The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State FRIEDRICH ENGELS In Ancient Socty, or Rewari the Lines of Hunan Prope fom Sonagy Though Babar to Chiation (3897), the Amery al balgst Lens H. Mera propounded mateo her athe es human socket) Hi account of sates eine soe founded on ‘mma prope apeed to Mart sd Engel to have (es Engst net put) the sme sgScance fr the hstay ef print sty as Dat ‘tins theory af luton had for biker ted Me's thory of spl phe Bai nil weno. Sa ped ww lr belo ‘Morpn's ear, aod made extensive exacts from and tes on Ar ‘Sto Sat fo ht pope * Using Mans mates or mel theo tsar, and canny eve intelating Man's warpage io 1 wrote hs monapagh oa The Ong ofthe Fama, Pte Proper dhe Stat, rm which thi accu talen. The two mabe hve ‘ce aed ty the etr of ths mse. ‘The Family: Its Past, Present and Future + + +The evoaton of the fy in peeiove times costed ia the contnl narowing of the cle—onginally embracing the ‘hole tibe—oithin which mnt community between the ewe Sexes premied. By the socesiveexlsion, ft of cower, then of er eroter relatives, and Bally even of those merely cated by Imaniage evry Kind of group manage was ultimately rendered races imposible nd inte end there emained only the one Ter the moment til lool united, couple he molecule th the olution of which marae ioe completely cease. This fact tone shows how hte india sex Tove the moder sete of AP Ret ate remedied thas cum 13) ea ‘The Origin of Pamiy, Private Property, and Stato + 735 ‘he word dt do withthe on of monopeny. The pat $i'peap mths ge aor sl er plot of ie Wheres Sader Pens fort ofthe aml en ete ner yet of omen atm the cont ad 2 se of then, women ase Sine see ned were shaft Consent wi pane Iarage ei the cto and pce of wot doped Smptons, bt nthng mow of much move erp age Tatiea cen "The ping omy el to weak nd wnt to make nid pendent boulder enon deme Sd ty any Sean dine he ommoniie hold tented frm ae Snr Bat the commun howell imps he sopenacy of eco nthe bone, jt the ete ecoputin 2 mae ‘othe, bene of the imponty of tng the ata Ether wth cetsinty, ns igh rn othe wee, at fr the mothen. Tht woman se ve of ana the com, ‘essence ct ooo the sd nts tat have le down fos fm te peta of Eaghtcmet of he gh Seah etry. Wonan xed nt only fe bt se iy ‘specie postion song ages a bert of he ee teloil soe snd poy ve ofthe appr sg Lat Aa ‘Writs minor or any ya among te Senco or yh er peal wo ne ping amy At ek fey ston, when ocapyg the ol long hou (conmeniic foals entnng wl ii). if peas at some ne can [pe rented, the women tkig stand fom there get Usa te emule pein led Rowe the ses ween immo, bt oe fh os aa or lover wh nfo sito t do hs oe of he providing, No sats kow many chien or watever gods pe mit have the ome he might any tne be ore pe opis ln and edge: od ater sch rds wood ot be heath for ‘amt to dhe. The home won he too Rot fo hy end he TSE eat th ova cn Inyo somes often asp tod sat stew matin lc i tee otha The women sere the grt power ong the (pnt, eee ee. ‘They dione Beane, when canon tequiesto fe of he hoa was techn ele fm had ofthe eet snd ‘adh back tothe unis of ihe wrson’ t= = «nag nn ol oe ain ahr ats iinet annie erica Sab cober aka ea tiene tshirt cats pas ce736 + The Later Engels {ag to mother sight proaile. This had, therefore, to be over {throw and it was oveitvown;andit wos ot so Seu te do 1 it appens to us now. For this revolution cone of the nose se sive eer expericced by mankind—need not have datnbed sos Single living member of 2 gens All the membs coal nage hit they were previously "The simple decison safes cent How cul itt comptned cn teen hn ad a Ind tbs, ong shom sy ety wat posting ey marten ee et ange methods of ie (samo an tec ed {canter the chien tothe lathes gee : ges by ging then oc of the Eaulgnumescbsnng herein inner ot ey may ea ee "SC nes Ad fon cs te Sag ne sittin tadion ital wherever 2 det oh a SE eer tre on ‘rose; and matters could only be straightened ut cad pa ee ile noc he meeceS cartisrmaae ge teers ‘Sev center tay Ae a sentra en neg ta Perot he Od Wor sinet mee hypatine Scones ee ry, Outline of the Origin ° with Gaeta ats PC a apts enone ops (oct dt cr ite ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State - 737 “The Bit eet ofthe sole re ofthe men that war ow aah lhe f shown inthe intermediate fon ofthe tay whic now mesg he patna fay is che tbat Pot pale At mich more anon “the oganiatin of womb of per tous, bond and fe, nto fay ede he pteinal power ofthe head ofthe fry In the Seni fon, thi aly che es fo polyny, the Bondaman hata vie ancien sed the poor: Of the whole ogi the cate of Rocks adhe ove ed sen” The event este athe ncrpontin of bondsmen snd the paternal power the Roman fay. acorn ots the petted type of i form ofthe mi Te word fo dd ‘ot gay py th el of oor modern Phisting wh et compound of tentmenaity sod domerie dco Among the Romany, in the bepanig, tid ot even cf to the