The UK Injectable Medicines Guide

Adopted for use in NHS Lothian

Produced by
NHS Lothian Medicines Information Service (July 2013)
Pharmacy Department
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
E-mail: medicines.information@luht.scot.nhs.uk
Telephone: 0131 242 2920

Table of Contents
Infusion Pump to Use According to Therapy Category
Preferred routes of administration of injectable medicines table
Selecting an appropriate vascular device for administration of IV medicines
Example IV Monograph Explanation of Sections
Good Practice for Prescribing of Injections
Good Practice for Preparation of Injections
Good Practice for Administration of Injections
A
Acetazolamide
Acetylcysteine
Aciclovir powder
Aciclovir solution
Aclasta (See zolendronic acid)
Adrenaline
Albumin 5%
Albumin Concentrate
Alfentanil
Alteplase
Amikacin
Aminophylline
Amiodarone
Amoxicillin
Amphotericin - AmBisome
Amphotericin Fungizone
Anidulafungin
Artensunate
Aztreonam
B
Beriplex (see Dried prothrombin complex)
Benzylpenicillin
Bumetanide
C
Calcium folinate
Calcium gluconate
Caspofungin
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
Ceftriaxone
Cefuroxime
Chloramphenicol
Chlorphenamine

Ciprofloxacin
Clarithromycin
Clindamycin
Clonazepam
Co-amoxiclav
Colistimethate Sodium (Colomycin or Colistin)
Cosmofer
Co-trimoxazole
Cyclizine
D
Daptomycin
Dexamethasone
Diamorphine
Diazepam
Diazepam (Diazemuls)
Diclofenac
Digifab
Digoxin
Disodium pamidronate powder for solution
Disodium pamidronate solution
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Doxapram
Dried prothrombin complex
E
Ephedrine
Epilium (See sodium valproate)
Episenta (See sodium valproate)
Ertapenem
Erythromycin
Esomeprazole
F
Fentanyl
Ferric carboxymaltose (See Ferrinject)
Ferrinject
Flebogamma Dif 50mg/ml
Flebogamma Dif 100mg/ml
Flecainide
Flucloxacillin
Fluconazole
Flucytosine
Flumazenil
Fosfomycin

Furosemide
G
Ganciclovir
Gelatin
Gentamicin
Glyceryl trinitrate
Granisetron
H
Haem arginate
Haloperidol
Heparin sodium
Hydralazine
Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate
I
Imipenem
Insulin (soluble)
Iron dextran (See Cosmofer)
Iron Isomaltose (See Monofer)
Iron sucrose (See Venofer)
Isoniazid
Isoprenaline
K
Ketorolac
Kiovig
Konakion MM (See phytomenadione)
L
Labetalol
Lepirudin
Levetiracetam
Levofloxacin
Levomepromazine
Linezolid
Liothyronine
Lorazepam
M
Magnesium sulphate
Meropenem
Mesna
Methylprednisolone

Methylthioninium chloride
Metoclopramide
Metronidazole
Midazolam
Milrinone
Monofer
Morphine sulphate
Mycophenolate mofetil
N
Naloxone
Nitrocine (See glyceryl trinitrate)
Noradrenaline
O
Octagam 5%
Octagam 10%
Octreotide
Ondansetron
Oxycodone
P
Pabrinex
Pamidronate disodium (see disodium pamidronate)
Pancuronium
Pantoprazole
Paracetamol
Pethidine
Phenylephrine
Phenytoin
Phosphate Polyfuser
Phytomenadione (Konakion MM)
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Potassium chloride
Procyclidine
Propofol
Protamine sulpahte
Q
Quinine
R
Ranitidine
Rasburicase
Rifampicin

S
Sodium fusidate
Sodium nitroprusside
Sodium stibogluconate
Sodium valproate (Epilium)
Sodium valproate (Episenta)
Sugammadex
Synacthen
T
Tacrolimus
Teicoplanin
Tenecteplase
Terlipressin powder
Terlipressin
Tobramycin
Tramadol
Tranexamic acid
V
Vancomycin
Venofer
Voriconazole
Z
Zidovudine
Zolendronic acid (Aclasta)
Zolendronic acid (Zometa)

NHS Lothian Pharmacy Services

Injectable Medicines Summary Table for Routes of Administration
Following is a list of injectable medicines and their method of intravenous administration. Use this information in conjunction with the UK
Injectable Medicines Guide (red manual).

The option shaded in blue is the preferred method of intravenous administration for this medicine.
When infusions can be given refer to the red manual for rates of infusion or administration time.
Refer to the red manual when a medicine is ticked with more than one option and is shaded in green.
If a medicine is not on the list then consult the manufacturers information, or contact your clinical pharmacist for advice.

INFUSION PUMP TO USE ACCORDING TO THERAPY CATEGORY:

Infusion pumps should be used for all medicines to be given as an IV infusion, with the exception of some Therapy Category C. The
following information is taken from the Medical Devices Agency Device Bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2.0 Nov 2010
Infusion pumps are designed for a variety of clinical applications and their performance characteristics vary. The same level of technical
performance of infusion pumps is not necessary for every clinical therapy. There are three therapy categories (A, B and C) and they
determine the performance and safety parameters of the infusion pump required to deliver a particular medicine.

Therapy categories and critical performance parameters for an infusion pump

Therapy
Category
A

C3

Therapy
description
Medicines with
narrow therapeutic
margin
Medicines with
short half-life1
Any infusion given
to neonates

Patient group

Critical performance parameters for infusion pump

Any patient

Medicines, other
than those with a
short half-life1
Parenteral nutrition
Fluid maintenance
Transfusions
Diamorphine2
Parenteral nutrition
Fluid maintenance
Transfusions

Any patient except neonates

Good long term accuracy

Good short term accuracy
Rapid alarm after occlusion
Small occlusion bolus
Able to detect very small air embolus (volumetric pumps only)
Small flow rate increments
Good bolus accuracy
Rapid start-up time (syringe pumps only)
Good long-term accuracy
Alarm after occlusion
Small occlusion bolus
Able to detect small air embolus (volumetric pumps only)
Small flow rate increments
Bolus accuracy

Any patient
Neonates

All volume sensitive patients except

neonates

Any patient except neonates

Any patient except volume sensitive Long-term accuracy
patients or neonates
Alarm after occlusion
Small occlusion bolus
Able to detect air embolus (volumetric pumps only)
Incremental flow rates

Notes on Table
1) The half-life of a medicine cannot usually be specified precisely, and may vary from patient to patient. As a rough guide, medicines with
half-lives of five minutes or less might be regarded as short half-life drugs.
2) Diamorphine is a special case. The injected agent (diamorphine) has a short half-life, whilst the active agent (the metabolite) has a very
long half-life. It is safe to use a device with performance specifications appropriate to the half-life of the metabolite.
3) Not all infusions require an infusion pump. Some category C infusions can appropriately be given by gravity.

Injectable Medicines Summary Table for Routes of Administration

Medicine

Bolus

Acetazolamide
Acetylcysteine
Aciclovir

Adrenaline

Infusion,
pump
device

Infusion
Therapy
Category
in Adults

B
B

Notes

Depends on indication for use

Albunorm 5%
Albunorm concentrate
Alfentanil
Alteplase
Amikacin
Aminophylline
Amiodarone
Amoxicillin
Amphotericin(Ambisome)
Amphotericin (Fungizone)
Anidulafungin
Artensunate
Aztreonam
Beriplex
Benzylpenicillin
Bumetanide
Calcium folinate
Calcium gluconate
Caspofungin
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime

B
B
A
A

A
A
B
B
B
B
B

B
B
B
B
B
B

Depends on concentration of preparation used

Depends on
indication for use

Depends on dose - up to 1g may be given via bolus

Depends on dose up to 1.2g may be given via

bolus.
Depends on dose up to 2mg may be given via bolus.
Bolus only in Emergency situation. In this case ECG monitoring advised

Medicine

Bolus

Infusion,
pump
device

Ceftriaxone
Cefuroxime
Chloramphenicol
Chlorphenamine
Ciprofloxacin
Clarithromycin
Clindamycin

Clonazepam
Co-amoxiclav
Colistimethate sodium
(Colomycin)
Cosmofer
Co-trimoxazole
Cyclizine
Daptomycin
Dexamethasone
Diamorphine
Diazepam
Diazepam (Diazemuls)
Diclofenac
Digifab
Digoxin
Disodium pamidronate
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Doxapram
Ephedrine
Ertapenem

Infusion
Notes
Therapy
Category
in Adults
B
Depends on dose up to 1g may be given via bolus
B
B

B
B
B

B
B
B

B
B

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
B

Maximum of 1.2g for intermittent infusion. Doses greater than 1.2g must
be given as a continuous infusion
Depends on the presence or absence of a TIVAD.
Depends on use, dosing schedule and patient group

Depends on use
Depends on use
IV Bolus should ONLY be used if cardiac arrest is imminent

Depends on use

Medicine

Erythromycin
Esomeprazole
Fentanyl
Ferrinject
Flebbogamma Dif
Flecainide
Flucloxacillin
Fluconazole
Flucytosine
Flumazenil
Fosfomycin
Furosemide
Ganciclovir
Gentamicin
Glyceryl trinitrate
Granisetron
Haloperidol
Heparin sodium
Hydralazine
Hydrocortisone sod phos
Hydrocortisone sod succ
Imipenem
Insulin soluble
Isoniazid
Isoprenaline
Ketorolac
Kiovig
Labetalol
Lepirudin

Bolus

Infusion,
pump
device

Infusion
Therapy
Category
in Adults
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
A

Notes

Depends on concentration and use

B
B
A

Depends on dose and concentration

Depends on use - loading dose ONLY can be given via bolus

Depends on use
Depends on use
Depends on dose
IV bolus for initial treatment dose only
Depends on dose - Maximum of 1g can be given via bolus
Depends on use
Depends on dose
Depends on use and dosing schedule
Depends on use
Depends on use - loading dose ONLY can be given via bolus
Depends on use

Depends on use

Medicine

Levetiracetam
Levofloxacin
Levomepromazine
Linezolid
Lorazepam
Magnesium sulphate
Meropenem
Mesna
Methylpredisolone
Methylthioninium chloride
Metoclopramide
Metronidazole
Midazolam
Milrinone
Monofer
Morphine sulphate
Mycophenolate mofetil
Naloxone
Noradrenaline
Octagam
Octreotide
Ondansetron
Oxycodone
Pabrinex
Pancuronium
Pantoprazole
Paracetamol

Bolus

Infusion,
pump
device

Infusion
Therapy
Category
in Adults
B
B

B
B
B
B
A
B

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B

B
B

B
B

Notes

Depends on dose and use

Doses above 250mg should be given via infusion
Depends upon concentration and dose - Doses above 10mg should be
given via infusion
Depends on use
Depends on dose
Depends on dose and use
Depends on use

Depends on use
Depends on use and dose given. Doses above 10mg cannot be given
via bolus injection.

Medicine

Pethidine
Phenylephrine
Phenytoin
Phosphate Polyfuser
Phytomenadione
(Vitamin K)

Bolus

Infusion,
pump
device

Infusion
Notes
Therapy
Category
in Adults
B
Depends on use
A
Depends on use and concentration
A
A
B

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Potassium chloride
Procyclidine
Propofol
Protamine sulphate
Ranitidine
Rasburicase
Rifampicin
Sodium fusidate
Sodium nitropriusside
Sodium stilbogluconate
Sodium valproate
(Epilium)
Sodium Valproate
(Episenta)
Tacrolimus
Teicoplanin
Tenecteplase
Terlipressin
Tobramycin
Tramadol
Tranexamic acid

A
A
B
B
B
A
A
B
B

A
B

B
B
B

Change in licensing by manufacturer no loger licensed to be given via

IV Bolus.
Depends on use

Depends on use

Medicine

Vancomycin
Venofer
Voriconazole
Zidovudine
Zolendronic acid (Aclasta)
Zolendronic acid (Zometa)

Bolus

Infusion,
pump
device

Infusion
Therapy
Category
in Adults
A
B
Depends on use
B
A
B
B

Notes

Selecting an appropriate vascular access device for administration of intravenous fluids and medication
Is peripheral access possible?

YES

NO

Determine duration of therapy and

need for vascular access.
Determine duration of therapy and
need for vascular access.

Less than 1
week

Between
1 week and 1 month

Does infusate meet criteria

for peripheral line? *
YES
Choose a short
peripheral
catheter or
consider a S/C
infusion ***

NO
Choose a PICC
or
percutaneous
non-tunnelled
catheter **

* Infusate criteria for use in peripheral infusions:

- Should be administered at a concentration and rate appropriate for
peripheral administration.
- Osmolarity should be 600mOsm/L or less.
- pH should be between 5 and 9.
- Should not be a vasoconstrictor.
- Medication should not be a vesicant or irritant.

More than 1
month

Less than 1
month

More than 1
month

More than 1
year

Choose a
PICC or
percutaneous
non-tunnelled
catheter **

Choose a PICC,
tunnelled
catheter or
implanted port

Choose a
tunnelled
catheter or
implanted port.

**

**

Does infusate meet criteria

for peripheral line? *
YES

NO

Choose a
midline
catheter or
PICC **

Choose a PICC,
tunnelled
catheter or
implanted port

**

** Catheter lumens:
- Consider the need for single or multi-lumen catheter to deliver
the prescribed therapy.
- Select the least number of lumens to deliver the required therapy.

*** Considerations for subcutaneous infusion (S/C) include:

- Hydration, intermittent infusions, and continuous infusions of isotonic fluids
and a few selected medications.
-S/C route is not appropriate for administration of fluids in an emergency
- Patient assessed appropriately for this mode of therapy.

Headings used in the Injectable Medicines Guide monographs

for intravenous medicines
Intravenous
GENERIC MEDICINE NAME:

Generic Name of Drug

TRADE NAME(S):

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:

METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
All medicines can be administered via the central route. For some medicines this is
the preferred or essential route, for example, vasoconstrictor medicines (e.g.
adrenaline and noradrenaline).
Medicines of extreme pH (<5 or >9) or osmolarity (>600mOsmol/L) should preferably
be administered centrally rather than peripherally due to their potential to cause vein
injury (RCN 2010 Standards for Infusion Therapy)
Central venous administration provides rapid dilution and distribution of the medicine,
avoiding local toxicity to the vein wall.
The concentration and rate of administration of a medicine administered centrally is
important. Central administration via a neck vein delivers medication close to the
heart where some may have a toxic effect. For example, potassium and calcium must
be administered slowly when given via the central route to allow for dilution within the
circulation, as high concentrations can be toxic to the heart causing asystole.
Advice on selecting an appropriate vascular access device for administration of intravenous
fluids and medication can be found in the following flow chart which has been adapted from
BJN 2010, Vol 19, No 2 Central venous access devices Part 1: Devices for acute care (see
page [Insert Page number]).

INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:

Some medicines are presented as dry powders and must be reconstituted before use. The
volume of diluent required for reconstitution and the recommended diluent to use is
described.

DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Where reconstitution is necessary and the dose of the medicine required is less than a
complete vial it may be necessary to calculate the displacement value of the medicine.
Displacement values are usually only applicable to paediatrics.
e.g.
To give a dose of 125mg amoxicillin from a 250mg vial
The displacement value of amoxicillin 250mg is 0.2mL
If 4.8ml of diluent is added to a 250mg vial, the volume of the resulting solution
is 5mL (i.e. 4.8mL plus 0.2mL)
Therefore 125mg will be contained in 2.5mL of the solution.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

Many medicines require further dilution before they can be given by injection or infusion.
This section indicates if the medicine can be diluted in sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
(the most common diluents) before use. Information on other suitable diluents (infusion
fluids) can be found in the compatibility information useful in clinical practice section of the
monograph.
Details of the volume of diluent to be used are given where this is important.
When preparing a medication for administration, do not combine vials/ampoules from more
than one manufacturer to make up the total dose.
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL or STABILITY
Unless otherwise stated in the monograph, infusions should be given an expiry time of 24
hours if prepared in a clinical area. Be aware that local policies may differ.
N.B. The use of a different diluent or concentration to that recommended in the instructions
for dilution and suitable diluent section may affect the stability of the solution and reduce the
expiry time.
Administration of a dose prepared in a clinical area should be started immediately
(exceptions; see NPSA Patient Safety Alert 20: Promoting safer use of injectable medicines.
March 2007).
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
In a number of monographs, example calculations are given.
The information provided does not replace the need to accurately calculate the
correct infusion rate for a particular patient and the example calculation should only
be used to check that the infusion rate calculated for a specific patient is in the
correct range. Doses given in this section are just an example, and should not be
used as a reference for prescribing or checking the prescription.
For adult patients if a calculated infusion rate gives a figure to two decimal places,
round to one decimal place when setting the infusion pump e.g. 5.24mL/hour (and
below) is rounded down to 5.2mL/hour and 5.25mL/hour (and above) is rounded up
to 5.3mL/hour.
Always check that the units in the example calculation match those that are used in
your Trust.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% is recommended as a flush for most drugs. In a very few
circumstances sodium chloride 0.9% should not be used and glucose 5% is
recommended as an alternative.
Water for injections should not be used as a flush because water haemolyses red
blood cells (leading to hyperkalaemia).
Do not flush at a rate which exceeds the rate of administration of the IV injection or
infusion to be flushed.
For some infusions, e.g. those containing a vasoactive medicine (e.g. inotropes,
antihypertensive agents, vasodilators, anti-arrhythmic agents), the central venous
access device should not be flushed when the infusion is discontinued. For these
preparations, when the infusion is discontinued, disconnect the giving set, aspirate the
cannula contents and discard it, then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION

AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
This section includes details of adverse effects that may occur acutely, either during or very
shortly after, administration of a medicine by the intravenous route and suggested
appropriate monitoring.
Use this information carefully as it is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all possible
adverse effects resulting from administration of the medicine, or all required monitoring.
A full list of possible adverse effects can be found in the medicines Summary of Product
Characteristics (SPC) available as a link in the Current Suppliers section of the
monograph.
Be aware that the monitoring suggested may not be possible in all clinical areas.

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is the inadvertent administration of a vesicant or irritant into the tissues.
Administration of a non-irritant or non-vesicant solution into the tissues is classified as
infiltration.
The following have the potential to cause tissue injury if extravasation occurs and should, if
possible, be administered via a central venous access device: medicines that have an extreme pH (less than 5 and greater than 9)
medicines with high osmolarity (greater than 600mOsmol/L)
cytotoxic medicines
calcium preparations
glucose preparations 20%
medicines liable to precipitate e.g. diazepam
vasoconstrictors e.g. noradrenaline and adrenaline
preparations which contain alcohol, polyethylene glycol and certain other injection
excipients.
The National Extravasation Information Service provides information on factors which may
result in tissue damage if a medicine is accidentally extravasated and suggested treatment.
It can be accessed via the documents and links page of the website.

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatibility charts in common use can be found on the documents and links page of the
website.
General principles:
1) It should NEVER be necessary to administer an IV injection via a running infusion that
also contains a medicine additive. Any infusion containing a medicine should be stopped
temporarily and the line should be flushed both before and after the injection is given. If
an IV injection is administered via a line which is being used to administer a compatible
crystalloid, this can be used as the flushing solution.
2) Infusions containing a medicine should ideally always be infused separately. If it is
necessary to administer two infusions via the same vascular access device mixing
should occur as close to the vascular access device as possible.
3) A medicine should not be added to any infusion which already contains a medicine
additive unless the addition is one of a very few exceptions which are identified in the
appropriate monographs.
4) All medicine mixtures should be checked for signs of incompatibility, for example

cloudiness, change in colour, haze or formation of precipitate.

5) The cannula insertion site should be regularly checked for signs of local inflammation.
Chemical phlebitis may be attributable to a medicine incompatibility.
6) Additions should never be made to the following infusions and these infusions should
always be infused separately

Parenteral nutrition solutions (except glutamine)

Sodium bicarbonate infusions

Phosphate preparations

Blood components

Plasma substitutes e.g. artificial volume expanders such as starches and

gelatins
7) Try to avoid infusing a medicine which is being administered at a very low infusion rate
in conjunction with another infusion containing a medicine additive because the deadspace volume of the vascular access device may result in prolonged contact of the two
medicines .
8) If it is necessary to infuse more than two medicines via the same delivery route ensure
that all medicines are compatible with each other and with the diluents used.
9) It is good practice to infuse inotropes and vasopressors via a dedicated infusion lumen of
a central venous access device. Different inotropes & vasopressors may be infused in
combination via the same lumen provided they are compatible.
The following summarises specific points to be considered when interpreting the
compatibility information provided:1) The information is provided as a guide only and is not exhaustive.
2) Published compatibility information is usually based on specific medicine infusion
concentrations and requires careful interpretation if different concentrations are used.
3) Compatibility information supplied is relevant to the usual infusion concentrations
recommended for use in this website but may not apply to other concentrations. Check
with a pharmacist if different concentrations are used.
4) Medicine compatibility information is mainly based on physical compatibility i.e. there are
no visible sign of incompatibility.
5) When stated as compatible in the Injectable Medicines Guide it is assumed that
medicines meet close to the vascular access device and not in an infusion bag,
burette or syringe.
6) When using the compatibility information, check that the medicines are compatible with
the infusion fluids in use. For example if dopamine in sodium chloride 0.9% is to be
infused through a line containing dobutamine in glucose 5%, check that both dopamine
and dobutamine are compatible with both sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%.
7) pH values have been included in the Injectable Medicines Guide. Medicines with widely
differing pH values are usually incompatible.

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

The sodium content stated is of the product as it is supplied by the manufacturer. It is stated
in mmol throughout. The sodium content will alter if sodium chloride 0.9% is used to
reconstitute or dilute the medicine.
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
1) The majority of intravenous medicines are formulated to have an osmotic pressure
similar to that of plasma. This minimises disturbance to the tissues when administered.
2) Infiltration into tissues of solutions with an osmolarity greater than that of plasma (>290

mOsmol/l) may cause tissue damage.

It is recommended that if the osmolarity is
greater than 600mOsmol/L the medicine should be infused via a central venous access
device, unless there is a clinical emergency in which case a large peripheral vein can be
used.
3) The following is a selection of medicines that have high osmolarity and may potentially
cause a problem if extravasated.
Calcium gluconate 10%
670mOsmol/L
Calcium chloride 5mmol/10ml
1,500mOsmol/L
Glucose 20%
1,110mOsmol/L
Glucose 50%
2,775mOsmol/L
Magnesium sulphate 10%
933mOsmol/L
Mannitol 20%
1,100mOsmol/L
Parenteral nutrition bags
(variable with bag contents)
Potassium chloride 20mmol/10ml
4,000mOsmol/L
Sodium bicarbonate 4.2%
1,004mOsmol/L
Sodium bicarbonate 8.4%
2,008mOsmol/L
Sodium chloride hypertonic solutions (concentrations exceeding 1.8%)
X-ray contrast media

pH:
Medicines with a high (greater than 9) or low (less than 5) pH (e.g. aciclovir, amphotericin,
ganciclovir, methylthioninium chloride, phenytoin, phenobarbital) are likely to cause tissue
damage if extravasation occurs. It is recommended that these products are administered
via a central venous access device unless in a clinical emergency in which case a large
peripheral vein can be used. The pH stated is usually that of the undiluted reconstituted
medicine but in most circumstances dilution does not significantly alter the pH.

OTHER COMMENTS:
This section:
States if a product requires protection from light whilst it is being administered.
Gives details of any required pre-medication.
Highlights any SPC changes or a significant NPSA/MHRA alert which has become
available since a monograph was last published.

OTHER INJECTABLE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:

This section is only accessible using a pharmacy password. It includes injectable routes,
other than IV (both licensed and, if known, unlicensed) which may be used.

REFERENCES:
Standard resources are used to prepare IV monographs.
Version number

Good practice for the prescribing of injections

1.

The injection route is more hazardous than other routes of administration of

medicines.

2.

Prescribe medicines by injection only if no other route is suitable. For example:

the medicine is not available for administration by another route, and there is no
therapeutically equivalent medicine that could be used by another route, or
the oral, naso-gastric, rectal or other possible route is not suitable due to the
clinical condition of the patient, or
the medicine needs to be administered by injection to achieve immediate effect,
or the required therapeutic level

3.

If an injection needs to be prescribed, write a specific finishing date on the

prescription, or else review it every 24 hours and change to a less hazardous route at
the earliest opportunity.

4.

For antibiotics, consider changing from IV to oral when the patient fulfils the following
criteria:

5.

temperature below 38 degrees C for 48 hours, and

patient clinically improved and there are no longer clinical indications for IV
therapy, and
oral fluids/food are tolerated and there is no reason to believe that oral
absorption of antibiotics may be poor, and
there is a suitable oral alternative available

Prescribe injections by bolus wherever possible, and only add to infusions in the
following circumstances:

constant plasma concentrations are needed, or

immediate control of plasma concentrations is needed, or
a minimum administration time is required, or
a more concentrated solution would be harmful, or
the volume required for bolus, due to the dose required, is excessive

Good practice for the preparation of injections

1.

Hazards associated with the preparation of injections include:

2.

incorrect dosage calculation

selection of wrong medicine or diluent
incorrect method of preparation
incompatibility of constituents
instability of final product
microbial contamination
particulate contamination
health and safety risk to the operator or the environment

Training and competency

Only nurses who have successfully completed the Division intravenous therapy
training programme or equivalent may prepare and administer intravenous injections.
Assessment of competence must be repeated every 3 years.

3.

How to use this manual

The information in this manual should be used to assist in the preparation of
medicines that need to be diluted and/or reconstituted before administration.
Before using these monographs, the information included in the reference monograph
overleaf must be read and clearly understood. All the medicines included in the
manual may be administered by nursing staff who have successfully completed the IV
drug administration programme. Other medicines may be administered by nursing
staff providing they have sufficient information available to allow for safe preparation
and administration.
The information required will include:
strength of preparation available
method of reconstitution if applicable
suitable diluent and volume of diluent
compatible IV fluids
concentration and volume of final solution
stability of prepared solution
route of administration
rate of administration
This information should be taken from an approved reference source, eg.
manufacturers package insert, BNF, Ward protocols which have been approved by
Pharmacy or ABPI Summary of Product Characteristics.
If in doubt please contact your clinical pharmacist or medicines information service. At
RIE and WGH please call 22920; at SJH please call 52035; and for REAS please call
46421.

4.

Procedure for the preparation of injections

5.

Check first that the injection you require is not already available in a ready-to-use
form.
Only prepare injections for one patient at a time, and administer them before
starting preparation for another patient.
Follow the procedure shown on the Preparation of injections in patient areas
chart attached.

Labelling

Injections must be clearly identifiable at all stages during preparation and

administration.
Prepare the label before starting preparation of the injection so that it may be
affixed immediately after preparation is complete.
If the injection is to be given by bolus, and will be supervised at all times during
preparation and completion of administration, write the name of the medicine on a
sticker and use it to label the final container (the syringe, bag etc). Keep the
finished preparation and original containers in an individual tray between
preparation and administration.
If the injection is not to be given by bolus, or is unsupervised at any time between
preparation and completion of administration, label the container (the syringe, bag
etc), using the standard approved label shown below.

For syringe drivers, affix the label to a flag to avoid obliterating the graduations on
the syringe, and to allow inspection of the solution. Do not use the flag more than
once always use a new flag when preparing a new syringe.
Label syringes containing solutions to be used as flushes with a pre-printed label
to avoid the risk of selection error.
The poster supplied to ward areas at the time of the change can be seen over.

Good practice for the administration of injections

1.

Infusion charts
For infusions that are administered using a rate controlling infusion device, record
instructions, details of preparation, and observations during administration on the
Intravenous Infusion Chart.

2.

A time limit is required between preparation and completion of administration of

injections due to the possibility of microbial contamination and lack of stability of the
prepared solution. In order to reduce the risk of microbial contamination the
maximum recommended time is 24 hours. However, depending on the medicine, a
shorter time may be required due to limited stability. Refer to the individual
monographs in this manual or the manufacturers product information for guidance
on stability times.
If an injection requires to be administered over a period longer than 24 hours, a risk
assessment must be undertaken, documented and approved by the appropriate
manager for the clinical area.

Intravenous

Acetazolamide

MEDICINE NAME:
Acetazolamide

TRADE NAME(S):
Diamox

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing acetazolamide 500mg powder for reconstitution (as sodium salt).(1)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a high pH.(10) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis.(10) If given peripherally, the insertion
site must be monitored closely for phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Reconstitute each vial with at least 5mL water for injections.(1) (10mL is recommended because
of hypersomolarity).
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
No information.(9)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Acetazolamide is a sulphonamide derivative.(1) Hypersensitivity and other sulphonamide-related
side effects may occur occasionally.(1)(5) Other adverse effects include parasthesia, flushing,
photosensitivity, flaccid paralysis and convulsions.(1)(5)
Monitoring:
Ask patients to report any unusual skin rash.(5) Monitor for symptoms of hypersensitivity,
including airway, breathing or circulation problems, flushing, urticaria and angioedema.
Ask patients to report any pain, stinging, swelling or erythema at the injection site, which might
indicate that extravasation has occurred.
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to the high pH.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion. Flush the line both before and after

giving the injection.

