Watercar Part 10:

Magnetic Electrolysis
By Thomas C. Kramer
December 2003
What is a Magnet?
A polarized piece of iron. Close enough, but there are other kinds of magnets too.
What is an Electromagnet?
A piece of iron with copper wire wound around it and with the wire ends connected to a
DC power source. Close enough, but there is a large variety of electromagnetic devices
to choose from.
What is Magnetism?
Its the thing that holds the Universe together. There are a whole lot of different theories
as to where magnetism comes from. Some say its a result of particle spins. Others say
its a wave effect. Still others say that it manifests as a result of cosmic pulses. And there
may be positive, neutral and negative magnetism and a whole lot of degrees in between.
Some even go so far as to say that gravity is compressed magnetism. But no one seems
to know for sure except the Creator. But we do know that it manifests itself as a duality
in most forms.
It is clear that magnetism manifests itself as a polar effect, positive and negative, north
and south, plus and minus. But when scientists cut a magnet in two to find just north or
just south, they always get both and just ever smaller and smaller magnets. This goes
right down to the smallest particles known. They all end up with a top and a bottom
polarity regardless of spin direction or overall charge.
This magnetic force can, in N-S configurations, form magnetic bonds, as has been
demonstrated by Professor Santilli and others in forming magnecules or magnetically
bonded atoms in gases, liquids and even solids. In magnecules the atoms and molecules
align themselves in a N-S manner as a result of exposing them to strongly induced
electromagnetic fields.
Repulsive and Attractive Forces

We also all know that N-to-N poles and S-to-S poles repel each other and N-to-S or S-toN poles attract each other. This causes a PUSH-PULL EFFECT, which is used to either
generate electricity or to turn an electric motor or do other work.
It is this polarity and push-pull effect that actually cause electrons, positrons, protons and
anti-protons to bond together forming various chemicals and neutrons (an electron and
proton pair) or anti-neutrons. These form in a N-S and positive and negative manner for
the most part (those that dont generally decay very quickly)
This N-S alignment can form into complex layers of atoms and molecules all generally
forming polar alignments like heads and tails. These are called dipoles. Even our DNA
forms a dipole antenna. Water is also one of the great magnetic dipoles.
And from Professor Santillis plasma research, we now know that a whole new world of
chemical reactions can be created called magnecules and magnegases and
magneliquids and magnesolids that form as a result of magnetic bonding and not
traditional valence bonding. These highly magnetized and polar aligned atoms allow for
a whole new world of chemistry and physics to be explored.
Understanding magnetism is thus one of the most important elements of human
knowledge as it goes to the very core of our existence.
Types of Magnets:
Generally there are several types of natural magnets with the most common being those
associated with iron (Fe) or ferrite compounds originally found in magnetite, an iron
ore that got hit by lightning. Iron when exposed to a DC electric field naturally aligns its
atoms in a N-S polar fashion.
Iron mixed with various other materials such as some other metals or even plastics can
also be magnetized. These magnets, however, generally are not as strong.
Relatively recently a newer class of stronger and longer lasting magnets have been
discovered and are now in regular manufacture. These are called rare earth permanent
magnets as they retain their magnetism much longer (except when overheated). These
are made from various rare earth elements and are often mixes of several rare earth and
conductive metals, including iron.
The most common type of magnet, however, is the electromagnet. This is a magnetic
device that has an iron core wrapped with insulated wire (usually copper) and takes many
forms from simple electromagnets used in almost all electric motors, to electrical
transformers and generators of all sizes. Electromagnetic coils generate the high voltages
that drive your TV or monitor screen and then adjust the electron beam that creates the
picture.