med etn ei clren ut tothe dave alone: Pals met owchold sive and fais gn the totality of dvs bcongng to one individual Even in fhe time of Calas the fail i et petrimontam (Wats the estas) was guste by will The ESprenion was inveied by the Romane to Bact 2 now sol Ci he ed Fh ein we an hr ‘number fives, imder Roman pata powes, wth pero fn dent over them all "The tem thereto, wo ler tan the iota amy stm ofthe Lain abe which ee fe ed agscaltare ad after lease cote, nell yer te separ ton of the Greeks and (Anan) Latins” To which May ss "The modem fay ontaie i embiyo not ely saver (sors) but ero al, sce rom he very eponing icone ith sgecltral seme Te consns niin Hein minature al the astagonims which leer devlop on + wide sale itn soily ind fest ‘Suah form ofthe family shows the tanstion of the png family to menogemy. In ore gnante the deity of te we that the pterty ofthe eilen, the woman i led inthe ‘mun alse power ihe bleh be ut eesing his ht. ‘We ate confonted with this new form of the family inal its severity amoag the Gres. While ar Marx observes, the postion of the goddaser in enythology repretents an eaiet pegod, when women stil occupied fer and more repeted place, in the Heroic Age we alzeady fod women degraded wig tothe predomi nance ofthe man and the competition of female aver. One may read in the Odysey how Telemachus cut his mother short snd Enjoinssleee upon her. In. Homer the young female captive: Become the objet ofthe senral Tost of the victors: the mitary chil one afte the other, scoring toa, choote the most bea738 + "The Later Engels tial ones for themes. The whole of the Had as we know, revolves around the quarel between Aches snd Agamemnon ves such 1 female sive: In connection with each Homeric hero of Importance mention is made ofa captive maiden with whom he shaves tent and bed. These saidens ave taken back home, to the conjugl house, as was Castnda by Agamemnon in. Acchylas Soas bom ofthese slaves receive a sal sare of thei father etate snd are regarded as freemen. Teakos was soch an Meitimate on of ‘Teamon and was pemtted to adopt his father® name, ‘The wetded wife is expected to tolerate all ths, but to maintain sic chastity and conjugal fidelity herself. True in the Heroic Age the ‘Greek wie is more wespected than in the period of clisaton; for the husband, however, she is, in realty, merely the mother of his legitimate heirs, his chief howsekexper, andthe superintendent of the female saves, whom he may make, and does take his conc bines at wil 1 & the extence of slavery side by side with mono. {gm the existence of benutfal yong saves who belong to the ‘man with ll they have, that fom the very beginning stamped on ‘monogamy its specie character as monogsmy only forthe oman, Dut not forthe an. And it eas ths character to this ay + + In Buspides, the wile is dered as okarema, a thing for honsckeeping (the word isin the neste gendet) and apt om the busines. of beaing cildven, she was nothing shte tothe the nian than the chef Rowemaid. ‘The husband hed his gyaaustic tics, his public asin, fom which the wife was excluded in dition, he often had female saves at his disposal ad, inthe hey. day of Athens, extensive prostation, which was viewed with favour by the sate, fo sy the least. Tt was precely oa the bai of this posittion thatthe sole outsending Greek women developed, who br ther esprit and artistic taste tomered nt much above the general level of ancient womanhood asthe Sprite women di by vitae oftheir character "That one had frst fo Bosome 3 eae in order to become 2 woman is the strongest indictment of the Athenian fami, Inthe cons of time, this Athenian family became the made ‘upon which not only the ret ofthe fonans, bat also al the Grek of the mainland and of the colonies increasingly moulded their domestic relationship. But despite ll seclusion std suvelance the ‘Greek women found oppotonties often enough for deceiving he hushands. The latter, who wold have been ashamed to evince any love for thet ovm wives, smed themsehes with hetara in all Kinds of amours But the deredation ofthe women recoiled on the smen themselves and degaded them too, sai they snk into the ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State + 739 pees of boyove, degading both themselves and their gos by bie myth of Ganymede. “This was the ain of monogemy, afr we can trace i among, the sont civied and highly developed people of antiquity, Te wae pot in any wap the foi of individual sex love, with which i had solutely nothing in common, for the martages remained mac: tages of convenience, as before Tt was the fist fom of the fay bhsed nat om natural bt on econemie endtions, namely, on the victory of prvate property over ong, atialy developed, ‘common ownership. The rule ofthe man i the family, the proves tion of chldien who could only be his, destined to be the hei of is wealth—these alone were