character by all hati etal to response freedom. As for how acd envied inthe transaction, ‘trurs out tht the most elevnt sence of that term ie actly the fet of hoe deleted earlier. There may of courte be hel oceurencs of the sort T have elled ordinary sss inded inthe uaa case there probably willbe. And there maybe af sense of enpowerment thogh ‘Hugh J. MeCann~On Grace and Fee Wit not determining one. But these thing ar not vial and thee never a ‘penton in which the agent wl is endered pani, 90 that stato ‘vast pon him rather th being fely chase by in. fat the poate inthe end the gee by which the elcome ose io some sp tua energy tht dives them ther, but szply Gos forthe ney tae favor int, though which the exitence provided for inthe rt pce, ‘Andalthough coming ta ance of ath selected though ones onde Son, the dcsionsnothing to boat about, forts exience inal owing soley tan act of vine letion-an at that fom the foundation ofthe ‘worl and sin ft pat ofthe ct that he penitent ey eration No ‘one would want to ake cri for that Sabstanclly the sme account applies to the varios sorts of good eods that Blog tothe category of "work These blog ofcourse to the agent inthe sense hat thoy are pected fhm and are etd though {he operation of his wil Yet atthe same time they ae mansions ot tac in that they owe hr exitncs tothe aor dpa simply sn Gots "sca eeator. Pure ou text om Ephesians tel tht hey oot an ation forthe agent ori themes can they guarantee that he il ver humble hielo accept Godt gift of ration. We should ot however, coalidethat grace inthe seas of ne empowerment rn the ‘case of ordinary asitance, has role to pla nones coming os ance of ath, or nthe pecformance of mertrianeat M would {hin be 2 Serious stake to view ether sort of ace as deternniclyefieacons, But no act of wl ean be considered responsible or even ston it nat smadeinavarencsof te acenatves and in appreciation ofthe ale those alternatives hav, Propet apprise the rele ofthese other forse grace is jus to produce ths kind of aprection and awareness. Neither shold ‘tbethought that if God play the role have desrbed neatly wllng, then the decions and ations of rasonal agents mos eulely apps ruil break rom the past isconiauous with the delibratina seting ln which they oc. and representing no chert evition of chraces ‘anything we shoud expe! the oppo: hat If God as creatr execs sovereignty even over creature wil the Belngs tht ret wildplay far greater nity and coherence of character than culd eer be ache ty the operation ofthe wey causes wil same libertarians imagine, The natural way to achlee that coherence iby odinry meas and a ed 2 Acorn cdr te penta et tn gy amet ec a apps a eo Sl i tah area pi na fc an Caneel a Sr setmedg a eye setoseens see Sobene wi cen ee 183Cauvivism axp tH Prosi oF Bvt tomate carer on, ost of what ald grace sin yew poy prety endorser to tik ft tht wey once we rez ha retusa havea be pushed ound in order that Gods perposes fee them be achieved “hina word mty en ordron the olf origina sn inl ofthis was Austins view tht although poo ther ll Adam and Eve were se {ori or aot oan, potapsavian humans are unable fo void sin without the a of race Now of ture no al fallow Augusine in king the Een ory eal, Dt evens tis mporantocoasider how both the rede tion fallen mane ad thee sity oo god might represen preter ‘nfestations of prac than wool ose be the ne. think canbe en that into sae. Pr tha the saved are rough to poston ‘St tendship with Goda orton fc of saringin his very Hei tata greermafsation of God vor han would be achive i sach tntmacy mere granted ony to beings who ad acer slated. So our frst ferme of race aside Thi sense i sats also in he fic that Fomans tines do good spite of beings sine ther actions of we ‘boing are manifestation of God la wl ag oftheir Furthermore 8 ‘pret elo that sinful aman ar to ave cere moa Tie, gre Tithe futher ses of asiance and enpowerments mach more eces= ‘ry fr tho to act welthan would bethe cae thay wore of sts {ae think, oy tht eration beng we humans sve nate bit 0 Spyecinte the good. Bat we ara prone place our own god above all ‘Geen ur deons nd actions which al hatin ouires: Whether we ould eves trough rational dlbertion come to se this tendency ade Seth no help whatever rm God may wel be doied—especly when Srevemenber ht aloft good wesee around isto be counted as rae, ne from im Vi. CONCLUSION hi then that ts posible to develop a acount of free will and of ‘God ole as ccfr tat mak pone to esl the apparent conf ‘eween grace and fie wl hat robled Augustine ard many ote ta the attendant theloi confit over grace and works. Thee of “Curse an aspect ofthe view Ihave proposed that probs rouble If God ‘estes us Going he tings we do, then be 5 much responsible Sr teatrcy dion in which sain i jester at east turned ava ftom, for thse in which ti accepted Aaming theo, hat ot alae tobe numbered among he els the fate of the lost as much» mater of “Hugh J. MeCan—On Grace and Fre Wil Soda that ofthe nd Ant sre ay wonder say wonder how hth ean becgured ith Gods suport godess neem howe rina ‘new problem. It will arise in some fore or othe on any cou erg 10 which, in creating the world, God knows exactly which world he is cat, ing Aadays ti oem salve tle renter oe ‘ain gil coment eonsCauvnieisi AND tua Propten oF EVI BIBLIOGRAPHY eee eee eee ene Confined oN thr Sere a Confesio ato kp Wit a Shech of His Life ana Work, edited by Phidip Schall eernmetn eer eee alae aa ae cha eemeemeor = See ee aaa ements ee eee See eed eg aa a Se eee eared sete erieeor ea sat bce yr See ee oe ee Ee cael my ‘Couronne. ‘Auguste’ Hecton ofthe Fre Wil Dees: An Overs of win apartments ee ee youn eae siom aoa ES ren te ‘eins Boom IN dans Umea Pese 2012 he tr achat Psp 2 208) 4-3 ‘coment Besos ant Coser ie Map fe WL New Yo "nl erty rn so on iin“ oni eo Pc and Aree of ie Amen ‘pail econ) 41-8 8 The First Sin A mma for Christian Determinists ALEXANDER R. PRuss 1. INTRODUCTION Cintas wno note 4 determine view of cetuelyfeom ace ‘atc protem with explaining the Ss sn. The goodness of creation Isa basic Chistian doctrine and el enters the worl thrvgh sn Bat ecrminsm holds, hen how ol asi are fom a pod wordt shall make cis rece tan egument gant Chrian determi lam by oping my argument around lena for Chinn determin Is. Cretrely fe ation ether i determined nly by God or aso by ‘explanatory rie fit causes. The vew on whichis determined oly ‘by God is ssociated with theology deterministereading of Thomas Aguinas—Taall act decide wheter the reading sight or ma. Acoring ‘0 this Thomis view. eedom Ie incompatse with determination by lv ofatre and hence determine Thominn ea specie incomptii in the contemporary sense The second view i that af Jonathan Edwards according to which eeturey!action is dtcsined by «combination of ner satan cecumstanes, nach ae standard contenporay compat + Jatin ads pt veranda