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Khilji dynasty
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This article is about the Khilji dynasty centered in Delhi between 1290 and 1320. For the Khilji dynasty in Bengal between 1204

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and 1227, see Khilji dynasty of Bengal.

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"Khalji" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Khalji, Iran.

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The Khilji dynasty (Persian: Hindi: ) or Khalji was a Muslim

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dynasty of Turkic origin, which ruled large parts of South Asia between 1290 and

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1320.[3][4][5] It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji and became the second dynasty

Khilji Sultanate

to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India. The dynasty is known for their faithlessness and

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ferocity,[3]

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against the repeated Mongol invasions of India.[6][7]

Interaction

as well as their raids into the Hindu south and defending the Sultanate

12901320

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Contents [hide]
1 Origins
2 Economic policy and administration under Khilji dynasty

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2.1 Historical impact

3 Massacre of New Muslims
4 Slavery during Khilji dynasty

Special pages
Permanent link
Page information

5 Architecture
6 Disputed historical sources on Khilji dynasty

Wikidata item

7 List of Khilji rulers of Delhi (12901320)

Cite this page

8 See also
9 References and footnotes

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10 Further reading
11 External links

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In other projects

Origins

Khilji dynasty

Wikimedia
Commons

The Khilji rulers trace their roots to Central Asia

and were of Turkic origin.[11] They had long been

Languages

Capital

Delhi

Languages

Persian (official)[1]

settled in present-day Afghanistan before

Azrbaycanca

proceeding to Delhi in India. The name "Khilji"

Religion

Sunni Islam

refers to an Afghan village or town known as

Sultanate

Qalat-e Khilji (Fort of Ghilji).[12] Sometimes they

Government
Sultan
12901296
12961316
1316
13161320

Catal

were treated by others as ethnic Afghans due to

etina

their adoption of some Afghan habits and

Deutsch

Copper coin of Alauddin Khilji

Espaol

customs.[13][14] As a result of this, sometimes the

dynasty is referred to as a Turko-

Afghan.[15][16][17]

Franais

The three sultans of the Khalji dynasty were noted by historians for

their faithlessness and

ferocity.[11]

Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji was a servant of Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who

was an ex-slave of the Ghurids with a Turkic

History
Established
Disestablished

1290
1320

Area

Jalal-ud-din Khilji

Italiano

Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji

Alauddin Khilji
Shihab ad-Din Umar
Qutb ad-Din Mubarak

background.[15]

2,700,000 km
(1,042,476 sq mi)

Today part of

India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Afghanistan

Khiljis were vassals of

Nederlands

the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi and served the Sultan of Delhi, Ghiyas ud din Balban.

Balban's successors were murdered over 1289-1290, and the Mamluk dynasty

succumbed to the factional conflicts within the Mamluk dynasty and the Muslim

Tajikistan[2]
Nepal

nobility. As the struggle between the factions razed, Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji led a coup

China[2]

and murdered the 17-year-old Mamluk successor Muiz ud din Qaiqabad - the last

Svenska

ruler of Mamluk dynasty.[18]

Trke

Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji was accepted as sultan by a faction of Muslim amirs of Turkic, Persian,

Arabic factions and Indian-Muslim aristocrats. However, Jalal-ud-din in his old age was

unpopular and not universally accepted. During his six-year reign (129096), some of Balban's

Edit links

officers revolted due to his assumption of power and the subsequent sidelining of nobility and
commanders serving the Mamluk dynasty.[18] Jalal-ud-din suppressed the revolt and executed
some commanders, then led an unsuccessful expedition against Ranthambhor and repelled a
Mongol force on the banks of the Sind River in central India with the help of his nephew Juna
Khan.[19]
Alauddin Khilji

History of the Turkic peoples

Pre-14th century
Turkic Khaganate 552744
Western Turkic
Eastern Turkic

Juna Khan, later to be known as Alauddin Khilji, was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din,