fankly avowed by the Greks asthe exclusive aims of monogainy. For the rest it was a burden, 2 duty to the gods to the sate and to their ancestors, which just had to be Fallled To Athens the law made not only masiage compulsory, but aio the flllment bythe man of a minimum ofthe sealed conju. bal duties, "Thus, monogamy docs not by any means make its appearance ia history asthe seconciston of man and womsn, stil es asthe highest foam of such a reconciation. Om the coneary, i peat 25 the subjection of one sex by the ober, a the procamation of con fist between the sexe entirely unknown huts in. pehistone tines, In ap old unpublithed soanuexpt the wock of Mex aad myelin 1846, [nd the following’ "The Et dvison of about fe that between man snd woman for child breeding,” And today T an add. The fet clas antagonism which appeas in history cao fides with the development ofthe antagonism between man 2nd Stoman in monogamian marrige, andthe rt css oppeson wilh ‘hat of the ferme ex by the male. Monogamy was frat histor- cal advance, but atthe same tm it inaugurated, along with slavery and pate welt, that epoch, lasting until tedy, in which every advance likewise a rdative regresion, which the wel-bing 25d evelopment of the one group ae attained by the miery and repreon ofthe other. ti the clic form of evilod scey, trhich we can already stodythe mtare ofthe sntagonisms and Con. Tradictions which develop fully inthe ater. = With the rie of property diferntation—that is, as far back athe upper stage of rrtarsm-—oge labour appeatsspoad tall slong of sive labour, and simultaneous ts accessary Eomelte, the profesional prostitution of free women appeam side by sie with the forced runender of the female save. Thus, the her ‘tage bequenthed to civletion by group mariage i doublesided, ita eeything engendered by chitin fs doublesided, dow740 + The Later Engels Detoogued,slfcontaitory and antagonistic: on the one Indy ‘monogamy, om the other, heserm,aeliding Ht est eateme {oon pletion. Hetsersm sa much + sci into o ay thers continaton ofthe old smal feedou—in vor of the men. Although, i ality, itis not ony tlented bat een pre ‘ed with gatos party by the ing casey it camden in words In resi, however, this condetmaton by ab means is the men who idle it oly the women, they ae este ied and’ cast out im order to proclaim once agin the saute Sormination of the male over the Female wx a the fundamental law of sey Asecond contradiction, Hower, is herby deloped within ‘monogamy itl By the ide of the sbend hone bles eel Ihed by hetaerm, stand the megected we. And iy jst a5 imposible have on ideo condition wsthout he othe ast {sto retain the whole of an pple mons hand afer bal hs Sen ten. Nevertheles, the men appear to have thought dierent, Sb thei wives taught them Yo now Better Two. permanent Seca fg, previowlyusinown, appear onthe scene Hong wih tmonogimay—the wifes paramour and the cthold. The me had fained the vitory over the women, bat east of crowning the Ntor was magnaizouly andeaten by the vanquished. Adan “er, ey ped inerene~ bea 8 ‘oidable voc institution slogside of mnongany and hae ‘The assured parity of chlden vas now, a elo, bated, at bet ‘on moral conviction, and n onder to se the snasble contac tion, Ale yrs ofthe Code Napolon deted. “Lefer cons pendant le manage «pour pre Ye man,” "seid conse doing Irae has fr father he hosband” Ths the Bol out ‘thee thousand yeas of monosomy “Thus, ia the monngamian fly, in thos cates that filly ret is htvel en and tat ceaty bring out the sharp eon {ict between man and wenn seuling vom te else domina. th ofthe mal, we have» pce ia ministre of he very a nisms and contdition in which ity, split yp into Sais ice the commencement of citon, moves tat beng able fo rele and overcome them. Naturally Ttefr er en to those cases of monogamy where mattmoni life ely they coe Scoxing to the ruler governing the gal chusctr ofthe whale Inston, twee the nf cb asi he domination of he ‘usband Tht thie not the ese with all mages o one Enows etter thn the Geman Phin, wo tt'n0 mow capable of ruling ithe home than in te tat, and whose wale, therfore with fall aston, wear the breeches of which hes two. Bot in conaltion he smapincs himself tobe fix superior to bs ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State ~ 741 French companion in misotune, who, more often than he, fares far wore -Avhough monogamy nt the ly known fom of the fay out of wih moan ee ol oe no flo hat hi ibe derloped within cx, of cven predomtany asthe true love of anand pte The while at of sel mona ‘Bmian mariage ender male domination ruled ths ext. Anong al Eton seb casey that hy stmong al ling clase, mats Thony ined whot iad tee since ping mano mater MF odpvencace ranged by the parents, And he Gn form of sex ine at htocly emerge a2 pon and at pasin fn which ‘hype at eat of the rng Cae has a ght to ode, ab She Right fou of the