These are sometimes wound as solenoids that when charged force the iron core to
move in one direction or the other. Your automatic doors and car locks used these.
Electromagnetic Coils
The neat thing about an electromagnet is that it can be wound around just about any core
shape. These can be as simple as winding a copper wire around a nail, or a horseshoe, or
as complex as multi-legged transformers or donut shaped rings.
S

Coil

Horseshoe

+
- DC +
N

Spiral Cone

Pancake Spiral
(OK you draw a spiral using Word)
Generally coils can be made in a whole variety of shapes and sizes and this is where the
fun begins. And then you have left-handed and right-handed windings.
The strength of an electromagnet is based on the number of winds in the coil, the size of
the wire used and the amount of volts and amps applied in the circuit to drive the coil.
Simply the more times you wind the wire around the core the higher the voltage will be
and the more resistance you will encounter.
Resistance also generates some heat, which is a problem with electromagnet design.
Pulsing also causes heat build up as a result of resistance in the wires and the core.
The number of wraps will also determine the natural frequency of the coil, but this can
also be influenced by the frequency of the power source (50-60 Hz for households,
rectified to 25-30 half wave Hz for DC) and other electronic circuitry.

Victor Walgren has kindly added a formula and a website where you can easily calculate
the number of winds needed to generate a specific frequency. This is based primarily on
the length of the wire needed for wrapping your cores. The formula is
f (frequency) = kHz (kilohertz)
L (length of wire) = 300,000/ f / 4 * (3 / 0.9144)
And I havent the foggiest as to who figured out this formula, but apparently it works.
But if you want a simpler way, just go to
http://www.csgnetwork.com/w1fmcoilfreqcalc.html
Victor has also contributed some key resonance frequencies that you might try in your
preliminary windings. These are
Magnetic Resonance Frequency(f)

Length of Wire

H (hydrogen)

= 106.663 MHz

2 3 11/16 (27.6875)

H2

= 15.351 MHz

16 0 11/32 (16.029118)

H3

= 106.663 MHz

2 3 11/16 (2.3069193)

O2 (oxygen)

= 13.557 MHz

18 1 13/16 (217.8125)

If you use the website calculator, be sure to adjust your figures in kilohertz particularly
if the resonance frequencies are in megahertz.
Here are a few more frequencies for you to try as taken from my chapter on resonance
electrolysis.
The first to do this was John Wesley Keely way back in the 1800s. He accomplished
this by using tuning forks placed in water. He found that resonance dissociation
occurred around 600 Hz and specifically at 620 Hz (1st octave) and 630 Hz (2nd octave)
and 12,000 Hz (3rd octave) and 42.8 kHz.
A century later Dr. Andrija Puharich independently discovered these and other
frequencies using his own designed resonance device and using AM amplifiers and AC
current in a saltwater solution. He found his greatest success at only 25-38 mA and 4-2.6
volts or a power input of 0.1 watts was needed to create resonance within an output
range of 59.748 kHz-66.234 kHz.

The interesting thing that happened though was that the frequency input in the reactor
cell with distilled water in it DROPPED from the 66.234kHz to 1.272 kHz to 1.848 kHz
and the waveform changed from a sine wave to a rippled square wave. He also noted
that if he removed one lead (created an open circuit) the frequency would jump back up
to 5-6 kHz, and the cell would generate unipolar pulses of 0-1.3 volts, noting that the
water was acting as a capacitor with a charge cycle of .0002 seconds (which happens to
correspond to how the human nervous system works!)
When Dr. Puharich added salt (NaCl) to create a 0.9% saline solution (seawater), the
electrolyte resonance effect of course changed. At this point he was using 1mAmp and 22
volts and testing at various frequencies for saltwater resonance. The waveform in the
saltwater changed from the rippled square wave to a rippled sawtooth wave, which
apparently is the best waveform for maximum efficiency. The resonance frequencies and
their harmonics using this electrolyte solution were noted as:
Initial frequency
1st Harmonic
2nd Harmonic
3rd Harmonic
4th Harmonic

3.98 kHz
7.96 kHz
15.92 kHz
31.84 kHz
63.69 kHz

One of Dr. Puharichs friends and brother outcaste from the scientific community was Dr.
Bob Beck. The importance of Dr. Becks research in low frequencies is that he found that
hydrogen naturally resonates at about 8 Hz. This is a primary healing frequency.
However, what I find more interesting is the following relationshipMultiples of
X 75
X 78
X 150
X 5250
X13750

8Hz
600 Hz
624 Hz
1.2 kHz
42.0 kHz
110.0 kHz

Keely (f)

8.152 Hz

610 Hz
630 Hz
1.2kHz
42.8 kHz
na

611.4 Hz
635.9 Hz
1.223 kHz
42.8 kHz
112.1 kHz

These directly relate to the tonal harmonics at the resonance frequency of water and
should be able to be extrapolated to other harmonics at even higher frequencies.
In fact there are many harmonics that can be used to dissociate water. Our search is to
find which ones work the best. Try different windings and find out based on these and
other posted frequencies.
Also note that the use of various electrolytes and varying concentrations in your reactor
cell will result in variations in coil wrappings or wire length.

