International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015
ISSN 2250-3153
The Magic Art of Witchcraft and Black Magic
Ms Happy Baglari
Postgraduate student, Department of Psychology
Abstract- The belief in and the practise of magic has been
present since the earliest human cultures and continues to have
an important religious and medicinal role in many cultures today.
The present study investigated about social representation
regarding societal beliefs of witchcraft and black magic in North
Eastern state of India. The study was conducted with the
following objectives(A) What are the social representation of North Eastern
youth of India on Witchcraft and Black Magic.
(B) How the amalgamation of Witchcraft and Black Magic
affect the traditional and cultural life of North Eastern India.
For comprehensive understanding a questionnaire consisting
of 11 questions relating to the practices of Witchcraft and Black
Magic was formulated and conducted on 20 North East college
students (10 males and 10 females) with the age group of 20-30
years. The participants were required to give their ideas
regarding various practices like Voodoo, Mayong and Exorcism
etc. also their suggestions regarding the abolition or continuation
of such practices. Thematic analysis has been employed in data
analysis. Interesting findings were revealed from the current
study and the result indicated that the participants had negative
perspective towards such practices. The study has implication for
social psychology, which plays a major role in representing ones
old tradition of their ancestors and cultural life.
Index Terms- Black Magic, Social Psychology, Social
Representation, Witchcraft
I. INTRODUCTION
ocial Representation was introduced by Mascovici (1973)
with a study on the entry and diffusion of psychoanalysis
within the French public of 1950s. Theory of Social
Representation is adopted from Durkhheims notion of
knowledge of representation as collective (or social) phenomena,
from the Piaget the aspect of social construction of reality and
meaning from Freud the process whereby external realities /
either objects, concepts or theories used in a persons
environment / internal world views.
The theory of Social Representation is not a psychology of
cognition about social life, but rather a theory in which
psychological activities are located in social life. For Social
Representation, attitudes and attribution arise as consequences of
participant in social life; their form, as it was the visible tip of an
iceberg whose submerged portion comprises the various structure
which enable the subject to construct meaningful attitudes and
attribution.
Witchcraft and Black Magic in North-East India an overview
The North-Eastern part of India comprising of eight statesAssam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim harbour more than 130 major
tribal communities out of a total 427 tribal communities found in
India (Dutta and Dutta,2005; Ramakrishnan,1992). Tribal people
are the ecosystem people who live in harmony with nature and
maintain a close link between man and environment. Animism,
symbolism, superstitious beliefs etc. plays an important part in a
tribal culture. They have deep faith in their traditional method of
healing which often involves superstitions.
These practices are considered as a part of culture, there are
folktales on it since time immemorial. However with coming
Christianity many of such practices, had been discontinued yet
its still prevalent, such practices of northeast states are; Therii
usually practice in Nagaland, its an old practice basically by
womenfolk which can be inherited from mother to daughter. It is
believed that the substance in powder form which is invisible to
naked eye. It is spread through directly to indirectly such as
physical contact or air respectively. The poison is lethal it can
cause death if not removed in time. The victim of therii suffer
severe headache, nausea and death in prolong cases, medical cure
has been rare yet there are people who has the power to remove
the poison through prayer. The culprit is not accepted by the
society, send to exile or amputate their hand if caught.
Another practice is the divination whenever people in
problematic situation need insight, they go the diviners who
would perform certain rituals and gave insight, and they go to the
diviners who would perform certain rituals and gave insight who
would sought them.
Postam Jadoo, is one of the most common and oldest black
magic practice in Manipur. This particular Witchcraft is
performed by Maiba (males who perform good or bad rituals for
the community / shaman) or Maibis (females who perform the
same). They perform this practice when a person seeks for
something which would benefit with their lives. Another practice
is MingselKanglonYengba, here a Maibi uses a mirror and chants
mantras in order to find a thief or someone has lost something /
goods, and then she will inform them the place where the goods
may be kept. ThaodaYenga is again a different practice
performed by Miabis. They uses oil, chant mantras and during
this she can describe physical features of the culprit and can also
tell the thief / place where the things have been lost would be
found.