sexta pee prensely Spe. ike featuethis Hr at fom, the chnaloas Tove of the Sale ns, wes by no ean conjoga Tove On the conta, Ae Shel fonm, among the Prva sacs under falls twat adult the pases of which sng by Bh poets The ‘rin Gotan Tapeedy ae the tower of Prog ove pet They deere i owing ols How the hight hes th Eile the wife of andtheree the matchinan sands gard tele cling him at he Saat steaks fda al) 0 at tte nay scape unoboened. The pring scene thn costes th ‘Sena, The Norte enh wells he worthy Gera ie Stoo sipted th eo post, slong with the manners of chia Tow lve whch comeapondd Yo and on this same suggestive ‘one ou own olf Wolfe yon Excentach har Te or thee “Exit Songs of he Dawa, wih 1 prefer to is thee long hero Pepowgeis marge of our own timc i of to Rind Ia Catolc cous the prey bere ll prove ale ie fo Sher ung teugrt so snd the consequences atl cr sldg of the entabon nheret in monogamous {Se lncacoh onthe pr ofthe hoinn, sod ousting adaltny pric pt ofthe wie The Cathle Chuch doubles sbaished Gronelonly bres i vas convince that for aduteyy ab for Ser he cv nto n Feast one the Stier handy he ae tha the burg sons alowed to sek a SE tr Mint fom hit wm cats more ot les Fel Conse reel, marage canbe bul on 2 con Gege af love which, {Gracy sake awe: aimed, accocdance with Protea Sapocty.To th cay etaeom on the prt of the men le 12Brey Peed, ad sly onthe wom’ pti not so mosh fie mle Sica io every nd of mariage, however, people rman Htc we bore they maria and ice he ctaes of Prot742 + The Later Engels tant counties ate mostly Philtnes, this Protestant monogamy Jeade merely if we take the avenge of the best caer ton mead Ute of laden boredom, which desorbed a» dometie Bag he ‘est minor ofthese two ways of mirage isthe mover the Fen novel forthe Catholic stl, and the German novel for the Pot, tant tn‘both css “he ges i the Carman ove the yooag ‘man gts the gin the Frech the husband gas th eadolgs toms! Which of the two i in She we plight is ot suse ey fe ake out, For the dle of the Geman novel exits The sae horror inthe French bourgeois asthe “immo” of the French ose excites inthe German Philstine altho ity sacs “Betin ie becoming a metropolis,” the German novel hat Legon to dla ite les tmidly wth eters and adultery Tong lve to exit there Tr both cases, however, mariage i determined bythe clas post ion ofthe prticipants, and to that extent alway emma sashage of convenience, In both eases, this manage of convenience otee enough tums into the cast provituion-omelines on beth side, but mach more genenly of the pat ofthe wile tho dies ‘tom the ondnary courte of in that she doesnot ne ot er body like a wage worker, on picework, but sll int slavery once {or al, Abd Fourier’ words hold good for all masrage af ores ‘ence: “Jt asin grammar to negates ake 2 porte #6 tthe rors of marrige tw positions make ene vetue” Ss one he the elation of husband tnd wf and con become the ne aly among the oppressed clase, that atthe present day stnong tre proletariat, no matter whether thi rehonship 1s offealy ane Soned or ot. Bt hee all the foundation of Sasial mooring ae removed. Here, there iss complete abwnce of al propor he the safeguarding and inhentance ‘of which moncpany fad ile domination were cabled. Therefore hee i ne stgular ube ever her to aset male domination, What i ore, the means toy ate absent, bourgeois law, which protects thy domination, ete only forthe properted cases an their dealings withthe pl as TE cuts tney, and therefor, owing tothe wonker pose ‘has no validity in his atte tarde hn wes Peron an soe ‘elation of git a difeent soit are the dese factor hee, lose ves, sce ges inasty has trae the worn fone hhouse to the boar maeket nd the factory, and makes bes fies cnough, the brend-wianer of the family, the lest seats of ele domination ia the proletarian heme hive ot all foonations oe cept pebaps fr some of that brutality towards women which became fon rooted wth the estabishment of monoguny. Thr the proletatan family is no longer monogamian inthe tng some, ven in cas of the most pasionate love and sneer ftbiolnes ofthe two pits, and despite lspital and wolly benediction ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State ~ 743 hh ne eee The oer acs of mo [umy_hetserom aod alesy—thevlore, pay an amos agg fae here the nomen has eptne, Inf height of sepaaton, and when the man and woman cannot get slong they pret! t par. Inshore poletran marrage i oaaputan in the ebmnloia Seni of te word, bt by no mean a he hata ese ‘Oar art, to be sor, hold thatthe progres ef legaltion to an incyetng epee removes al ase fr compan on the pat of he ‘woman. Moder ced sates of low ye ecopuing move and ‘howe, it ttn rdr tobe etetve mange taste an gee: ‘newt voluntary entsed ito by both pri end sxonly. int Aung marge to bth price mart be oo an eg footing in ‘espe (0 nights and obligations. I, however, thes two demands ‘ete