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
5mmol sodium per 500mg vial.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available for reconstituted product from manufacturer.(9)
Theoretical osmolarity calculated using the molecular concentration method:(11)
500mg reconstituted with 5mL water for injections to a concentration of 100mg/mL:
900mOsmol/L
500mg reconstituted with 10mL water for injections (as above) to a concentration of 50mg/mL:
450mOsmol/L
pH:
pH = 9 to 10 (1)(9)(12)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store unreconstituted product above 25oC.(1)
2. Monitor urea and electrolytes before and during treatment particularly in elderly patients
and patients with diabetes, renal impairment, pulmonary obstruction or emphysema, who
may be at risk of symptomatic metabolic acidosis with acetazolamide. Electrolyte
imbalances may also occur.(1)(2)(5)
3. Acetazolamide should not be used in patients hypersensitive to sulphonamides.(1)

OTHER INJECTABLE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:

IM injection: May be given by IM injection but the IV route is preferred due to the alkalinity of
the solution making IM injection painful. (1) Reconstitute with 5mL water for injections if giving
by IM injection, to reduce injection volume.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Diamox Sodium 500mg powder for solution for
injection. Last revised September 2012
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 31/12/2012
5. British National Formulary, December 2012, accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 31/12/2012
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health,
2003 pg 2-3
a) British National Formulary for Children, December 2012, accessed via
www.medicinesomplete.com on 31/12/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010

a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines

November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Mercury Pharma. Date contacted: 31/12/2012 and 07/01/2013
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. Langfield et al., 2010. Avoiding osmotic imbalances. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.
2, pp 307-308
12. QA Department, Charing Cross Hospital. Date contacted: 09/01/2013
Version 4

Intravenous

Acetylcysteine

MEDICINE NAME:
Acetylcysteine

TRADE NAME(S):
Parvolex
Generic (Martindale (Aurum), Teva)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing acetylcysteine 200mg/mL as concentrate for solution for infusion.
Ampoules containing acetylcysteine 2g in 10mL(1a-c) or 4g in 20mL.(1c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Intravenous infusion:
For treatment of paracetamol poisoning 3 consecutive intravenous infusions administered as
IV infusions as follows over 21 hour period (1):
1)
150mg/kg in 200ml of infusion fluid over 1 hour then
2)
50mg/kg in 500ml of infusion fluid over 4 hours then
3)
100mg/kg in 1 litre of infusion fluid over the next 16 hours
See the product Summary of Characteristics for full dosing details at
www.emc.medicines.org.uk. The adult dosing table is extracted below:
Adultacetylcysteineprescription
(eachampoule=200mg/mLacetylcysteine)
Regimen

FirstInfusion

SecondInfusion

ThirdInfusion

Infusion

200mLglucose5%orsodiumchloride

500mLglucose5%orsodiumchloride

1000mLglucose5%orsodiumchloride

fluid

0.9%

0.9%

0.9%

Duration

1hour

4hours

16hours

150mg/kgacetylcysteine

50mg/kgacetylcysteine

100mg/kgacetylcysteine

ofinfusion
Drugdose
Patient

Ampoulevolume

InfusionRate

Ampoulevolume

mL

mL/h

34

InfusionRate

Ampoulevolume

InfusionRate

mL

mL/h

mL

mL/h

234

12

128

23

64

42

242

14

129

28

64

49

249

17

129

33

65

57

257

19

130

38

65

64

264

22

131

43

65

72

272

24

131

48

66

79

279

27

132

53

66

83

283

28

132

55

66

Weight
kg

4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100109
110

Dose calculations are based on the weight in the middle of each band. If the patient weighs less than 40 kg use
the
paediatric dose table within Toxbase or the SPC available via the eMC link above.
2
1

Ampoule volume has been rounded up to the nearest whole number.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

Glucose 5% is the preferred diluent as stated in administration guidelines above, however,
sodium chloride 0.9% can be used as an alternative.(1a)(1c)(5)
A colour change of the infusion solution to light purple has sometimes been noted and is not
thought to indicate significant impairment of safety or efficacy.(1)(5)
STABILITY:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
No data available on file, but a suitable diluent may be used to flush the line.
Glucose 5% would be the first choice followed by sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported. These include nausea/vomiting, injection site
reactions, flushing, itching, rashes/urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm/respiratory distress,
hypotension; and rarely tachycardia or hypertension. These effects are usually manifest
between 15- 60 minutes after beginning the infusion.(1a-c)
Anaphylactoid reactions appear to be dose related. Infusions should be temporarily stopped,
but can usually be restarted at a slower rate without further reaction.(2)
The manufacturer recommends that the infusion can normally be restarted at the lowest
infusion rate of 100mg/kg in 1 litre over 16 hours. Signs of anaphylactoid reactions should be
managed symptomatically as necessary.(1a-c)(2)(5)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Acetylcysteine is not compatible with rubber or metals, particularly iron, copper and nickel.(1ac)(2)

Silicone rubber and plastic are satisfactory for use with acetylcysteine.(1a-c)
Some antibiotics including amphotericin, ampicillin sodium, erythromycin lactobionate, and
some tetracyclines are either physically incompatible or may be inactivated on mixing with
acetylcysteine.(2)
Acetylcysteine is compatible with the following infusions: potassium chloride 0.3% with
sodium chloride 0.9%(1a)(1c) and potassium chloride 0.3% with glucose 5%.(1a)(1c)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Parvolex: 14mmol per 10mL ampoule.(5)(9a)
Teva 8.83mmol per 10mL ampoule.(9b)
Aurum (Martindale): 0.03mmol per 10mL ampoule.(9c)
pH:
pH = 6.0 to 7.5(4) or 6.5 to 7.5.(9b-c)
OTHER COMMENTS:

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. a) Product summary Parvolex injection. Last
revised June 2010
b) Acetylcysteine 200mg/mL concentrate for solution for infusion. Teva. Last revised
08/02/2011.
c) Acetylcysteine 200mg/mL concentrate for solution for infusion, Martindale
Pharmaceuticals (Aurum). Last revised 06/12/2005
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 37th Edition, 2011, pg 1687-1689
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information
4. Trissel 'Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 16th Edition pg 5-6
5. British National Formulary 63, March 2012, pg 37
6. Medicines for Children 2003 produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child
Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12 pg 28
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer.
9. a) Drug company name: UCB Pharma. Date contacted: 17/08/2012
b) Drug company name: Teva UK Ltd. Date contacted: 15/06/2012
c) Drug company name: Martindale Pharma (Aurum). Date contacted: 01/05/2012
Version 5.1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Aciclovir powder for reconstitution for intravenous infusion

MEDICINE NAME:
Aciclovir

TRADE NAME(S):
Zovirax,GlaxoSmithKline UK
Aciclovir (Wockhardt UK Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing aciclovir 250mg (as sodium) powder for reconstitution (1a-b)
Vials containing aciclovir 500mg (as sodium) powder for reconstitution (1a)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
ADULTS, CHILDREN AND NEONATES
Do not administer by IV injection (to avoid renal damage)
IV infusion: Give over at least one hour.(1a-b)
Preferably via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the
preparation has a high pH.(13) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. If given peripherally, the insertion site
must be monitored closely for phlebitis using recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.
Discard the solution if it becomes cloudy or crystals appear before or during the infusion.(1a-b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
250mg vial: Add 10mL water for injections or sodium chloride 0.9% to the contents of the
250mg vial to obtain a solution containing 25mg in 1mL.(1a-b)
500mg vial: Add 20mL water for injections or sodium chloride 0.9% to the contents of the
500mg vial to obtain a solution containing 25mg in 1mL.
Shake the vial gently until the powder is completely dissolved. The reconstituted solution is
light yellow and slightly opalescent.(1a)
After reconstitution the 25mg in 1mL aciclovir solution may require further dilution, unless
administering to fluid restricted patients.(1a-b)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
250mg displaces 0.2mL(9a-b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
The reconstituted solution may be further diluted with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-b)
ADULTS:
Dilute doses of between 250mg and 500mg in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9%. Dilute doses of
between 500mg and 1g in 250mL of sodium chloride 0.9%. Do not dilute to a concentration
greater than 5mg in 1mL.(1a-b)
In fluid restricted patients only, aciclovir may be given undiluted (25mg in 1mL) via a central
venous access device using a syringe pump.(1a-b)(11)

CHILDREN AND NEONATES:

Dilute doses to a maximum concentration of 5mg in 1mL, e.g. 100mg in 20mL infusion fluid.(1ab)

Shake the prepared infusion well to ensure adequate mixing occurs.(1a-b)

EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
12 hours.(1a-b)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-b)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Phlebitis, severe local inflammation (sometimes leading to ulceration of the skin), fever,
nausea, vomiting, and anaphylaxis.(1a)(2)(5)
Rapid administration can cause rapid increases in blood urea and creatinine levels. Avoid by
slow infusion over one hour and ensuring adequate hydration.(1a-b)
EXTRAVASATION:
Aciclovir has the potential to cause tissue damage due to the high pH.(8a)(10)(12)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the canula insertion
site): Amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol,
clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, dexamethasone, doxycycline, erythromycin, filgrastim,
fluconazole, gentamicin, granisetron, heparin, hydrocortisone, imipenem with cilastatin,
linezolid, lorazepam, magnesium sulfate, methylprednisolone, metoclopramide, metronidazole,
milrinone, potassium chloride infusion, ranitidine, remifentanil, tobramycin sulfate, vancomycin,
zidovudine.(4)
Sodium chloride 0.18% and glucose 4%, sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 2.5%, sodium
lactate compound (Hartmann's).(1a0b)
Incompatible: Aztreonam, diltiazem, dobutamine, dopamine, levofloxacin, meropenem,
morphine, ondansetron, pethidine, piperacillin with tazobactam sodium, tacrolimus.(1a-b)(4)
The following are usually incompatible, infuse separately if possible. Parenteral nutrition
solutions, sodium bicarbonate infusions, phosphate preparations, blood components, plasma
substitutes.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Highly discomforting to the eyes; may cause temporary redness and pain. Mildly discomforting
or moderately irritating to skin. Avoid contact with eyes and unprotected skin.(8)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

1.1mmol sodium per 250mg vial (1a-b)(9a)
2.2mmol sodium per 500mg vial.(9a)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
324-349mOsm/L (in sodium chloride 0.9%) (Zovirax) Also see link.(12).
pH:
Reconstituted aciclovir solution has a pH of approximately 11.(1a-b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not refrigerate the reconstituted or diluted solution as precipitation may occur.(1a-b)
2. Do not store vials above 25oC.(1a-b)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Zovirax IV 250mg and 500mg (GlaxoSmithKline) last revised November 2012
b) Aciclovir 250mg powder for solution (WockhardtUK Ltd) last updated January 2012
2. Martindale, accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com November 2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com November 2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed November 2012
5. British National Formulary No. 64, September 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via http://bnfc.org/bnfc
November 2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) GlaxoSmithKline supplied November 2012
b) Wockardt, supplied November 2012
9. a) Drug company name: GlaxoSmith Kline. Date contacted: 16/11/2012
b) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: 16/11/2012
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
11. UKCPA Minimum Volumes Guide 3rd Edition, 2006
12. Quality Assurance department, Charing Cross Hospital. July 2010.
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 6

Intravenous

Aciclovir intravenous infusion (concentrated solution)

MEDICINE NAME:
Aciclovir

TRADE NAME(S):
Aciclovir sterile concentrate solution - Hospira UK Ltd

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing aciclovir 250mg in 10mL (as sodium) concentrate for infusion or dilution.(1)
Vials containing aciclovir 500mg in 20mL (as sodium) concentrate for infusion or dilution.(1)
Vials containing aciclovir 1g in 40mL (as sodium) concentrate for infusion or dilution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
ADULTS, CHILDREN AND NEONATES
Do not administer by IV Injection (to avoid renal damage)
IV infusion: Give over at least one hour.(1)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a high pH.(13) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. If given peripherally the insertion site
must be monitored closely for phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.
Discard the solution if it becomes cloudy or crystals appear before or during the infusion.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
ADULTS:
Dilute doses of between 250mg and 500mg in a 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9%. Dilute doses
of between 500mg and 1g in a 250mL of sodium chloride 0.9%. Do not dilute to a concentration
greater than 5mg in 1mL.(1)
In fluid restricted patients only aciclovir may be given undiluted (25mg in 1mL) via a central
venous access device using a syringe pump.(1)(11)
CHILDREN AND NEONATES:
Dilute doses to a maximum concentration of 5mg in 1mL, e.g. 100mg in 20mL sodium chloride
0.9%.(1)
Shake the prepared infusion well to ensure adequate mixing occurs.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
12 hours after dilution.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Phlebitis, severe local inflammation (sometimes leading to ulceration of the skin), fever,
nausea, vomiting and anaphylaxis.(1)(2)(5)

Rapid administration can cause rapid increases in blood urea and creatinine levels. Avoided by
slow infusion over one hour and ensuring adequate hydration.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Aciclovir has the potential to cause tissue damage due to the high pH.(9)(12)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the canula insertion
site): Amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol,
clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, dexamethasone, doxycycline, erythromycin, filgrastim,
fluconazole, gentamicin, granisetron, heparin, hydrocortisone, imipenem with cilastatin,
linezolid, lorazepam, magnesium sulfate, methylprednisolone, metoclopramide, metronidazole,
milrinone, potassium chloride infusion, propofol, ranitidine, remifentanil, tobramycin sulfate,
vancomycin, zidovudine.(4)
Sodium chloride 0.18% and glucose 4%, sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 2.5%, sodium
chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%, sodium lactate compound (Hartmann's).(1)
Incompatible: Aztreonam, diltiazem, dobutamine, dopamine, levofloxacin, meropenem,
morphine, ondansetron, pethidine, piperacillin with tazobactam sodium, tacrolimus.(1)(4)
The following are usually incompatible, infuse separately if possible. Parenteral nutrition
solutions, sodium bicarbonate infusions, phosphate preparations, blood components, plasma
substitutes.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Highly discomforting to the eyes, may cause temporary redness and pain. Mildly discomforting
or moderately irritating to skin.(8) Avoid contact with eyes and unprotected skin.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.16mmol for 250mg vial.(9)
2.32mmol for 500mg vial.(9)
4.64mmol for 1g vial.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolarity
324mOsmol/L for aciclovir 500mg in 250ml of sodium chloride 0.9% .(12) .
pH:
pH 10.5 to 11.7.(9)(12)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not refrigerate as precipitation may occur.(4)
2. Do not store vials above 25oC.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Aciclovir 25mg/mL Sterile Concentrate (Hospira UK

Ltd), last revised July 2009

2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com November 2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www/medicinescomplete.com November 2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com November 2012
5. British National Formulary No. 64, accessed via www.bnf.org November 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via http://bnfc.org/bnfc
November 2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer, Hospira September 2011
9. Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 09/11/2012
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
11. UKCPA Minimum Volumes Guide 4th Edition 2012
12. Quality Assurance department, Charing Cross Hospital. July 2010.
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 6

Intravenous

Adrenaline/epinephrine

Commercially available preparations of adrenaline 1 in 1,000 (1mg in 1mL) are currently

not licensed for administration via the IV route
MEDICINE NAME:
Adrenaline (epinephrine)

TRADE NAME(S):
Non proprietary available from:
Cardinal Health Martindale Products
Goldshield plc
Hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd
UCB Pharma (was IMS UK) Ltd

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Preparations used for administration by IV injection: Use adrenaline 1 in 10,000
(100micrograms in 1mL).
Ampoules containing adrenaline 1 in 10,000 available as 1mL (100microgram in 1mL), 5mL
(500micrograms in 5mL) and 10mL (1mg in 10mL) ampoules.(1a)
Prefilled syringes containing adrenaline 1 in 10,000 available as 3mL (300microgram in 3mL )
and 10mL (1mg in 10mL) syringes.(1e)
Preparations used to prepare an infusion of adrenaline: Use adrenaline 1 in 1,000 (1mg in
1mL) to prepare an infusion if ready prepared infusions are unavailable.
Ampoules containing adrenaline 1 in 1,000 available as 0.5mL (0.5mg in 0.5mL),(1b) 1mL (1mg
in 1mL)(1b-d) and 5mL (5mg in 5mL).(1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection for resuscitation or critically low blood pressure whilst waiting for an infusion
to be prepared:
Give by rapid IV injection. Administer via a central venous access device if already in place, or
into a large peripheral vein. IV injection administered via a peripheral vein should be followed by
a 20mL flush of sodium chloride 0.9%.(5)(11)
IV injection for anaphylaxis (N.B. IM injection should usually be used for anaphylaxis):
Give by rapid IV injection. Administer via a central venous access device if already in place, or
into a large peripheral vein. IV injection administered via a peripheral vein should be followed by
a 20mL flush of sodium chloride 0.9%.(5)(11)
IV infusion:
Infuse via a central venous access device using an infusion pump. Adrenaline infusions are
potent and should be commenced at a low dose and the rate increased according to the blood
pressure.
A replacement infusion must always be prepared before the infusion being administered is
completed.
When the infusion is discontinued, do not flush the vascular access device. Disconnect the
administration set, aspirate the vascular access device contents and then flush with sodium
chloride 0.9%.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

IV injection:
Use adrenaline 1 in 10,000 (100micrograms in 1mL).
IV infusion:
If ready prepared infusions are unavailable use adrenaline 1 in 1,000 (1mg in 1mL) and dilute
with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% to produce the following suggested concentrations: (12)
ADMINISTRATION VIA A SYRINGE PUMP: A concentration of 4mg in 50mL solution is usually
used. In some circumstances it may be necessary to prepare a concentration of 8mg in 50mL or
16mg in 50mL.(12)
ADMINISTRATION VIA A VOLUMETRIC PUMP: A concentration of 8mg in 100mL is usually
used. In some circumstances it may be necessary to prepare a concentration of 16mg in 100mL
or 32mg in 100mL.(12)
Paediatrics
Dilute 3mg/kg body-weight to a final volume with 50mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(6a)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
24 hours when prepared in the clinical area.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:
Dose (micrograms/kg/minute) x patient weight (kg) x 60 (minutes)
Adrenaline Infusion rate (mL/hour) = __________________________________________________
Concentration (micrograms/mL)

For example: To administer a dose of 0.1micrograms/kg/minute of adrenaline to a 70kg patient

using a solution of 4mg in 50mL (80micrograms in 1mL), the calculation would look as follows:
0.1(micrograms/kg/minute) x 70 (kg) x 60 (minutes)
Adrenaline Infusion rate (mL/hour) = _________________________________________ = 5.25mL/hour
80 (micrograms/mL)

NB: Infusion pumps can only be set to one decimal place. If the calculation produces a figure to
two decimal places when setting the infusion pump figures of 0.05 and above should be
rounded UP to the next decimal place and figures below 0.05 should be rounded DOWN. E.g.
5.25mL/hour should be rounded up to 5.3mL/hour.
FLUSHING:
Compatible flushes are sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
IV injection via a peripheral venous catheter Follow injection with a 20mL flush of sodium
chloride 0.9%.(5)(11)
Infusion: Do not flush the vascular access device. After the infusion is discontinued, disconnect
the administration set, aspirate the vascular access device contents and then flush with sodium
chloride 0.9%.

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Arrhythmias including VT and VF. Extreme hypertension leading to cerebral
haemorrhage and pulmonary oedema.(2)(3) Anxiety, dyspnoea, restlessness, palpitations,
tachycardia, anginal pain, tremor, weakness, dizziness, headache, cold extremities.(2)(3)
Peripheral ischaemia. Hyperglycaemia.(2)
Prolonged use of adrenaline may result in severe metabolic acidosis due to elevated blood
concentrations of lactic acid.(3)
Ampoules contain sodium metabisulphite that can cause allergic type reactions including
anaphylaxis and asthmatic episodes in susceptible individuals.(3)
Monitoring: Continuous blood pressure and ECG monitoring required. When administered via
an infusion use invasive blood pressure monitoring and monitor blood glucose.
EXTRAVASATION:
Tissue infiltration may lead to local ischaemia. Tissue necrosis may occur due to low pH.
Administer via a central venous access device if possible. If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet in the administration set close to the
cannula insertion site): Amiodarone (amiodarone must be diluted with glucose 5%),
atracurium, cisatracurium, clonidine, dopamine, fentanyl, heparin sodium, lorazepam,
midazolam, milrinone, morphine sulphate, noradrenaline, potassium chloride, propofol,
vasopressin, vecuronium.(4)
Incompatible: Adrenaline should not be mixed with sodium bicarbonate.(1c)(1e)
Adrenaline is incompatible with halogens, nitrates, nitrites and salts of iron, copper and zinc.
Adrenaline may be mixed with sodium chloride 0.9% but is incompatible with sodium chloride
5% injection. The stability of adrenaline in glucose 5% decreases when the pH is greater than
5.5.(1c)
Compatible with the following infusion fluids:
Glucose 10%, glucose 4% and sodium chloride 0.18% and compound sodium lactate
(Hartmann's).(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.01 - 0.2mmol/mL (Martindale, Hameln, Goldshield, UCB Pharma)(9a-d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
0.1mg/mL solution 273mOsm/kg(4)
1mg/mL solution 348mOsm/kg(4)

pH:
2.5 to 3.6 (Martindale)(9a)
2.8 to 3.6 (Hameln)(9b)
3.3 to 3.6 (Goldshield)(9c)
2.2 to 5 (UCB Pharma)(9d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. During storage keep adrenaline preparations in outer carton to protect from light.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Adrenaline Injection 1 in 10,000. Macarthys Laboratories Ltd T/A Martindale
Pharmaceuticals. Last revised 18/11/2009
b) Adrenaline Injection 1:1,000. Macarthys Laboratories Ltd T/A Martindale
Pharmaceuticals. Last revised 24/02/2009
c) Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection BP 1 in 1000. Hameln Last revised 06/08/2009
d) Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection BP 1 in 1000. Goldshield Last revised Jul 2009
e) Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Injection 1:10,000. International Medication Systems (UK)
Ltd (UCB Pharma) Last revised: 14th October 2005
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/02/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/02/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook On Injectable Drugs" 15th Edition pg 603-610
5. British National Formulary No. 60 (September 2010) pg 138
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 pg 941
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Cardinal Health Martindale Pharma. Date contacted: 08/02/2011
b) Drug company name: Hameln. Date contacted: 16/02/2011
c) Drug company name: Goldshield. Date contacted: 08/02/2011
d) Drug company name: UCB Pharma. Date contacted: 10/02/2011
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. Resuscitation Council (UK) Website www.resus.org.uk
12. Intensive Care Society website statement supporting use of standard infusion
concentrations (2010) See Link
Version 5

Intravenous

Albumin solution, human, isotonic

Record the batch number and expiry date from each unit used in the patient's case notes
or drug chart.
A separate monograph for human albumin solution (concentrated) is available.
MEDICINE NAME:
Albumin solution, human, isotonic

TRADE NAME(S):
Human albumin solution 50g/litre (Baxter)
Human Albumin Biotest 5%
Albunorm 5%
Alburex 5
Zenalb 4.5

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Human albumin solution 4.5% (45g in 1L)
Glass vial/bottle containing human albumin solution 2.25g in 50mL, 4.5g in 100mL, 11.25g in
250mL, 22.5g in 500mL (Zenalb 4.5 only).(1d)
Human albumin solution 5% (50g in 1L)
Glass vial/bottle containing human albumin)
5g in 100mL (Albunorm, Alburex).(1b)(1f)
12.5g in 250mL (Albunorm, Alburex, Baxter, Biotest).(1b-c)(1e-f)
25g in 500mL (Albunorm, Alburex, BAxter, Biotest).(1b-c)(1e-f)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion
give undiluted.(1a-f) Adjust infusion rate according to indication and patient response but in
general, a rate of up to 5mL/minute is suggested for a 5% concentration.(2)
In plasma exchange, adjust the infusion rate to the rate of removal.(1a-f)
STABILITY:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9% (4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
- Allergic or anaphylactic-type reactions - stop the infusion immediately.(1a-f)
- Mild reactions including flushing, urticaria, fever, nausea,(1a-f) skin rash,(1c) vomiting, increased
salivation, hypotension, febrile reactions and tachycardia are rare(2) and normally disappear
rapidly when the infusion is slowed or stopped.(1a-f)
- Hypervolaemia may occur if the dose and rate of infusion are too high. Stop the infusion at the
first clinical signs of cardiovascular overload (e.g. headache, dyspnoea, jugular vein congestion)
or increased blood pressure, raised central venous pressure and pulmonary oedema.(1a-f)

Monitoring:
- Monitor cardiovascular and respiratory function: this might include arterial blood pressure and
pulse rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, urine output, and
haematocrit/haemoglobin.(1a-f)
- Monitor electrolytes.(1a-f)
- Monitor coagulation parameters and haematocrit if large volumes of fluid are being replaced
and ensure adequate substitution of other blood constituents (e.g. coagulation factors,
electrolytes, platelets and erythrocytes).(1a-f)
- Observe injured or postoperative patients carefully as the rise in blood pressure could result in
bleeding from undetected sites.(2)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible with the following infusions (It is assumed that the infusions mix close to the
vascular access device)
sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%.(4)
Incompatible:
Do not mix with other medicines, whole blood or packed red cells, parenteral nutrition solutions,
or solutions containing alcohol. Do not dilute with water for injections as this may result in
potentially life-threatening haemolysis.(1a-f)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Solutions contain up to 16mmol sodium in 100mL (160mmol/L).(2) The sodium content for
individual products is:
Human albumin solution 50g/L (Baxter): 13-16mmoL in 100mL.(1c)
Human Albumin Biotest 5%: 14.5mmol in 100mL.(1e)
Albunorm 5%: 14-16mmoL in 100mL.(1b)
Alburex: 14mmol in 100mL.(9d)
Zenalb 4.5%: 10-16mmoL in 100mL.(1d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Human albumin solutions 40-50g in 1L are iso-osmotic(2) with and mildly hypo-oncotic to normal
plasma.(1a-f)
260mOsm/Kg (Alburex).(1f)
pH:
6.7 to 7.3.(2)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above +25oC.(1b-f)
2. Store in the original container to protect from light.(1a-f)
3. Do not freeze; do not use solutions that have been frozen.(3)
4. Do not use solutions which are cloudy or have deposits.(1a-f)
5. Contains no more than 200micrograms aluminium in 1L.(2)
6. Warm to room or body temperature before use if large volumes are to be given.(1a-f)

REFERENCES:
1. a) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guidelines on the Core
SPC for Human Albumin Solution. Revision 2. European Medicines Agency, London 17
November 2005, accessed February 2011
Summary of Product Characteristics
b) Albunorm 5%. Last revised 03/2011
c) Human albumin solution 50g/L, Baxter. Last revised 01/08/2012
d) Zenalb 4.5. Last revised September 2008
e) Human albumin Biotest 5%. Last revised 24/02/2009
f) Alburex. Last revised 12/08/2010
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 24/08/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 24/08/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 24/08/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012 electronic version
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013, electronic version
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) Zenalb 4.5 Material Safety Data Sheet, BPL, revised March 2010
b) Albunorm Safety Data Sheet, Octapharma, revised 15/12/2009
9. a) Drug company name: Octapharma. Date contacted: August 2011
b) Drug company name: Bio Products Laboratory. Date contacted: February 2011
c) Drug company name: Baxter Healthcare Ltd. Date contacted: February 2011
d) Drug company name: CLS Behring UK Ltd. Date contacted: September 2012
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Albumin solution, human, concentrated

Record the batch number and expiry date from each unit used in the patient's case notes or drug
chart.
A separate monograph for human albumin solution (isotonic) is available.