Khazar Khaganate 6181048

raided the Hindu Deccan peninsula and Deogiri - then the capital of the Hindu state of

Xueyantuo 628646

Maharashtra, looting their treasure.[18][20] He returned to Delhi in 1296, murdered his uncle and

Great Bulgaria 632668

father-in-law, then assumed power as Sultan.[21][22]

Ala al-din Khilji continued expanding Delhi Sultanate into South India, with the help of generals
such as Malik Kafur and Khusraw Khan, collecting large war booty (Anwatan) from those they
defeated.[23] His commanders collected war spoils from Hindu kingdoms, paid khums (one fifth)
on Ghanima (, booty collected during war) to Sultan's treasury, which helped strengthen
the Khalji rule.[24]

Volga Bulgaria
Kangar union 659750
Turgesh Khaganate 699766
Uyghur Khaganate 744840
Karluk Yabgu State 756940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 8401212

Alauddin Khilji reigned for 20 years. He attacked and

seized Hindu states of Ranthambhor (1301 AD),

Western Kara-Khanid
Eastern Kara-Khanid

Chittorgarh (1303), Mndu (1305) and plundered the

Gansu Uyghur Kingdom 8481036

wealthy state of Devagiri,[26] also withstood two Mongol

Kingdom of Qocho 8561335

raids.[27] Ala al-din is also known for his cruelty against

Pecheneg Khanates
8601091

Kimek Khanate
7431035

tyrant and that anyone Ala al-din Khilji suspected of

Cumania
10671239

Oghuz Yabgu State

7501055

being a threat to this power was killed along with the

Ghaznavid Empire 9631186

women and children of that family. In 1298, between

Seljuk Empire 10371194

attacked kingdoms after wars. Historians note him as a

Koh-i-noor diamond was seized by

Alauddin Khilji's army in 1310, from
Kakatiya kingdom in Warangal.[25]

Danube Bulgaria

15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had

recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a
single day, due to fears of an uprising.[28] He also killed
his own family members and nephews, in 1299-1300,

after he suspected them of rebellion, by first gouging out their eyes and then beheading

Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Khwarazmian Empire 10771231
Delhi Sultanate 12061526
Mamluk dynasty
Khilji dynasty
Tughlaq dynasty

them.[20]

Golden Horde | [8][9][10] 1240s1502

In 1308, Alauddin's lieutenant, Malik Kafur captured Warangal, overthrew the Hoysala Empire

Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 12501517

south of the Krishna River and raided Madura in Tamil Nadu.[26] He then looted the treasury in

Bahri dynasty

capitals and from the temples of south India. Among these loots was the Warangal loot that

Ottoman Empire 1299-1923

included one of the largest known diamond in human history, the Koh-i-noor.[25] Malik Kafur
returned to Delhi in 1311, laden with loot and war booty from Deccan peninsula which he

Other Turkic dynasties

[show]

This box: view talk edit

submitted to Aladdin Khilji. This made Malik Kafur, born in a Hindu family and who had converted to Islam before becoming Delhi
Sultanate's army commander, a favorite of Alauddin Khilji.[19]
The last Khilji sultans
Aladdin Khilji died in December 1315. Thereafter, the sultanate witnessed chaos, coup and succession of assassinations.[18] Malik
Kafur became the sultan but lacked support from Muslim amirs and was killed within a few months. Within the next three years, three
more Khilji successors violently assumed power but were in turn, all violently put to death in coups. After Malik Kafur's death, the
Muslim amirs installed Shihab-ud-din Omar - a six-year-old as Sultan, with his elder teenage brother Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah as
regent. Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah killed his younger brother and then appointed himself as the Sultan. To win over the loyalty of the
amirs and the Malik clan in the Sultanate, Mubarak Shah offered Ghazi Malik the command of Punjab and others various offices or
death. The amirs chose the office. Mubarak Shah ruled for less than 4 years, then was murdered in 1320 by his army general
Khusraw Khan. The Muslim amirs in Delhi reached out and invited Ghazi Malik, then Muslim army commander in Punjab to lead a coup
against Khusraw Khan. Ghazi Malik attacked Khusraw Khan in Delhi, beheaded him, and rechristened himself as Sultan Ghiyath alDin Tughluq, the first ruler of the Tughluq dynasty.[20]