consistently eared ito eee, women would havea that they could ak fo sy eames rae “This tpl Liners retonng is exci the sme a that wt whch he dial ‘epubiton beep imines the pelsuran ‘The labour contact supped to be vluntnly entered ato by both parc. Bot itis taken to be volintaaly ceed ito ay soon the la bas pot both pater on an egal fotng om per ‘The power gen to one party by is diferet cle poston, the preset exer on the ofer—the esl economie postion oF Boal iso concem ofthe In’ And both pate agin ae supposed to have eq ngs forthe Gaston ofthe labear con tect, unless one or the othe of the pats expel nated thm ‘Tht the concrete economic ntaton compels he wert ergo ‘yen the slightest sembnce of equa nghts—this asin some thing he lw esa help. "AS fo ak mage concered, even the most poresie Iw i fully tse arson the pres orally gtr th woustary deste to get mari What happens behind the lp cay, where tea ife sented, how tir ont agreement aed at “hina concer ofthe in andthe ost. And yet the simplest comm ation of laws shoal seve to show the ors what this alntary repent sy amet i nn wh the hn ly asred cf a elagtory share of thet pet’ property a {hes Lanna be dahented in Geran the comes i French a, ee-—the children most obtain thet pent coset in the question of marage, In counters under Engi law, where renal consent fo mariage se mt legaly requis the parent Tie fl tatstoryfeedom over fcc prope tnd ean, if ey so deste, ct ther cen of with sling Is cleat, terete, Ahat dest ths, o ther jo bora of thi smong thse cet ‘hich hive something to fhe from to many bot one whit {rater England and Ameren than n Pace or Gemnay. "The positon io better wih ear to the fra eat of‘4 + The Later Engels mam and woman in mariage, The equality of the two before the law, which sa legacy of previous seca conditions, i not egg Dut the effect of the ectnomic oppression of women ka thea ‘Rmunitie howehol, which embraced’ mucous compe cis children, the administration of the howschold entsoteh one monet a ee heh Sechelt eiin i a ie Bag egos re $i pala ny i ey pla sa Ete tet ln aon ea eae od ae Sms tas hae eas ced ay iar Sea ee el ge my tenn ct te (aR eo i a ai ey ee Speen errs Sorel reall tte ont Soneatan 7 pl ty stoperniel (heim Se Sioelenmlesi i te abc SES Seg rmer ei lt Seat hes Se sg Settee ge wi ioe oat Lint isan demands at he gay posed aD ne family of Big the eoname wat of ee Be na We have, then, thie chief forms of marge, which, by and lage, conform tothe tree mainstage of human develoroery. Fed ‘svageny—group marge, for burbarsne—patnng mage by ve ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State > 745 atin nomi, pln by ahd pian, Inthe ope sos fbtarom eween pg marge ed on. ping, hee trveigel in he dominice enelel mer ee, female dave, and pean. ‘As out whole exporon as show, the aGrance o be noted in th soucae i iked with the peor ft et nie nome toe and more pre ofthe sera edo of oop wurape {hemen ate not. Acualy for men, group marta cts to ta day. What fr woman eine caliag tv eg and tal consequences, rarel inthe ene of am beng honouble ry at mot a4 slight moral sai that one be th lee The ‘toe the old tational tae is changed nba ay by cpt ‘St commodity produsion ad stpted 10 andthe more ttansormed int anconcled portion, the more demorling src And tam mn ato nS women. Among women petition depade only thee ane tates wo fal cles nd even tse ste at doped o the dpe that i gency bleed. On he eter han Segides the characte of he ene ale word. Thy age cas ont often, along engagements pct 2 prepay hol for conju ned We ae now spc» sil erchtion in which the ite exit eo dts of men inp fa sin ay wil thon of is spplementprrtstion, Monsgsny Si one he omctaten fee wath ie ek at one pesonaed thats man™—end out of thy dete fo bequest ths wlth tots man's crn nd fo no one Ses Fr ts pure ‘poe monogamy war eel onthe Wonka pt But not onthe Trans 0 that this monogamy of the woman i bo sey hinged the overt or ever palygany of he man Te impending sal so lution, were, By tanwerming a hart the Ee pester pt of Pemanent tohestabeweatthe means Precio Socal prety, wil ede all tht sony aout inentones to 9 Iminimem, Since monoguny are fem comonic esl iappear when the cnies Spent? ‘ne might not wnjuly sore: fac fom dkappeating, it wil nly beginto be comply tee. For wth the Comes ofthe ‘eine of product nto scl propery, wage bx the peta it alo dhappeu, sad thee, aun the ey for cea “patiily tile muni of women to mend te sehes for money. Peston dppa mowegmy, intend of esning Sealy bores 3 ey “forthe men sel ‘Atal cents the poston of the men thr undergoes consider sble change But tht ofthe women al wanes ndergae import sitertion With the page of te mean of pedion into common prope, the indhidet fm cert Be the a oni aut of ey Pate houckenng i tanlomed ato746 + ‘The Later Engels ‘2nd The ced setion of he hin Scot 2 ili mater Sosy tke cae of al Chen equal nespetve {Ef