The strength of an electromagnet is also influenced by its shape, and how the
electromagnetic field is timed, shaped, focused or directed. Timed refers to how
long the coils are turned ON or OFF by the power source, that is, the pulse rate, if any.
Shape refers to the physical shape of the electromagnetic field, which generally forms
concentric arcs from the North pole to the South pole of ever decreasing intensity the
farther you get from each pole. This follows the Inverse Square Law. This field is
seen by placing a magnet under a piece of paper and then sprinkling iron filings over the
paper.
Magnetic fields also form around the wires that make up the wrappings of the coil
causing secondary interference patterns in the primary field. This distortion can vary
considerably based on the type of wrapping style used (parallel, twisted, overlapping,
braided, looped, etc.). Most commonly used wrapping is just simple parallel windings,
but even these get pretty confusing with multi-layers and interlinking with multiple
electromagnets, as can be seen in even a simple electric motor winding. Just know that
different winding patterns will alter the shape of the EM field and if you want to see the
shape, just use the paper and iron filings trick.
Focus refers to the ability to focus an electromagnetic field by using other
electromagnets. Your TV picture tube is a good example of such focusing ability. Coils
can thus be used to focus an electromagnetic field into a specific shape based on just
varying the strength and design of the electromagnets, noting that the repelling nature or
attracting nature of magnetic fields are used to focus other EM fields in order to
concentrate the field effect. Pancake (disk) coils and cone coils have particular focusing
effects. Telsa coils (very high voltage coils) also produce some spectacular effects using
secondary induced coils and various shaped turoids that emit wild sparks.
Once a magnetic field can be created and focused it can then be directed in specific
directions based on the respective polarities. This is how large electromagnets are used to
pick up whole cars in scrap yards for crushing. Similarly, large ring magnets switched in
high-speed series form atom smashing cyclotrons or magnetic levitation trains.
Turning electromagnets ON or OFF in a series of magnets induces directional flow
and this is the fundamental basis of pulsed ion engines, which simply squeeze ion
particles so that the ions are forced or jetted out of a nozzle to create thrust. The same
principle applies to simple solenoids and rail guns.
Working with magnets opens all kinds of new and inventive applications. It is these
applications that we will be exploring in designing a watercar magnetic reactor.

Watercars and Magnetism

But how does magnetism relate to the production of a watercar?

If you have read my previous chapters you will have seen that I have suggested the use of
electromagnets in a number of different applications and even clearly noted that an
anode-cathode relationship is nothing more than an electromagnetic field.
Electrolysis is just subjecting water to an electromagnetic field. The natural magnetic
polarity of water molecules causes them to align themselves head-to-tail so that
additional electrons can be added or subtracted in order for the chemical bonds between
the oxygen and hydrogen atoms to be broken and the respective gases formed.
Basic electrolysis is traditionally enhanced by increasing the strength of the EM field by
increasing the DC voltage being applied to the anode and cathode. It can also be
improved by narrowing the distance between the electrodes up to a limit of about 1
millimeter (otherwise spark shorting occurs thus closing the circuit).
The field can also be enhanced by the introduction of various electrolytes, either acids
or bases, which provide more free radical ions in the water solution thus allowing for
easier electron flow in the solution.
Electromagnetic Electrolysis
Electrolysis is thus fundamentally an electromagnetic water separation process.
+
N

_
S
H

H
O

O
H

Anode

Cathode

Magnets cause the naturally polarized water molecules to realign themselves along the
natural lines of magnetic force between the attractive N-S poles.
In weak magnetic fields this N-S field strength usually is not enough to pull the water
molecules apart unless there is a circuit connection between the magnets as shown below.
S