Economic policy and administration under Khilji dynasty

Alauddin Khilji changed the tax policies to strengthen his treasury to help pay the keep of his growing army and fund his wars of
expansion.[29][30] He raised agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% payable in grain and agricultural produce (or cash),[31] eliminating
payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage
between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him he cut salaries of officials, poets and scholars in his
kingdom.[29][30]
Alauddin Khilji enforced four taxes on non-Muslims in the Sultanate - jizya (poll tax), kharaj (land tax), kari (house tax) and chari
(pasture tax).[32][33] He also decreed that his Delhi-based revenue officers assisted by local Muslim jagirdars, khuts, mukkadims,
chaudharis and zamindars seize by force half of all produce any farmer generates, as a tax on standing crop, so as to fill sultanate
granaries.[29][34][35] His officers enforced tax payment by beating up Hindu and Muslim middlemen responsible for rural tax
collection.[29] Furthermore, Alauddin Khilji demanded, state Kulke and Rothermund, from his "wise men in the court" to create "rules
and regulations in order to grind down the Hindus, so as to reduce them to abject poverty and deprive them of wealth and any form of
surplus property that could foster a rebellion[32] the Hindu was to be so reduced as to be left unable to keep a horse to ride on, to
carry arms, to wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any of the luxuries of life".[29] At the same time, he confiscated all landed property from his
courtiers and officers.[32] Revenue assignments to Muslim jagirdars were also cancelled and the revenue was collected by the central
administration.[36] Henceforth, state Kulke and Rothermund, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even
think of rebellion."[32]
Alauddin Khilji taxation methods and increased taxes reduced agriculture output and the Sultanate witnessed massive inflation. In
order to compensate for salaries that he had cut and fixed for Muslim officials and soldiers, Alauddin introduced price controls on all
agriculture produce, goods, livestocks and slaves in kingdom, as well as controls on where, how and by whom these could be sold.
Markets called shahana-i-mandi were created.[36][37][38] Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these
mandi to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Alauddin
deployed an extensive network of Munhiyans (spies, secret police) who would monitor the mandi and had the power to seize anyone
trying to buy or sell anything at a price different than the official controlled prices.[29][38][39] Those found violating these mandi rules
were severely punished, such as by cutting out their flesh.[19] Taxes collected in form of seized crops and grains were stored in
sultanate's granaries.[40] Over time, farmers quit farming for income and shifted to subsistence farming, the general food supply

worsened in north India, shortages increased and Delhi Sultanate witnessed increasingly worse and extended periods of
famines.[19][41] The Sultan banned private storage of food by anyone.[29] Rationing system was introduced by Alauddin as shortages
multiplied however, the nobility and his army were exempt from the per family quota-based food rationing system.[41] The shortages,
price controls and rationing system caused starvation deaths of numerous rural people, mostly Hindus. However, during these
famines, Khilji's sultanate granaries and wholesale mandi system with price controls ensured sufficient food for his army, court officials
and the urban population in Delhi.[30][42] Price controls instituted by Khilji reduced prices, but also lowered wages to a point where
ordinary people did not benefit from the low prices.[43] The price control system collapsed shortly after the death of Alauddin Khalji,
with prices of various agriculture products and wages doubling to quadrupling within a few years.[43]

Historical impact
The tax system introduced during the Khalji dynasty had a long term influence on Indian taxation system and state administration,
Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed
into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (kharaj or mal) became the principal form in
which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class.
The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750, [44]