MEDICINE NAME:
Albumin solution, human, concentrated

TRADE NAME(S):
Human Albumin solution 200g/L Baxter
Human Albumin Biotest 20%
Albunorm 20%
Alburex 20
Flexbumin 200g/L
Zenalb 20

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Glass vial/bottle containing human albumin 10g in 50mL and 20g in 100mL solution.(1b-c)(1e-g)
Polythene bag containing human albumin 10g in 50mL or 20g in 100mL solution (Flexbumin
only).(1d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: Give diluted or undiluted.(1a-g) Infuse slowly, adjusting the rate according to indication,
patient response and dilution used, but in general, a rate of up to 1 to 2mL/minute is suggested
for a 20% concentration.(2)
In plasma exchange, adjust the infusion rate to the rate of removal.(1a-g)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% (or other isotonic solution) if dilution is
required.(1a-g) Use glucose 5% if sodium restriction is necessary. Use sodium chloride 0.9% if
large volumes are likely to be given (e.g. during plasmapheresis or plasma exchange) if the fluid
and electrolyte status of the patient permits.(3)
STABILITY:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Flush with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% (4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
- Allergic or anaphylactic-type reactions - stop the infusion immediately.(1a-g)
- Mild reactions including flushing, urticaria, fever, nausea,(1a-g) skin rash,(1e) vomiting, increased
salivation, hypotension, febrile reactions and tachycardia are rare(2) and normally disappear
rapidly when the infusion is slowed or stopped.(1a-g)
- Hypervolaemia may occur if the dose and rate of infusion are too high. Stop the infusion at the
first clinical signs of cardiovascular overload (e.g. headache, dyspnoea, jugular vein congestion)

or increased blood pressure, raised central venous pressure and pulmonary oedema.(1a-g)
Monitoring:
- Monitor cardiovascular and respiratory function: this might include arterial blood pressure and
pulse rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, urine output, and
haematocrit/haemoglobin.(1a-g)
- Monitor electrolytes and take appropriate steps to restore or maintain balance.(1a-g)
- Monitor coagulation parameters and haematocrit if large volumes of fluid are being replaced and
ensure adequate substitution of other blood constituents (e.g. coagulation factors, electrolytes,
platelets and erythrocytes).(1a-g)
- Observe injured or postoperative patients carefully as the rise in blood pressure could result in
bleeding from undetected sites.(2)
- Ensure adequate hydration of the patient(1a-g) as concentrated human albumin solution is
hyperosmotic with respect to plasma.(2)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible with the following infusions (It is assumed that infusions mix close to the
vascular access device): Sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%.(4)
Incompatible: Do not mix with other medicines, whole blood or packed red cells,(1a-g) parenteral
nutrition solutions or solutions containing alcohol.(1d) Do not dilute with water for injections as this
may result in potentially live threatening haemolysis.(1a-g)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Solutions contain up to 16mmol sodium in 100mL (160mmol/L).(2)
The sodium content for individual products is:
Albunorm: 14-16mmol in 100mL.(1c)
Alburex: 14mmol in 100mL.(9d)
Flexbumin: 13-16mmol/L.(1d)
Human albumin 200g/L Baxter: 10-13mmol in 100mL.(1c)
Human Albumin Biotest 20%: 12.2mmol in 100mL.(1f)
Zenalb 20: 5-12mmol in 100mL.(1b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
250-400mOsm/Kg (Albunorm 20%).(9a)
150mOsm/Kg (Zenalb 20).(9b)
260mOsm/Kg (Alburex).(1g)
pH:
pH 6.7 to 7.3(2)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above +25oC.(1b-g)
2. Store in the original container to protect from light.(1a-g)
3. Do not freeze; do not use solutions that have been frozen.(3)
4. Do not use solutions that are cloudy or have deposits.(1a-g)
5. Contains not more than 200micrograms aluminium in 1L.(2)
6. Warm to room or body temperature before use if large volumes are to be given.(1a-g)

REFERENCES:
1. a) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guidelines on the Core SPC
for Human ablumin solution, Revision 2. European Medicines Agency, London 17
November 2005 accessed February 2011
Summary of Product Characteristics
b) Zenalb 20. Last revised September 2008
c) Albunorm. Last revised 03/2011
d) Flexbumin. Last revised 05/04/2012
e) Human albumin solution 200g/L Baxter. Last revised October 2006
f) Human Albumin Biotest 20%. Last revised 24/02/2009
g) Alburex. Last revised 12/08/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 24/08/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 24/08/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 24/08/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012 electronic version
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 electronic version
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) Zenalb 20, Material Safety Data Sheet, BPL, Revised March 2010
b) Albunorm Safety Data Sheet, Octapharma, revised 15/12/2009
9. a) Drug company name: Octapharma. Date contacted: August 2012
b) Drug company name: Bio Products Laboratory (BPL). Date contacted: February 2011
c) Drug company name: Baxter Healthcare Ltd. Date contacted: February 2011
d) Drug company name: CSL Behring UK Ltd. Date contacted: September 2012
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Alfentanil

Alfentanil
TRADE NAME(S):
Rapifen
Rapifen Intensive Care
Non-proprietary available from Hameln and Auden McKenzie

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing alfentanil 1mg in 2mL
Ampoules containing alfentanil 5mg in 10mL
Ampoules containing alfentanil 5mg in 1mL. Concentrate for dilution.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Administer by bolus injection over about 30 seconds. Dilution may be helpful.
IV infusion: Administer using an infusion pump, Only give by infusion in ventilated patients.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Alfentanil 500micrograms in 1mL can be administered without further dilution or can
be diluted to any convenient volume with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
Infusion: In adults, suggested standard concentration for use in Critical Care is 25mg in 50mL.(10)
Use either:
5 x 5mg in 10mL ampoules undiluted OR
5 x 5mg in 1mL ampoules diluted to 50mL. Suitable diluents are sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose
5%(1)
Alfentanil 5mg in 1mL must be always diluted before use.
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
Use within 24 hours of preparation.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypotension (may be exaggerated in the hypovolaemic patient or in the presence of concomitant
sedative medication): monitor, consider reducing rate of infusion and use appropriate measures to
maintain stable arterial pressure.(1)
Respiratory depression; dose related, usually occurs following administration of doses in excess of
1mg, can be reversed by naloxone.
Bradycardia: monitor, consider reducing rate of infusion and consider use of anticholinergic such
as atropine.(1)
Hypoventilation or apnoea: consider oxygen, assisted or controlled respiration and use of an opioid
antagonist e.g. naloxone.(1)

Muscle rigidity during induction can be avoided by giving injection slowly, by premedicating with a
benzodiazepine, by administration of a muscle relaxant just prior to administration of alfentanil. If
rigidity occurs consider use of neuromuscular blocking agent.(1)
Injection site pain
Allergic reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, urticaria)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause tissue damage due to low pH. If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Atracurium besylate, midazolam hydrochloride, morphine sulphate, ondansetron hydrochloride.(4)
Compatible with the following diluents/infusion fluids in addition to those listed above: Compound
sodium lactate (Hartmanns)
Incompatible: No information available.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special handling precautions (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible
pH:
4.3 to 6.0 (9) Rapifen
4.0 to 6.0 (4) Rapifen
4.0 to 6.0 (9) Rapifen Intensive Care
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Adequate plasma levels in ventilated patients will only be achieved rapidly if the infusion
(0.5-1microgram/kg/minute) is preceded by a loading dose of 50-100micrograms/kg given
as a bolus or fast infusion over 10 minutes.(1)

OTHER INJECTABLE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:

Used off-label in Palliative Care by subcutaneous Injection and continuous subcutaneous Infusion.
For use under specialist supervision only. See latest edition of Lothian Palliative Care Guidelines
for further information.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Rapifen 2007, Rapifen Intensive Care 2005
2. Martindale 'The Complete Drug Reference' 34th edition
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information - reference not used
4. Trissel 'Handbook on injectable drugs' 13th edition
5. British National Formulary Number 54

6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 'Medicines for Children' 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2007
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Janssen
Date contacted: 25/07/2007
10. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care Society
website (2010) See Link

Version 3 (local amendment for NHS Lothian)

Intravenous

Alteplase

N.B. Two different alteplase products are available. Actilyse is for therapeutic use and
Actilyse Cathflo is used for occluded central venous access devices. Ensure that you are
using the correct product for the required indication
MEDICINE NAME:
Alteplase
(rt-PA tissue-type plasminogen activator)

TRADE NAME(S):
Actilyse
Actilyse Cathflo

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Alteplase (Actilse) for therapeutic use
Vial containing alteplase 10mg powder for reconstitution.(1a)(5) Plus 10mL vial containing water for
injections for reconstitution.(1a)
Vial containing alteplase 20mg powder for reconstitution.(1a)(5) Plus 20mL vial containing water for
injections for reconstitution.(1a)
Vial containing alteplase 50mg powder for reconstitution.(1a)(5) Plus 50mL vial containing water for
injections for reconstitution.(1a)
Alteplase (Actilyse Cathflo) for occluded central venous access devices.
Vial containing alteplase 2mg powder for reconstitution.(1b) Plus 2.2mL vial containing water for
injections for reconstitution.(1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (90 minutes (accelerated) regimen for patients with myocardial
infarction, in whom treatment can be started within 6 hours after symptom onset):
Initially an IV injection over 3 to 5 minutes, followed by IV infusion over 30 minutes, followed by
a further IV infusion over 60 minutes.(1a)(5)
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (3 hour regimen for patients with myocardial infarction, in
whom treatment can be started between 6 and 12 hours after symptom onset):
Initially an IV injection over 3 to 5 minutes, followed by an IV infusion over 60 minutes and then
followed by IV infusions over 30 minutes each until maximum dose is reached.(1a)(5)
PULMONARY EMBOLISM:
Initially an IV injection over 1 to 2 minutes, followed by an IV infusion over 2 hours.(1a)(5)
Note for patients weighing less than 65kg body weight - The total dose should not exceed
1.5mg/kg.(1a) The manufacturer makes no specific recommendation on how the reduced dose
should be given. They have anecdotal information indicating the most usual method would be to
give an initial IV injection over 1 to 2 minutes and then adjust the remainder of the total dose,
which is given as an IV infusion over a 2 hour period.(9)
ACUTE ISCHAEMIC STROKE:
Treatment of alteplase must be started within 4.5 hours of onset of symptoms.(1a)
IV infusion over 60 minutes with 10% of the total dose given as an initial IV injection over 3 to 5
minutes.(1a)(5)
Treatment must be performed by a specialist in neurovascular care.(1a)
Beyond 4.5 hours after onset of stroke symptoms, there is a negative benefit risk ratio associated
with alteplase administration and so it should not be administered.(1a)

Thrombolytic treatment of occluded central venous access devices:

The reconstituted solution is instilled into the occluded central venous access device. Only 2mg
vials of alteplase (Actilyse Cathflo) are indicated for use in this indication.
The dose used depends on the weight of the patient and may be administered up to two times for
any one occlusion. The appropriate dose is instilled into the dysfunctional central venous access
device and after 30 minutes of dwell time the catheter function is assessed. If the catheter is not
functional, leave for a dwell time of up to 120 minutes then re-assess. If catheter function is not
restored after the first dose, a second dose of equal amount may be instilled, repeating the dwell
time assessments for the first dose. If after a second dose of alteplase the device remains
dysfunctional consider device replacement. If catheter function is restored, aspirate blood
(amount depends on patient weight) to remove alteplase solution and residual clot, and gently
irrigate the catheter with sodium chloride 0.9 %.(1b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
10mg vial: Using a syringe, reconstitute with 10mL of water for injections (provided) to obtain a
final concentration of 1mg alteplase in 1mL. Alternatively using a syringe, reconstitute with 5mL of
water for injections (provided) to obtain a final concentration of 2mg alteplase in 1mL.(1a)
20mg vial:- Using the transfer device provided, reconstitute with 20mL of water for injections
(provided) to obtain a final concentration of 1mg alteplase in 1mL. Alternatively, using a syringe,
reconstitute with 10mL of water for injections (provided) to obtain a final concentration of 2mg
alteplase in 1mL.(1a)
50mg vial: Using the transfer device provided, reconstitute with 50mL of water for injections
(provided) to obtain a final concentration of 1mg alteplase in 1mL. Alternatively, using a syringe,
reconstitute with 25mL of water for injections (provided) to obtain a final concentration of 2mg
alteplase in 1mL.(1a)
2mg vial (Actilyse Cathflo): Using a syringe, reconstitute with 2.2mL water for injections
(provided) to obtain a final concentration of 1mg alteplase in 1mL.(1b)
When reconstituting alteplase, the mixture should only be agitated gently until completely
dissolved.(1a-b) To prevent foam formation vigorous/excessive agitation should be avoided (1a-b)(4)
Do not shake.(4) Slight foaming may occur, however, the bubbles will dissipate after standing for
several minutes.(4) The reconstituted preparation is a clear and colourless to pale yellow
solution.(1a-b)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Displacement value when reconstituted: approximately 1.5mL for the 50mg vial. This is negligible
and does not need to be accounted for.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
The reconstituted solution may be diluted further with sodium chloride 0.9% to a concentration of
not less than 0.2mg/1mL.(1a-b)

STABILITY:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (1a)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Therapeutic treatment with alteplase
1. Alteplase treatment requires adequate monitoring and should only be used by physicians
trained and experienced in the use of thrombolytic treatments and with the facilities to
monitor that use.(1a)
2. When thrombolytics are used in myocardial infarction, reperfusion arrhythmias and
recurrent ischaemia and angina may occur. Reperfusion may also cause cerebral and
pulmonary oedema. Hypotension can also occur and can usually be controlled by elevating
the patients legs, or by reducing the rate of infusion or stopping it temporarily, Back pain,
fever, and convulsions can also occur.
3. Thrombolytics can cause allergic reactions (including rash, flushing and uveitis) and
anaphylaxis has been reported.(5)
4. For patients receiving alteplase for ischaemic stroke, the manufacturer recommends blood
pressure monitoring during administration and for up to 24 hours after.(1a)
5. Monitor for injection site haemorrhage (puncture site haemorrhage, catheter site
haematoma and catheter site haemorrhage). If severe, discontinuation should be
considered.(1a)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation during IV infusion of the drug can cause ecchymosis and/or inflammation.
Management consists of terminating the infusion at that IV site and application of local therapy.(3)
The infusion should be re-commenced using a different site.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Alteplase should not be mixed with other medicinal products in the same infusion vial nor the
same catheter.(1a)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available (9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolarity of the reconstituted solution (1mg/1mL) is approximately 200mOsm/kg.(9)

pH:
pH of reconstituted solution is 7.3 +/- 0.5 (1a-b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 25oC. Store in the original package in order to protect from light.(1a)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Actilyse, Boehringer Ingleheim Ltd. Date of revision of text November 2011.
b) Actilyse Cathflo 2mg. Boehringer Ingleheim Ltd. Date of revision of text November 2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via Micromedex
www.thonsonhc.com/micromedex2 03/05/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com/mc on 13/04/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition 2009 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012, accessed via http://bnf.org/bnf 18/06/2012
6. Medicines for Children, Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 accessed via http://bnfc.org/bnfc on
18/06/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - not available
9. Drug company name: Boehringer Ingleheim. Date contacted: 13/04/2012
Version 5 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Amikacin

Amikacin
TRADE NAME(S):
Amikacin (Hospira UK Ltd)
Amikin

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing amikacin 100mg in 2mL (as sulphate) solution for injection (Amikin).(1b)
Vials containing amikacin 500mg in 2mL (as sulphate) solution for injection (Hospira).(1a)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion (usual method of administration):
Adults and paediatric patients: Administer required dose, appropriately diluted, using an
infusion pump over either 30 or 60 minutes (according to local guidelines).(1a-b)
Infants: Administer over 1 to 2 hours for infants.(1a-b)
IV injection: Administer by slow IV injection over 2 to 3 minutes (1a)(1b)
Administer via a central venous access device if one is available to avoid potential venous
irritation as the preparation has a low pH.(11) If a central venous access device is unavailable a
risk benefit analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. If given peripherally, the
insertion site must be monitored closely for phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis
scoring tool.(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion:
Adults: Usual practice is to dilute the required dose in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5%. However the manufacturers recommend diluting the required dose to a
concentration of 2.5mg in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a)
Paediatric patients: The volume of infusion fluid should be sufficient to allow the appropriate
infusion period.(3)(4)
IV injection:
100mg in 2mL preparation can be given undiluted, or diluted with 10-20mL sodium chloride
0.9% or glucose 5% to aid slow administration.
Due to extreme osmolarity of the 500mg in 2mL preparation always dilute dose before
administration.
Amikacin solution may darken from colourless to pale yellow but this does not indicate loss of
potency.(1a)(2)(4)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
24 hours.(1a)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Therapeutic drug level monitoring required. Ensure adequate hydration and monitor renal
function to avoid nephrotoxicity.(1a-b)
Amikacin (Hospira) and Amikin injections contain sulphites which can cause allergic-type
reactions, including anaphylactic symptoms and bronchospasm, in susceptible people,
especially those with a history of asthma or allergy.(1a-c)
Administration related adverse effects include tinnitus, deafness, vertigo, paraesthesia,
nausea and vomiting.(1a-b)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to the low pH of the injection. If
extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give amikacin by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before
and after administering the injection.
Amikacin infusion is compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that the
infusions mix close to the vascular access device): Sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose
2.5%, sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%,
sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 10%, glucose 10%, Ringers solution and Hartmann's
solution.(4)
Incompatible: Amphotericin, some beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and
cephalosporins),(1a)(4) erythromycin, heparin, phenytoin,(1a)(4) propofol,(4) thiopental.(4)
Amikacin activity may be impaired by beta-lactam antibiotics. However amikacin may be used
with penicillins and cephalosporins but the injections should be given at separate sites.(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Less than 0.5mmol per 100mg vial and 0.56mmol per 500mg vial. (5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
500mg in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% - 349mOsm/L.(4)(9a)
500mg in 100mL glucose 5% - 319mOsm/L.(4)(9a)
pH:
Undiluted 500mg vial: 3.5 to 5.5.(4)(9b)(11)
Undiluted 100mg vial: 4.2 to 4.8.(9a)

OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Amikacin (Hospira) injection contains sodium citrate and sodium metabisulphite;(1a)
Amikin injection contains sodium bisulphite, sodium citrate and sulphuric acid.(1b)
2. Store unopened vials below 25oC.(1a-b)

OTHER INJECTABLE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:

IM injection.(1a-b)
Intrathecal injection (unlicensed).(3)
Intraventricular injection (unlicensed).(3)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics.
a) Amikacin - Hospira UK Ltd. Last revised 10/08/2012
b) Amikin - Bristol Myers Pharmaceuticals. Last revised January 2012
c) Prescribing information. Amikacin sulphate injection USP - Hospira USA. Last
revised April 2004
2. Martindale. Accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 07/06/2011. Last
revised 26/02/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 07/06/2011. May 2011 Update
4. Trissel Handbook on Injectable Drugs. Accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 10/06/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61, March 2011, p351
6. Medicines for Children. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children, 2010-2011, p341-2
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. a) COSHH data sheet. Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals. Last revised 18/08/2010
b) COSHH data sheet. Hospira UK Ltd. Last revised 02/2010
9. a) Drug company: Bristol-Myers Squibb. Date contacted: 10th August 2011
b) Drug company: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 10th August 2011
10. Personal communication from David Erskine, Director of London & South East
Regional Medicines Information Service Pharmacy Department, Guys Hospital,
GSTUFT, 09/04/2010.
11. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 5

Intravenous

Aminophylline

There is an increased risk of toxicity if aminophylline/theophylline is administered

simultaneously by more than one route
Martindale product has been discontinued. The last batch number is 1250965 with expiry
date 31/12/2013
MEDICINE
NAME:
Aminophylline

TRADE NAME(S):
Aminophylline (hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd) (Goldshield plc) (Cardinal
Health, Martindale Pharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 250mg in 10mL (1a-c)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Loading dose: Administer loading dose in 100mL of suitable diluent. Administer over at least
20 minutes.(1a-c)(5) Rate not to exceed 25mg per minute.(1b)(2)
Maintenance dose: Dilute to 1mg in 1mL and administer by continuous infusion. The initial
dose for adults should not exceed 500-700micrograms/kg/hour.(1a-c)(5)
The rate and duration of the maintenance infusion should be adjusted according to theophylline
level and individual patient requirement.(1b)(1c)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Loading dose: Dilute dose to 100mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
Maintenance infusion: Dilute to aminophylline 1mg in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5%.
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
24 hours when prepared in the clinical area(4)(9a)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
LOADING DOSE INFUSION RATE
To give the loading dose diluted to 100mL over 20 minutes, the infusion rate required is
300mL/hour.
N.B. loading doses in excess of 500mg will need to be administered at a slower rate to ensure
that the recommended maximum rate of 25mg/minute is not exceeded.
MAINTENANCE DOSE INFUSION RATE
The infusion rate to set the infusion pump can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 500micrograms/kg/hour of aminophylline to a 70kg

patient using a solution of 1mg in 1mL, the calculation would look as follows:-

N.B. Infusion pumps can only be set to one decimal place. If the calculation produces a figure
to two decimal places when setting the infusion pump, figures of 0.05 and above should be
rounded UP to the next decimal place and figures below 0.05 should be rounded DOWN eg.
2.33mL/hour should be rounded down to 2.3mL/hour.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%(4)(10) or glucose 5%.(4)(9)(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
The drug has a narrow therapeutic index and serum levels should be monitored regularly.(1b)(1c)
During regular therapy serum potassium levels must be monitored (may cause
hypokalaemia).(1a-c)
Rapid administration may be associated with a lowering of blood pressure, headache, anxiety,
insomnia, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions and sudden death.(1a-c) Severe toxicity may occur
without preceding symptoms.(1b)
If toxicity or overdose is suspected refer to Toxbase.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Solutions of aminophylline are alkaline and if the pH falls below 8, crystals of theophylline will
deposit.(2) Drugs known to be unstable in alkaline solutions should not be mixed with
aminophylline, nor should drugs that will lower pH below the critical value.(2)
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Ceftazidime,(4) dexamethasone,(4) dopamine,(4) erythromycin lactobionate,(4) furosemide,(4)
heparin,(4) hydrocortisone sodium succinate.(4) lidocaine (lignocaine),(4) meropenem,(4)
ranitidine,(4) piperacillin/tazobactam,(4) remifentanil,(4) glucose 10%,(4) glucose and sodium
chloride combinations(4) and compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's).(1)(4)(5)
Incompatible: Amiodarone,(4) ciprofloxacin,(4) clarithromycin,(4) dobutamine.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (9a)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9a)(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Injection: Osmolarlity - 170mOsm/L(11)
Osmolality - 114mOsm/kg(4)
250mg in 50/100mL of glucose 5% = Osmolality 300/291mOsm/kg.(4)(11)
250mg in 50/100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% = Osmolality 327/318mOsm/kg.(4)(11)

pH:
Aminophylline 250mg in 10mL: pH 8.8 to 10.0 (9a)(9b)
Aminophylline 1mg in 1mL: pH 9.0 to 9.2 (12). See link.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Discard if the contents are discoloured.(1b)
2. Do not store above 25oC.(1b)

OTHER INJECTABLE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:

500mg in 2mL preparation available for Intramuscular use only. This route is generally
considered too irritant/painful
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) hameln Pharmaceuticals plc, last updated 06/07/2010
b) Goldshield plc, last revised 04/08/2009
c) Martindale Pharmaceuticals, November 2004
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 17/06/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/07/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/07/2010
5. British National Formulary Edition 59 pgs 173-74 & 863
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Cardinal Health, Martindale Pharma
Date contacted: 22/07/2010
b) Drug company name: hameln Pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 22/07/2010
10. UCL Hospitals Injectable Drug Administration Guide, Second Edition 2007, pg 50
11. Accessability by Bard, appendix 1: Drug information accessed via www.accessability-bybard.co.uk
12. Quality Assurance Department, Charing Cross Hospital July11
Version 5

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Amiodarone
hydrochloride

Amiodarone hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
Cordarone X Intravenous (1a)
Generic - Cardinal Health,(1b) OI Sciences,(1c) UCB Pharma(1d)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing amiodarone 50mg in 1mL (as hydrochloride); 150mg in 3mL (1a)(c)
Ampoules containing amiodarone 30mg in 1mL (as hydrochloride); 300mg in 10mL (1b)
Pre-filled syringes containing amiodarone 30mg in 1mL (as hydrochloride); 300mg in 10mL
(1d)

METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion (loading dose): Administer the required dose (usually 300mg)(15) over 20
minutes to 2 hours using an infusion pump.(1a-c)
Continuation infusion: The loading dose infusion may be followed by a repeat infusion
using an infusion pump.(1a-c) The total dose in any 24 hour period is up to 1200mg per 24
hours. The infusion rate is adjusted according to clinical response.(1a-c)
Common practice is to give a 300mg loading dose infusion over one hour, followed by an
infusion of 900mg over 23 hours.
Due to the low pH of amiodarone, concentrations exceeding amiodarone 2mg in 1mL should
always be administered via a central venous access device.(2)(3)(4) A central venous access
device is also preferred, for any concentration, where repeated or continuous infusions are
required.(1a-d)
IV injection (extreme clinical emergency only): Administer 300mg in 10 to 20mL glucose
5% over a minimum of 3 minutes, preferably 10 to 20 minutes. Do not repeat for at least 15
minutes.(1a-c)(11)
Preferably administer via central venous access device. If unavailable use a vein located as
centrally as possible (external jugular or antecubital vein).(12)
If a peripheral line is used ensure that the line is patent before administration of the
amiodarone (e.g. successful administration of other drugs or prior administration of sodium
chloride 0.9%.(1b)). If this route used then should be given (as a minimum) through a grey
venflon from the anticubital fossa. A pink venflon in the dorsum of the hand is unacceptable.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion (loading dose):
Central administration: Dilute 300mg amiodarone to 50mL with glucose 5%.(15)
Peripheral administration: Dilute 300mg amiodarone to 250mL(1a-d) with glucose 5%

Continuation infusion:
Central administration: Dilute each 300mg amiodarone to 50mL with glucose 5%.(15) For
doses greater than 300mg multiples of these syringes may be used. E.g for a 900mg dose
use 3 x (300mg in 50mL).
Peripheral administration: Add the required dose to 500mL glucose 5%. E.g. 900mg in
500mL glucose 5%.(15)
Do not over-dilute. Solutions containing less than 300mg amiodarone in 500mL (i.e. less than
600micrograms per mL) are unstable and should not be used.(1a-c)
IV injection (extreme clinical emergency): Preferably use the 300mg in 10mL preparation
(pre-filled syringe or ampoule) without further diluting.(11) If a 300mg in 10mL preparation is
unavailable the 150mg in 3mL preparation can be used. Preferably dilute dose to 10mL with
glucose 5% however 300mg in 6mL can be used without further dilution if necessary.(12)(13)(14)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
Prepare immediately before use. Discard any remaining infusion within 24 hours (1a)(1b)(9c)
FLUSHING:
IV infusion via a central venous access device: Do not flush the central venous access
device. After the infusion is discontinued, disconnect the administration set, aspirate the
cannula contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
IV infusion via peripheral cannula: Flush the cannula with glucose 5% at the same speed
as the rate of infusion to avoid adverse haemodynamic effects.(1a-d)
IV injection: Flush with 10mL of glucose 5%, preferably(1a-c) but sodium chloride 0.9%(13)(14)
can be used if necessary.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Severe hypotension may follow intravenous use, particularly (though not exclusively) at rapid
infusion rates.(2)
Rapid administration is also associated with anaphylactic shock, hot flushes, sweating and
nausea.(1c)(1d)(2)
Bradycardia can occur and for patients with a known predisposition to bradycardia and AV
block, access to a temporary pacemaker should be available. Amiodarone may worsen
existing arrhythmias or cause new ones, including QT prolongation. However, the
proarrhythmogenic effects of amiodarone are generally considered to be low.(2)(3) The risk of
arrhythmogenic affects may be increased by concomitant use of other antiarrhythmic drugs
(e.g. digoxin) and hypokalaemia.(1c)(3) Electrolyte disturbances should be corrected before an
amiodarone infusion is commenced.(2)
Severe hepatocellular toxicity, occurring within 24 hours of initiation, has been linked with
intravenous amiodarone.(1a)(2)(5) Serum transaminases should be monitored carefully.
Local injection site reactions include pain, erythema, oedema, necrosis, inflammation,
thrombophlebitis, phlebitis, cellulitis, and pigmentation changes.(1a)(3)
Monitoring:
During administration of intravenous amiodarone, blood pressure and ECG should be
monitored. There should also be facilities available for defibrillation and cardiac pacing.(1a-d)(3)

EXTRAVASATION:
Amiodarone should be administered via a central line when possible. Repeated or continuous
infusion via peripheral veins may lead to injection site reactions. Extravasation will cause
tissue damage due to the low pH of amiodarone. If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive, or sodium chloride 0.9%, without first stopping the running infusion and
flushing the line both before and after administering the injection.
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet in the administration set close to the
cannula insertion site):
Adrenaline, amikacin, atracurium, calcium gluconate, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin,
dobutamine, dopamine, erythromycin, gentamicin, glyceryl trinitrate, insulin, midazolam,
milrinone, morphine, noradrenaline, potassium chloride infusion, vancomycin.(4) N.B. these
medicines should not be diluted in sodium chloride 0.9% as amiodarone is incompatible with
it.
Incompatible:
Conflicting stability data for amiodarone and sodium chloride 0.9% is available,(4) and as a
result the combination is usually stated as incompatible. When amiodarone is used in an
emergency situation sodium chloride 0.9% is generally used as the flush solution and there
have been no reported problems.
Amiodarone is incompatible with aminophylline, digoxin, drotrecogin alfa, furosemide,
heparin, sodium bicarbonate, imipenem/cilastatin sodium, magnesium sulphate,
piperacillin/tazobactam sodium, phosphate solutions.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9a)(9b)(9d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
50mg/ml (ampoule as received) = 147mOsmol (9c)
300mg in 10ml glucose 5% = 239 mOsmol (9c)
300mg in 50ml glucose 5% = 282 mOsmol (9c)
900mg in glucose 5% = 283 mOsmol (9c)
pH:
3 to 5 (9a)(9b)(9d)
3.5 to 6.5 in glucose (9a)
See link.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Amiodarone can be administered by a syringe pump or a volumetric infusion pump.
Additives in the amiodarone concentrate reduce the drop size leading to under dosing

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

if a drop counter infusion set is used, these infusion sets are therefore
unsuitable.(2)(3)(4)
Formulation contains benzyl alcohol which can cause toxic reactions in infants and
children up to the age of 3 years.(1a)(2)(3)(6)(6a)
One 150mg ampoule contains 56mg iodine(1a) and one 300mg vial contains 112mg
iodine.(1d)
It is recommended that amiodarone dilution for infusion is administered through a nonDEHP (component of PVC) containing administration set.(1a-d) This is to minimise
patient exposure to DEHP, which may leach out of the administration set on exposure
to amiodarone. However, the clinical significance of this is uncertain.
March 2011 - The SPC has been revised since this monograph was last updated
April 2011 - The SPC has been revised since this monograph was last updated

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Cordarone X Intravenous, Sanofi Aventis, last revised 07/05/2009
b) Amiodarone Injection, Cardinal Health, last revised, March 2005
c) Amiodarone Injection, OI Sciences Ltd, last revised 16/01/2009
d) Amiodarone Injection Minijet, UCB Pharma (IMS UK Ltd), last revised 31/03/2008
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 19/03/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 19/03/2010
4. Trissel " Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition pg 109-115
5. British National Formulary No 59 (March 2010)
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health
2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 pg 109, 111
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a)Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis
Date contacted: 27/09/2007
b) Drug company name: UCB Pharma
Date contacted: 27/09/2007
c) Drug company name: OI Sciences Ltd
Date contacted: 02/10/2009
10. Borthwick M, Woods J, Keeling S et al. A survey to inform standardization of
intravenous medication concentrations in critical care. J Intensive Care Soc
2007;8(1):92-96
11. Resuscitation Council (UK) Website www.resus.org.uk
12. The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,
M. B. SKRIFVARS et al; Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 582-587. Link
13. Administration of amiodarone during resuscitation of ventricular arrhythmias; Heather
D. Eppert, PharmD, BCPS, and Kara B. Goddard, BS; Journal of emergency nursing;
Volume 36, January 2010. Link
14. Intravenous amiodarone for ventricular arrhythmias: overview and clinical use; Edgar
R. Gonzalez a, Barbara S. Kannewurf b, Joseph P. Ornato; Resuscitation 39 (1998)

3342. Link
15. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care
Society supports the adoption of standard concentrations. For details, go to the
Intensive Care society website and see 'Medication Concentrations in Critical Care
Areas (2010)' See Link
Version 3 (NHS Lothian Local amendment)

Intravenous

Amoxicillin (amoxycillin)
Contains a PENICILLIN.