In Meghalaya, there is myth of menshohnoh (cut-throats)
who worshiped supernatural being UThlen (a huge serpent that
one can propitiate with human sacrifice). This sacrifice is made
in hopes of acquiring wealth. The myth is quite commonly retold
in the Khasi-Jantia hills. Many tribe communities practices
indigenous faiths, and resort to mythical beliefs and related
rituals for treating ailments too.
www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015
ISSN 2250-3153
Witch-Hunts, occult practices are old-aged traditional
practices of Assam. Black Magic Practitioners are called Bez or
Ojha, still hold sway in white swatches of tribe-dominated areas
in the states. The Assamese dictionary define Bez as faith healer
(chikitsok) who heals by incantation and medicine. There is also
a place in Assam, a prominent place is known as Mayong, a land
of black magic.
WITCHCRAFT, Witchcraft (also called Witchery or Spell
Craft)
is
the
use
of
magical
faculties,
the art or practices of a witch, sorcery, magic. Most commonly
for religious, divinatory or medicinal purposes. This may take
many forms depending on cultural context. The belief in and the
practice of magic has been present since the earliest cultures and
continues to have an important religious and medicinal role in
many cultures today. In the practice of Witchcraft, ordinary
consciousness is suspended, and the witch experiences rapture,
trance or ecstasy. The more spectacular variants of these states,
such as wild dances and hypnotic chanting, have become
predominant in popular perception, and exaggerated tales of
naked rituals, orgies and licentiousness abound. Yet your average
witch is far more likely to prefer quieter sorts of trance.
Magic is central not only in primitive societies but in
high cultural societies as well
BLACK MAGIC, has traditionally referred to the use of
supernatural power or magic for evil and selfish purposes. With
respect to the left hand path and righthand path dichotomy,
black magic is the malicious counterpart of benevolent white
magic. Like its counterpart white magic, the origins of black
magic can be traced to the primitive, ritualistic worship of spirits
(Robert M. place 2009 book, Magic and Alchemy). Black Magic
was designed to invoke spirits to produce beneficial outcomes for
the practitioners. Place also provides a broad modern definition
of both black and white magic, preferring instead to refer to them
as high magic (white) and low magic (based) primarily on
intentions of the practitioner employing them. During
Renaissance, many magical practices and rituals were considered
evil or irreligious and by extension, Black Magic in the broad
sense.
In particular though, the term was most commonly reserved
for those accused of invoking demons and other evil spirit, those
hexing or cursing their neighbours, those using magic to destroy
crops and those capable of leaving their earthly bodies and
travelling great distances.
SATANISM AND DEVIL-WORSHIP, the influence of
popular culture has allowed other practices to be drawn in under
the broad banner of Black Magic including the concept of
Satanism. While the invocation of demons or spirits is an
accepted part of black magic, this practice is distinct from the
worship or deification of such spiritual beings.
White magic is supposedly utilized only for good or
unselfish purposes, and black magic, we are told, is used only for
selfish or evil reasons. Satanism draws no such dividing line.
Magic is magic, be it used to help or hinder. The Satanist, being
the magician, should have the ability to decide what is just, and
then apply the powers of magic to attain his goals. Satanism is
not a white light religion; it is a religion of the flesh, the
mundane, and the carnal of which are ruled by Satan, the
personification of the Left hand Path.
VOODOO, Voodoo too, has been associated with modern
Black Magic; drawn together in popular culture and fiction.
However, while hexing or cursing may be accepted black magic
practices, Voodoo has its own distinct history and tradition that
have little to do with the traditions of modern witchcraft that has
developed with European practitioners like Gerald Gardner and
Aleister Crowley. In fact, Voodoo tradition makes its own
distinction between black and white magic, which sorcerers like
the Bokor known for using magic and rituals of both. But their
penchant for magic associated with curses, poisons and zombies,
and Voodoo in general, are regularly associated with black magic
in particular.
Social Representation, are a system of values, ideas and
practices, that serve (a) to establish a social order that enables
individuals to orientate themselves and master the material and
social world they live in, and (b) to enable communication
among members of a community through a shared code for social
exchange and for naming and classifying various aspects of the
social world including their individual and group
history (Moscovici ,1972).Witchcraft and black magic is seen
that it can be used both betterment and for revenge purpose. With
the emergence of Christianity along with the development of
science and technology, it uses have been reduced which are
discussed extensively in the latter sections.
This paper is organised in four parts. The introductory part
introduces the study problem and presents the objectives of the
study. The second part describes the data source and
methodology of the study. While results and discussion are
presented in the third part, conclusion is presented in the final
part.