Running a wire between the ends of the magnets will create a loop circuit that will supply
electrons on one end and collect electrons on the other, thus allowing for the dissociation
of water to occur. Again, however, using weak magnets will only result in very little
7

electrolysis occurring. However, if you use very strong permanent magnets, a

reasonable electrolysis reaction can occur.
Permanent Magnet Electrolysis
This was demonstrated in the Chinese Patent No. ZL 95220793 in which permanent
magnets were placed at either end of a chamber filled with water and a 20%-30% sodium
hydroxide solution.
This invention does not require any external energy or power source to maintain the
electrolysis process. This is because it is a closed loop, self-sustaining process.
In this Chinese patent the permanent magnets charge electrolysis plates in series in the
chamber and use a membrane separation to isolate the hydrogen and oxygen. In a
watercar application this separation is not necessary and thus can be eliminated because a
mixed gas is used in combustion.
There, of course, can be several variations on this permanent magnet electrolysis unit.
These variations will relate to the shape of EM fields created and the use of multiple
permanent magnets or plates charged by permanent magnets as noted below.
Multiple Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnet Plate Configuration

Of course you can shape the permanent magnets into bars, plates, rods, tubes, half-tubes,
cones or any other shape that you want in order to better shape the EM field in order to
maximize the electrolysis effect. There is a lot of room for experimentation here.
You can also vary the electrolyte solution type (such as potassium hydroxide or stronger
acids) and concentration, vary the type and strength of the permanent magnets and even
use coils to enhance the field effects by simply coiling the connecting wire circuits or
wrapping them in various ways around the reaction chamber. The plates above can also
be substituted with coils (or even screens).
Permanent magnet electrolysis is a relatively slow process and is not suitable to
hydrogen-on-demand (HOD) as there is no control over the rate of gas production
(though this can be adjusted by using a variable resistor on the interconnecting wires).

This process is more applicable for creating individual gases or mixed gases for bulk
storage and then usage.
The fact that the permanent magnet electrolysis runs continuously WITHOUT any
external or additional power supply makes the development of this type of electrolysis
unit interesting for remote or stationary power supply applications, particularly in
combination with fuel cells. But it is not suitable for vehicles UNLESS it is in
combination with stronger and controllable electromagnetic devices.
Electromagnetic Electrolysis
Electromagnetic electrolysis is the same as permanent magnet electrolysis except that the
permanent magnets are replaced with electromagnets. Electromagnets also have the
advantage that the magnetic fields that they create can be controlled by simply varying
the DC voltage or pulse rate to increase the strength and duration of the EM fields.
This is essentially what we have been doing in creating resonating electrolysis. Simply,
we create a polarized field, pulse that field and then oscillate the field at various
frequencies that cause the hydrogen-oxygen bonds to flex, twist, bend, stretch and then
break.
Using electromagnets in this process can be done in many different and creative ways.
They can be used to strengthen the water polarization field by placing electromagnets
behind the anode and cathode plates, or even by using the anodes and cathodes as
electromagnets themselves!
Electromagnets can also be wrapped around the electrolysis chamber to create a polarized
chamber (Aussie Units) or be wrapped around in-coming water supply lines (to charge
and polarize the water first) or on the out-going gas lines to magnetize the gases
(Magnegas).
They can be placed at the top and bottom of electrolysis chambers, or at various angles to
the electrolysis plates to create more twisting and turning actions on the water bonds.
This effect can also be timed or pulsed in relation to the timing or pulsing of the
electrodes, being in-phase or out-of-phase or neutral or anywhere in between!
The strength of the EM field can also be varied or alternated between the cathode and
anode to perhaps pull stronger in one direction than the other or to cause an alternating
pull-and-tug movement which when oscillated at specific frequencies may cause
resonance dissociation.
The shape and field strength of the coils used can also have a significant effect on the
electrolysis process. The use of disk or cone coils will certainly have a different effect
than standard wound bar coils.