Massacre of New Muslims

Mongols from central Asia tried to invade Delhi during the reign of Alauddin many times. Some of these Mongol people also settled
near Delhi and accepted Islam. They were called "New Muslims". However, their financial condition was not good. Ala ud-din Khilji
suspected them of being involved in a conspiracy against him and of being a threat to his power. He ordered to kill them all in a single
day. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day,
due to fears of an uprising. Their women and children were made slaves.[28][45]

Slavery during Khilji dynasty

Within Sultanate's capital city of Delhi, during Alauddin Khilji's reign, at least half of the population were slaves working as servants,
concubines and guards for the Muslim nobles, amirs, court officials and commanders.[46] Slavery in India during Khalji, and later
Islamic dynasties, included two groups of people - persons seized during military campaigns, and people who failed to pay tax on time.
The first group were people seized during military campaigns.[47] The second group of people were revenue defaulters. If a family
failed to pay the annual tax in full on time, their property was seized and even some cases all their family members seized then sold as
slaves.[48] The institution of slavery and bondage labor became pervasive during the Khilji dynasty male slaves were referred to as
banda, qaid, ghulam, or burdah, while female slaves were called bandi, kaniz or laundi.

Architecture
Ala-ud-din Khilji is credited with the early Indo-Mohammedan architecture, a style and construction campaign that flourished during
Tughlaq dynasty. Among works completed during Khilji dynasty, are Alai Darwaza - the southern gateway of Qutb complex enclosure,
the Idgah at Rapri, and the Jamat Khana (Khizri) Mosque in Delhi.[49] The Alai Darwaza, completed in 1311, was included as part of
Qutb Minar and its Monuments UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993.[50]
Perso-Arabic inscriptions on monuments have been traced to the Khilji dynasty era.[1]

Disputed historical sources on Khilji dynasty

Historians[51] have questioned the reliability of historical accounts about the Khilji dynasty. Genuine primary sources and historical
records from 1260 to 1349 period have not been found.[51] One exception is the short chapter on Delhi Sultanate from 1302-1303 AD
by Wassaf in Persia, which is duplicated in Jami al-Tawarikh, and which covers the Balban rule, start of Jalal-ud-din Chili's rule and
circumstances of succession of Alauddin Khilji. A semi-fictional poetry (mathnawis) by Yamin al-Din Abul Hasan, also known as Amir
Khusraw Dihlawi, is full of adulation for his employer, the reigning Sultan. Abu Hasan's adulation-filled narrative poetry has been used
as source of Khilji dynasty history, but this is a disputed source.[51][52] Three historical sources, composed 30 to 115 years after the
end of Khilji dynasty, are considered more independent but also questioned given the gap in time. These are Isami's epic of 1349,
Diya-yi Barani's work of 1357 and Sirhindi's account of 1434, which possibly relied on now lost text or memories of people in Khilji's
court. Of these Barani's text is the most referred and cited in scholarly sources.[51][53]

List of Khilji rulers of Delhi (12901320)

Titular Name

Personal Name

Reign

Shyista Khn
(Jalal-ud-din)

Malik Froz

Ala-ud-din[11]

Juna Khan Khilji

Shihab-ud-din

Umar Khan Khilji

Qutb-ud-din

Mubarak Khan Khilji

12901296[4]

12961316[4]

1316[4]

13161320[4]

Khusro Khan ended the Khilji dynasty in 1320.

See also
Khalaj people
Hepthalites
Persianate society
Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

References and footnotes

1. ^ a

"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological

Survey of India"
2. ^ a

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Agha Hussain Hamadani, The Frontier Policy of the Delhi

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b

"Khalji Dynasty"

Affairs, 10(1), pp 264-289

24. ^ Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India,

Distributors
3. ^ a

23. ^ Frank Fanselow (1989), Muslim society in Tamil Nadu (India):

3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15482-0

. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved

2014-11-13. "This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was

25. ^ a

Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of

India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15482-0

of Turkish origin, though the Khalj tribe had long been settled in

26. ^ a

Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness,

27. ^ "Khalji Dynasty"

their ferocity, and their penetration of the Hindu south."