MEDICINE NAME:
Amoxicillin (amoxycillin)

TRADE NAME(S):
Amoxil (GlaxoSmithKline UK)
Amoxicillin (Wockhardt UK Ltd, Bowmed IbisqusLtd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing amoxicillin 250mg powder for reconstitution (as sodium salt).(1b-c)
Vials containing amoxicillin 500mg powder for reconstitution (as sodium salt).(1a-c)
Vials containing amoxicillin 1g powder for reconstitution (as sodium salt).(1a-c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-4 minutes (1a-c)
IV infusion: Administer over 30-60 minutes.(1a-c)
In children and neonates, give by IV infusion over 30 minutes when dose is greater than
30mg/kg.(6a)(10)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a high pH.(11) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. If given via a peripheral venous
catheter, it is preferable to dilute to 100mL in sodium chloride 0.9% and give by infusion (as
described below) as pH of this solution is known to be less than 9.(14)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Adults:
250mg vials, reconstitute with 5mL water for injections to give 48mg/mL.(1b-c)
500mg vials, reconstitute with 10mL water for injections to give 48mg/mL.(1a-c)
1g vials, reconstitute with 20mL water for injections to give 48mg/mL.(1a-c)
Children:
250mg vial, reconstitute with 4.8mL water for injections to give 50mg/mL.(4)(6)(6a)
500mg vial, reconstitute with 9.6mL water for injections to give 50mg/mL.(6)(6a)
1g vial, reconstitute with 19.2mL water for injections to give 50mg/mL.(6)(6a)
Neonates:
250mg vial, reconstitute with 2.3mL water for injections to give 100mg/mL.(6a)(10)
500mg vial, reconstitute with 4.6mL water for injections to give 100mg/mL.(4)(6)(6a)
Shake until solution is clear and then withdraw the required volume from the vial into a syringe.
Requires further dilution before administration by IV infusion (see below).(1a-c)
Reconstituted solutions are normally a pale straw colour; however, a transient pink colour or
slight opalescence may appear during reconstitution.(1a)(1c)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
250mg displaces 0.2mL.(1b-c)
500mg displaces 0.4mL.(1a-c)
1g displaces 0.8mL.(1a-c)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

IV infusion: add the required volume of the reconstituted solution to 100mL sodium chloride
0.9% (preferred) or glucose 5%.(1c)(5)(6a)(12) This may be in the form of a mini-bag or in-line
burette.(1a-c)(4)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Anaphylaxis and other hypersensitivity reactions (sometimes fatal).(1a-c) Monitoring:
monitor for rashes and other skin reactions, urticaria, fever, joint pains, angioedema and
anaphylaxis.(2)(3)(5)
2. Convulsions in patients with impaired renal function or receiving high doses.(1a-c)
3. Patients with syphilis and other spirochaete infections may experience a JarischHerxheimer reaction shortly after treatment is started. Can be dangerous in
cardiovascular syphilis, or where there is a serious risk of increased local damage, such
as with optic atrophy. Monitoring: symptoms include fever, chills, headache and
reaction at the site of lesions.(1b)(2)

EXTRAVASATION:
No information available.(9a-c)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before
and after administering the injection.
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet in the administration set close to the
cannula insertion site): No information.(1a-c)
Incompatible: Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin), ciprofloxacin,
midazolam, sodium bicarbonate.(1a-c)(4)
Amoxicillin should not be mixed with blood products, other proteinaceous fluids such as protein
hydrolysates, or with intravenous lipid emulsions.(1a-c)
Compatible with the following infusion fluids: Compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's),
glucose 10%, potassium chloride 0.3% and sodium chloride 0.9%, sodium chloride 0.18% and
glucose 4%, sodium chloride 0.45%, sodium lactate M/6.(1c)(6)(6a)
The manufacturer recommends water for injections as a suitable intravenous infusion fluid,
however, it is rarely used in practice as it is likely to cause hyponatraemia.(1c)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Contact with amoxicillin should be avoided since skin sensitisation may occur.(1b)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

250mg vial: 0.65-0.8mmol sodium.(1b)(1c)
500mg vial: 1.3-1.7mmol sodium.(1a-c)
1g vial: 2.6-3.3mmol sodium.(1a-c)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Reconstituted as above for adults to a concentration of 48mg/mL; 245mOsmol/L (9c)
The following three figures are theoretical osmolarities calculated using the molecular
concentration method:(13)
1g amoxicillin reconstituted as above for adults and then diluted in 100mL sodium chloride
0.9%: 297mOsmol/L (based on osmolarity of reconstituted solution provided by manufacturer).
Reconstituted as above for children to a concentration of 50mg/mL: 274mOsmol/L
Reconstituted as above for neonates to a concentration of 100mg/mL: 547mOsmol/L
pH:
100mg/mL solution in water for injections: pH 8-10 (Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd and Wockhardt).(9b)(9c)
1g amoxicillin (Amoxil) in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%: pH 8.8.(14)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store the unreconstituted product below 25oC in a dry place protected from light.(1a-c)(4)
2. Maintain adequate hydration and urinary output when high doses of amoxicillin are
used, in order to reduce the risk of amoxicillin crystalluria.(1a-c)
3. The vials are not suitable for multidose use.(1b)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Amoxil vials for Injection, 500mg and 1g strengths (GlaxoSmithKline UK). Last
revised January 2012
b) Amoxicillin Sodium for Injection (Wockhardt UK Ltd). Last revised June 2010.
c) Amoxicillin Powder for Solution for Injection or Infusion, 250mg, 500mg and 1g
strengths (MAH: Bowmed Ltd; distributed by Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd). Last revised
17/12/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/03/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/04/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/04/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 accessed via www.bnf.org on 02/04/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
6a) BNF for Children 2011-12 accessed via www.bnfc.org on 03/04/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) GlaxoSmithKline UK, last revised 19/06/2006

b) Wockhardt UK Ltd, printed April 2010

c) Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd, last revised September 2008
9. a) Drug company name: Glaxo SmithKline UK. Date contacted: 03/04/2012 and
05/04/2012 but refused to provide information
b) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: 05/04/2012
c) Drug company name: Wockhardt UK Ltd. Date contacted: 03/04/2012
10. Western Neonatal Network Prescribing Group Amoxicillin Intravenous monograph. Last
updated September 2008
11. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
12. Package Information Leaflet: Information for the Healthcare Professional for Amoxil vials
for injection 500mg and 1g. Last revised December 2007
13. Langfield et al., 2010. Avoiding osmotic imbalances. British Journal of Clinical
Pharmacy, 2, pp. 307-308.
14. Quality Assurance, Pharmacy Department, Charing Cross Hospital, Date contacted:
19/4/2012.
Version 4

Intravenous

Amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome)

There are three different formulations of intravenous amphotericin and they are not
interchangeable.
Check carefully that the product that is administered is the formulation that was
prescribed.(5)
MEDICINE NAME:
Amphotericin, liposomal
(amphotericin B, liposomal)

TRADE NAME(S):
AmBisome (Gilead)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing 50mg amphotericin (50,000 units) encapsulated in liposomes. Powder for
reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: over 30 to 60 minutes(1)(2)(5) using an infusion pump.
Test dose: A test dose of 1mg for adults (or 100micrograms/kg, maximum 1mg for children
1month-18years old)(6a) must be administered before giving the first dose of each course of
treatment.(1)(2)(5) A test dose can be given in two ways:
EITHER
Administer an initial test dose over 10 minutes directly from the prepared amphotericin,
liposomal (AmBisome) infusion; stop the infusion and observe the patient carefully for the
next 30 minutes.
OR
Withdraw a volume containing the test dose from the prepared amphotericin, liposomal
(AmBisome) infusion and give over 10 minutes via a syringe pump. Observe the patient
carefully for the next 30 minutes.
If 30 minutes after the administration of the test dose there is no severe allergic or
anaphylactic reaction, give the rest of the infusion over 30 to 60 minutes. The infusion should
be stopped immediately if severe allergic reaction occurs at any point during administration.
If a minor allergic reaction occurs, further advice should be sought from medical staff.
For patients who experience discomfort during the infusion or for doses greater than 5mg/kg,
giving the infusion more slowly, i.e. over 2 hours is recommended.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Add 12mL water for injections to each vial to give a preparation containing 4mg
amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome) in 1mL.(1)(4)(5) Shake the vial vigorously for 30
seconds in order to disperse the powder.(1)(4)(5) Visually inspect the vial for particulate matter
and continue shaking until complete dispersion is obtained.(1) This preparation requires
further dilution before administration.
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Addition of 12mL to 50mg vial results in a concentration of amphotericin, liposomal
(AmBisome) 4mg in 1mL.(1) Therefore displacement value is 0.5mL.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

Withdraw the required dose from the reconstituted vial(s) and add it to glucose 5% using the
5 micron filter provided. Amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome) must be diluted with glucose
5% to produce a final concentration of 0.2mg (200micrograms) to 2mg per 1mL.(1)(5)
The volume of glucose 5% for the final infusion will also depend on the individual fluid
requirements.
For example doses of less than 100mg per day can be diluted with 100mL glucose 5%.
Doses between 100mg-500mg can be diluted with 250-500mL of glucose 5%.
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
24 hours.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Typical dose range is 1mg/kg to 5mg/kg. Doses above 3mg/kg are not licensed.(1) The 'links'
section below details the dose of amphotericin, liposomal required for different patient
weights to be added to glucose 5% to prepare an infusion.
An example of a calculation to determine the volume of glucose 5% required to
prepare an infusion for a patient weighing 60kg on a dose of 1mg/kg daily dose of
amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome) is as follows:
Dose: 60mg

Concentration of infusion must be between 0.2mg (200micrograms) and 2mg per mL.

i.e. for a 60mg dose

These volumes are not practical so choose a suitable volume somewhere between the two
i.e. 100mL or 250mL glucose 5%.
Please note: An equal volume of diluent may need to be withdrawn from the infusion bag
before adding the drug, otherwise the added volume must be considered when calculating

the final concentration of the infusion.

Calculation of volume to be withdrawn to administer as the test dose
Test dose: 1mg over 10minutes.

So, if the final concentration is 60mg in 100mL, i.e. 0.6mg (600micrograms) per mL:

So, to give a test dose of 1mg of the prepared amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome)
infusion 60mg in 100mL of glucose 5%, administer 1.7mL of the infusion over 10minutes. If
no anaphylactic reaction has occurred in the next 30 minutes, the rest of the infusion can be
administered over 30 to 60 minutes.
FLUSHING:
Flush with glucose 5% only (note DO NOT use sodium chloride 0.9%).(1)(5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
If a severe allergic or anaphylactic reaction occurs, the infusion should be immediately
discontinued and the patient should not receive further infusions of amphotericin, liposomal
(AmBisome) or other amphotericin-based preparations.(1)
The most frequently reported infusion-related reactions associated with IV infusion of
amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome) include fever, and chills/rigors.(1)
Less frequent infusion-related reactions include one or more of the following symptoms back
pain, chest tightness or pain, dyspnoea, bronchospasm, flushing, tachycardia and
hypotension. These tend to resolve rapidly when the infusion is stopped and may not occur
with subsequent doses.(1)
Slower infusion rates (over 2 hours) or routine doses of diphenhydramine (chlorphenamine,
another antihistamine agent available in the UK), paracetamol, pethidine, and/or
hydrocortisone have been reported to be successful in the prevention or treatment of these
adverse effects.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Not known to be an irritant or vesicant.(10) If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment
policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusion fluids.(1)(2)(9)
Compatible diluent: Glucose 5%.
Incompatible: Sodium chloride solutions.

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

None.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Approximately 7.0 mg per vial (or 0.3mmol per vial).(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
300-350mOsm/L (4mg/mL in water for injection).(9)
pH:
Amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome) reconstituted with water for injection (4mg/1mL) has
a pH of 5 to 6.(3)(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store unopened vials or infusion bags with diluted amphotericin, liposomal
(AmBisome) above 25oC. Do not freeze.(1)
2. As there is no bacteriostatic agent in amphotericin, liposomal (AmBisome),(1) from
microbiological point of view the solution prepared for IV infusion should be used
promptly after preparation.
3. Flush line with glucose 5% prior to infusion or use a separate line.(1)(5)
4. 50mg vial contains approximately 900mg sucrose.(1)
5. Do not store partially used vials for future patient use.(1)
6. An in-line membrane filter may be used for intravenous infusion of amphotericin,
liposomal (AmBisome). However, the mean pore diameter of the filter should not be
less than 1.0 micron.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, last revision of the text December 2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference", accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
December 2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com in January 2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs", accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com in
January 2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Gilead Sciences Ltd, Date contacted: February 2012
10. The national extravasation information service Accessed via www.extravasation.org.uk,
accessed December 2011

Version 7

Intravenous

Amphotericin, non-lipid (Fungizone)

There are three different formulations of intravenous amphotericin and they are not
interchangeable.
Check carefully that the product that is administered is the formulation that was
prescribed.
MEDICINE
NAME:
Amphotericin
(amphotericin B)

TRADE NAME(S):
Fungizone 50mg Powder for Sterile Concentrate (E. R. Squibb &
Sons Limited)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing amphotericin, non-lipid 50mg (50,000 units) powder for concentrate for
solution for infusion(1) (as sodium deoxycholate complex).(2)(3)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: over 2 to 4 hours at a maximum concentration of 100micrograms/mL
(10mg/100mL) in glucose 5% using an infusion pump.(1)(5)
Administration via a central venous access device is preferred route of administration. If this is
not possible a large peripheral vein should be used.
Test dose: A test dose of 1mg for adults(1) (or 100micrograms/kg, maximum 1mg for children
1 month - 18 years old)(6a) must be administered before giving the first dose of each course of
treatment. A test dose can be given in two ways:
EITHER
Administer an initial test dose over 20-30 minutes directly from the prepared amphotericin,
non-lipid (Fungizone) infusion; stop the infusion and observe the patient carefully for at least
further 30 minutes.
OR
Withdraw a volume containing the test dose from the prepared amphotericin, non-lipid
(Fungizone) infusion and give it over 20-30 minutes. Observe the patient carefully for at least
further 30 minutes.
If 30 minutes after the administration of the test dose there is no severe allergic or
anaphylactic reaction the rest of the infusion can then be administered over 2 to 4
hours.(1)(2)(3)(5)
Slower infusion, over 6 hours may be necessary to reduce the incidence of acute infusion
related adverse effects.(1)
An in-line 5micron membrane filter may be used.
Concentrations of up to 500micrograms per 1mL (50mg in 100mL) have been given via a
central venous access device over 6 hours but are not recommended by the manufacturers.
However, the manufacturers are not aware of any specific adverse effects from administering
higher concentrations.(10)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:

Reconstitute vial with 10mL water for injections to produce a concentration of 5mg in 1mL.
Shake until colloidal solution is clear. Do not reconstitute with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
This preparation requires further dilution before administration.
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible.(6)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Withdraw the required dose from reconstituted vial and dilute it with glucose 5% to produce a
maximum concentration of 100micrograms in 1mL.(1)(2)(3)(4)
For example doses of up to 10mg can be diluted with 100mL glucose 5%. Doses of up to
25mg can be diluted with 250mL glucose 5%. Doses of up to 50mg can be diluted with 500mL
glucose 5%.
The glucose 5% used must have a pH of 4.2 or higher to prevent precipitation. Add 1 or 2mL
of phosphate buffer to the glucose 5% infusion bag before the amphotericin, non-lipid
(Fungizone) concentrate is added.(1)
Approximately 1mL of phosphate buffer should be used to adjust the pH of every 250mL of
glucose 5%.
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
Solutions prepared for IV infusion should be used promptly after preparation.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Typical dose range is 250micrograms/kg to 1mg/kg.
An example for a calculation to determine the volume of 5% glucose required to
prepare an infusion for a patient weighing 60kg on a dose of 250micrograms/kg/day
amphotericin, non-lipid (Fungizone) is as follows:
Dose: 15mg
Concentration of infusion must not exceed 100micrograms per mL (0.1mg per mL).

i.e. for a 15mg dose

This is the minimum volume, in practice the volume can be rounded up to the nearest bag size
i.e. 250mL.
Calculation of volume to be withdrawn to administer as a test dose
Test dose: 1mg over 20-30 minutes.

So, if the final concentration is 15mg in 250mL i.e. 0.06mg (60micrograms) per mL:

So, to give a test dose of 1mg of the prepared amphotericin, non-lipid (Fungizone) infusion
15mg in 250mL glucose 5%, administer 17mL of the infusion over 20-30 minutes. If no
anaphylactic reaction has occurred in the next 30 minutes, the rest of the infusion can be
administered over 2 to 4 hours.
FLUSHING:
Flush with glucose 5%.(2)(5)
Incompatible with sodium chloride 0.9% (2)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
If anaphylactoid reactions occur stop infusion and do not infuse amphotericin, non-lipid
(Fungizone) or other amphotericin-based preparation again.(1)
Acute infusion reactions are common including fever (sometimes with shaking, chills),
headache, anorexia, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, malaise, muscle and joint pains,
dyspepsia, cramping epigastric pain, diarrhoea.(1)
Avoid rapid infusion which increases incidence and severity of side effects, such as
arrhythmias and hyperkalaemia.(1)
May cause phlebitis, thrombophlebitis and pain at injection site.(1)(5)
In patients who experience adverse reactions, the severity can be reduced by giving aspirin,
antihistamines or anti-emetics. Febrile reactions may be decreased by IV administration of
small doses of corticosteroids e.g. 25mg hydrocortisone, just prior to or during amphotericin
infusion. Administering the drug on alternate days may decrease anorexia and phlebitis.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause chemical irritation(1) or tissue damage as amphotericin, non-lipid
(Fungizone) solutions irritate the venous endothelium.(2) Administer via a central venous
access device if possible. If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet in the administration set close to the
cannula insertion site): Amiodarone, heparin, hydrocortisone (as sodium succinate and
sodium phosphate), tacrolimus.(4)
Incompatible: Sodium chloride, benzylpenicillin, calcium salts, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin,
magnesium sulphate, ondansetron, potassium chloride, ranitidine, verapamil.(4)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

None.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.357mmol per vial. (10)
Less than 0.5mmol per vial.(5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
54mOsmo/kg in 10mL of water for injections.(10)
256mOsm/kg (0.1mg in 1mL in glucose 5%).(4)
pH:
Amphotericin, non-lipid (Fungizone) 10mg in 100mL in glucose 5% has a pH of 5.7.(4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store vials at 2-8oC.(1)
2. Under no circumstances should a total daily dose of 1.5mg/kg be exceeded.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, last revised 27 February 2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
in March 2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com in March 2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs", accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com in
March 2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Raymond G, Davis RL. Physical compatibility and chemical stability of Amphotericin in
combination with magnesium sulphate in 5% glucose. DICP Ann Pharmaco
1991;25(2):123-6
10. Drug company name: Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Date contacted: April
2012
Version 6

Intravenous

Anidulafungin

MEDICINE NAME:
Anidulafungin

TRADE NAME(S):
ECALTA

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing anidulafungin 100mg white to off-white powder. (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
For infusion only.(1) Do not administer by a bolus injection.(3)
Administer the infusion at a rate that does not exceed 1.1mg/minute, (2) equivalent to
1.4mL/minute of solution reconstituted and diluted as described below.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute the powder with 30mL water for injections to provide a concentration of 3.33mg in
1mL. Reconstitution may take up to 5 minutes. The reconstituted solution should be clear and
free from visible particles.(1)
Requires further dilution before administration.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible. (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
The reconstituted solution must be further diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% to
produce a solution containing anidulafungin 0.77mg per 1mL.(1)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
The diluted infusion must be used immediately after preparation.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Dose

Number Total
of
Reconstituted
boxes
volume

Infusion
volume

Total
Infusion
Infusion solution
volume concentration

Rate of
infusion

100mg 1

30mL (1 box)

100mL

130mL

0.77mg/mL

1.4mL/minute. Minimum duration

of infusion: 90 minutes

200mg 2

60mL (2 boxes)

200mL

260mL

0.77mg/mL

1.4mL/minute. Minimum duration

of infusion: 180 minutes

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Infusion site pain (1)
Infusion-related reactions; flushing/hot flushes, pruritis, rash, urticaria. (1)(9)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not infuse with any other medicines. (1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (9)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Negligible. (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
In sodium chloride 0.9%: 251-252mOsmol/L
In glucose 5% 232-235mOsmol/L (9)
pH:
Reconstituted solution pH of 3.5 to 5.5 (1)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Not licensed for children.
2. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this
medication.
3. Store the original product at room temperature.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Ecalta infusion, last updated 12/01/2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" Edition 36, pg 527.2
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information"
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" Edition 15, pg 163
5. British National Formulary No. 59
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Pfizer Ltd
Date contacted: 10/07/08
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Artesunate

Intravenous
Unlicensed
MEDICINE NAME:
Artesunate

TRADE NAME(S):
Artesor, Malartin, Guilin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing artesunate 60mg powder for reconstitution with one ampoule (1mL) of 5%
sodium bicarbonate solution.(9)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection at a maximum rate of 3-4mL (30-40mg artesunate) per
minute.(2)(9)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:

Reconstitute the contents of 60mg vial with 1ml sodium bicarbonate 5% solution, provided.(9)(11)
Shake for 2-3 minutes before use.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute with 5ml of glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% to make a maximum 10mg/mL
concentration.(9)(11)
It should not be administered if the solution appears cloudy or sediment occurs.(9)
STABILITY:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Bradicardia, first-degree atrioventricular block, monitor blood pressure.(11)
Skin rash, pruritus, anaphylactic reactions requiring immediate treatment with antihistamines,
steroids, or pressor agents.(2)(11)
Headache, dizziness, tinnitus.(2)(11)
Transient reticulocytopenia may occur when overdose of artesunate Injection (more than
3.75mg/kg) is given.(9)(11)
EXTRAVASATION:
Artesunate has the potential to cause tissue injury if extravasation occurs, as the pH is less than
5(9) and it has an osmolarity greater than 500mOsmol/L.(9). If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.(10)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and
after administering the injection.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (unreconstituted vial)(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
1572mOsm/L (when reconstituted with 1mL of sodium bicarbonate)(9)
pH:
3.5 to 4.5 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Contraindicated if prior hypersensitivity to artesunate/ dihydroartemisinin (main
metabolite).(11)
2. Intravenous artesunate is indicated for severe malaria in patients/areas with evidence of
multidrug resistance (eg, quinine, mefloquine), and for patients with cerebral malaria. It is
effective for malaria caused by chloroquine resistant stain of plasmodium falciparum.(9)(11)
3. Store artesunate injection at room temperature, 15-30oC, protect from light.(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com March 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com March 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com March 2010
5. British National Formulary No. 58
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Canton Pharmaceuticals, Inc & Guilin Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd, Guilin,
Guangxi, China
Date contacted: March 2010
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
11. MICROMEDEX 1.0 (Healthcare Series), February 05, 2010
12. Davis T, Hoang L et al: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intravenous Artesunate in
Severe Falciparum Malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 January; 45(1):181-186
13. Batty KT, Illett KF et al: Chemical stability of artesunate injection and proposal for its administration
by intravenous infusion. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Jan;48(1):22-6.

Version 1(NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Aztreonam
Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure

MEDICINE NAME:
Aztreonam

TRADE NAME(S):
Azactam (1)(2)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing aztreonam 1g powder for reconstitution (1)
Vials containing aztreonam 2g powder for reconstitution (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1)
IV infusion: Infusion at concentrations not exceeding 20mg in 1mL should be completed within
20 to 60 minutes.(1)
Single doses over 1g should be administered by intravenous route only.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
IV injection: Add 6 to 10mL water for injections to vial. Shake immediately and vigorously.(1)
IV infusion: Add at least 3mL of water for injections for each 1 gram of aztreonam. Shake
immediately and vigorously. Then further dilute (see below).(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
1g vial: add 9.1mL diluent to give 100mg in 1mL(9)
2g vial: add 7.8mL diluent to give 200mg in 1mL (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: The final concentration of infusion solution should not exceed 20mg in 1mL (i.e. at
least 50mL of compatible diluent must be used for each 1 gram of aztreonam).(1)
Suitable diluents: Sodium chloride 0.9% (1) or glucose 5% (1)
Depending on the type and amount of diluent, the colour may change from colourless to light
straw-yellow, which may develop a slight pink tint on standing; however this does not affect the
potency.(1)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Phlebitis and/or thrombophlebitis have been reported in 2-3% of patients receiving IV
aztreonam.(3)

Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis are usually mild and occur about one week after initiation of
aztreonam therapy, and are relieved by changing administration sites, applying warm packs and
other general measures.(3) Discomfort, pain, and swelling at the injection site have been
reported in up to about 3% of patients receiving IM aztreonam.(3) Anaphylaxis, angioedema and
bronchospasm have been reported.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available (9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet in the administration set close to the
cannula insertion site):(4) Aminophylline, calcium gluconate, cefotaxime, ceftazidime,
ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, dopamine, furosemide, gentamicin, heparin sodium, hydrocortisone
sodium succinate, linezolid, magnesium sulphate, morphine, potassium chloride.
Note that the above are only compatible providing that both drugs are diluted in glucose 5%.
This list is not exhaustive, contact Pharmacy for further information.
Compatible infusion fluids: Glucose 10%,(3) sodium chloride 0.9%,(1) sodium chloride 0.45%,(1)
glucose 5%,(1) Ringer's solution,(1) compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's solution).(1)
Incompatible: Metronidazole.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid inhalation, skin or eye contact with aztreonam (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
None (4)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9)
pH:
4.5 to 7.5 dependent on type and amount of diluent used.(1)(4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Vials of aztreonam are not for multi-dose use.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Azactam, ER Squibb & Sons Ltd, last revised
27/06/2011
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/05/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/05/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition 2011 accessed via
http://online.staref.com on 30/05/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 53 March 2012 accessed via

www.medicinescomplete.com 30/05/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. Safety Data Sheet, Bristol-Myers Squibb. Version 3, 22/12/2010
9. Drug company name: Bristol-Myers Squibb. Date contacted: 30/05/2012 written and
verbal communication
Version 3

Intravenous

Benzylpenicillin sodium
Contains a PENICILLIN.

