Chapter 22 Darwinian Evolution
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1809
Lamarck publishes his
hypothesis of evolution.
1798
Malthus publishes
Essay on the Principle
of Population.
1795
Hutton proposes
his principle of
gradualism.
Sketch of a flying
frog by Wallace
1812
Cuvier publishes his
extensive studies of
vertebrate fossils.
1830
Lyell publishes
Principles of Geology.
1858
While studying species in the
Malay Archipelago, Wallace
(shown above in 1848) sends
Darwin his hypothesis of
natural selection.
1790
1870
1809
Charles Darwin
is born.
18311836
Darwin travels
around the world
on HMS Beagle.
Marine iguana
in the
Galpagos
Islands
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1859
On the Origin of
Species is published.
1844
Darwin writes his
essay on descent
with modification.
Georges Cuvier Palaeontology
Sedimentary rock
layers (strata)
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Older stratum
with older fossils
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Lamarckian
Evolution
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Darwin and the Beagle
Darwin in 1840,
after his return
from the
voyage
HMS Beagle in port
Great
Britain
NORTH
AMERICA
EUROPE
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
The
Galpagos
Islands
Pinta
Genovesa
Marchena
Santiago
Fernandina
Isabela
20 40
AFRICA
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Daphne
Islands
Pinzn
Santa Santa
Cruz
Fe
Florenza
Kilometers
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SOUTH
AMERICA
Equator
San
Cristobal
Chile
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Equator
Brazil
Cape of
Good Hope
Argentina
Espaola
Cape Horn
Malay
Archipelago
PACIFIC
OCEAN
AUSTRALIA
Tasmania
New
Zealand
Figure 22.6
(a) Cactus-eater
(b) Insect-eater
(c) Seed-eater
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Figure 22.8
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees and relatives)
Moeritherium
Barytherium
Deinotherium
Mammut
Platybelodon
Stegodon
Mammuthus
Elephas maximus (Asia)
Loxodonta africana (Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)
60
34
24
Millions of years ago
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5.5 2 104 0
Years ago
Figure 22.8a
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees and relatives)
Moeritherium
Barytherium
Deinotherium
Mammut
60
34
24
Millions of years ago
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5.5 2 104 0
Years ago
Figure 22.8b
Platybelodon
Stegodon
Mammuthus
Elephas maximus (Asia)
Loxodonta africana (Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)
60
34
24
Millions of years ago
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5.5 2 104 0
Years ago
Artificial Selection
Cabbage
Selection
for apical
(tip) bud
Brussels
sprouts
Broccoli
Selection for
axillary (side)
buds
Selection for
flowers and stems
Selection
for stems
Selection
for leaves
Kale
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Wild mustard
Kohlrabi
Variation
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Spore
cloud
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Crypsis
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Carroll & Boyd 1992
Results
Beak
Field Study
Number of individuals
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
Average for museum specimens
8
On introduced
species,
goldenrain tree
(central Florida)
6
4
2
0
Soapberry bug with beak
inserted in balloon vine
fruit
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On introduced species,
balloon vine
(southern Florida)
Beak length (mm)
10
11
Figure 22.14
2,750,000
2,500,000
Chromosome map
of S. aureus clone USA300
500,000
Key to adaptations
2,250,000
2,000,000
Methicillin resistance
Ability to colonize hosts
Increased disease severity
Increased gene exchange
(within species) and
toxin production
1,750,000
1,500,000
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1,250,000
750,000
1,000,000
Annual hospital admissions
with MRSA (thousands)
250,000 base pairs
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Year
Homologous Structures
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Ontogeny
Vestigial structures
Pharyngeal
arches
Post-anal
tail
Chick embryo (LM)
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Human embryo
Figure 22.17
Branch point
Lungfishes
Digit-bearing
limbs
Amnion
Lizards
and snakes
3
4
Homologous
characteristic
Crocodiles
Ostriches
Feathers
Hawks and
other birds
Birds
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Amniotes
Mammals
Tetrapods
Amphibians
Convergent Evolution
Sugar
glider
NORTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
Flying squirrel
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Fossil Evidence
Most mammals
Cetaceans and even-toed ungulates
(a) Canis (dog)
(b) Pakicetus
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(c) Sus (pig)
(d) Odocoileus (deer)
Figure 22.20
Other even-toed
ungulates
Hippopotamuses
Pakicetus
Rodhocetus
Dorudon
Common
ancestor
of cetaceans
0
50
40
30
60
Millions of years ago
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Living
cetaceans
Key
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Foot