II. DATA SOURCE & METHODOLOGY
Participants- 20 participants (Northeast college students)
were selected and asked to fill a questionnaire. The number of
male participants was 10and female was also 10, the age range of
20-30 years. Out of 10 male participants, 5 were from Mizoram
and 5 were from Nagaland. Out of 10 female 5 were from
Manipur and 5 were from Assam. All the participants are college
students having middle socio-economic background.
Research Design & Procedure- We have used a
questionnaire comprising of 11 open-ended questions. Finally
after compiling all the information, thematic analysis of the data
was carried out along with the interpretation and reduction. The
data analysis involves understanding the raw data and then
breaking them into units of practical meaning that led to
emergence of themes. Further interview was conducted on
selected participants then transcriptions, field notes were
thoroughly studied and work with the narratives.
Ethical Consideration- Since it is a sensitive topic the
participants were informed about the conduction beforehand and
were asked to come forward without any selection process. It
was also confirmed that the information provided by them will be
used for study purpose and will be kept confidential in order to
avoid negative impact on their lives.
Limitation- The study does not represent the situation of the
entire population which consist of more diverse and complex
groups of people. Also the participants could not be pressurized
www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015
ISSN 2250-3153
to answer all the questions and also they dont know or are not
clear about old tradition and the customs.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For the comprehensive study of the data, the data was read
and analysed. When asked what comes to mind about Witchcraft
and Black Magic, both males and females participants responded
with negative connotations. From the Table 1, as stated earlier,
from the raw data we have derived, Major broad Themes were
formed from the dimensions. Most of the participants associated
with Witchcraft and Black Magic with something evil, scary,
mysterious, superstitious, which was existed since time
immemorial, aiming to harm other people. Most male thought of
it as stupidity, harmful, very uncomfortable and nothing good at
all. Few related with it Satanism which inflict wounds to the
innocent people. Some participant cited reasons of thinking badly
due religious prohibition. When asked their thoughts on Satanism
and Devil worship, most of the participant believed in the
existence of such practices and thought it to be a cult practice
which is unethical, silly, bad influence, stupid, an influence of
western culture, a form of temporary happiness. Most female
participants associated it with evil sacrifice, self-harming,
dangerous and bluffing and something which is a total wastage of
time. Most male participants associated it as a form of hindrance,
something illogical, bringing bad luck, bad dream, destroying
ones career. Few thought of it as anti-Christian behaviour,
faithless in God and hunger or thirst for power.
The participants belonging to difference states gave various
names of folk-Magic which are prevalent in that area. Most
female participants related it with folk-tales. Manipuri
participants mentioned that folk magic are performed by
Shaman (Maiba) for good of an individual when misfortunes
hits. There is also Laiwa performed to make someone fall in
love. Another participant mentioned SanamahiSanaba which is
related to a powerful local
TABLE 1, DATA ANALYSIS: THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ARE ASFOLLOWS
DIMENSIONS
MAJOR THEMES REPRESENTED
Witchcraft & Black Magic
Evil, scary, mysterious, harmful, comfortable
Satanism
Inflicting wounds, unethical, silly bad influence
Folk Magic
Cure by Black Magic
Laiwa, potsam jadoo, Mayong, Ban, Seki-buhchhuak,
Zawlaid, Divination, Evil eye, Healing Spell
Few were curious, some dont believe it
Exorcism
Casting out evil spirit, dangerous, possession
Mayong
A land of black magic
Love charm
Bogus unethical, & illusion
Voodoo
Weird and brutal
www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015
ISSN 2250-3153
Changes regarding the practices
Reduced
Relation with science
Contrary view, illusion
Comments on abolishment of the practices
Mostly agreed, some want to respect the old tradition
deity, usually practiced by witches. In Assam Mayongis a
place famous for the practice of black magic. However
participants have only vague idea about it. Naidal community of
Assam have a practice called Ban which acts as lungs, chest of
the victims and cause instant death. Ban is send through air. Most
of the participants reported about a practice where boiled-eggs
are used as a means to stop someone admire a person. Mizo
participants reported Seki-buh-chhuak which has the capability
to produce anything you like. Some male and female participant
also reported that by taking someones property and
belongingness, like a strand of hair which when burnt with a
magic portion while chanting mantras could make the victim sick
and even be fatal. Zawlaidi is popular in folktales among
Mizos which is used to make people fall in love. A practice
names Divination is a common among Naga, which is used to
find out inside of a problem. For such purposes people go to the,
diviners. Evil-Eye is also a Black art used in Manipur.