MEDICINE NAME:
Benzylpenicillin sodium
(Penicillin G)

TRADE NAME(S):
Crystapen

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing 600mg (1mega unit) benzylpenicillin sodium powder for reconstitution.(1)
Vial containing 1.2g (2mega units) benzylpenicillin sodium powder for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection:
For doses less than 1.2g, administer slowly over 3-5minutes.(1)
For 1.2g and above, the maximum rate of administration in adults is 300mg per minute.(1)
IV Infusion: For doses over 1.2g, administer over 30-60minutes.(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
IV injection:
For peripheral administration reconstitute each 600mg with 4 to 10mL of water for injections or
sodium chloride 0.9%. (1)(9)
For the 1.2g vial reconstitute with at least 8mL water for injections or sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)(9)
For central administration, 600mg can be reconstituted in 4mL water for injections.(1)
IV Infusion:
Reconstitute each 600mg vial and the 1.2g vial with 10mL water for injection,(1) and then dilute
the dose required as described below. (1) (5)(9)

DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
0.4mL per 600mg on reconstitution.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute required dose in a suggested volume of 100mL with sodium chloride 0.9%
or glucose 5%.(5) Smaller volumes may be used if necessary.(1)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
24 hours(4)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (preferred), glucose 5%.(4)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity-rash, anaphylaxis.(2) Administration faster than the recommended rate may
cause seizures and central nervous toxicity.(2) Large doses can cause hypokalaemia and
hypernatraemia.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
The maximum concentration recommended for peripheral administration is 600mg in 10mL;
higher concentrations are irritant due to high osmolality(11) and may cause tissue damage if
extravasation occurs. If a higher concentration is needed a central line should be used for
administration.(10) If extravasation occurs, refer to local treatment guidelines.(10)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
May cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. After contact with skin wash immediately
with water.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
600mg vial contains 1.68mmol(5)
1.2g vial contains 3.36mmol(5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
795mOsm/Kg 600mg in 4mL water for injections(4)
337mOsm/L 600mg in 10mL water for injections(11)
645mOsm/L 600mg in 10mL sodium chloride 0.9%(11)
381mOsm/L 2.4g in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%(11)
357mOsm/L 2.4g in 100mL glucose 5%(11).
pH:
5-7.5(3)(4)(11) See link.
OTHER INJECTABLE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:
Intramuscular(1). Dissolve the contents of 600mg vial in 1.6 to 2mL of water for injections.
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Crystapen. Last revised July 2008
2. Martindale 4th Quarter 2010 update accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com. on
18/11/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 18/11/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 18/11/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 60 September 2010 accessed via www.bnf.org
6. Medicines For Children 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-2011 www.bnfc.org
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010

a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer 28/06/2000
9. Drug company name: Genus Pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 18/11/2010 and 20/06/2012
10. National Extravasation Service www.extravasation.org
11. Quality Assurance department Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust
09/12/2010.
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Bumetanide

Bumetanide
TRADE NAME(S):

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
2mg in 4mL ampoules (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV bolus: 1-2mg over 1-2 minutes.(1)(4)
IV infusion: 2-5mg over 30-60 minutes.(1)(5)
IV infusion: Local policy (unlicensed) is to dilute doses greater than 2mg in 50mL diluent and
administer:
3mg over at least 30 minutes
4mg over at least 45 minutes
5mg over at least 60 minutes.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Infusion 2mg - 5mg in 500mL of one of the following:
Glucose 5% (1)
Sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
Use infusion within 24 hours of preparation
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Excessively rapid mobilisation of oedema, particularly in elderly patients may give rise to
changes in cardiovascular pressure-flow relationships with cardiovascular collapse.(1)
In high doses in patients with chronic renal impairment it may cause severe musculoskeletal
pain.(2)
At high doses, after rapid administration in patients with impaired renal function, ototoxicity must
be considered especially if the patient is taking other ototoxic medication.(3)
Bumetanide may produce a profound diuresis which can result in fluid and electrolyte
depletion.(3)
Regular checks of fluid balance, serum electrolytes and blood pressure should be performed.
EXTRAVASATION:
Low risk. Isotonic

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet in the administration set close to the
cannula insertion site):
Allopurinol, aztreonam, bivalirudin, cisatracurium, clarithromycin, diltiazem, doxapram, filgrastim,
granisetron, melphalan, milrinone, morphine, pethidine, piperacillin/tazobactam, propofol,
remifentanil.(4)
Compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above: Glucose 4% with
sodium chloride 0.18% intravenous infusion.(1)
Incompatible:
Dobutamine, midazolam (4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None reported (9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.01mmol in 1mL (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Isotonic (9)
pH:
6.8 - 7.3 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Discard infusion if cloudy.(1)
2. No evidence of precipitation observed over 72 hours when bumetanide 25mg was added
to 1 litre of suitable diluent.(1)
3. Chemically stable for 14 days at 5 to 25oC at up to 100mg/litre.(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Bumetanide, last updated May 2006
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com december 2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com december 2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 14th Edition and electronic version
5. British National Formulary No. 62
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Leo Laboratories
Date contacted: 31/10/2011
10. South Devon Healthcare Trust IV monographs

Version 5

Calcium folinate (Calcium leucovorin)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Calcium folinate (Calcium
leucovorin)

TRADE NAME(S):
Calcium folinate (Hospira UK Ltd, Sandoz (Ebewe), Teva
UK), Refolinon (Pfizer Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing folinic acid 6mg in 2mL, 15mg in 2mL, 30mg in 10mL, 30mg in 3mL,
50mg in 5mL and 100mg in 10mL (as calcium) solution for injection or infusion.(1a)(1b)(1d)
Vials containing folinic acid 3mg in 1mL, 10mg in 1mL, 50mg in 5mL, 100mg in 10mL,
200mg in 20mL, 300mg in 30mL, 350mg in 35mL, 500mg in 50mL and 800mg in 80mL (as
calcium) solution for injection or infusion.(1a-c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(10)
IV Infusion: Give over 15 minutes to 2 hours depending on the regime.
The rate of infusion should not exceed 160mg/minute.(1a-d)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Give undiluted or dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% (10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Very rarely allergic reactions and fever.(1a-d) Monitor for allergic reactions.
Hypotension, vasomotor collapse, nausea, vomiting, hot flushes and sweating may occur if
administered too rapidly because of the calcium content.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Cisplatin, fluconazole, piperacillin/tazobactam.(10)
Incompatible: Incompatible with fluorouracil, foscarnet and methotrexate.(1c)(1d)(10)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1. Hospira products - 0.2mmol/mL(9a)
2. Sandoz (Ebewe) - 7.7mg/mL(9b)
3. Teva UK - 0.1mmol/mL(9c)
4. Refolinon - 0.1mmol/mL(9d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The osmolarity of Calcium folinate [Sandoz (Ebewe)], 10mg/mL, is 280mOsm/L and
osmolality is 277mOsm/kg.(9b)

The osmolality of Calcium folinate (Teva) 10mg/mL is between 280 and 290mOsm/kg.(9c)
The osmolality of Refolinon solution for injection, 3mg/mL, is between 174 and
202mOsm/kg.(9d)
pH:
pH 6.5 to 8.5 undiluted(9a-d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Keep vials and ampoules in outer container to protect from light.(1a-d)
2. Store original containers at 2-8oC.(1a-d)
3. Diluted solutions are stable for 24 hours at 2-8oC.(1a-d)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Calcium folinate (Hospira) last revised 02/06/2009
b) Calcium folinate [Sandoz (Ebewe)], last revised September 2005
c) Calcium folinate (Teva UK), last revised 01/07/2006
d) Refolinon (Pfizer) last revised 01/07/2006
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 34th Edition - not used
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information - not used
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" - not used
5. British National Formulary No. 60, September 2010
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health
2003 - not used
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 - not used
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011 - not used
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 08/09/2010
b) Drug company name: Sandoz. Date contacted: 01/03/2011
c) Drug company name: Pfizer. Date contacted: 08/03/2010
d) Drug company name: Pfizer Ltd. Date contacted: 09/08/2010
10. UCL Hospitals Injectable Drug Administration Guide 2nd Edition 2007
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Calcium gluconate

Calcium gluconate
TRADE NAME(S):
Generic, hameln pharmaceuticals(1a)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing calcium gluconate 10% (2.2mmol of calcium in 10ml) (1a)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: In an emergency (e.g. severe acute hypocalcaemia, cardiac resuscitation,
hypocalcaemic tetany) calcium gluconate 10% can be given undiluted by a slow IV injection.
Each 10mL (one ampoule) should be preferably administered over a minimum 3 minutes.(1a) In
such situations ECG monitoring is highly advisable.(5)
Due to extreme osmolarity preferably administer calcium gluconate 10% via a central venous
access device.(13)
IV infusion: Calcium gluconate 10% injections may be administered in a large volume of sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(5) Doses of calcium gluconate 10% for intravenous infusion may
vary considerably in practice. For example: ADULT: Dilute 100ml (10 x 10ml ampoules) of
calcium gluconate 10% in 1 litre of glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% and give at an initial rate
of 50ml/hour adjusted according to response.(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV infusion: The required number of ampoules can be further diluted with a suitable volume of
sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(5) As a suggestion dilute each 10mL of calcium gluconate
10% to 100mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (i.e. 1 in 10 dilution to a concentration
of 10mg/mL).(1b) However, the dilution used will depend on the type of available venous access
and the fluid requirements of each individual patient.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
24 hours.(10)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a)(1b)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Rapid IV administration may cause asystole, bradycardia, decrease in blood pressure, cardiac
arrhythmias, syncope and cardiac arrest.(1a)(1b) Too rapid intravenous administration of calcium
salts may lead to symptoms of hypercalcaemia, a chalky taste, hot flushes and peripheral
vasodilation.(2) Wherever possible intravenous calcium gluconate should be administered with
ECG, blood pressure and plasma-calcium monitoring.

EXTRAVASATION:
Calcium salts are irritant. Extravasation may cause tissue irritation and necrosis.(4)
The infusion site must be monitored regularly to ensure extravasation injury has not occurred.(1b)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
This information must be used in conjunction with the Injectable Medicines Guide 'help'
guidance.
Calcium gluconate infusion is compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that
medicines meet close to the vascular access device): Potassium chloride.(4)
Incompatible: Calcium salts are incompatible with oxidising agents, citrates, soluble
carbonates, bicarbonates, phosphates, tartrates and sulfates.(1a)
Physical incompatibility has also been reported with amphotericin, ceftriaxone, dobutamine
hydrochloride, prochlorperazine and tetracyclines.(1a) Calcium salts can form complexes with
many drugs, and this may result in a precipitate,(1a) therefore do not infuse with any other
medicines or infusions unless the compatibility has been established.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special handling precautions are advised.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Calculated Osmolarity (mOsmol/L)(12)
10% (undiluted ampoule) - 726 mOsmol/L
10ml diluted into 100ml 0.9% sodium chloride - 346 mOsmol/L
pH:
6.0 to 7.0 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Calcium gluconate injection packed in small-volume glass containers is contraindicated
for use as repeated or prolonged treatment as well as intravenous infusions, in children
younger than 18 years and in patients with renal impairment. Aluminium can be leached
from glass after contact with calcium gluconate solution, this can lead to a risk of
exposure to aluminium. Accumulation of aluminium might have adverse effects on bone
mineralisation and neurological development in children and those with renal
impairment.(11)
2. Store at less then 25oC.(1a)(8)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Calcium gluconate 9.5%, hameln pharmaceuticals Ltd., last revised 23/07/2010
b) Calcium gluconate 10%, B Braun (Medical), last revised June 2005.

2. Martindale. The Complete Drug Reference. Accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 20/09/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/09/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs". Accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 02/09/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 65 March 2013
6. British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012. http://bnfc.org/bnfc
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer hameln Pharmaceuticals
9. Drug company name: hameln Pharmaceuticals.
Date contacted: 26/09/2012
10. NPSA Safety Alert 20
11. Drug Safety Update (MHRA) Volume 4. Issue, 1 August 2010 Link to report
12. Quality Assurance Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust 25/10/2010
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 3

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Caspofungin

Caspofungin
TRADE NAME(S):
Cancidas

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing caspofungin 50mg powder (as acetate) (1)
Vials containing caspofungin 70mg powder (as acetate) (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion - Over one hour (1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
IV infusion: Bring vial to room temperature and add 10.5mL water for injections. The
resultant strength will be an average of 5.2mg per mL (50mg vial) or 7.2mg per mL (70mg
vial). (1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
See 'Instructions for reconstitution' section of monograph above
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Preparation of infusion: Add the required dose (volume) from the reconstituted vial to a
250mL bag of sodium chloride 0.9%. (1)
Maximum concentration 0.45mg per mL but such strong concentrations are not
recommended for doses above 50mg. (1)
Do not use or co-infuse with diluents containing glucose.
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Cancidas contains no preservatives. From a microbiological point of view, the product
should be used immediately. (1)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%. Do not use glucose 5%. (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Phlebitis and other local reactions are commonly reported. (1)
Hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis have been reported). (1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
NB diluent must be sodium chloride 0.9%.
Aciclovir, alfentanil, allopurinol, amikacin, aminophylline, amiodarone, atracurium,
aztreonam, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, ciprofloxacin, cisatracurium, dobutamine,
dopamine, epinephrine, erythromycin, esmolol, fentanyl, flucconazole, ganciclovir,
gentamicin, granisetron, haloperidol, hydrocortisone, imipenem, insulin, isoprenaline,
labetalol, magnesium sulphate, mannitol, metoclopramide, midazolam, milrinone,

morphine, norepinephrine, quinupristin-dalfopristin, remifentanil, rocuronium, sufentanil,

tacrolimus, thiopental, tobramycin, vasopressin, vecuronium, zidovudine. (10)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available. (1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
50mg vial = 0.028mmol/vial (9)
70mg vial = 0.04mmol/vial (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9)
pH:
Reconstituted, undiluted drug - pH 6.6 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. There are different doses recommended for adults and paediatrics but the infusion
preparation and administration information is the same. (9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics last updated December 2008
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference"
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 13th Edition
5. British National Formulary no. 56
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health
2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2007
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Merck Sharp & Dohme
Date contacted: 5th December 2008
Version 3

Cefotaxime

Intravenous

Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the
correct information for the brand used in your organisation.
MEDICINE NAME:
Cefotaxime

TRADE NAME(S):
Generic (Genus Pharmaceuticals)
Generic (Wockhardt UK Ltd)
Generic (Bowmed - ACS Dobfar Generics)
Generic (Lupin (Europe )Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing cefotaxime 500mg (as sodium salt).(1a-d)
Vials containing cefotaxime 1g (as sodium salt).(1a-d)
Vials containing cefotaxime 2g (as sodium salt).(1a-b)(1d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1a-d)(4)(10)(11)
IV infusion: Administer over 20-60 minutes. (1a-d)(4)(10)(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute vials containing 500mg cefotaxime with 2mL water for injections.(1a-d)
Reconstitute vials containing 1g cefotaxime with 4mL water for injections.(1a-d)
Reconstitute vials containing 2g cefotaxime with 10mL water for injections.(1a-b)(1d)
Shake well until dissolved and then withdraw the required volume from the vial into the
syringe and use immediately.(1a-d)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
500mg displaces 0.2mL - approximate (9a-c)
1g displaces 0.5mL - approximate (9a-b)
1g displaces 0.4mL - approximate (9c)
2g displaces 1.2mL - approximate (9a-b)(9d)
Please ensure that you refer to the correct information for the brand used in your
organisation as there is variability between different brands.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dissolve each 1-2g in 40-100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Prepare immediately before use.(1a-d)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Cefotaxime 1g in 40-100mL sodium chloride 0.9% administered over 20-60 minutes.
Cefotaxime 2g in 40-100mL sodium chloride 0.9% administered over 20-60 minutes.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%(10)(11)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION

AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Transient pain at the site of injection. This is more likely to occur with higher doses
.(1a-d)
2. Occasionally phlebitis. (1a-d)
3. Arrhythmias following rapid bolus infusion through a central venous access device.
(1a-d)

EXTRAVASATION:
No information (9a-d)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Metronidazole infusion,(1a-b)(11) aciclovir,(4)(10)(11) heparin,(10)(11) morphine sulphate,(4)(11)
midazolam.(4)(11)
Incompatible: Alkaline agents e.g. sodium bicarbonate,(1a)(1b)(1d)(10)(11)
aminophylline,(1a)(1d)(4)(10)(11) fluconazole,(4)(11) aminoglycosides.(10)(11)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not inhale dust.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
2.09mmol sodium per 1g vial.(1a-d)(2)(10)(11)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information (9a)(9c)
pH:
pH of reconstituted solutions is 5 to 7.5 (4)(10)(11)(12)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Cefotaxime injection, Genus Pharmaceuticals. Date of partial revision of text 23
July 2008
b) Cefotaxime injection, Wockhardt UK Ltd. Date of first authorisation 13 October
2007 (2g), 16 October 2007 (500mg & 1g)
c) Cefotaxime sodium injection (Bowmed (ACS Dobfar Generics)). Date of revision
of text 20 October 2009
d) Cefotaxime sodium, Lupin (Europe) Ltd. Date of renewal of authorisation 16
February 2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 36th Edition p269
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information Accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 14 March 2008
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition p287
5. British National Formulary No. 59 March 2010, pg 328
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 p100
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 p322
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov

2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer: Genus Pharmaceuticals Date of revision:
22 July 1999
9. a) Drug company name: Genus Pharmaceuticals; Date contacted: 14 March 2008
b) Drug company name: Wockhardt UK Ltd; Date contacted: 14 March 2008
c) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd; Date contacted 26 August 2009
d) Drug company name: Lupin (Europe) Ltd; Date contacted: 21 August 2009
10. Hammersmith Hospitals Intravenous Medicine Administration Guide November
2004
11. UCL Hospitals Injectable Medicines Administration Guide 2nd edition
12. Bard website www.accessability-by-bard.co.uk. Date accessed: 14 March 2008
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Ceftazidime

Intravenous

Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the
correct information for the brand used in your organisation.
MEDICINE
NAME:
Ceftazidime

TRADE NAME(S):
Fortum
Kefadim
Ceftazidime - generics (Wockhardt, Sandoz, Stragen, Villerton Invest
SA (supplier, Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd), Fresenius Kabi)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing:
ceftazidime 500mg (as penthahydrate) powder for reconstitution
ceftazidime 1g (as pentahydrate) powder for reconstitution
ceftazidime 2g (as pentahydrate) powder for reconstitution
ceftazidime 3g (as pentahydrate) powder for reconstitution.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
After reconstitution (see table in 'Instructions for Reconstitution' section of monograph
below) ceftazidime may be given as follows:(1a-g)
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection e.g. over 3-5 minutes.
IV infusion: Give over 20 to 30 minutes.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Ceftazidime vials may contain a vacuum to assist injection of the diluent. When
ceftazidime is dissolved, carbon dioxide is released and a positive pressure develops. To
reconstitute vial please follow the instructions in the packet inset which are summarised
below: (1a-g)
For IV injection, follow steps 1-3
For IV infusion, follow steps 1-3 and then further dilute as described below
1. Insert the syringe needle through the vial closure and inject the recommended
volume of diluent. Remove the syringe needle.
2. Shake to dissolve: carbon dioxide is released and a clear solution will be obtained
in about 1 to 2 minutes.
3. Invert the vial. With the syringe plunger fully depressed, insert the needle through
the vial closure and withdraw the total volume of solution into the syringe (the
pressure in the vial may aid withdrawal). Ensure that the needle remains within the
solution and does not enter the head space. The withdrawn solution may contain
small bubbles of carbon dioxide; these should be expelled before injection.
Solutions range from light yellow to amber depending on concentration, diluent and
storage conditions used. Within the stated recommendations, product potency is not
adversely affected by such colour variations.

DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Brand/
Vial
size
Manufacturer
Fortum

Stragen

Kefadim

500mg

Route

Volume of
diluent to
add

Water for injections

Approximate
Displacement
Value

5mL

90

1g

IV injection

10mL

90

0.87mL

2g

IV injection

10mL

170

1.7mL

2g

IV Infusion

50mL

0.43mL

3g

IV injection

3g

40

Sodium chloride 0.9%

or glucose 5%

1.7mL

15mL

170

Water for injections

2.6mL

IV infusion

75mL*

40

Sodium chloride 0.9%

or glucose 5%

2.6mL

3g

IV injection

15mL

170

Water for injections

2mL

3g

IV infusion

75mL*

40

Sodium chloride 0.9%

or glucose 5%

2mL

1g

IV injection

10mL

92

Water for injections

0.85mL

2g

IV injection

10mL

IV infusion

100mL

Sandoz

1g

IV injection

Wockhardt

1g
2g

170
*

1.7mL

20

Sodium chloride 0.9%

or glucose 5%

1.7mL

10mL

91

Water for injections

1mL

IV injection

10mL

90

Water for injections

0.56mL

IV injection

10mL

170

IV infusion

50mL

IV injection

1g
2g

2g

1.5mL

40

Sodium chloride 0.9%

or glucose 5%

1.5mL

5mL

90

Water for injections

0.45mL

IV injection

10mL

90

0.9mL

IV injection

10mL

170

1.8mL

IV infusion

50mL

IV injection

1g
2g

500mg

2g
Villerton
Invest SA
(Bowmed
Ibisqus Ltd)

Diluent

IV injection

2g

Fresenius
Kabi

Approximate
Concentration
(mg/mL)

500mg

2g

40

Sodium chloride 0.9%

1.8mL

5mL

96

Water for injections

0.2mL

IV injection

10mL

95

0.5mL

IV injection

10mL

172

1.6mL

IV infusion

50mL

39

Sodium chloride 0.9%

or glucose 5%

1.7mL

Note: Use sodium chloride injection 0.9%, glucose injection 5% or other approved diluents (see compatibility list below)
as water for injections produces hypotonic solutions at this concentration.
*Note: Addition should be in two stages, follow instructions for dilution.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

Intravenous infusion(1) Reconstitute the vials as described above.
Withdraw a volume containing the required dose and add to a suitable volume of
compatible infusion fluid (usually sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%). Use a minimum of
50mL for a 2g dose and a minimum of 100mL for a 3g dose.
Consult product literature for reconstitution directions for Fortum Monovial.
STABILITY:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis in 2.4% of patients receiving IV injections.
Very rarely paraesthesis, angioedema and anaphylaxis.(1)(5)
EXTRAVASATION:
No specific recommendation issued by the manufacturer.(9) If extravasation occurs refer to
local extravasation policy.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%, compound sodium lactate injection
(Hartmann's solution), Ringer lactate solution, glucose 5% and sodium chloride 0.45%,
glucose 5%, glucose 10%, glucose 4% with sodium chloride 0.18%.(1)(4)
Ceftazidime infusion is compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that
medicines meet close to the vascular access device): Aciclovir,(4) clindamycin,(4)
flucloxacillin,(9)(10) heparin,(4) insulin,(4) labetalol,(4) metronidazole,(4) morphine,(4)
tacrolimus.(4)
Incompatible: Aminophylline,(4) acetylcysteine,(4) amiodarone,(10) amphotericin,(10)
clarithromycin,(10) caspofungin,(4) dobutamine,(10) erythromycin,(4) fluconazole,(4)
gentamicin,(4), midazolam,(10)(11) pheytoin sodium,(4) ranitidine,(4) sodium bicarbonate,(10)(11)
thiopental,(11) vancomycin.(1)(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special control measures required for the normal handling of this product, however, it
may cause allergic skin reactions and difficulty breathing through accidental over
exposure.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Between 2.23mmol and 2.34mmol per gram of ceftazidime(1)(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
50mg/mL in glucose 5% = 321mOsm/kg.(4)
50mg/mL in sodium chloride 0.9% = 330mOsm/kg.(4)

pH:
Between 5 and 8 (4)(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Kefadim (Flyn Pharma), last revised 01/06/2005
b) Ceftazidime 1g and 2g for injection (Wockhardt), last revised July 2011
c) Fortum for injection, GlaxoSmithKline, last revised September 2012
d) Ceftazidime for injection (Sandoz Ltd), last revised 9/4/2011
e) Ceftazidime 3g powder for solution for infusion (Stragen UK Ltd), last revised
28/02/2008
f) Ceftazidime 500mg, 1g and 2g powder for solution for injection, (MAH: Villerton
Invest SA, distributed by Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd) last revised 31/10/2011
g) Ceftazidime 500mg, 1g and 2g powder for solution for injection, Fresenius Kabi,
last revised 06/04/2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com 21/01/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com 21/01/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com 09/10/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 64 September 2012 page 354
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 page 273
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline UK
9. a) Drug company name: Flynn Pharma. Date contacted: 20/01/2011
b) Drug company name: Glaxo Laboratories. Date contacted: 21/01/2011
c) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: 20/01/2011
d) Drug company name: Stragen UK Ltd. Date contacted: 21/01/2011
f) Drug company name: Bowmed (ACS Dobfar). Date contacted: 05/01/2011
g) Drug company name: Sandoz UK Ltd. Date contacted: 20/01/2011
h) Drug company name: Fresenius Kabi. Date contacted: 14/01/2011
10. Injectable Drugs Guide. Gray A, Goddey V, Wright J, Bruce L. 2011
11. UCL Hospitals Injectable Medicines Administration Guide. 2010
Version 2 (Local amendment for NHS Lothian)

Ceftriaxone

Intravenous

Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the
correct information for the brand used in your organisation.
MEDICINE
NAME:
Ceftriaxone

TRADE NAME(S):
Rocephin injection (Roche)
Ceftriaxone injection BP (Lupin/Stravencon/Villerton (Bowmed
Ibisqus Ltd)/Wockhardt)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing ceftriaxone (as sodium salt) powder for reconstitution.
Roche/Villerton (Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd): 250mg, 1g and 2g vials
Lupin: 250mg vials
Wockhardt/Stravencon: 1g and 2g vials
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Adults and children 50kg and over
IV Injection: Give doses of 250mg to 1g by slow IV injection over 2 to 4 minutes.(5)
IV infusion: Give doses higher than 1g to less than 4g doses over at least 30
minutes.(1a)(1d)(5)
To give a 4g or higher dose, administer each 2g infusion over at least 30 minutes.(1a-e)
Children less than 50kg
IV injection: Give doses less than 50mg/kg by slow IV injection over 2 to 4 minutes.(6a)
IV infusion: Give doses of 50mg/kg and over or single doses of 1g (regardless of patient
weight) via intravenous infusion over at least 30 minutes.(6a)
Neonates:
Do not administer by IV injection.
IV infusion: Give all doses over 60 minutes to reduce the displacement of bilirubin from
albumin.(1a-d)(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
250mg vial: Reconstitute with 5mL of water for injections.(1a)(1d)
1g vial: Reconstitute with 10mL of water for injections.(1a-b)(1d-e)
2g vial: Reconstitute with 40mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-b)(1d-e)
It has been identified from practice that Stravencon 2g vials are smaller than those
provided by other manufacturers and cannot hold the 40mL. The manufacturer,
therefore, recommends adding 15mL of sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% to the vial,
drawing the vial contents into a 50mL syringe and then diluting to a final volume of
40mL.(9c) Alternatively: If a syringe pump is unavailable, reconstitute a 2g vial with 15mL
diluent; draw up into a syringe and add to either 50mL or 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5%.
The manufacturers are working to resolve this issue. This monograph will be updated

accordingly at that point.

For 4g doses: For all manufacturers except Stravencon, two 2g vials are reconstituted,
each one with 40mL diluent and each one is administered over 30 minutes, back to back.
[Note: the hangers provided with each vial are attached to each 2g vial and the ceftriaxone
administered directly from the vial.]
For Stravencon brand, to deliver 4g dose reconstitute 2 x 2g vials with 15mL of sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% each; draw up into a syringe and add to 100mL sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
Shake vial until solution is clear.
Let the vial stand until no bubbles are present in the solution.
Ceftriaxone forms a pale yellow to amber solution when dissolved in water for injections.(1ae)(4)

Variations in the intensity of colour of freshly prepared solutions do not indicate a change
in potency or safety. Do not use if particles are present.(1a)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Roche:(9d) 0.2mL per 250mg vial; 0.7mL per 1g vial; 1.4mL per 2g vial.
Wockhardt:(1b) 0.5mL per 1g vial; 1mL per 2g vial.
Lupin:(9a) 0.2mL per 250mg vial.
Stravencon:(9c) 0.6mL per 1g vial; 1.3mL per 2g vial.
Villerton (Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd):(9e) 0.1mL per 250mg vial, 0.6mL per 1g vial, 1.2mL per
2g vial.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Following reconstitution of vials as described above no further dilution is required with the
exception of Stravencon brand (see above details under reconstitution).(1a-d)(9c)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Prepare immediately before use.(1a-e)
Discard any remaining solution within 6 hours of preparation.(1a)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% (9a)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Occasionally, phlebitis and pain at injection site may occur.(1a)
This can be minimised by slow injection over at least 2 to 4 minutes.
Severe anaphylactic reactions can occur in some patients, causing respiratory distress
and/or vascular collapse.(1a-e)
Milder reactions such as itching or rashes can occur.
A 2g dose of ceftriaxone should be administered over 30 minutes as recommended by the
manufacturer to avoid adverse reactions.(3)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion that contains a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and
after administering the IV injection.
There is no information available on the compatibility of ceftriaxone infusion with other
medicine containing infusions
Ceftriazone is compatible with the following infusion fluids: Glucose 10%, sodium
chloride 0.45% and glucose 2.5%.
Incompatible: Ceftriaxone is incompatible with calcium containing solutions such as
compound sodium lactate solution and Ringer's solution (see 'other comments' section
below for further details).(10)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
3.6mmol per gram of ceftriaxone (1a)(4)(9d)(9e)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
At a concentration of 50mg/mL in glucose 5% = 351mOsm/kg.(4)
At a concentration of 50mg/mL in sodium chloride 0.9% = 364mOsm/kg.(4)
pH:
6.7 (range 6 to 8).(4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not administer to a patient with previous immediate and/or severe
hypersensitivity reaction to a penicillin or to any other beta-lactam medicine.(1a-e)
2. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea, colitis and pseudomembranous colitis have been
reported with the use of ceftriaxone. These diagnoses should be considered in any
patient who develops diarrhoea during or shortly after treatment. Discontinue if
severe and/or bloody diarrhoea occurs during treatment.(1a-e)
3. The dose will need to be reduced in severe renal impairment.(1a-e)(11)
4. The MHRA(10) advise that ceftriaxone should not be given simultaneously with
calcium-containing solutions (other than total parenteral nutrition solutions) for
intravenous administration because of a risk of calcium precipitation. Ceftriaxone is
contraindicated in full-term newborns up to age 28 days who need intravenous
treatment with calcium-containing solutions because of the risk of precipitation of
calcium-ceftriaxone salts. However calcium and ceftriaxone may be infused
sequentially in patients aged 28 days or older provided that either a) the infusion
line is flushed between solutions, or b) the infusions are given via different infusion
lines at different sites. In patients requiring continuous nutrition with calciumcontaining TPN solutions, clinicians may wish to consider using alternative antibiotic
treatment which does not carry a similar risk of precipitation. If there is no
alternative, then administration can simultaneously be given via different infusion
lines at different sites.
5. 12/06/2012 Ranbaxy product is no longer available.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Roche, last updated 07/07/2010
b) Wockhardt UK Ltd, last updated 02/12/2010

c) Lupin, last updated 31/03/2010

d) Villerton, distributed by Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd, last updated 31/10/2011
e) Stravencon, last updated 31/10/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference 2011, 37th Edition"
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health
2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Lupin. Date contacted: 06/01/2012
b) Drug company name: Ranbaxy. Date contacted 03/01/2012
c) Drug company name: Stravencon. Date contacted 04/05/2012
d) Drug company name: Roche. Date contacted: 23/02/2012
e) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: 06/02/2012
10. Drug Safety Bulletin produced by the MHRA October 2009
11. Renal Drug Handbook 2nd Edition
Version 6

Intravenous

Cefuroxime
Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure

MEDICINE NAME:
Cefuroxime

TRADE NAME(S):
Zinacef
Cefuroxime (Stravencon, Flynn Pharma, Villerton Invest SA)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing:
Cefuroxime 250mg (as sodium) powder for reconstitution.(1a)(1c-d)
Cefuroxime 750mg (as sodium) powder for reconstitution.(1a-b)(1d)
Cefuroxime 1.5g (as sodium) powder for reconstitution.(1a-b)(1d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
ADULT and CHILD
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1a-d)
IV infusion: Give over 30 minutes.(1a)(1c-d)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Reconstitute with water for injections. Add at least:
2mL to a 250mg vial(1a)(1c-d)
6mL to a 750mg vial(1a-b)(1d)
15mL to a 1.5g vial (1a-b)(1d)
Shake gently to produce a clear solution.(1c)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
250mg vial: 0.1-0.2mL.(1c-d)(9a)
750mg vial: 0.5-0.6mL.(1d)(9a-b)
1.5g vial: 1.0-1.2mL.(1d)(9a-b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV infusion: Dilute dose required to 50mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d)
Although water for injections is recommended by the manufacturer as a suitable diluent for the
infusion, it is rarely used in practice as it is likely to cause haemolyses and hyperkalaemia.
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Special care is indicated in patients who have experienced an allergic
reaction to penicillins or any other beta-lactam antibiotics as cross-reactions may occur.(1a-d)
Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, thrombophlebitis and pain at injection site.(1a-d)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

This information must be used in conjunction with the Injectable Medicines Guide 'help'
guidance.
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Amiodarone (in glucose 5%), aciclovir (in glucose 5%), atracurium (in glucose 5%),
foscarnet, granisetron (in glucose 5%), morphine (in glucose 5%), ondansetron, propofol (in
glucose 5%), remifentanil, tacrolimus, vecuronium bromide (in glucose 5%).(4)
Compatible infusion fluids:
Glucose 10%, sodium chloride and glucose (Ringers Solution for injection), sodium lactate
compound (Hartmann's solution),(1b-d) glucose 5% infusion containing 20mmol potassium
chloride, sodium chloride 0.9% containing 10mmol potassium chloride.(1b)
Incompatible: Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin),(1a-d)
ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, midazolam.(4)
N.B. Cefuroxime should not be mixed in the same syringe with aminoglycoside antibiotics.(1a-d)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
250mg vial: negligible.(1c-d)
750mg vial: 1.7-1.8mmol(1d)(5)(9b)
1.5g vial: 3.4-3.5mmol(1d)(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
671-686mOsm/kg (in 1.5g in 15mL sodium chloride 0.9%).(9c)
315mOsm/kg (in 30mg in 1mL glucose 5%).(3)(4)
pH:
pH 5.5 to 8.5 in water for injections.(9c)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Protect from vials from light and do not store above 25oC.(1a)(1b)(1d)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Zinacef. GlaxoSmithKline. Last revised 27/01/2012
b) Cefuroxime sodium injection. Flynn Pharma Ltd. Last revised January 2009
c) Cefuroxime sodium injection. Villerton Invest SA distributed by Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd.
Last revised 31/10/2011
d) Cefuroxime sodium injection. Stravencon Ltd. Last revised 05/03/2012
2. Martindale accessed via MedicinesComplete on 25/10/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via
MedicinesComplete on 25/10/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 17th Edition 2012, pg 247-252
5. British National Formulary No. 66 September 2013-March 2014, pg 364-365 and 1010
6. British National Formulary for Children July 2013-2014 pg 273
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010

a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines

November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
9. a) Drug company name: GlaxoSmithKline. Date contacted: 30/10/2013
b) Drug company name: Flynn Pharma Ltd. Date contacted: 23/10/2013
c) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: 23/10/2013
d) Drug company name: Stravencon Ltd. Date contacted: 23/10/2013
10. Patient Information Leaflet, Zinacef, GlaxoSmithKline. Last revised August 2009
Version 7

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol
TRADE NAME(S):
Kemicetine

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing chloramphenicol 1g (as sodium succinate) powder for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Given by IV injection over at least one minute.(1) It should be given at a
concentration of 10% (100mg per mL) or less.(1)
IV infusion: Administer over 15-30 minutes.(10) Infusion may be administered via drip
tubing.(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
IV injection: Reconstitute with water for injections, sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
Reconstitute by adding 9.2mL of diluent to provide 100mg per 1mL.(1)
IV infusion: Reconstitute as above. Requires further dilution before administration.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
0.8mL per 1g vial (1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
After reconstitution can be further diluted with any suitable volume of sodium chloride 0.9%
or glucose 5%.(1)
IV infusion: Diluting the 100mg per mL solution in 50-100mL of glucose 5% has been
used. (11)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours at room temperature after dilution.(9)
FLUSHING:
IV injection: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
IV infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Bone marrow depression, grey syndrome.(1)
Dryness of the mouth, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, urticaria, optic neuritis with blurring
or temporary loss of vision, peripheral neuritis, headache and depression.(1)
Intensely bitter taste after rapid intravenous use.(2)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both
before and after administering the IV injection.

Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aciclovir, esmolol, labetalol, magnesium sulphate, morphine sulphate.(4) N.B. Compatibility
information is based on chloramphenicol concentration of 10 or 20mg/mL in glucose 5%.
Incompatible: Fluconazole.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No additional precautions are required.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
3.14mmol in 1g.(5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
100mg in 1mL water for injections has an osmolality of 533mOsm/kg.(4)
pH:
1g in 10mL water for injections has a pH of 6.4 (12)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Kemicetine, last reviewed March 2009
2. Martindale 36th Edition accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
03/01/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 03/01/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition, pg 331
5. British National Formulary No. 62 September 2011, pg 363 and 957
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2nd Edition
2003, pg113-114
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 284
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by Sigma-Aldrige, last revised 13/03/2010
9. Drug company name: Pfizer
Date contacted: 07/02/2012
10. Merck Drug Information provided by Lexi-Comp. Last reviewed May 2011.
Accessed on 17/02/2012 via
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/lexicomp/chloramphenicol.html.
11. Intravenous Medications: 28th Edition 2012; B Gahart, A Nazareno
12. QA Department Charing Cross Hospital. Date contacted: 05/01/2012
Version 6

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Chlorphenamine maleate
(Chlorpheniramine maleate)

Chlorphenamine maleate
TRADE NAME(S):
Generic (Archimedes Pharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing chlorphenamine maleate 10mg in 1mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: give slowly over at least one minute.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Can be diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% if necessary.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
If diluted, use immediately.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
The most common side-effect is sedation varying from slight drowsiness to deep sleep.(1)
Paradoxical excitation in children and confusional psychosis in the elderly can occur.(1)
Some patients have reported a stinging or burning sensation at the site of injection.(1)
Rapid intravenous injection may cause transitory hypotension or CNS stimulation.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available (9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
In the absence of incompatibility studies this product must not be mixed with other
medicinal products.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Information not available.(9)
pH:
4.0 to 5.2.(2)(4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
During storage protect from light.(1)(4)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Chlorphenamine maleate, last updated
15/09/2008, eMC accessed August 2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 2009 35th Edition, pg 516-517
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition pg 349-350
5. British National Formulary No. 59
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Archimedes Pharma UK Ltd
Date contacted: August 2010
Version 4

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin
TRADE NAME(S):
Ciproxin (Bayer)
Ciprofloxacin (Hospira, Fannin, Claris, Fresenius Kabi)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Bayer; Fannin; Claris:
Vials, bottles or bags containing ciprofloxacin 2mg in 1mL (as lactate) solution for infusion in
the following presentations in sodium chloride 0.9%:
100mg in 50mL
200mg in 100mL
400mg in 200mL
Hospira; Mylan
Infusion bags containing ciprofloxacin 2mg in 1mL (as lactate) solution for infusion in the
following presentations in glucose 5%:
100mg in 50mL
200mg in 100mL
400mg in 200mL
Fresenius Kabi
Infusion bags containing ciprofloxacin 2mg in 1mL (as hydrogen sulphate) solution for infusion
in the following presentations in sodium chloride 0.9%
100mg in 50mL
200mg in 100mL
400mg in 200mL
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion (adults) Give at a rate of not more than 200mg in 30 minutes using an infusion
pump.(1a-f)
IV infusion (children): Give over 60 minutes using an infusion pump.(1a-f)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(14) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. If given peripherally, the insertion site
must be monitored closely for phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(14)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (3)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Anaphylaxis, nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, rash, pruritus, urticaria, injection
site reactions.(1a-f)
Monitoring: Monitor for tendon inflammation or painful swelling. Discontinue if this reaction
occurs and keep the affected limb at rest.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause tissue damage due to extreme pH.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Amiodarone (in glucose 5%), anidulafungin, aztreonam (in glucose 5%), bivalirudin (in
glucose 5%), calcium gluconate (in glucose 5%), caspofungin (in sodium chloride 0.9%),
ceftazidime (in glucose 5%), cisatracurium (in glucose 5%), clarithromycin (in glucose 5%),
digoxin, dobutamine, dopamine, doripenem, gentamicin, granisetron (in glucose 5%), lidocaine,
linezolid (in glucose 5%), lorazepam (in sodium chloride 0.9%), metoclopramide, midazolam,
potassium acetate (in glucose 5%), potassium chloride, ranitidine, tigecycline (in sodium
chloride 0.9%), tobramycin (in glucose 5%), verapamil.(4)
Compatible with the following infusions: Glucose 5%, glucose 10%, Ringers Solution for
injection, sodium lactate, compound (Hartmann's), sodium chloride 0.9%. (1a-f)
Incompatible: Solutions unstable at pH 3.9 to 4.5.(1)
Aminophylline, amoxicillin, benzylpenicillin, co-amoxiclav, dexamethasone, furosemide,
heparin sodium, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, magnesium sulfate, methylprednisolone,
pantoprazole sodium succinate, phenytoin sodium, propofol, sodium bicarbonate, sodium
phosphate, teicoplanin.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Bayer; Claris; Fannin and Fresenius Kabi
7.7mmol in 50mL solution for infusion.(1a-b)(1d-e)
Hospira; Mylan
Negligible as formulated in glucose 5%
(NB contains 45-50g of glucose per litre).1c)(1f)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Bayer; Fannin
276 - 318mOsmol/kg (in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%).(1a)(1e)
Fresenius Kabi; Claris
300 - 316mOsmol/L (in sodium chloride 0.9%).(1b)(1d)
pH:
pH 3.5 to 4.9 (1a-f)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Contains lactic acid 20% w/v.(1)
2. Patients should avoid prolonged exposure to strong sunlight or UV radiation during
treatment.(1)
3. Keep vials/bottles/infusion bag in their carton/over pouch until ready to use in order to
protect from light.(1)
4. Do not refrigerate.(1) At cool temperatures precipitation may occur which will redissolve

at room temperature (15-25oC). Do not use if crystals are present.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Ciproxin last revised 01/09/2011
b) Ciprofloxacin, Fresenius Kabi last revised February 2011
c) Ciprofloxacin, Hospira last revised January 2008
d) Ciprofloxacin, Claris Lifesciences last revised February 2011
e) Ciprofloxacin, Fannin last revised September 2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 16/04/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/04/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 17/04/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012 pg 388
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (Bayer Pharmaceuticals, November 2010)
9. Drug company name: Bayer Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 24/02/2012
10. Drug company name: Fresenius Kabi. Date contacted: 03/04/2012
11. Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 13/03/2012
12. Drug company name: Claris Lifesciences. Date contacted: 09/03/2012
13. Drug company name: Noridem Enterprises Ltd via Fannin (UK) Ltd. Date contacted:
01/03/2012
14. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 4

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin
TRADE NAME(S):
Klaricid IV
Generic (Ibigen Srl; Mercury; Teva UK; Martindale; Strides (agila))

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Glass vial containing 500mg Powder for Solution for Injection (1a-f)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion: via a large peripheral vein over at least 60 minutes.(1a-f)(6a)
Do not administer by IV injection or by intramuscular injection.(1a-d)(4)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Reconstitute vial using 10mL water for injections and shake to dissolve the contents.(1a-f)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Klaricid (Abbott): 0.4mL - Each 500mg vial contains 520mg. Final solution is equivalent to
500mg in 10mL.(9a)
Clarithromycin (Ibigen Srl, Martindale) - 0.75mL - Each 500mg vial made up with 10mL water for
injections, final volume = 10.75mL.(9b)(9d)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Dilute to 2mg per mL with 250mL of glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-f)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use. Use within 6 hours once diluted in 250mL of appropriate diluent
(1)(4)

FLUSHING:
Flush with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Injection site inflammation, tenderness, phlebitis and pain.(1a-f)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that medicines mix close to the
vascular access device): Amiodarone (only in glucose 5% - NOTE: clarithromycin should also
be in glucose 5%), amoxycillin sodium-clavulanate potassium, ampicillin, atracurium,
benzylpenicillin, bumetanide, ciprofloxacin, dobutamine, dopamine, gentamicin, human insulin,
lidocaine hydrochloride, metoclopramide, metronidazole, potassium chloride, ranitidine, ticarcillin
disodium-clavulanate potassium (in glucose 5% - NOTE: clarithromycin should also be in glucose
5%), vancomycin, vecuronium.(4)
Compatible with the following infusion fluids: Glucose 5% in sodium chloride 0.45%,(4)
Ringer's solution, sodium lactate, compound (Hartmann's),(1c-f)

Incompatible: Aminophylline, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, furosemide, flucloxacillin, heparin,

phenytoin sodium.(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Zero (9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information (9a-d)
pH:
pH 4.5 to 6.0 (9a)(9c-d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. IV route not licensed for children.(6a)
2. Excipients: vial contains lactobionic acid and sodium hydroxide EP.(1a-f)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Klaricid IV (package insert), Abbott Laboratories, last revised February 2013
b) Clarithromycin, MAH: Ibigen Srl and Distributor: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd . Last revised
04/04/2011
c) Clarithromycin. Teva UK Ltd. Date last revised 17/06/2011
d) Clarithromycin, Martindale Pharmaceuticals. Date last revised 05/03/2010
e) Amdipharm Mercury company ltd (Mercury product), last revised 17/12/2012
f) Co-Pharma Ltd (Strides (Agila) product), last revised 12/03/2012(
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 13/07/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 15/08/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 16th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 13/07/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ on 13/07/2012
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health August
2003 pg 133
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014)
8. MSDS report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Abbott Laboratories. Date contacted: 15/07/2012
b) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd (supplies Ibigen Srl product). Date contacted:
15/7/2012
c) Drug company name: Teva UK Ltd. Date contacted: 15/7/2012
d) Drug company name: Martindale Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 15/7/2012
10. www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk accessed 15/08/2012
Version 7 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Clindamycin

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Clindamycin

TRADE NAME(S):
Dalacin C phosphate
Generic (Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd, Focus Pharmaceuticals)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 300mg in 2mL (as phosphate). Concentrate for dilution.(1a-c)
Ampoules containing 600mg in 4mL (as phosphate). Concentrate for dilution.(1a-c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Do not administer by IV injection.(1a)(3)(4)
IV infusion: Administer each 300mg over at least 10 minutes.(1a-c)
Infusion rates should not exceed 30mg per minute.(1a-c)
Administration of more than 1.2g in a single 1 hour infusion is not recommended.(1a-c)
Maximum rate in paediatrics is 20mg/kg over 1 hour.(6)(6a)
IV continuous infusion: Doses over 1.2g should be given by continuous infusion.(5)
Continuous intravenous infusions may begin with a single rapid infusion of the first dose
(generally over 30minutes), followed by a continuous infusion of 0.75 to
1.25mg/minute.(2)(4)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Requires further dilution before administration.(1a-c)
Dilute 300mg and 600mg doses with 50mL, 900mg with 50-100mL and 1200mg with
100mL of glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-c)
The concentration of clindamycin once diluted should not exceed 18mg in 1mL.(1a-c)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours at room temperature after dilution.(1a-c)
FLUSHING:
IV infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-c)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Thrombophlebitis.(1a-c) Local reactions can be minimised by giving deep IM injections or
avoiding the prolonged use of indwelling IV catheters.(1a-c)
Rare cases of cardiopulmonary arrest and hypotension following too rapid intravenous
administration.(1a-c)
N.B. Generics do not contain benzyl alcohol as an excipient.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Clindamycin infusion is compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that
medicines meet close to the vascular access device): Aciclovir, amiodarone, esmolol,
granisetron, labetalol, morphine sulphate, propofol, remifentanil, Tazocin.(4)

Incompatible: Ampicillin, aminophylline, barbiturates, calcium gluconate, ceftriaxone,

ciprofloxacin, idarubicin, magnesium sulphate, phenytoin, ranitidine.(1a-c) Allopurinol,
doxapram, fluconazole.(4)
NB. Compatibility information is based on clindamycin concentration of 6-24mg/mL in
glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both
before and after administering the IV injection.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No additional precautions are required.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Not significant,(9b)(9c) varies from batch to batch.(9a)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
600mg in 50mL glucose 5% has an osmolality of 293mOsm/kg.(10)
pH:
600mg in 5mL glucose 5% has a pH of 6.4.(11)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 25oC.(1a-c) Do not refrigerate or freeze.(1a-c)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Dalacin C Phosphate, last revised May 2010
b) Clindamycin 150mg/mL solution for injection, MAH: Villerton Invest SA distributed
by Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Last revised 31/10/2011
c) Clindamycin 150mg/mL solution for injection, Focus Pharmaceuticals. Last
revised September 2011
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/12/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/12/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition 2010 pg 395-406
5. British National Formulary No. 62, September 2011 pg 362-363 and 957
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 283-284
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by Pfizer, last revised 15/12/2006
9. a) Drug company name: Pfizer (Pharmacia Ltd). Date contacted: 20/07/2010
b) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: 20/12/2011
c) Drug company name: Focus Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 20/12/2011
10. AccessAbility Programme, accessed via www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk accessed
on 20/12/2011

11. Charing Cross Hospital QA Department, contacted 05/01/2012

Version 5

Intravenous

Clonazepam
October 2013: Clonazepam 1mg/1mL discontinued

MEDICINE NAME:
Clonazepam

TRADE NAME(S):
Rivotril

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoule containing clonazepam 1mg in 1mL. Plus 1mL ampoule containing water for injections
as a diluent.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection:
ADULT: Give by slow IV injection (the rate should not exceed 0.25mg -0.5mg per minute) into a
large vein such as the antecubital fossa.(1)(2)(5)
CHILD and NEONATE: Give by slow IV injection over at least 2 minutes.(6a) Avoid in neonates
unless there is no safer alternative available (see 'other comments').(6a)
Intravenous infusion: Ideally should be infused over no longer than 2 hours.(1) Adjust the rate of
infusion to patient's response.(1) Administer using an infusion pump.
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(11) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. If given peripherally the insertion site
should be monitored closely for phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV injection: Add the contents of the diluent ampoule (i.e. 1mL water for injections) to the
contents of the other ampoule (i.e. 1mg clonazepam in 1mL) immediately before using the
injection.(1)
IV infusion:
ADULT: Up to a maximum 3mg clonazepam may be diluted in 250mL sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5% (i.e. maximum concentration 12micrograms in 1mL).(1)
CHILD: Dilute to a maximum concentration of 12micrograms in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5%.(6a)
When preparing an infusion it is not necessary to first dilute the ampoule contents with the diluent
(water for injections) provided in the package.(9)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Muscle weakness, dizziness, ataxia, light headedness, occasional muscular hypotonia, coordination disturbances and respiratory depression.(1)
Monitor EEG, blood pressure and respiratory function continuously during administration.
Immediate access to resuscitation equipment required.(1)(5)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause tissue damage as the pH of the prepared injection is 3.4-4.3 and it
contains ethanol and propylene glycol as excipients. If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.(1)(9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not mix with any other medicines or infusion fluids (4)
When giving by IV injection do not administer via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and
after administering the IV injection.
Other compatible infusion fluids: Glucose 10% or sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 2.5%
injection.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information (9)
pH:
pH - 3.4 to 4.3 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Infusion dilution should be freshly prepared and used immediately if prepared in a glass
container. If prepared in a PVC infusion bag the infusion should be completed within 2
hours.(1)
2. The rate of administration must not exceed 0.5mg per minute. This will greatly diminish the
rare possibility of hypotension or apnoea occurring.(1)
3. Storage - Protect from light and below 30oC.(1)
4. Excipients in active substance ampoule: ethanol absolute, glacial acetic acid, benzyl
alcohol, propylene glycol, nitrogen pure.(1)
5. Facilities for resuscitation should always be available.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Ritrovil ampoules. Roche Product Ltd. Date of
revision of text January 2013
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 07/06/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2010 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 07/06/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 07/06/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 64 March 2013 pg 299 and 675

6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer updated 31/01/2011
9. Drug company name: Roche Products Ltd; Date contacted: 09/12/2011, 17/12/2013
10. www.extravasation.org.uk accessed online 10/01/2012
11. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 4

Intravenous

Co-amoxiclav
Contains a PENICILLIN.

MEDICINE NAME:
Co-amoxiclav

TRADE NAME(S):
Augmentin
Generic (Ibigen Srl, Pliva, Wockhardt)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Augmentin
Vials containing co-amoxiclav 600mg powder for reconstitution.
Vials containing co-amoxiclav 1.2g powder for reconstitution.(1a)
Generic co-amoxiclav preparations
Vials containing co-amoxiclav 500mg/100mg powder for reconstitution.
Vials containing co-amoxiclav 1000mg/200mg powder for reconstitution.(1b-d)
Note: Augmentin and generic products are of equivalent strength, but the strength is
expressed differently.
Augmentin 600mg = co-amoxiclav 500mg/100mg. Each vial contains 500mg amoxicillin (as
amoxicillin sodium) and 100mg clavulanic acid (as potassium clavulanate).
Augmentin 1.2g = co-amoxiclav 1000mg/200mg. Each vial contains 1000mg amoxicillin (as
amoxicillin sodium) and 200mg clavulanic acid (as potassium clavulanate).
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: Administer over 3-4 minutes. (1)
IV infusion: Administer over 30-40 minutes. (1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Reconstitute 600mg (500/100mg) with 10mL water for injections.(1)
Reconstitute 1.2g (1000/200mg) with 20mL water for injections.(1)
A transient pink colouration may develop during reconstitution. Reconstituted solutions are
normally colourless or a pale straw colour.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Augmentin, Pliva and Wockhardt generic products: 600mg (500/100mg) = 0.5mL. 1.2g
(1000/200mg) = 0.9mL.(1a, 1c-d)
Ibigen srl product: 500/100mg = 0.4mL. 1000/200mg = 0.7mL.(1b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
ADULT
IV infusion: Add the 600mg (500/100mg) reconstituted solution to 50mL and 1.2g (1000/200mg)
reconstituted solution to 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitivity. Always check for previous hypersensitivity
reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins and other allergens before starting therapy.(1)
Hypersensitivity reactions. Thrombophlebitis at the site of injection.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
If co-amoxiclav is prescribed concurrently with an aminoglycoside, the antibiotics should not be
mixed in the syringe, intravenous fluid container or giving set because loss of activity of the
aminoglycoside can occur under these conditions.(1)
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Sodium chloride 0.9%, sodium lactate.
Augmentin, co-amoxiclav (Ibigen Srl) may be infused with sodium lactate infusion BP,
compound sodium chloride injection (Ringer's), compound sodium lactate infusion BP (RingerLactate: Hartmann's), potassium chloride and sodium chloride infusion BP.(1a,b)
Incompatible infusions: Glucose (all strengths).(1a)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Augmentin, Pliva & Ibigen Srl generic products:
600mg (500/100mg) contains 1.4mmol sodium and 0.5mmol of potassium.
1.2g (1000/200mg) contains: 2.7mmol of sodium, and 1mmol of potassium.(1a-c)(6a)
Wockhardt generic product:
600mg (500/100mg) contains: 1.4mmols of sodium and 0.5mmols of potassium.
1.2g (1000/200mg) contains: 3.1mmol of sodium and 1mmol of potassium.(1d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Ibigen Srl: Osmolarity of co-amoxiclav 10% solution is 512mOsmol/L.(9b) No other information
available.
pH:
Reconstituted solution pH 8 to 10.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. NOT SUITABLE FOR IM ADMINISTRATION.
2. Do not store above 25oC.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Augmentin last revised 21/05/2013
b) Co-amoxiclav (Ibigen srl (supplier Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd, last revised 26/06/2012
c) Co-amoxiclav (Teva, PLIVA), last revised 07/04/2011
d) Co-amoxiclav (Wockhardt UK) last revised 20/04/2012

2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com, 11/03/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, April 2010 update
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 64 September 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: GlaxoSmithKline UK. Date contacted: 20/12/2011
b) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd (MAH: Bowmed Ltd). Date contacted:
19/09/2011, 02/2010, 22/07/2013
c) Drug company name: Pliva Pharma Ltd. Date contacted: 13/09/2011
d) Drug company name: Wockhardt UK. Date contacted: 19/09/2011
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
Version 5

Intravenous

Colistin (colistimethate sodium)

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the correct
information for the brand used in your area.
MEDICINE NAME:
Colistin
(colistin sulphomethate sodium, colistimethate sodium)

TRADE NAME(S):
Colomycin
Promixin

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Colomycin and Promixin: Each vial contains 1,000,000 (1million) international units
colistimethate sodium as powder for solution for injection.(1a)(1b)
Colomycin: Each vial contains 2,000,000 (2million) international units colistimethate sodium as
powder for solution for injection.(1a)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Patients fitted with a totally implantable venous access device may tolerate a bolus
injection given over a minimum of 5 minutes.(1a)(1b)
IV infusion: Dilute dose further in a suitable volume and administer over 30 minutes.(1a)(1b)(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute with 10mL sodium chloride 0.9% or water for injections to form a clear solution.
(1a),(1b),(9a)(9b)
Roll vial in hand to reconstitute. Do not shake to avoid foam formation. (9a),(9b)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Colomycin: negligible (9a)
Promixin: no information available (9b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Sodium chloride 0.9% (Colomycin and Promixin).(1a)(1b)
Glucose 5% (Promixin).(1b)
For IV infusion: For adults dilute to 50mL.(1a)1b)(5) For children dilute to a final concentration of
40,000units/mL.(6a)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% (1a)(1b)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions, including rash (5) and injection site reactions (1a)(1b) (5)
Plasma level monitoring is recommended for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or renal
impairment.(1a)(1b)(2)(5) However in practice serum levels are not routinely taken in CF patients.
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not routinely infuse with any other medicines. Refer to pharmacy for further advice.
Incompatible:
Erythromycin, tetracycline (1b)
Other compatible diluents: include Ringer's solution,(1b) glucose 5% and sodium chloride 0.45%,
glucose 5% and sodium chloride 0.9%, compound sodium lactate.(3)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Less than 0.5mmol per vial before reconstitution (5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available.(9a)(9b)
pH:
pH 6.5 TO 8.5 (8a)(8b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Concomitant use of colistimethate sodium with other medicinal products of neurotoxic
and/or nephrotoxic potential should be avoided.(1a)(1b)

REFERENCES:
1. a) Summary of Product Characteristics, Colomycin injection, Forest Laboratories UK Ltd.
eMC last updated December 2009
b) Summary of Product Characteristics, Promixin 1MIU powder for solution for injection,
Profile Pharma Ltd. eMC last updated 13th March 2009
2. Martindale accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com on 13th January 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" accessed via
http://medicinescomplete.com on 13th January 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com on
13th January 2010
5. British National Formulary No. 58 September 2009 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk on 15th

January 2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk/bnfc on 15th
January 2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) Forest Laboratories UK Ltd 05/04/04
b) Profile pharma Ltd 9/12/05
9. a) Drug company name: Forest Laboratories UK Ltd, Dates contacted: February 2008, July
2009, January 2010
b) Drug company name: Profile Pharma Ltd, Dates contacted: June 2008, July 2009,
January 2010
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Iron dextran (Cosmofer)

The MHRA issued updated advice (see 'Method of Administration' below) on administration and
monitoring of intravenous iron preparations dated August 2013 which is included in this monograph
but may not be reflected in the package insert.