whether they ae boon in bebo or not Pur thefesey ‘howe the “consequence” which today the mest important sol factrboth mors ad sconomietiat hide Bt frm ging Themlf fest tothe nh she loves, dippers Wil tis wot be ‘snc enough for gual sie of tote Sosetained sent inter ‘tune, and slong with nore lest publ opinion feuding vison honour and fein same” Aad Sal, hve we ne een {hit monogamy sod proton ia the modete nod, altough ‘opposites, sre nevethles inepuble ponte, ple ofthe sae Sal conditions? Can psttaton Gerppar witout dging ‘onogamy whit nto the ays? Here a nw let come nto operon, factor Wat, at most, casted in eno at the tine wen monogamy developed, namely ‘nal Sx love No hn nil lve ited eo he Mie ‘Tht poral beauty, timate aaciaton, nian cin Stereo. ceed afer wal nko among ppl of ppt sexes, that men a well x women were nt tty sir Bt tothe question of wit whom they entered st this ots ‘tate eatin obvne Bu hr sl ary fom te se oe oF our dy. Throughout antgty manages were sranged by te patent the pater quel acquiced. Te hile cong oe ht Scar Known 6 sntiqay was atin any aya sibjecte icon, But an bjetve dy tw tenon for but coe of aap oe en sical sxty The shepherd whore oe and sons love ave Sang by Theses ane Morn Gy Longue Bop and Cio re mere saves, who have no hue fn the ate, the sper of the fe linen Expt among the sey, howevet,we fod Tove Min aly a2 dsntgpaton rout of the dciaing ance ‘etd, and wth women who ave also beyond the ple f ofcal toc, it eta, that wt senor eed woe Athens ‘ening with the eve of i dsine fn Rome at The time ofthe fnpeon, Iflove lin relly eovined between mle and fel ica, twas only he form of altey. Aad se Tove in ar ese ofthe ter vas imate to hat Cae be poet antigay old Anuccon, Ut cren the set of te beloved one ‘tata mater ofcomplte diferent hm, ‘Our love dfs mney Hom the simple ser desi, the cra ofthe ancients, Fatt pessppose rcp love onthe pt te loved nein steer, Be woman sand on 2 par oth {he man, wheres in he anclnt es, the woman wn by no mest slvaynconslted. Scenyx love stan dee of inteaty {nd pemaoeney where th two pair tes son pen Of ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State - 747 sepaation at great if not the pate, misfortune; in onder to Pes cach ot hey take get asad, even king fe el ‘Shatin antiquity happened at bet only iets of sly. Aad nal, new moral sandnd asics fr jodgog seal inteeoue ‘The question asked isnt only whether rk ifeoure ma lag imate or ict, but ao whether arse fom mute Tove or ot 1 ges witht saying tat fecal er boone practice this new stad far no beter han ail the ster owl sunday it ‘imply ignored. But st fre no wowe, ether [trope in theoy, om paper, tke all the vet And owe than ths cannot be ected forthe preset Were antguty broke of with is start towards sx ove, the Midce ges beg, manly, wth adultery. We have siady Se senibed chaos love, which ge sto the Songs ofthe Dav ‘There stil wide glf between this Kind of lve, which imed at braking up maton, and the love dested tobe its founda thon, + gu never completly biged by the age of cial. Even hen we pss fom the fvoloos Lata tothe wituous Ceoman, ve ind, Inthe Nibtangenied, that Reema altugh se ‘relia love with Sige every whit at mocha he wih her Severe, in ely to Gunther’ intimation ot he has plight hertos aight whem he doesnot name suowen spy: “Vou have ‘0 ced to a 5 You command, so wl Ibe freer Te whom you, ty lor, choc for ay hsband, thi wil giadly Pgh ay froth” i€ never occu to her that her love cold’ poly be ‘emideted inthis ater. Gunther sek the and of Besa wth Ont ever having teen he, and tal does the sue with Keene ‘he sme osc in the Gudrun where Shan of end sects {he hand of Ute the Norse, Hete of Heplingsn the of Hilde of telan; and lly, Sogted of Morland, Hatt of Onan and Herig of Secand seek the hand of Gudrun; and bete forthe fit sime i happens that Gudrun, of her own fce wil, decides fa favour ofthe it ramed, AS a role, the bide fs young pce selected by his parents thes eno longer sve be chests her, Tims with the couse of his highest na hy hese word cams get weight i all ewes. Nov ean it be ethers. For te Inigo baron, jst as forthe prince hin rarage is 8 po {te act, an opportu forthe aceeson of power through ar alan: the interes of the House and no inddial ination are the decisive factor. How can lve ere hope to have the ast ‘ord regu mange? Tt eas the same for the guldaman ofthe metic toms. The sexy pegs which protected hime gull charters withthe {pes stpthtions, the aia lines of ematston whith lg ‘puted hi rom ther gly, hs own fellow gus sad from his jureymen snd apprentcerconsdenbly estted the748 + The Later Engels circle in which he could hope to secure a suitable spouse. And the ‘uestion 35 to who wat the most suitable war definitely decided ‘der this complied system, not by individual inlinatin, bot by family interes. ‘Upto the end of the Midile Ages, therefore, mariage, nthe