Has anyone tried using a helix wound design for the cathode/anode? (Use two combs
glued together and wind a pair of wires alternatively between the teeth.)
Experiment! Experiment! Experiment!
What I have suggested above is a whole new line of electromagnetic electrolysis
experimentation that very few people have done to date. This is a wide-open field!
Electromagnets are easy to make in many different sizes and shapes. When applied to
what we already know about electrolysis, it is clear that in various combinations, the use
of electromagnets can only enhance the electrolysis process.
How much?
This we will have to determine by experimentation. And this is where the fun begins!
My challenge to you is to just sit down and build your own electromagnets and test
them in a simple electrolysis cell.
For this you will need a glass of water, 2 electrodes of whatever design or material you
want, a transformer (preferably a variable voltage type) and some type of electrolyte (acid
or base). This is your traditional electrolysis cell. WRITE DOWN EVERYTING as you
use it, particularly voltage used, electrode materials and design, and electrolytes used and
their concentrations.
Now get some scavenged wire (enamel or plastic coated, copper or other type of
conducting wire) and wrap yourself some magnets around an iron or steel core (an old
nail or piece of rebar will do to start). You will probably also want to use a separate
transformer or battery for your electromagnets too. One end of your wire will be
connected to the positive transformer lead and the other to the negative. Several magnets
can be connected at the same time to the transformer leads.
When making your coils ALWAYS write down the size and type of wire used, the type
and size of the core material, and ALWAYS the number of wraps or windings used (as
this will determine magnet strength and resonance frequency).
Now throw the switches! The normal electrolysis can be seen to happen in the glass.
Now take your properly insulated and mounted beautifully hand-wound brand-new
electromagnets and place them at various angles in relation to the anode and cathode in
the glass of water. OBSERVE AND RECORD WHAT YOU SEE!
Now vary the strength of the electromagnets by increasing their voltage. OBSERVE
AND RECORD WHAT YOU SEE!

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In most cases you will observe very little changes. The gas bubbles may be moved in
different directions, but there probably wont be any significant increase in electrolysis
observable.
However, if you substitute the glass with a plastic water bottle and capture the gases in a
calibrated bottle as previously described, you may be able to record some small increases
in actual gas production as a result of using various electromagnetic strengths or
alignment positions.
For all watercar experiments you will want to restrict your power source to a maximum
of only 12 volts and about 20 amps (240 watts). This does not mean that you have to
restrict the actual voltage pushed through your EM coils. Simply, you can increase your
electromagnets strength by running the 12 volts through other power coils (like your
ignition coil) or step-up transformers.
Transformers are made by winding a second coil over the top of a primary coil. The
primary coil induces a voltage in the secondary based on the ratio of the number of turns
in the primary to the number of turns in the secondary (i.e., 1:1, 1:2, 1:10, 1:100, etc.). In
this way you can increase the voltage in block jumps and then regulate it with variable
resistors.
Winding Coils Made Easy
Anyone can hand wind a coil. Just tightly wrap a wire around a core. But that can
become a bit tedious after about 100 wraps and somewhere along the way you loose
count! And it is no fun to undo and start counting all over again especially if you have
over 1,000 wraps.
One of the easiest ways is to build yourself a wrapping machine that simply turns your
core slowly and allows you to feed your wire on smoothly. This is just a simple lathetype device that will hold your core in place and then turn it slowly.
You will need to mount a counting device that clicks over with each revolution but these
are quite commonly available and can be scavenged from a number of different devices
like old photocopy machines, turnstiles, or other types of counting machines.
This lathe design can be turned either by hand or by a small motor. I scavenged a box fan
motor that turns the directional vanes as it turns very slowly and can be plugged right into
a wall socket. Variable speed motors can also be used, but never go too fast and have a
big cutoff switch (one of those big red button types that you can hammer real quick.)
A lathe unit will work well with straight, bar and cone type coils and for winding simple
step-up transformers. An old record player turntable (remember those?) works very well
in forming disk coils.