MEDICINE NAME:
Iron dextran

TRADE NAME(S):
Cosmofer (Vitaline Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 100mg iron (as dextran) in 2mL.
Ampoules containing 250mg iron (as dextran) in 5mL.
Ampoules containing 500mg iron (as dextran) in 10mL.
Each mL contains 50mg iron (as dextran).
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
Before administering the first dose to a new patient a test dose of iron dextran (25mg) must be
administered. If no adverse reactions are seen after 60 minutes, the remaining dose can be given.
Anaphylactoid reactions are usually evident within a few minutes, therefore, close observation of
the patient is necessary.(1)
If there any signs of hypersensitivity or intolerance, stop immediately.(1)
IV infusion, via an infusion pump (preferred method): on each occasion infuse 25mg as a test
dose.(1) Withdraw a volume containing the test dose (25mg) from the prepared iron dextran
(Cosmofer) infusion and administer over 15 minutes via a syringe pump. Observe the patient for
60 minutes. If no adverse reactions occur administer the remaining portion of the infusion at a rate
of not more than 100mL in 30 minutes.
For subsequent doses, the first 25mg should be infused over a period of 15 minutes. If no adverse
reactions occur during this time the remaining portion can be infused at an infusion rate of not
more than 100mL in 30 minutes.(1)
IV injection (alternative method): On each occasion administer 25mg by slow intravenous
injection over 1 to 2 minutes as a test dose.(1) Observe the patient for 60 minutes. If no adverse
reactions occur administer the remainder of the injection.
For subsequent doses, on each occasion, administer a test dose of 25mg slowly over a period of 1
to 2 minutes. If no adverse reactions occur within 15 minutes, the remaining portion of the injection
may be administered.(1)
Total dose IV infusion, (hospital use only because of an increased incidence of adverse
reactions): initially infuse 25mg as a test dose. Withdraw a volume containing the test dose (25mg)
from the prepared iron dextran (Cosmofer) infusion and administer over 15 minutes via a syringe
pump. Observe the patient. If no adverse reactions occur restart and complete the remainder of the
infusion at a rate not exceeding 5mg per kg per hour. Observe the patient during the infusion and
for at least one hour after completion of the infusion.(1)
IM injection is the preferred route for patients with asthma, allergic disorders and inflammatory
disorders.(1)
New advice from the MHRA: Recommendations to manage and minimise risk of serious
hypersenstivity reactions. Issued August 2013. See link below

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):

For IV infusion dilute 100-200mg iron dextran in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% to
give a final concentration of 1-2mg iron dextran per mL.(1)
For IV injection dilute 100-200mg iron dextran in 10-20mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% to
give a final concentration of 10-20mg iron dextran per mL.(1).
For total dose infusion add required dose, immediately before administration, to 500mL sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)(2)
Sodium chloride 0.9% is preferable to glucose 5% as a diluent due to lower incidence of
thrombophlebitis(2)
The reconstituted solution for infusion and injection is to be visually inspected prior to use. Only
clear solutions without particles should be used.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 25oC.(1)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%.(1)(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Observe patients closely during and for at least one hour after IV administration.(2)
2. Iron dextran can cause anaphylactoid reactions including urticaria, rashes, itching, nausea
and shivering. Administration must be stopped immediately when signs of an anaphylactoid
reaction are observed.(1)
3. Acute, severe anaphylactoid reactions are very rare. They usually occur within the first few
minutes of administration and are generally characterised by the sudden onset of respiratory
difficulty and/or cardiovascular collapse; fatalities have been reported. Facilities for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation including adrenaline (1:1000) must be available; risk of
allergic reactions increased in immune or inflammatory conditions.(1)(5) Additional treatment
with antihistamines and/or corticosteroids should be given as appropriate.(1)
4. Rapid IV administration may be associated with vascular flushing and hypotension.(1)(2).
Thrombophlebitis may occur at the site of injection, although the incidence can be reduced
by giving iron dextran in sodium chloride 0.9% rather than glucose 5%.(2)
5. Large doses of iron dextran (5mL or more) have been reported to give a brown colour to
serum from a blood sample drawn four hours after administration.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
No information (10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

The intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of iron-carbohydrate complexes in very large doses
under experimental conditions in animals produced sarcoma in rats, mice, rabbits, possibly
hamsters but not in guinea pigs. Cumulative information and independent assessment indicate that
the risk of sarcoma formation in man is minimal.(1)(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.7mmol in 50mg/mL iron dextran(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Iron dextran - 290.8 - 423mOsm/. See link.
pH:
5.2 - 6.5(2)(3)(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
Store ampoules of iron dextran at 15-30oC.(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Cosmofer 50mg/mL solution for infusion and injection;
last updated September 2009
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 17 March 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 17 March 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 17 March 2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59, March 2010 pg 557
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014)
8. Material Safety Data Sheet compiled by Pharmacosmos A/S
9. Drug company name: Vitaline Pharma UK Ltd - Contacted: January 2010
10. www.extravasation.org.uk accessed on 17 March 2010
Version 2.1

Co-trimoxazole

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Co-trimoxazole

TRADE NAME(S):
Septrin for Infusion (Laborotories Genopharm)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 480mg (80mg trimethoprim plus 400mg sulfamethoxazole) in 5mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: After diluting appropriately, administer the required dose over 60-90 minutes
using an infusion pump.(1)(2)(4)(5) Administration via a central venous access device is the
preferred route of administration. If this is not possible a large peripheral vein should be
used.
Must not be given by rapid IV injection.(1)(4)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Preferred method of dilution:
Dilute each 5mL ampoule with 125mL of glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% (1)(2)(4) e.g.
1 x 5mL ampoule to 125mL
2 x 5mL ampoules to 250mL
3 x 5mL ampoules to 500mL
Dilution in fluid restriction:
A 5ml (480mg) ampoule can be diluted with 75mL of glucose 5% and the total infusion
given over a maximum of 60 minutes (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Dilutions which result in higher
concentrations than this have been shown to be unstable and are not recommended (4).
High dose co-trimoxazole has been given undiluted through a central line (mainly in critical
care setting). Each dose is given over 1.5 to 2 hours.(12) This is not recommended by the
manufacturer.
After adding co-trimoxazole to the infusion solution, shake thoroughly to ensure complete
mixing. If visible turbidity or crystallisation appears at anytime before or during an infusion,
the mixture should be discarded.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Use diluted infusions within 4-6 hours.(2)(4) Concentrated infusions (i.e. 5mL diluted to
75mL) should be used within 2 hours.(4)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (1) or glucose 5% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Local pain and irritation, inflammation, and rarely thrombophlebitis may occur, especially if
extravascular infiltration of the drug occurs.(3) Slowing the rate of infusion may avoid
nausea and vomiting. (10)
Septrin for Infusion contains sulphite. This may cause allergic type reactions including

anaphylactic symptoms and life threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in

susceptible individuals.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
May cause tissue damage leading to thrombophlebitis at site of infusion and localised pain
and irritation during infusion. (10)
Due to a high pH and high osmolarity of co-trimoxazole solution a central line is a preferred
route of administration. If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
The standard infusion (i.e. each 5ml ampoule diluted with 125ml) is compatible with
the following diluents: Glucose 5% or 10%, (1) sodium chloride 0.9%, (1) sodium chloride
0.18% and glucose 4%, (1) Dextran 70 injection BP (6% w/v) in glucose 5% or 0.9% sodium
chloride, (1) Ringer's solution for injection (1)
NOTE: for more concentrated infusion ie. 5mL co-trimoxazole in 75mL infusion, only
glucose 5% should be used. (1)(3)(4)
Incompatible: Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None.(1)(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.7mmol (1) per 480mg vial.
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
833mOsm/kg (in 9.6mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride) (4)
798mOsm/kg (in 9.6mg/mL in glucose 5%) (4)
541mOsm/kg (in 4.8mg/mL in glucose 5%)(10)
pH:
pH approximately 9.5 to 10.5.(3)(4)(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. More stable in glucose 5% than sodium chloride 0.9%. (3)(4)
2. Infusions should be prepared immediately before use (1) and not refrigerated.(3)
3. This medicinal product contains 13.2 vol% ethanol (alcohol), i.e. up to 521 mg per
dose. This is equivalent to 2.64 ml of beer, or 1.1 ml of wine. Harmful for those
suffering from alcoholism. To be taken into account in pregnant or breast-feeding
women, children and high-risk groups such as patients with liver disease, or
epilepsy.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Septrin for infusion, last updated 31 July 2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference", accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2009, accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2009
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs", accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2009
5. British National Formulary No. 58, September 2009 (online version)
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer December 2009
9. Drug company name: Glaxo SmithKline. Date contacted: December 2009
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
11. www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk
12. UKCPA: Minimum infusion volumes for fluid restricted critically ill patients, 2006,
version 3.
Version 5

Cyclizine

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Cyclizine

TRADE NAME(S):
Valoid (Amdipharm), Cyclizine (Martindale Pharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing cyclizine lactate 50mg in 1mL (not cyclizine base).(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Intravenous injection: Give slowly over at least 3-5 minutes.(1) (See 'Dilution and
Diluents' section).
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous
irritation as the preparation has a low pH.(13) If given peripherally the insertion site should
be monitored for chemical phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool (in
line with all medicines administered peripherally).(13)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Cyclizine is extremely irritant and causes pain on injection. Dilution with a small volume of
diluent may reduce the pain and enable the injection to be delivered slowly at the
recommended rate of 3-5 minutes to reduce the incidence of adverse effects.(11)
Cyclizine can be further diluted with 5 to 10mL of sodium chloride 0.9% (unlicensed)(11)(12) see 'other comments' section below - or glucose 5%.(1)(4)(11)
Immediately after dilution, and again just before injection, check the solution for signs of
precipitation. Discard if there is any cloudiness or haze formation.(11) Cyclizine should be
administered as soon as possible after dilution.
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(11)(12)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Cyclizine is extremely irritant and can cause injection site reactions include vein tracking,
erythema, pain and thrombophlebitis.(1)(9)
Diluting the injection before giving may help reduce pain.
There have been cases of onset of paralysis following administration that usually fully
resolve within hours of discontinuation of the medicine.(1)
Other reported adverse reactions include: Hypotension, tachycardia, palpitations,
drowsiness, headache, dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention (anti-muscarinic effect),
and nervous system reactions such as parathesia, twitching, dystonia, dyskinesia,
extrapyramidal motor disturbances, tremor, convulsions, dizziness, hallucinations and
decreased consciousness.(1)(4)(5)(9)
Refer to SPC (see manufacturers section below) for a full list of adverse reactions.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to its low pH. Precaution should be
taken to avoid extravasation.(1)(11)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both
before and after administering the injection.
Incompatible: Solutions of pH greater than 6.8.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.1mmol sodium per 50mg in 1mL ampoule (Martindale).(9a)
pH:
pH 3.3 to 3.7 (undiluted).(2)(4)(11)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. It is known that cyclizine injection will crystallise if diluted with sodium chloride
0.9%. However, an investigation to check the physical compatibility of cyclizine
when diluted with 5-10mL of sodium chloride 0.9% revealed that there is unlikely to
be any problems if used immediately (within 30 minutes). The prepared dilution
should still be checked for any crystallisation before administration. See 'links'
below
2. Store below 25oC. Protect from light.(1)
3. A slight yellow tint may develop during storage at room temperature, but this colour
change does not indicate a loss of potency.(4)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Valoid 50mg/mL cyclizine lactate, AmdiPharm Ltd, last updated April 2010
b) Cyclizine lactate 50mg/mL injection, Martindale Pharma, last updated October
2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/11/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/11/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition pg447-450
5. British National Formulary No. 62, September 2011, accessed via www.bnf.org
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediataric & Child Health
2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 - no relevant information
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug Company name: Martindale Pharma. Date contacted 19/10/2010
b) Drug Company name: Amdipharm plc. Date contacted: 03/11/2011

10. The syringe pump: continuous subcutaneous infusions in palliative care. 2nd Edition
2005. Dickman A, Schneider J and Varga J.
11. UCLH Injectable Medicines Administration Guide. 3rd Edition 2010
12. QA Department, Charing Cross Hospital - PR Cowin
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January
2010
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Daptomycin

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Daptomycin

TRADE NAME(S):
Cubicin

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing daptomycin 350mg powder for reconstitution.(1)
Vials containing daptomycin 500mg powder for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Infuse over 30 minutes.(1)
IV injection: Administer slowly over a minimum of 2 minutes.(1)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous
irritation as the preparation has a low pH.(11) If a central venous access device is
unavailable a risk benefit analysis should be made on individual patient basis.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
IV infusion: Reconstitute 350mg vial with 7mL or a 500mg vial with 10mL of sodium
chloride 0.9% to give a final concentration of 50mg per 1mL. Further dilution is required.
See Instructions for Dilution section.(1)
IV injection: Reconstitute 350mg vial with 7mL or a 500mg vial with 10mL of sodium
chloride 0.9%(10) to give a final concentration of 50mg per 1mL.(1)
Inject the diluent slowly down the side of the vial. Rotate the vial to completely wet the
powder and allow to stand for 10 minutes. Gently swirl the vial for a few minutes. Do not
shake as this will cause foaming of the product. The solution is clear pale yellow to light
brown. (1)
See Cubicin Poster June 09
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute the reconstituted solution with sodium chloride 0.9% (typical volume
50mL).(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Stable for 12 hours at room temperature.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (3)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reactions, wheeze, tachycardia, fever, rigors, flushing,
vertigo, syncope, metallic taste, infusion site reactions. Monitor blood pressure and blood
sugar. Ensure a baseline clotting profile and CPK level are obtained before first
administration.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH. If extravasation occurs refer
to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aztreonam, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, dopamine, fluconazole, gentamicin, heparin,
levofloxacin, lidocaine.(1)
Incompatible: Glucose containing solutions.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible (less than 0.05mmol/vial) (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Reconstituted with sodium chloride 0.9% (50mg/mL) = 364mOsmol/Kg.(10)
Further diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% to a concentration of 20mg/mL =
323mOsmol/Kg.(9)
Further diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% to a concentration of 5mg/mL =
304mOsmol/Kg.(9)
pH:
4 to 5.(10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store vial in a refrigerator at 2-8oC.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Cubicin, 6 February 2006. Updated
21/01/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 34th Edition
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2007"
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs 14th Edition"
5. British National Formulary No 57
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children 2003"
a) British National Formulary for Children 2008
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Novartis. Date contacted: 23/11/2007
10. Drug company name: Novartis. Date contacted: May 2010
11. Royal College of Nursing Standards for Infusion Therapy 3rd Edition Jan 2010.
Version 3

Dexamethasone

Intravenous

There are several preparations of intravenous dexamethasone available in different

concentrations. Check carefully that the preparation administered provides the
prescribed dose
MEDICINE NAME:
Dexamethasone

TRADE NAME(S):
Dexamethasone (hameln, Hospira, MSD)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Hameln preparations
Ampoules containing dexamethasone 3.3mg in 1mL (as sodium phosphate)(1e)
Ampoules containing dexamethasone 6.6mg in 2mL (as sodium phosphate)(1e)
Hospira preparations
Ampoules containing dexamethasone 3.3mg in 1mL (as sodium phosphate)(1a)
Vials containing dexamethasone 6.6mg in 2mL (as sodium phosphate)(1b)
MSD preparations
Ampoules containing dexamethasone 4mg in 1mL (as sodium phosphate)(1c)
Vials containing dexamethasone 8mg in 2mL (as sodium phosphate)(1d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Please note: When dexamethasone is prescribed, it means dexamethasone base,(11)
therefore:
4mg dexamethasone = 1.2mL of Hospira/Hameln preparations and 1mL of MSD
preparations.
8mg dexamethasone = 2.4mL of Hospira/Hameln preparations and 2mL of MSD
preparations.
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1a-e)(2)(4)
IV infusion: Give over 15-20 minutes.(1a-e)(6a)
Continuous IV infusion: Give over 24 hours.(1a-e)(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Give undiluted or dilute in sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% to a volume appropriate for
the patient's fluid intake.(1a-e)(4)(5)(9)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours(1c-e)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (1a-c)(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Rapid IV injection of large doses may cause cardiovascular collapse, so administer
slowly.(1a-e)

Anaphylactic reactions.(1a-e)
Dyspepsia, oesophageal and peptic ulceration.(1a-e)(5)
Transient tingling and burning in the perineal area.(2)(5)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Dexamethasone infusion is compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed
that the infusions mix close to the vascular access device): Aciclovir, allopurinol,
amifostine, amikacin, amphotericin, amsacrine, anidulafungin, aztreonam, bivalirudin,
cisatracurium, cisplatin, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dexmedetomidine,
docetaxel, doripenem, doxorubicin, etoposide, famotidine, fentanyl, filgrastim, fluconazole,
fludarabine, foscarnet, gemcitabine, granisetron, heparin sodium, hydromorphone,
levofloxacin, linezolid, lorazepam, melphalan HCl, meropenem, methotrexate, milrinone,
morphine, ondansetron, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pemetrexed disodium, piperacillin sodiumtazobactam sodium, potassium chloride, propofol, remifentanil, sargramostim, sodium
bicarbonate, sufentanil citrate, tacrolimus, teniposide, theophylline, thiotepa, vinorelbine,
zidovudine.(4)
Compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's), Ringer's solution for injection, (1c)(1d)(5)
Incompatible: Ciprofloxacin, idarubicin, methotrexate, midazolam, topotecan.(1e)(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible(9)(10)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9)(10)(12)
pH:
pH 7.5-8.5.(2)(4)(9)(10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. In practice, if dexamethasone 4mg is prescribed and the salt is not stated,
dexamethasone 4mg in 1mL (MSD preparation) or 4mg in 1.2mL (Hospira or
Hameln preparations) is prepared and administered. (11)
2. Store below 25oC and protect from light. Do not freeze.(1a-1e)
3. Oct 2012 - The SPC has been revised since this monograph was last updated (see
link below).

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Dexamethasone 3.3 mg/mL (1mL ampoules) Solution for Injection (Hospira UK
Ltd), last revised Dec 2009.
b) Dexamethasone 3.3 mg/mL (2mL vials) Solution for Injection (Hospira UK Ltd),
last revised April 2010.
c) Dexamethasone 4mg/mL Injection (MSD Ltd), last revised Jan 2011
d) Dexamethasone 8mg/mL Injection (MSD Laboratories Ltd), last revised Jan 2011
e) Dexamethasone 3.32mg/mL (1mL and 2mL ampoules) Solution for Injection
(Hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd), last revised April 2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com in Sept 2012

3. American Hospital Formulary Source Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com in Sept 2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com in Sept 2012
5. British National Formulary edition 63, March 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012.
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) Hospira UK Ltd
b) MSD Laboratories Ltd
9. Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd
Date contacted: 28/06/10
10. Drug company name: MSD Laboratories Ltd
Date contacted: 18/01/12
11. Personal communication from David Cousins Head of Safe Medication Practice,
National Patient Safety Agency, 4-8 Maple Street, London WIT 5HD (19/06/09)
12. Drug company name: hameln pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 13/09/2012
Version 3

Intravenous

Diamorphine hydrochloride

High strength diamorphine (30mg, 100mg and 500mg) ampoules are reserved for
patients already receiving diamorphine infusions and who require large daily doses.
They are not suitable for the treatment of acute pain.
MEDICINE NAME:
Diamorphine hydrochloride

TRADE NAME(S):
Non-proprietary available from:
Teva UK
Auralis Ltd
Wockhardt UK Ltd

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing powder for reconstitution of diamorphine hydrochloride 5mg, 10mg, 30mg,
100mg and 500mg.(1a-o)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Slow IV injection:
Myocardial Infarction; at a maximum rate of 1-2mg/minute(5)
Acute Pulmonary Oedema; at a rate of 1mg/minute(5)
Use low strength diamorphine ampoules only, e.g. diamorphine 5mg, to reduce the risk of
overdose.
N.B The patient may not require the contents of the whole ampoule selected for use.
Check the dose is appropriate for the patient before administration.
Continuous or short infusion: Give via an infusion pump
Ensure that naloxone injection, an antidote to opiate-induced respiratory depression, is
available in all clinical locations where diamorphine and morphine injections are stored or
administered.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute with 1mL water for injections, glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-e)
However, if necessary very small volumes (less than 0.1mL) can be used. The minimum
volume for reconstitution is 1mL for up to 100mg and 2mL for 500mg.(4)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Can be further diluted with glucose 5% (preferred) or sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-o)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours(1f-o)
FLUSHING:
Flush with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION

AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Respiratory depression, sedation, postural hypotension and palpitations. Other common
adverse effects include: nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness and confusion(1a-o)
Monitor blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate and have naloxone and resuscitation
equipment available.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Flucloxacillin, furosemide, metoclopramide, midazolam.(4)
Incompatible: Alkalis and mineral acids.(1a-e,k-o)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
5mg per mL in glucose 5% = 303mOsmol/L.(10)
pH:
3.8 to 4.4(4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Diamorphine infusion is more stable in glucose 5% than sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)(4)
2. Containers should be inspected for crystallisation prior to use, particularly when
drug admixtures are to be administered.
3. NPSA Rapid Response Report: Reducing Dosing Errors with Opioid Medicines - 4
July 2008 can be accessed via 'links' section below

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Diamorphine 5mg in 2mL, Teva UK last revised 27/10/2010 accessed via
www.tevauk.com
b) Diamorphine 10mg in 2mL, Teva UK last revised 27/10/2010
c) Diamorphine 30mg in 2mL, Teva UK last revised 03/12/2010
d) Diamorphine 100mg in 5mL, Teva UK last revised 03/12/2010
e) Diamorphine 500mg in 5mL, Teva UK last revised 01/12/2101
f) Diamorphine 5mg, Auralis Ltd last revised 15/02/2010
g) Diamorphine 10mg, Auralis Ltd last revised 15/02/2010
h) Diamorphine 30mg, Auralis Ltd last revised 15/02/2010
i) Diamorphine 100mg, Auralis Ltd last revised 03/07/09
j) Diamorphine 500mg, Auralis Ltd last revised 03/07/09
k) Diamorphine 500mg, Wockhardt UK Ltd last revised 27/04/2007
l) Diamorphine 100mg, Wockhardt UK Ltd last revised 31/08/2007
m) Diamorphine 30mg, Wockhardt UK Ltd last revised 31/08/2007
n) Diamorphine 10mg, Wockhardt UK Ltd last revised 31/08/2007
o) Diamorphine 5mg, Wockhardt UK Ltd last revised 31/08/2007
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/06/2011

3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via

www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/06/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 11/04/2011
5. British National Formulary Edition no. 62 Sept 2011 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health
2003.
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-2011 accessed via www.bnfc.org.uk
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug Company name: Teva. Date contacted: July 11
b) Drug company name: Auralis. Date contacted: June 11
c) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: July 11
10. Quality Control Department, Imperial College NHS Trust Feb11
Version 3

Intravenous

Diazepam emulsion
Caution: Do not confuse with diazepam solution

MEDICINE NAME:
Diazepam emulsion

TRADE NAME(S):
Diazemuls

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing diazepam 10mg in 2mL as a sterile, milky white emulsion.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give undiluted by slow IV injection at a maximum rate 1mL per minute (1mL =
5mg) into a large vein.(5)
Give over 3-5 minutes in children.(6a)
Continuous infusion: Administer into a large vein(5) using an infusion pump. Use a non-PVC
infusion container and administration set(1) (see 'OTHER COMMENTS').
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Infusion: Use glucose 5% as diluent.(1) There is a risk of precipitation occurring so care is
needed when diluting.(2)
Add between 2 and 8mL per 100mL glucose 5% to give a concentration of 100-400micrograms
in 1mL (0.1-0.4mg in 1mL).(1)
Do not exceed a maximum concentration 200mg (40mL) in 500mL.(5)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Use infusion within 6 hours (1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Respiratory depression and hypotension occasionally occur.(2) Monitor cardio-respiratory
function.(2)
2. Urticaria and rarely anaphylaxis have been reported following diazepam injection.(1)
3. Diazepam may rarely cause local pain and thrombophelebitis.(1) Diazepam emulsion is
associated with a lower incidence of local reactions compared to diazepam solution.(2)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): May be administered via an on-going infusion of sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%,
glucose 10% or Intralipid 10% or 20%.(1)
Incompatible: Do not infuse with any other medicines other than the recommended infusion
fluids.(1)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Negligible (0.096mg sodium in 2mL) (9)
pH:
5 to 9 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Avoid using PVC infusion bags. Glass bottles, non PVC sets or syringe pumps using a
non-PVC syringe are suitable for use.(4) If PVC tubing is used is should be the shortest
possible length with a small diameter and the set should not contain a burette chamber.(4)
2. Contains soya bean oil and fractionated egg phospholipid; contraindicated to patients with
soya bean or egg allergy.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Diazepam emulsion (Diazemuls), last updated
10/06/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" on line, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com 02/12/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information online, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com 02/12/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 14th Edition, 2007, pg 508
5. British National Formulary No. 64, September 2012, pg 987
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 pg 236
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Actavis; Date contacted: 06/12/2012
Version 6

Intravenous

Diazepam solution

Caution: Do not confuse with Diazemuls - diazepam emulsion

MEDICINE NAME:
Diazepam

TRADE NAME(S):
Diazepam injection BP (Wockhardt UK Ltd) (hameln)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 10mg in 2mL(1a-b)
Ampoules 20mL in 4mL.(1b)
Clear, colourless to pale yellow liquid.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: give by slow IV injection at a maximum rate 1mL per minute (1mL = 5mg) into a
large vein of the anticubital fossa.(1a) Give over 3 to 5 minutes in children.(6a)
Continuous infusion: Administer via a large vein(5) using an infusion pump. Use a non-PVC
infusion container and administration set.(1) (see 'OTHER COMMENTS').
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% (5) or glucose 5%.(5) there is a risk of precipitation;
care on dilution.(2)
Not more than 10mg (2mL) diazepam should be added to each 200mL of infusion solution.(5)
Not more than 40mg (8mL) diazepam should be added to each 500mL of infusion solution.(1b)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
6 hours (1b)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1a)(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Administration may be associated with local reactions (thrombophlebitis and venous
thrombosis).To reduce these effects give into a large vein of the antecubital fossa.(1)
Diazepam emulsion (Diazemuls) is associated with lower incidence of local reaction
than diazepam solution.(2)
2. Can cause respiratory depression or apnoea and hypotension occasionally occurs.(1b)
Monitor cardio respiratory function.(2)
3. Patients should remain supine and under medical supervision for 1 hour post injection.(1a)
Have resuscitation equipment available.(1a)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines.(1a)
Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%.(1)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

None (1a)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible.(1a)(9)

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information (9)
pH:
6.2 to 7.0 (10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Substantial adsorption of up to 50% diazepam onto some plastics may cause problems
when administering the drug by continuous infusion. Administration sets and bags
containing polyvinylchloride (PVC) in particular should be avoided.(2)(4) Suitable materials
for infusion and administration sets include glass, polyolefin, polypropylene,
polyethene.(2) Syringe pumps can be used since adsorption to plastic syringes made
from polypropylene and polyethylene, has not been found.(4)
2. Excipients:
Benzyl alcohol (Wockhardt product only) - There is a risk of alcohol poisoning with
prolonged use of high-dose intravenous infusions of diazepam injection containing benzyl
alcohol.(1a) Avoid use in neonates.(1a)(5) Benzyl alcohol may cause toxic reactions and
anaphylactoid reactions in infants and children up to three years old.(1a)
Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate (Wockhardt product only) - may increase the risk
of jaundice in newborn babies.(1a)
Ethanol - A small amount of ethanol, less than 100mg per ampoule.
Propylene glycol - Impaired elimination of propylene glycol eg in renal failure, neonates,
young children and in slow metabolisers can cause adverse effects,(5) most commonly
central nervous system depression.(2)
There have been rare reports of propylene glycol toxicity (e.g. increased anion gap,
metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, renal impairment) with the potential for organ
system failure and circulatory shock, in patients treated with continuous infusions of
diazepam. Central nervous system toxicity, including seizures, as well as
unresponsiveness, tachypnoea, tachycardia and diaphoresis have also been associated
with propylene glycol toxicity. Symptoms may be more likely to develop in patients with
renal or hepatic impairment and in paediatric patients.(1b)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Wockhardt last revised 16/09/2008
b) hameln, last revised 03/10/2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
December 2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information online, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com December 2012

4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com

December 2011
5. British National Formulary Edition No. 64, pg 987
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. Drug company name: hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Date contacated: 06/12/2012
10. Drug company name: Wockhardt UK Ltd; Date contacted: 06/12/2012
Version 5

Intravenous

Diclofenac sodium

Dyloject injection is different to this injection and has its own monograph. Please
check carefully that the correct monograph corresponds to the correct product.
MEDICINE NAME:
Diclofenac sodium

TRADE NAME(S):
Voltarol, Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd
Diclofenac, Goldsheild

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing diclofenac 75mg in 3mL (as sodium salt).(1a)(1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Diclofenac injection must NOT be given as an intravenous bolus injection.
Do not exceed 150mg in 24 hours.(1a)(1b)
IV Infusion:
1. Slow IV infusion for the treatment of post-operative pain:- Administer 75mg over 30
minutes to 2 hours. Repeat after 4 to 6 hours if necessary.(1a)(1b)(2)(5)
2. Continuous infusion for the prevention of post-operative pain:- administer a loading
dose of 25-50mg after surgery over 15 to 60minutes followed by a continuous
infusion of approximately 5mg/hour.(1a)(1b)(2)(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Prior to infusion, dilute the required dose with 100-500mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose
5%. The solution should be buffered with sodium bicarbonate solution (0.5mL of 8.4% or
1mL of 4.2%).(1a)(1b) Only clear solutions should be used.(1a)(1b)(5)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Infusions should be freshly made up and used immediately.(1a)(1b)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions; varying from rash and urticaria to broncospasm and
anaphylaxis. Diclofenac injection should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin
rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity.(1a)(1b)(5)
Gastrointestinal disorders: epigastric pain, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
gastrointestinal bleeding.(1a)(1b)(5)
Headache, malaise, dizziness or vertigo.(1a)(1b)(5)
Hypertension, (1a)(1b)(5) monitor blood pressure.
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available.(9)(11) However, if extravasation occurs, diclofenac injection has
the potential to cause tissue injury because it contains propylene glycol.(1a)(1b) If
extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.(10)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not mix with any other medicines or infusion fluids, except for named diluents (1a)(1b)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No additional information (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible, approximately 0.3mmol per 3mL (Voltarol) ampoule (9) or 0.09mmol per 3mL
ampoule.(11)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolarity.
297-402mOsmol(12).
pH:
pH 7.8 to 9 (9), 7.6 to 8.6 (11)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Diclofenac injection (given IV or IM) should not be administered for more than 2
days, treatment can be continued with diclofenac tablets or suppositories.(1a)(1b)(2)
2. Protect ampoules from light and heat.(1a) Store below 30oC,(1a) (not above 25oC.(1b)
3. Diclofenac injection is not recommended for use in children.(1a)(1b)
4. Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the
shortest duration necessary to control symptoms.(1a)(1b)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Voltarol 75mg/3mL (Novartis). Date of revision of text March 2009
b) Diclofenac Injection BP 75mg/3mL (Goldshield). Last revised March 2009
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com May 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com May 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com May 2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59, March 2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer, Novartis Pharmaceuticals.
9. Drug company name: Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 30/06/10
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
11. Drug company name: Goldshield Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Date contacted: May 2010

12. Quality Assurance department, Charing Cross Hospital. July 2010.

13. Guy's and St Thomas' Injectable Medicines Guide, accessed via
http://medusa.wales.nhs.uk, revised May 2007
Version 3

Intravenous

Digoxin immune Fab (DigiFab)

MEDICINE NAME:
Digoxin immune Fab (ovine)

TRADE NAME(S):
DigiFab

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Each vial of DigiFab contains 40mg of digoxin immune Fab (ovine) protein as a sterile, lyophilized,
off white powder.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion: Administer as an IV infusion over 30 minutes using an infusion pump.
The manufacturer of DigiFab states that inline membrane IV filters were not used during clinical
trials with this preparation and does not recommend their use for administration of the drug.(3)
IV injection: If cardiac arrest is imminent, digoxin immune Fab may be administered by IV injection
over 3-5 minutes, but this method of administration generally is not recommended for other patients
since it may be associated with increased risk of adverse effects (e.g. allergic reactions).(3)
For infants or small children receiving small doses, the dose may be given by IV injection using a
tuberculin syringe. Alternatively the required dose may be further diluted to any convenient volume
with sodium chloride 0.9% and administered by IV injection or infusion.(3)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Reconstitute the contents of each vial with 4mL of water for injections by gentle mixing to produce a
protein concentration of 10mg/mL.(1)
The reconstituted solution should be a clear to slightly opalescent, colourless to pale-yellow
solution.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
The reconstituted solution can be diluted further to any convenient volume with sodium chloride
0.9%.(1)
When very small doses (3mg or less) are required, the reconstituted 4mL solution of DigiFab may
be diluted with 36mL of sodium chloride 0.9% to provide a solution containing 1mg/mL.(3)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION (adult):
Management follows a step-wise decision process as follows:(1)
Step 1. Decide if digoxin poisoning is (i) Acute (ii) Acute-on-chronic (iii) Chronic
Step 2. Is the patient (i) an adult or child greater than 20kg or (ii) a child less than 20kg?
Step 3. Is (i) the amount of digoxin ingested known or is (ii) the serum concentration of digoxin
known?
Step 1 (i) Acute digoxin poisoning
Half the estimated dose required for full neutralisation can be given initially followed by monitoring
for 6-12 hours if there is a full response. The remainder may be given if there is no clinical response
within 2 hours.