cveomclming majoty of esis, mained what tad een fom the commencement, an afar that was not deed by the two prin. cipal pits. Inthe begining one came into the ond mared, tmaried to a whe group of the oposite iex.A similar tltion ‘robebly existed in the ater forms of group mariage only with a feranereasing narowing ofthe group. Ta the ping tly it is {he rule thatthe mothen arrange their chilhe's manages, and hese alo, comsidertions of new tes of relationship that are 10 strengthen the young couple's poston in the gens nd tribe are the decve factor. And whe, withthe predominance of poate prope er cron, propery and wih tect inher fence, father night and menoguny gain the acendaney, ma Becomes more than ever dependent on economic conerationy, ‘The form of marca by purchase disppeu, fhe trnstion lt {sto an eveinereating degre cased out ia such a way that not ‘nly the woman but the min abo appraised, nt by hs pronal ‘uaites But by his posesons The idea that the stl Snlina fron ofthe principal pris should be the overidng teen for mattiony had been unhearbof in the prsctice of the ling clases from the very beginning Sch thing! tok pce, 2 best, st romance only, oramong the oppressed clases which: did not count “This was the situation found by capitalist production when, follwing the era of geographical dicoere, tact out to conquer the world through wood tarde and manufacture. One would think that this mode of matrimony should have sited it exceedingly, and such was actualy the ease And yet—-ie ony of world tony is Unfathomable—it was capitalist production that had to make the esis breach in i. By transforming ll things into commas, Jt dsolved all ancient tational relations, and for inheited cos toms and historical nights it sobsbtued purchase and le, "ree contact. And HS. Maine, the English just, believed that he made 1 colosal discovery when he seid that our cate proges fn comparison with previous epochs consists in or baving evolved from satus to contac, font an inbented state of fis fo One voluntary contacted statement which nso fra it is comet, ‘was contained long agin the Communist Manifesto "But the closing of contiets presupposes people who con freely lapose of thei econ, action and posession sd who mec each ‘theron equal tems. 'To rete sch “fee” and “equ” people was preiely one of the chit tas of capil production, A ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State ~ 749 hough in the begining his took place ony a a semiconscoas ‘tonnes tainlipows pe te bt noel fom he tie tf the Lathern sad Calinistic Reformation it became mn prin: ipl tata penon vat completly rerponnible for his ations aly ithe posesed fl heed of te wil when performing them, and {hat wana ethical ty to cea all compulsion to Committ ctl et Bot haw deh a with te eis pct of inatimony? Azcoding to bourgeois conceptions, matimony was 2 Contract, legal afar, indeed the mort important of al since it disposed ofthe body and ming of two pesons for life. Trt enough, formally the Bargin wes stock voluntary was not done without the consent of the pate, bot how this consent mas obtained, and who rely aranged the mantage was Haown oxly too ell ‘Bur if eal Feedom to decide was demanded forall other contact, why not fortis ove? Had not the two young people abut tobe alte the right freely to dapove of themselves, their bodies and 4 cxgans? Did nat sex love become the fashion asa consequence of chal, and was aot the lve of husband and wiles corect ‘ougeoi form, at against the alters love ofthe hnightst Bat ititwas the dty of mari’ people to love ech other, was it not jst at much the day of lovers to mary each other and nobody ee? ‘And id ot the right ofthese Ivers stand higher than that of pa ats, reuties and’ other tition mariage broke and math Inakcn? Ifthe nigh of free penonal investigation sneremoniocly ford its way ito chutch snd religion, how could that at the infoleable claim of the older geocation to dispose of body and soul, the property, the hapines snd happnes of the younger seveation? “Thee question were bound to ate in speed which loosened al he old social es and which shook the foundations of al a tonal conceptions. At one rroke the ae of the word had ncened ‘eny tenfold Tasiead of ony a quadrant of Remiphere the mile flabe was now open to the gue of the West European who Enstened to tke posession ofthe ote even quadeante, Abd the thousndyearald acien tet up by the mediea! peseribed mode af tought vanished in the sameway a id the old, nartow bares af the homeland. An infinitely wise hoion opened up both to tans otter and ner eye. Of what al were the good ntentons ‘of repecablty, the honoured gud. prvleges handed dow through the generations to the young tan who wat alld’ by Tndiv's chen by the gold and siver mins of Meco and Potoa? e'vas the kight-crantpetod of the bourgease, it had it ro mance ako, and its love dreams, but