4. ^ a

bc de

Dynastic Chart

p. 368.
Primus Books. pp. 8089. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical

Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the

Chapter 2, pp 231-235, Oxford University Press

bc de fg

Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (2004), A

History of India, 4th Edition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415329200,

pp 171-174

Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 62. ISBN 1-5988-4337-0.

30. ^ a

Retrieved 2013-06-13.

bc

Holt et al., The Cambridge History of Islam - The Indian

sub-continent, south-east Asia, Africa and the Muslim west,

. U of

Nebraska Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1. Retrieved

2010-08-23.
8. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western

Islamic World. p. 280.

28. ^ a

29. ^ a

6. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the

9. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the

. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved

Earliest Times to the End of 1911 , p. 217, at Google Books,

5. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History.

Asia. p. 364.

Sastri (1955), pp 206208

2014-11-13.

The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2,

7. ^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The state at war in South Asia

ISBN 978-0521291378, Cambridge University Press, pp 9-13

31. ^ Tapan Raychaudhuri, Irfan Habib and Dharma Kumar (1982),
The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,
Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-62, ISBN 978-0-521-22692-9
32. ^ a

bc d

Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (1998), A

History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15482-0, pp

161-162

10. ^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the

33. ^ Jackson, Peter (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and

Renaissance to the Present. p. 162.

11. ^ a

bc

"Khalji Dynasty"

Military History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 196202, ISBN

. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved

2010-08-23. "this dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was

978-0-521-54329-3
34. ^ Elliot and Dowson (1871), The History of India as told by its

of Turkic origin, though the Khilj tribe had long been settled in
what is now Afghanistan..."

own Historians , p. 182, at Google Books, Vol. 3, pp 182-188

35. ^ N. Jayapalan (2008), Economic History of India: Ancient to

12. ^ Thorpe, Showick Thorpe Edgar (2009). The Pearson General

Present Day, Atlantic Publishers, pp. 81-83, ISBN 978-8-126-

Studies Manual 2009, 1/e . Pearson Education India. p. 1900.

ISBN 81-317-2133-7. Retrieved 2010-08-23. "The Khilji dynasty

90697-0
36. ^ a

was named after a village in Afghanistan. Some historians

believe that they were Afghans, but Bharani and Wolse Haig
explain in their accounts that the rulers from this dynasty who

vol. 16, pp. 55-66

5th Edition,

ASIN B007Q862WO , pp 156-158

Afghanistan, were originally Turkic."

38. ^ a

13. ^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of medieval India:

Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and

Military History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 244248, ISBN

Atlantic Publishers &

978-0-521-54329-3

Distributors. p. 337. ISBN 81-269-0123-3. Retrieved 2010-08-23.

39. ^ M.A. Farooqi (1991), The economic policy of the Sultans of

"The Khiljis were a Central Asian Turkic dynasty but having been

Delhi, Konark publishers, ISBN 978-8122002263

long domiciled in present-day Afghanistan, and adopted some

40. ^ Irfan Habib (1984), The price regulations of Alauddin Khalji - a

Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in

defense of Zia Barani, Indian Economic and Social History

Delhi Court."

Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 393-414

14. ^ Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples: The

Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa

41. ^ a

. Marshall

Cavendish. p. 320. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. Retrieved 2010-08-23.

"The sultans of the Slave Dynasty were Turkic Central Asians,
but the members of the new dynasty, although they were also
Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of
b

a historical narrative . Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-

42. ^ Vincent A Smith (1983), The Oxford History of India, Oxford

University Press, pp 245-247
43. ^ a

. India: Indus Publishing. p. 43.

ISBN 81-738-7143-4. Retrieved 2012-11-19.