Certain people possess this power that causes severe stomachache, falling of teeth and even destruction of properties. Mizo
participants also mentioned about the healing spell. They said
that people mostly used for sacrificing evil taking revenge,
hurting / destroying someone. When people suffer from ailments,
they will consult the witch to perform some rituals to help by
connecting with the spirit. When asked about the relationship
between science and black magic, most of the participants gave
contrary views between the two. As some of the participants are
from science background, they believe in logic, facts and the
nature of science. They believed that the practioners used
chemicals during the rituals. Other participants think it is an
illusion or delusional belief which disturbs the balance of nature.
Almost all the participants were against getting cure with
the help of black magic, mainly
because they do not believe
in supernatural powers. Some preferred to go for religious
healing. Others relied on the medicinal help. Few were curious to
try new things; therefore, these participants were not against
seeking cure from such practices.
In continuation with the analysis, when asked what they
think about exorcism, few participants think that it exists while
others did not believe in its existence. Participants reported that
exorcism is a method of removal of evil from the body which is
often performed by a priest. Some believed that it could be
dangerous if not done properly while one participant reported
that it is in a sense a good way to communicate with the spirit
which suffered sudden death and murdered. One of the male
Naga Christian participant stated that it was difficult to define
weather a person is really possessed or not. A person could have
got seizure not long ago which could not see as a possession.
However, if a person is truly possessed, exorcism could be
helpful. He also mentioned that Catholic has special norm for
performing exorcism. But they said Ill settle from doctor
because they are well trained professional who have studied for
many years relating to human health issues. The solution would
not be complete cure but will pave a way from preventing
occurrence of the some disease to other people.
Most of the participants, when asked about Mayong, had
not heard of this place or this practice. Few participants from
Assam who reported of having heard of it described of it as
prominent place in Assam, also known as the Land of Black
Magic, which is used for the practice for black magic and
witchcraft where some even have the power to turn human
beings into animals.
Love-charm was the most familiar practice among the
participants, where available personal case studies were found
while interviewing. One such interview consists of a bow who
tried but was left with a disappointing result which ended up in
the boy losing trust in such practices. Most of the participants
had a negative view toward the use of love charms to lure
someone they admire. They considered such practices as bogus
and unethical which gives mere psychological relieve but no real
effect. Participants also mentioned that they would rather use
their own ability rather than seeking such practices. While some
participants, out of curiosity, would not mind trying out this
practice.
While trying to check the prevalence of some specific
practices like Voodoo, some participants reported having heard
of it while some have not heard about it. Even among those who
have heard, they did not want to use it as a method of revenge.
One female from Manipur reported that properly that Voodoo
is done using doll, a needle and a spell. When the needle is
pinned to the doll, it will directly affect to the person in the
different places where the doll was pinned. Few found it too evil
to carry out this practice. They also found it weird and brutal.
Exorcism in one sense is a good way to communicate with the
spirit, which are of sudden death or was murdered. But such
kinds of practices can be dangerous if they are not done properly
and may cause injury to the person which are intermediary.
Most of the male participants reported it as being seen movies.
Some wanted to experiment but still think that it is evil. Many
Christian participants did not want to take revenge, instead they
believe in prayers.
www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015
ISSN 2250-3153
And while asked participants about the changes which has
taken place regarding witchcraft and magic practices has been
reduced. Participants from Assam considered it unfortunate for
having so many believers and followers of such practices.
Another participant from Assam has also reported that changes
has taken place though there has been many cases while reported
about the witch hunting. Participant who is from Assam specially
mentioned that if we are female, then we are more prone to
becoming a victim of the spirit world compared to men. When
woman go through their monthly cycles their auric shield
weakens, if during that time period she goes near the graveyard
or a river or lake or under trees, uses perfumes, drinks alcohol or
take drugs, keep herself dirty, allow negative or sexual thoughts,
she is inviting trouble as spirits are everywhere and can take
charge of the female body anytime the circumstances are right.