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And as mentioned above, there are many ways of doing your windings to get different
effects. These fancier winding techniques, however, are only for more advanced
applications and people who want to experiment with weird coil designs. The fun,
however, is in building your own coils and then playing with them.
When you finish your coil winding you may want to put a final coating either of enamel,
varnish or clear acrylic over the coil. This is mainly to just gum things in place so the
coils dont come loose during handling. You may also want to wrap the final product
with a non-conductive coating like paper, rubber or some plastics so that you can pick
them up by hand without shocking the hell out of yourself.
Simple non-conductive stands are also recommended for mounting and positioning your
electromagnets during tests. A wooden stand made from your wifes (mothers) old
broomstick would do just fine.
Pulsing Circuits
An electromagnet can be pulsed by simply turning it on or off. This requires a
switch. This can be accomplished manually, or by using a motor-driven rotary switch,
or by electronic switching mechanisms.
Flicking a switch by hand is OK for simple ON-OFF observations, but it isnt very
practical for timing oscillations.
For slow to medium speed oscillations it is easiest to just build a simple rotary switch that
you mount to a small variable speed motor. This rotary switch is just a disk (or drum)
that you mount various contact points to and then mount a contact brush to make the
switching contact.
+
Brush
+

ON

+
Brush
+

OFF
Long Cycle

2nd Brush
Short Cycle

A rotary switch uses both the length of the charged track and the speed of rotation to
control the ON-OFF switching cycles.
A rotary switch can also be used to switch ON-OFF multiple circuits just by adding
additional brushes. This makes it easy to synchronize in-phase or out-of-phase timing of
individual electromagnets. Normally brushes are positioned at 90 degree angles, but

12

experimentation can also be done in 5, 10, 15, 30 or 45 degree increments and with
varying lengths of duration.
An old record turntable can be used for this. Just glue equal length copper strips to an old
record and rig up some brush armatures and you are ready to switch! So you want higher
speed? Use an old hard disk drive or CD drive. But glue your copper strips on the side
of the CD not used. No need to ruin a good blue movie, right?
You can also go out and buy ready-made rotary switches too (now he tells me!), but that
isnt nearly as much fun as making your own from some salvaged rotating devices (No
Dear, I havent seen the fan.)
Workshop experimentation should be fun. So come up with your own rotary switches.
Remember that Keeley found resonance at only 300-330 Hertz (on-off switching per
second), so you may not need a real ripper of a rotating switch.
But for the electronics buffs, theres the 555 solution and super-high speed switching.
This requires a simple timer chip (the 555) and a circuit to go with it. Many of these are
already posted to the net and the watercar databases, so I wont go into these electronic
switches in detail. The importance of using an electronic switch, however, is that you
will be able to switch the electromagnets at kilohertz rates and time them to known water
dissociation resonance frequencies much easier. This is done with simple variable
resistors (pots).
There are also a number of other electronic timing circuit options that can also be used,
particularly those using capacitors to discharge high voltage pulses. Tank circuits can
also be used.
The electronic switching side has lots of options that I am leaving up to the individual
experimenter to make based on his/her own level of knowledge and experience. Have
fun making different electronic switches too.
For those that take this or any other switching route WRITE IT DOWN so that it can
easily be replicated by yourself and others.
Testing and Recording Equipment
For the kitchen table enthusiast, you probably wont have much more than a multi-meter
and perhaps some old volt or amp meters you salvaged from a junkyard. Thats a start
and you will be able to see what may be happening at various locations.
Serious guys have all kinds of sensitive and calibrated metering devices, frequency
counters and oscilloscopes.

13

My advice is simply use what you have or what you can borrow. Your interest is to see if
you can find electromagnetic resonance FIRST and that just takes a bit of eyeballing.
Later you have to find out just how you got there so that you can do it again.
Recording and Posting Results
The purpose of this watercar electromagnetic experimentation is to see if we can find new
ways to increase or enhance the electrolysis process by using various types of
electromagnets in various configurations to induce increased gas production or
resonance.
We already know that electrolysis can occur in an electromagnetic field, thus our
objective is to find out how best to increase that reaction with the least amount of energy
input, electrical or mechanical.
We are also interested to find out if we can produce enough gas on demand to operate an
internal combustion engine in an automotive application.
This theoretically is possible. We now need a practical working model that has
commercial potential.
My challenge to you is to just go out and try to do this with what you have available.
Wind some coils and electromagnets and have fun experimenting.
But please do properly record your efforts and post your FAILURES SO OTHERS
WONT REPEAT THEM.
And if you are successful..post that too so we can all repeat your success.
You may want to file for patents first, but in the spirit of seeking knowledge and sharing
that with others, I hope that you will follow my open lead in trying to make this a better
world for all. Thank you.

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