17. ^ Singh, D. (1998). The Sundarbans of India: A Development
. India: APH Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 81-702-4992-9.

Retrieved 2012-11-19.
bc d

44. ^ Tapan Raychaudhuri, Irfan Habib and Dharma Kumar (1982),

The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,
45. ^ The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji- By Ghulam
Sarwar Khan Niazi
46. ^ Raychaudhuri et al (1982), The Cambridge Economic History
of India: c. 1200-1750, Orient Longman, pp 89-93
47. ^ Irfan Habib (1978), Economic history of the Delhi Sultanate: An
essay in interpretation, Indian Council of Historical Research, Vol

Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political

and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521543293 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag name

4, No. 2, pp 90-98, 289-297

48. ^ Scott Levi (2002), Hindu beyond Hindu Kush: Indians in
Central Asian Slave Trade, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol

"pjds" defined multiple times with different content

(see the help page).
19. ^ a

bc d

12, Part 3, pp 281-283

49. ^ Alexander Cunningham (1873), Archaeological Survey of India,
Report for the year 1871-72, Volume 3, page 8

Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the

Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Chapter 2, Oxford University

50. ^ UNESCO, Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi , World

Heritage Site

Press
^a b c

Tapan Raychaudhuri, Irfan Habib and Dharma Kumar (1982),

Cambridge University Press, pp. 62-63, ISBN 978-0-521-22692-9

16. ^ Kumar Mandal, Asim (2003). The Sundarbans of India: A

18. ^ a

The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,

1957-9711-6. Retrieved 2010-08-23.

Analysis

K.S. Lal (1967), History of the Khaljis, Asian Publishing

Cambridge University Press, pp. 87-88, ISBN 978-0-521-22692-9

Yunus, Mohammad Aradhana Parmar (2003). South Asia:

Development Analysis

House, ISBN 978-8121502115, pp 201-204

customs and culture to Delhi."

15. ^ a

20.

Kenneth Kehrer (1963), The Economic Policies of Ala-ud-

37. ^ AL Srivastava, Delhi Sultanate

came to India, though they had temporarily settled in

from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.

Din Khalji, Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society,

William Wilson Hunter, The Indian Empire: Its Peoples,

History, and Products

51. ^ a

, p. 334, at Google Books, WH Allen &

Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political

0521543293, pp 49-52

Co., London, pp 334-336

21. ^ "Khalji Dynasty"

bc d

and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-

. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved

52. ^ Elliot and Dawson (1871), The History of India as told by its
own Historians, Vol. 3, pp 94-98

2014-11-13. "Jall al-Dn's nephew Jn Khan led an expedition

into the Hindu Deccan, captured Ellichpur and its treasure, and

53. ^ Irfan Habib (1981), "Barani's theory of the history of the Delhi
Sultanate", Indian Historical Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp 99-115

returned to murder his uncle in 1296."

22. ^ Holt et al., The Cambridge History of Islam - The Indian subcontinent, south-east Asia, Africa and the Muslim west, ISBN
978-0521291378, pp 8-14

Further reading
Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 , p. 230, at Google Books, Oxford
University Press
Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press

External links
Encyclopdia Britannica - Khalji Dynasty
Khilji - A Short History of Muslim Rule in India

I. Prasad, University of Allahabad

The Role of Ulema in Indo-Muslim History , Aziz Ahmad, Studia Islamica, No. 31 (1970),

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Khilji
dynasty.

pp. 113
Authority control

WorldCat Identities

Categories: Former countries in Asia

VIAF: 57416848

GND: 119071878

States and territories established in 1290

States and territories disestablished in 1320

Khilji dynasty

Delhi Sultanate

Muslim dynasties of India

Dynasties of Pakistan

13th century in India

1320 disestablishments in Asia

Empires and kingdoms of India

14th century in India

1290 establishments in India

Medieval Afghanistan

1290 establishments in Asia

1320 disestablishments in India

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