Some believed that changes have been brought since the
emergence and development of science. With the advent of
modernity all those practices have gradually decrease. Besides,
Christianity has also played a vital role by stilling the love of
god. Also people are more aware of these superstitious beliefs
that they are guided by evidences.
North Eastern people have had a deeply rooted
superstitious belief in their culture, which can be seen from their
folktales. When enquired about the abolishment or continuation
of the practices of black magic and witchcraft, most of the
participants agreed to the abolishment of such practices. Even
though they believed such practices caused hindrance to the
society; they still wanted to respect the old tradition of their
ancestors. Some participants wanted to abolish and save people
from being tricked of money for evil games, believing these are
the practices of evil-mind and would never bring improvement to
the society. Also says that in this 21st century, practices such
Black Magic and witchcraft are ignored by these modern society
as they are mainly focussed on science. So, these practices are
considered too be done on ancient medieval period and it is being
told in folktales. But! In some places it is still done and passes to
generation after generation.
Also from the review of literature mentioned above
Vandana Goswami also found the Mayong prevalent in Assam
and in her research she found some history books vaguely
mentioning kamrupi and mystery. And in the other review of
literature mentioned Ethno medical Practice in Manipur: A case
of Evil Eye by Loitongbam Sunita Devi it is quite evident about
various witchcraft practices in different modes. From the case
study extracted through the interview two participants discloses
few cases of love charm being used by others to their family
members. And also they reported witnessing exorcism.
IV. CONCLUSION
Overall, after the conduction and analysing the study it
found that both male and female participants hold negative view
about Witchcraft and Black Magic.as reported by the
participants, from the time immemorial, there has been numerous
folk magic across different north Eastern states of India.
However with the immergence of Christianity along with the
development of science and technology, it has reduced. People
has opted science rather than those old practices to get their work
done. When enquired about the abolishment of such practices,
most of the participants inclined with the thought of abolishing
them as it has caused hindrance to the people who does not
believe / use it while still some wants to respect their old
traditions of their ancestors. It is also seen that people continue to
opt for and seek help from doctors who are professionally trained
in various human health issues as they would know it better. If
there is sickness there is always a way to cure / heal it without
causing harm mentally and physically.
APPENDIX
Demographic status
NAME:
AGE:
GENDER:
STATE:
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATON:
Instructions
Please write your views on the following questions as it
comes to your mind. Do not skip any questions. There is no right
or wrong answers.
Questions
1. What exactly is Black Magic and witchcraft? Why is it
done?
2. Can someone become a victim of spirit world without
one doing any magic on the individual?
3. What kind of harm can be done to one using Black
Magic or what kind of harm is inflicted on innocent
people using the services of these Black Magician?
4. Can you mention any such practices that are performed
in your area?
5. How do you relate it with science? Is it different or goes
parallel with science?
6. If you are not well, you will prefer to go to doctor or
you seek such practices for your cure?
7. Have you heard of exorcism?
8. Can you describe Mayong? And also about Voodoo?
9. Will you used Love Charm as an option to lure person
you love?
10. What kind of changes has taken place in society
regarding these practices?
11. Does these practices need to be continued or its
abolishment is necessary?
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wish to extend warm thanks and gratitude to the
participants who opened up about their experience and
knowledge about such practices, and without their cooperation it
wasnt possible to carry out the study.
www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015
ISSN 2250-3153
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Duveen.G & Llyod (1990), Social Representation and Development of
Knowledge,. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.,
pp. 45-48
Enigma of Mayong, available at: http: //northeastreview.com/2013/10/05
Flick.U (1998), The Psychology of Social,.Cambridge University Press., pp.
4-1
Rout.J &Sajem A (2009), Some Superstitious Botanical Folklore of
Different Tribes of North Cachar Hills, Assam (North East India), Assam
University, available at: http: www.aus.ac.in/Annual Report_2009_2010pdf
Social _Representation, available at: http://www.ecademia.edu/2906122/
[6]
Sunita L. (2003), Ethno medical Practices in Manipur: A Case of Evil Eye.
University
of
Delhi,
available
at:
http:
www.krepublishers.com/....L.../Anth_05_1_025_040_2003
AUTHORS
First Author Happy
Baglari, M.A, Psychology, Previous
Year, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India,
<happy.baglari@gmail.com>
www.ijsrp.org