on bourgents bass an, {he art analyst, with Bourges ends in view. “Thus it happened that the ning Bourget, partiulaly ia the Protestant counties, where the exiting order wat ahken up750 + The Later Engels ‘mat ofl cresingy recognized freedom of contact fr mage So and cnr it through the manne dese above, Mariage Temined ls marmage, bu, within the eons ofthe cn the pate were sxorded celia deyee of feedom of che Aad En paper amom theory mm pce dsp, nothing was note Uosbalably”sabithed thn’ Chot every tangs aot based on ‘mutual st love and on the veal fee spremet of ma and wile Was immoral In shor, love mariage sr planed = human piel ai ma hit ee) tt, wey of exception, 28 woman’ eh (dtd a fone Bet in one wepst this oman right difeed frown al other so cold oman rts, While, practi the ater ened inited tothe ruling cls the bowrgemie—the oppressed lt he ple tat, being deli or indvestiy deprived of heme sry of ‘story aber tlt here one again The aig cas continu Yo be dlminate bythe friar esnome inBuene! apd heer, only in exceptional cacy cans show ely voluntary marines wheres, ‘we have sen, these ate the rule hmong the dominated lo ‘Thus, fll cedar in mate can bese geneaiy epee nly when the sbliion of capitalist production, and ofthe prop {ty rations created by i har removed al the secondary ee. ‘omic condestios which til act so power an ifence on the choice of price Then, no other motive seman then atl fection. Sc sx love by its very nate exlsve—although thi excl sive i ily else today only ithe women” then mariage ‘sed on tex love is by st vry ake moropamy. We hve seco ‘ow sight Bacofen was wh he sogaded the soenee fom glop ‘marge to sndidual marnage city asthe wok ofthe women, ny the advance fom ping macaget9 momgamy cam be placed {o the mens secount, ad, hstoncly, th coated cently tna ‘worsening of the positon of women sad sn sitting ins om the pert of the men With the dtapestnce ofthe economic Con Sdeatons which compelsd women to tlente the cuona {nteity of the mente anetysbout thei own lel and ea more abogt the fore ef the chidienthe equity of ‘omai ths achieved wil judging fom all previous epee, esl ar more eectey i theme becoming rely monogamous {han nthe momen becoming poyackooe. ‘What wil mvt dently apps fom monogamy, howee, is a te natin emp nen of ig fatsen out of property relstonship, These Bt, the dommanes fhe mun and cody the diay of sage The pe ominanee of the man in mariage i simply consequence hs ‘nomic predominance and wll nh with stomatal The Sndsolbiity of marnage i party the maul ofthe somone cou ‘The Origin of Family, Private Property, and State 751 dition ander which monoguny arte, and pay & tition fom the time when the conection between the enon conitont And monogamy wat fot Jet conecy dentuod aad nas omg ated by rigin, Today 1 bar been beached 4 hoonndlole I ‘nly mariges that ate based on Tove ase monly cm, al, oly ‘ote af mor in which lve continacs The dation ofthe uge cf odd Sex love dle very mich according to he individ, cal amoog men; ds dete cmt faction fs lacment bya ew pasate lve mabe sepntion» Hsin Tec ots pris we for sosty Feple i oly espe ie experience of wading tough the tet mie of one prced ing “Tins, what we can coneture at present abou the regulation of sex rationsips after the impending accent of eapalst pe Auction inthe main of 2 nage chancter, Limited moa ‘vhat vant But wht wl Beaded? That il be seed fer 2 new genetin has grown a genetion of men wo neve a A the ves have ad oceson to puchae « woman's sender ‘iter with money of wi say ote nats of cal poe, and of ‘omen who hie never been obliged to suede tay oan, ct {fay consiention other en tit of rl love, tose Fan fvng theses to thei beloved for fst ofthe ecmomic cone. Suenes, Once soch peopl appear, they will not ene up aboat ‘hat we today thik icy shold do, They wiles tet own Frctce and thet wn poble: pinion, cfomable therewith oa the practice af ech indindunl "and tht te end of ‘The Origin of the State * + © Above we discussed seperately cach of the three main forms in which the state was bule up oa the mint of the gente ‘onstittion. Athens represented the pret, most classical form Here the state sprang dietly and matly out of the elas antago nam tht developed within genie sont. In Rome gentle society ‘became an eiclsive sristocty amidst utero pled, stancing ‘outside of ity having no ghts but only duties "The victory ofthe plebs burst the old pntleconstttion asunder and erected on {ins the state in which both the gentle srtocracy se the pled sere soon wholly absorbed. Fialy, among the German vangucher ofthe Roman Empire, the state sprang up a8 direct rel of the conquest of lange foreign teritres, which the gentle constitution fd’ no means of rling” As this conguest did not necessitate thee 2 serious stage withthe old populltion or a more advanced di Sion of lbout, and as conquered and conqueror were alnest at the