Step 1 (ii) Acute-on-chronic digoxin poisoning

A full neutralisation dose of DigiFab can be given if the amount of digoxin ingested is known.
If the amount of digoxin ingested is not known then a half-neutralising dose of DigiFab based on
serum digoxin concentration should be used followed by monitoring for 6-12 hours if there is a full
response. The remainder may be given if there is no clinical response within 2 hours.
The usual dose for adults and children over 20kg may vary between one half of a vial (20mg
DigiFab) to 20 vials (800mg DigiFab). More vials may be needed dependent upon the amount of
digoxin consumed.
Step 1 (iii) Chronic digoxin poisoning
Half the estimated dose required for full neutralisation can be given initially followed by monitoring
for 6-12 hours. The remainder may be given if there is recurrence of toxicity.
The dose for DigiFab for full neutralisation following digoxin poisoning can be calculated as
follows:(1)
Step 2 (i) Adults and children : greater than 20kg
Step 3 (i) Dose of ingested digoxin known:
Full neutralisation dose of DigiFab is: Dose (number of vials) = amount of digoxin ingested (mg) x
1.6
Round up to the nearest vial.
To calculate the number of milligrams to be prescribed multiply the number of vials by 40 (as there
are 40mg/vial).
Step 3 (ii) Serum digoxin concentration known:
Full neutralisation dose of DigiFab is:

Round up to the nearest vial.

To calculate the number of milligrams to be prescribed multiply the number of vials by 40 (as there
are 40mg/vial).
Dose of ingested digoxin unknown and serum digoxin concentration unknown:(9)
For adults or children over 20kg presenting with life-threatening digoxin toxicity caused by an acute
ingestion where neither a serum digoxin concentration nor an estimation of ingested amount is
available, 20 vials of DigiFab may be administered. However in small children it is important to
monitor for volume overload. In general, a larger dose of DigiFab has a faster onset of effect but
may enhance the possibility of a febrile reaction. In such cases, 10 vials may be administered first
with careful monitoring of the patients response followed at the physicians discretion by 10
additional vials and continued monitoring.
For adults or children over 20kg who present with toxicity during chronic digoxin therapy for whom a
serum digoxin concentration is not available, 6 vials of DigiFab should be adequate to reverse
most cases of toxicity.

Step 2 (ii) Children : less than 20kg

Step 3 (i) Serum digoxin concentrations not known
One vial of DigiFab will usually be sufficient for full neutralisation.
Step 3 (ii) Serum digoxin concentration known:
Full neutralisation dose of DigiFab is:

Round up to the nearest vial.

To calculate the number of milligrams to be prescribed multiply the number of vials by 40 (as there
are 40mg/vial).
Converting units of digoxin nanograms/mL to/from nanomol/L
nanograms/mL (or micrograms/L) x 1.28 = nanomol/L
nanomol/L x 0.781 = nanograms/mL (or micrograms/L)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Infusion-related reactions or hypersensitivity reactions are possible. It is recommended that patients
are monitored for signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis and acute allergic reaction. The likelihood of
an allergic reaction is higher in subjects that are allergic to sheep-derived protein (as may be found
in cheeses and meats) and papain (an extract of the papaya fruit which is used to cleave the whole
antibody into Fab and Fc fragments).(1)
Serum potassium levels should be monitored due to the possibility of hypokalemia, especially
during the first few hours following administration of Fab fragments.(3)
Adverse reactions may occur up to 14 days after the infusion has been administered and may
include hypokalemia, hyperkalaemia, headache, confusional state, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
constipation, abdominal distention, worsening of cardiac failure, chest pain, hypotension, orthostatic
hypotension, influenza-like illness, renal failure, fatigue and infusion-site phlebitis.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available.(9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
The manufacturer does not recommend mixing with other medicinal products as there are no
compatibility studies done.(1)(9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible. Each 40mg vial contains 2mg of sodium acetate.(3)
pH:
4.5 to 5.5.(3)

OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The vials should be stored between 2 and 8oC. Do not freeze. The vials should be kept in the
outer carton in order to protect from light.(1)
2. DigiFab contains sodium acetate as a buffering agent, acetic acid and mannitol as a
stabilizer.(1)(3)
3. It is estimated that 40mg of antibody fragments can bind about 500micrograms of digoxin or
digitoxin.(2)
4. If after several hours toxicity has not adequately reversed or appears to recur, readministration of DigiFab at a dose guided by clinical judgment may be required. Failure of
a patient to respond to DigiFab should alert the physician to the possibility that the clinical
problem may not be due to digoxin toxicity.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Digoxin Immune Fab (DigiFab), last revised 01/07/2011
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com/ on 30/09/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com/ September 2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition
5. British National Formulary accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/09/2013
6. British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug Company name: BTG International Ltd. Date contacted: 27/03/2012
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Digoxin

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Digoxin

TRADE NAME(S):
Lanoxin
Generic (Antigen International Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 500micrograms in 2mL (ampoules) (5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Normal practice is to give as an infusion over 1-2 hours in 50 to 100mL of diluent for both
maintenance and loading doses.
Minimum time: 10 - 20 minutes.(12)
N.B. when administering as an emergency loading dose the BNF recommends an infusion
duration of at least 120 minutes (unlicensed).(5)
Note that the manufacturer recommends reducing doses by approximately a third when
converting from oral to IV therapy.(1a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute 1 part digoxin with at least 4 parts of suitable diluent. Volume used for
adults is usually 50-100mL (maximum 500mL).(11)(12)
Suitable diluents are sodium chloride 0.9% (1a)(1b)(4) or glucose 5%.(1a)(1b)(4)
N.B. The use of less than a 4-fold dilution could lead to precipitation of digoxin.(1a)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Use immediately
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Rapid intravenous injection can cause vasoconstriction producing hypertension and/or
reduced coronary flow.(1a)(1b)(2)
Monitor heart rate, blood pressure and ECG.
In case of suspected toxicity an antidote is available: Digibind (1a)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
(4)

Ciprofloxacin in both glucose 5% and sodium chloride 0.9%

Cisatracurium besylate in glucose 5%
Insulin, regular (Humulin R) in sodium chloride 0.9%
Linezolid
Meropenem in sodium chloride 0.9%
Midazolam hydrochloride in glucose 5%
Milrinone lactate in glucose 5%

Morphine sulphate
Potassium chloride
Remifentanil hydrochloride in sodium chloride 0.9%
Incompatible: (4)
Amiodarone in glucose 5%
Amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex (Amphocil) in glucose 5%
Fluconazole
Insulin, regular (Humulin R) in glucose 5%
Propofol
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special control measures required for the normal handling of this product (8a)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Lanoxin brand - 25.2mmol/L (9a)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9a)
pH:
6.8 to 7.2 (9a)(9b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Monitor renal function and serum levels of digoxin in patients on long-term therapy
especially if toxicity suspected or dose adjustment is considered.
2. Check BNF for interactions with other medicines.
3. The intramuscular route is painful and associated with muscle necrosis. This route
cannot be recommended.(1a)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics.
a) Lanoxin injection. Last updated 08 March 2010. Accessed via
http://emc.medicines.org.uk on 23/04/2010
b) Digoxin injection BP 500micrograms in 2mL. Last updated 13/07/2009 accessed
via http://emc.medicines.org.uk on 10/02/2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 35th Edition. Digoxin monograph
accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 23/01/2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Digoxin monograph
accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 23/01/2009
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition. Digoxin monograph accessed
via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 23/01/2009
5. British National Formulary No. 57 March 2009 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf on
25/03/2009
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child
Health 2003

a) British National Formulary for Children 2008 accessed via www.bnfc.org/bnfc on

25/03/2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. a) COSHH data sheet. GlaxoSmithKline. Date of preparation 01/08/2006
b) COSHH data sheet. Goldshield Pharmaceuticals. Date of preparation 17/04/2007
9. a) Manufacturer name: GlaxoSmithKline, Date contacted: 31/03/2009
b) Manufacturer name: Goldshield Pharmaceuticals, Date contacted: 31/03/2009
10. Examples of Risk Assessments of injectable medicine products prepared in clinical
areas.
http://medusa.wales.nhs.uk/Docs/InjectableMedicinesRiskAssessmentexamplesNH
S.doc
11. Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust. Intravenous Medicine Administration (section
six of the Medicines & Blood Transfusion Policies). Last revised November 2004
12. Injectable Medicines Administration Guide, 2nd Edition, Pharmacy Department,
University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Disodium pamidronate (dry powder)

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the
correct information for the brand used in your Trust
MEDICINE NAME:
Disodium pamidronate

TRADE NAME(S):
Aredia Dry Powder (Novartis)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing disodium pamidronate 15mg dry powder. Plus 5mL ampoule containing
sterile water for injections for reconstitution.(1)
Vial containing disodium pamidronate 30mg dry powder. Plus 10mL ampoule containing
sterile water for injections for reconstitution.(1)
Vial containing disodium pamidronate 90mg dry powder. Plus 10mL ampoule containing
sterile water for injections for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: via an infusion pump at a rate not exceeding 60mg/hour (1mg/minute) and
not exceeding a rate of 20mg/hour in renal impairment.(1)
Do not administer by IV bolus injection.(1)(2)
In order to minimise local reactions at the infusion site, the cannula should be inserted
carefully into a relatively large vein.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Dissolve powder in sterile water for injections provided with each vial. Using aseptic
technique add 5mL water for injections to each 15mg vial; 10mL water for injections to
each 30mg vial and each 90mg vial. The powder should be completely dissolved prior to
dilution.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
15mg vial - no information available (9)
30mg vial - 0.34mL (9)
90mg vial - 0.31mL (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
The reconstituted solution should be further diluted with a calcium free infusion solution,
sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% intravenous infusion recommended. The
concentration should not exceed 60mg in 250mL.(1)(2)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
After preparation in the clinical area the infusion should be used immediately.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)(9)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION

AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Usually mild and transient. Hyper- or hypotension; monitor blood
pressure. Fever and flu-like symptoms. Occasionally injection site reactions such as pain,
redness, swelling, induration, phlebitis and thrombophlebitis.(2)(3)(5)
Monitor serum electrolytes; calcium, phosphates, magnesium as hypophosphataemia,
hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia can occur.(1)(2)
EXTRAVASATION:
Disodium pamidronate has not been shown to have an extreme pH, a high osmolarity and
is not a cytotoxic medicine and is therefore unlikely to cause tissue damage if
extravasation occurs.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
No information
Incompatible: Incompatible with calcium containing intravenous solutions eg. Ringer's
solution.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
No information available.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
15mg, 30mg and 90mg vials when reconstituted with water for injections as directed has
an osmolarity of 287mOsm/kg (9)
pH:
pH of solution when reconstituted with water for injections is 6.0 to 7.4 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Reconstituted solution that has been further diluted must be used immediately.(1)
2. December 2011 - The SPC has been revised since this monograph was last
updated
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Aredia, last updated February 2008
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 18/11/2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 18/11/2009
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs"
5. British National Formulary No. 58, September 2009 pgs 423, 424, 872
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011

8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer

9. a) Drug company name: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Date contacted: 09/10/2009 and 19/01/2010
10. http://www.palliativedrugs.com/bisphosphonates.html accessed 30 October 2009
Version 4

Intravenous

Disodium pamidronate (concentrate for dilution)

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the correct
information for the brand used in your Trust
MEDICINE NAME:
Disodium pamidronate

TRADE NAME(S):
Disodium pamidronate sterile concentrate (Hospira UK Ltd)
Disodium pamidronate sterile concentrate (Wockhardt UK Ltd)
Disodium pamidronate sterile concentrate (Medac UK)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing disodium pamidronate 15mg in 5mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1a-d)
Vials containing disodium pamidronate 30mg in 10mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1a-d)
Vials containing disodium pamidronate 60mg in 10mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1a-c)
Vials containing disodium pamidronate 90mg in 10mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1a-c)
Vials containing disodium pamidronate 60mg in 20mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1a-d)
Vials containing disodium pamidronate 90mg in 30mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1a-d)
Ampoules containing disodium pamidronate 15mg in 1mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1e)
Ampoules containing disodium pamidronate 30mg in 2mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1e)
Ampoules containing disodium pamidronate 60mg in 4mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1e)
Ampoules containing disodium pamidronate 90mg in 6mL. Concentrate for dilution.(1e)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Administer at a maximum rate of not more than 60mg/hour (1mg/minute). In
patients with renal failure administer at a rate of not more than 20mg/hour.(1a-e)(2)
Medac:
Medac specify that a dose of 90mg must usually be administered as a 2 hour infusion.(1d)
Medac recommend that for multiple myeloma and tumour induced hypercalcaemia, the
infusion rate does not exceed 90mg in 500mL over 4 hours.(1d)
Medac specify that disodium pamidronate should not be administered if creatinine clearance
is less than 30mL/min.(1d)
Should not be administered by IV bolus injection.(1d)(1e)
In order to minimise local reactions at the infusion site, the cannula should be inserted
carefully into a relatively large vein.(1a-e)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Disodium pamidronate sterile concentrate injection must be diluted prior to administration in
sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% infusion solutions.(1a-e) The concentration should not
exceed 60mg in 250mL.(1a-e)(2)(5)
Medac:
Medac specify that concentration should not exceed 90mg in 250 mL.(1d)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Chemically and physically stable for 24 hours at room temperature (25oC), but use
immediately from a microbiological view.(1a-e)

FLUSHING:
Flush with either sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (9b)(9c)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Usually mild and transient. Fever and flu-like symptoms usually resolve spontaneously.
Hyper- or hypotension; monitor blood pressure. Occasionally local reactions at infusion site
such as pain, inflammation, redness, swelling, induration, phlebitis and
thrombophlebitis.(1d)(1e)
Monitor serum calcium, phosphate and magnesium.(1a-e)(5)
EXTRAVASATION:
Disodium pamidronate has not been shown to have an extreme pH, a high osmolarity and is
not a cytotoxic medicine and is therefore unlikely to cause tissue damage if extravasation
occurs.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Where possible disodium pamidronate infusion should not be mixed with any other IV
solution.
Compatible: No information (4)(9a-c)
Incompatible: Incompatible with calcium containing intravenous solutions(1a-e) e.g. compound
sodium lactate, Ringer's solution.
Incompatible with lipophilic nutrition solution e.g. soya-bean oil.(1d)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information (9a-c)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Hospira: Amounts are negligible for each vial
0.108mmol per 15mg vial
0.215mmol per 30mg vial
0.43mmol per 60mg vial
0.645mmol per 90mg vial (9a)
Medac:
0.11mmol sodium per 15mg vial
0.22mmol sodium per 30mg vial
0.43mmol sodium per 60mg vial
0.65mmol sodium per 90mg vial (9b)
Wockhardt: 1.04mmol per 90mg ampoule (9c)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available.(9a)(9b)(9c)
pH:
Hospira: pH of original concentrate 6.0-7.0 (9a)

Medac: pH of original concentrate 7.0-8.0 (9b)

Wockhardt: pH of original concentrate 7.5-8.5 (9c)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. For the management of tumour-induced hypercalcaemia it is recommended that
patients be rehydrated with 0.9% w/v sodium chloride solution before or during
treatment.(1a-e)
2. Pamidronate solution that has been further diluted must be used immediately.(1a-e)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Hospira. Pamidronate disodium 3mg/mL, date of revised text 16/12/2008
b) Hospira. Pamidronate disodium 6mg/mL, date of revised text 16/12/2008
c) Hospira. Pamidronate disodium 9mg/mL, date of revision of text 16/12/2008
d) Medac GmbH. Disodium pamidronate, date of revised text 22/01/2009
e) Wockhardt. Disodium pamidronate, date of revised text January 2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http//www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/10/2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http//www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/10/2009
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com 01/11/2009
5. British National Formulary No. 58 September 2009 pg 423/4
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd
Date contacted: 29/10/2009 and 14/01/2010
b) Drug company name: Medac GmbH
Date contacted: 29/10/2009 and 15/01/2010
c) Drug company name: Wockhardt UK Ltd
Date contacted: 28/10/2009 and 15/01/2010
10. http://www.palliativedrugs.com/bisphosphonates.html Accessed 30/10/2009
Version 2

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Dobutamine

Dobutamine
TRADE NAME(S):
Non-proprietary available from Hameln
Goldshield (Braun)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ready to use infusion: Vial 250mg in 50mL (5mg in 1mL) (1a)
Preparations which require dilution before use: Ampoule 250mg in 20mL (12.5mg in
1mL) (1b,c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Continuous IV infusion: via an infusion pump.(1a-c)(3)(4)
Due to the low pH of this drug administer via a central venous access device.(11)
If central administration is not possible, solutions of a concentration of less than 5mg in
1mL may initially given via a large peripheral vein, but should be transferred to a central
venous access device as soon as possible to reduce the risk of phlebitis.
Do not allow the infusion to run out. A new infusion should be prepared at least half an
hour before the previous one finishes.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Adults: Preferably use the 250mg in 50mL preparation which does not require further
dilution.(12) If this preparation is unavailable dilute the 250mg in 20mL preparation to 50mL
with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.(1b-c)(12)
Concentrations of 10mg in 1mL (500mg in 50mL) administered via a central venous
access device have been used.(10)
Solutions of dobutamine have a low pH and central administration is recommended. In
exceptional circumstances where a central venous access device is not available and the
infusion is going to be run for more than a couple of hours, use a solution of 1mg in 1mL
and administer via a large peripheral vein.
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours at room temperature.(1) Solutions may have a pink discolouration which will
increase with time, resulting from a slight oxidation of the drug. There is no significant loss
of drug potency within the recommended storage time for solutions of the drug.(1a,c)(4)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 2.5 micrograms/kg/minute of dobutamine to a 70kg

patient using a standard solution of 250mg in 50mL (5mg in 1mL), the calculation would
look as follows:

FLUSHING:
Do not flush. After completion of infusion: Disconnect giving set, aspirate cannula contents
and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Monitoring:
Administration of dobutamine should preferably be confined to a critical care setting with
invasive haemodynamic monitoring.(5) Hypovolaemia should be corrected before
commencing therapy with dobutamine.(1a)(3)
Monitor heart rate, blood pressure, urine flow, and if possible, cardiac output during
therapy.(1a-c)
Resuscitation equipment must be immediately available.
Adverse effects:
Tachycardia, ectopics, arrhythmias, hypertension, hypotension, phlebitis.(1)(5)
If an undue increase in heart rate or systolic blood pressure occurs, or if an arrhythmia is
precipitated, the doctor should be informed and consideration should be given to reducing
the dose of dobutamine or discontinuing the drug temporarily.(1a)
Tolerance may develop with continuous infusions longer than 72 hours requiring an
increase in dose. (1a,5)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation can cause local inflammatory changes and phlebitis.(1a) Administer via a
central venous access device if possible. If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment
protocols.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
The concomitant administration of dobutamine and other medicines via a Y-site should be
avoided if possible to prevent inadvertent bolus administration of dobutamine.
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Acetylcysteine, adrenaline, alfentanil, amiodarone, atracurium, calcium chloride, calcium
gluconate, cisatracurium besylate, clonidine, dopamine, fentanyl citrate, glyceryl trinitrate,
labetalol, lidocaine, magnesium sulphate, milrinone, morphine sulphate, noradrenaline,
potassium chloride, propofol, remifentanil, vasopressin.(4)
Acetylcysteine, alfentanil, aprotinin, dopexamine.(14)
Other compatible diluents: Sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 5%,(1a,b,c) sodium
chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%,(1b,c) glucose 10%(3) and Hartmanns.(14)
Incompatible: Aciclovir, alteplase, aminophylline, furosemide, heparin, sodium
bicarbonate, Tazocin, thiopental.(4)
Digoxin, hydrocortisone, omeprazole, phenytoin.(14)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (8)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Ready to use 250mg/50mL vial: 3.06mg/mL i.e.153mg (6.7mmol) sodium per vial.(9a)
250mg/20mL ampoule: 0.72mg/20mL(9a)
250mg/20mL ampoule: 0.97mg/20mL(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Ready to use 250mg/50mL vial: 270 to 310 mOsmol/kg(9a)

pH:
Ready to use 250mg/50mL vial: 3.0-4.5 (9a)
250mg/20mL ampoule: 2.5 5.5(9a)(9b)
0.5mg/mL: 4.5 (in sodium chloride 0.9%), 4.2 (in glucose 5%).(13)
1.0mg/mL: 4.3 (in sodium chloride 0.9%), 4.1 (in glucose 5%).(13). See link.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not mix with agents or diluents containing both sodium metabisulphite and
ethanol.(1)
2. Wockhardt distributing Hameln product, contact Hameln for all drug related
enquiries.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Dobutamine 5mg/mL, Hameln. Last revised 13/02/2006
b) Dobutamine 250mg/20mL, Hameln. Last revised 16/12/1994
c) Dobutamine 250mg/20mL, Goldshield. Last revised 11/05/2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 01.02.2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 01.02.2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition pg 528 -539
5. British National Formulary No 60, p136
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. a) Drug company: Hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Date contacted: October 2010
b) Drug company: Goldshield. Date contacted: February 2011
10. UKCPA Critical Care Group. Minimum infusion volumes for fluid restricted critically
ill patients. 3rd ed. 2006 accessed online via www.ukcpa.org.uk on 25.1.2011
11. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January
2010
12. Intensive Care Society website statement supporting use of standard infusion
concentrations (2010) See Link
13. Quality Assurance department, Pharmacy Charing Cross Hospital (Imperial College
Healthcare NHS Trust)

14. Handbook of Drugs in Intensive Care, 4th Edition, Paw H and Shulman R.
Version 3

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Dopamine hydrochloride

Dopamine hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
Generic (Hospira, Goldshield, Martindale Pharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing dopamine hydrochloride concentrate for dilution:
200mg in 5mL (1a)(1b)(1d)
800mg in 5mL (1c)(1d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: To be administered by continuous IV infusion only after dilution with a suitable
diluent.(1a)
Infuse, preferably via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the
product has a high osmolarity.(1b)(1c)(1d)( 2)( 3)(4) Administer using an infusion pump.(1b)(1c)(1d)(3)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
For peripheral administration dilute 400mg in 250mL in sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% to
produce a solution of 1.6mg in 1mL.(1b)(1c)(1d)(10)
For administration via a central venous access device dilute 200mg to 50mL in sodium chloride
0.9% or glucose 5% to produce a solution of 4mg in 1mL. This is the standard concentration
endorsed by the Intensive Care Society 'Standards' Committee.(11)
Concentrations of 8mg in 1mL may also be used.(11)
For use in children a maximum concentration of 3.2mg per 1mL should be used. If higher
concentrations are necessary administration should be via a central venous access device.(6a)
Within neonatal intensive care a maximum concentration of 30mg/kg should be diluted to a final
volume of 50mL.(6a)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Solution is stable for 24 hours after dilution.(1a)(1d)(3)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 3micrograms/kg/minute of dopamine to a 70kg patient

using a standard solution of 200mg in 50mL (4mg in 1mL), the calculation would look as follows:

FLUSHING:
IV infusion via a central venous access device: Do not flush the central venous access
device. After the infusion is discontinued, disconnect the administration set, aspirate the cannula
contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
IV infusion via peripheral cannula: Flush the cannula with sodium chloride 0.9% at the same
speed as the rate of infusion to avoid adverse haemodynamic effects.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Invasive haemodynamic monitoring required.(5)
2. It is advisable to monitor urine output if dose exceeds 50micrograms/kg/minute.(1a)
3. Common cardiovascular reactions including ectopic heartbeats, tachycardia, hypotension,
vasoconstriction.(1a-d)
4. Gangrene of the feet has been reported following doses of 10-14micrograms/kg/minute
and higher in patients with pre-existing vascular disease.(1a)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation of dopamine causes local vasoconstriction leading to severe tissue hypoxia and
ischaemia; sloughing and necrosis may occur. Ischaemia may be reversed by infiltration of the
affected area with 10-15mL sodium chloride 0.9% containing 5 to 10mg phentolamine mesylate.
A syringe with a fine hypodermic needle should be used to liberally infiltrate the ischaemic area
as soon as extravasation is noted.(1a-d)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Amiodarone,(4) calcium chloride,(4) ciprofloxacin,(4) dobutamine,(4) fentanyl,(4) glyceryl trinitrate,(4)
heparin,(4) metronidazole,(4) noradrenaline (norepinephrine),(9) potassium chloride,(4) propofol,(4)
vecuronium.(4)
Incompatible: Aciclovir,(4) alteplase,(2)(4) ampicillin (in glucose 5%),(1a)(9) amphotericin (in glucose
5%),(1a)(4) furosemide,(2)(9) gentamicin,(4) insulin,(2)(4) iron salts,(1b)(1c) sodium bicarbonate,(1ac)(2)(3)(4)
thiopental sodium,(2)(9)
Do not infuse dopamine with sodium bicarbonate or other alkaline substances since dopamine is
inactivated in alkaline solution.(1a-c)(2)(3)(5)
Other compatible diluents to those listed above: Glucose 5% and sodium chloride
0.9%,(1b)(1c) glucose 5% and sodium chloride 0.45%,(1a-c) glucose 5% in Ringer lactate
solution,(1b)(1c) lactated Ringers Injection,(1b)(1c) compound sodium lactate infusion (Hartmanns
solution).(1a)(5)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
200mg in 5mL (Hospira UK Ltd):(9a) 0.105mmol per 1mL
200mg in 5ml (Goldshield):(9b) 0.526mmol per 1mL
40mg in 1mL (UCB):(9c) 0.42mmol per 1mL
40mg in 1mL (Martidale Pharma):(9d) 0.105mmol per 1mL
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The osmolality of dopamine hydrochloride 40mg/mL was determined to be 619mOsm/kg by
freezing-point depression and 581mOsm/kg by vapour pressure.(4)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a high osmolarity.

pH:
Hospira, Goldshield and UCB products: 2.5 to 5.5(9a-c)
Martindale products: 3.0 to 5.0(9d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not use infusion if discoloured.(1a-c)(4)
2. Store in original outer container to protect from light.(1a-c) Light protection not required
during administration.
3. The following link alerts users to products on a current National Purchasing Contract
which have been assessed by the NHS Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance service as
having a HIGH or MEDIUM medication error potential. See Caution in use of dopamine.
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Dopamine 40mg/mL Sterile Concentrate (Hospira UK Ltd) last updated 23 August 2010
b) Sterile Dopamine Concentrate 200mg/5mL (Goldshield), last updated 17 August 2010
c) Sterile Dopamine Concentrate 800mg/5mL (Goldshield), last updated 17 August 2010
d) Sterile Dopamine Concentrate 200mg/5mL (Martindale Pharma) last updated May
2001
e) Sterile Dopamine Concentration 800mg/5mL (Martindale Pharma) last updated May
2001
2. Martindale" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 15/10/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 15/10/2010
4. Trissel " Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 60, September 2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
a) Hospira UK Ltd, last revised 21 June 2002
b) UCB Pharma, last revised 10 November 2005
9. a) Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 28 October 2010
b) Drug company name: Goldshield. Date contacted: 28 October 2010
c) Drug company name: UCB Pharma. Date contacted: 28 October 2010
d) Drug company name: Martindale Pharma. Date contacted: 29 October 2010
10. Dopamine: Procedure for the specialist intravenous administration in adults, September
2008, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust
11. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care
Society website (2010) See Link
Version 5

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Doxapram hydrochloride

Doxapram hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
Doxapram injection (generic) (MercuryPharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 100mg doxapram in 5mL (ie. 20mg per mL).
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(10) If a central venous access device is unavailable, a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis.
ADULT
Post-operative respiratory depression
IV injection: give over at least 30 seconds. Dose may be repeated at one hourly intervals.(1a)
IV infusion via an infusion pump (unlicensed): Infusion rates of 2 to 3mg per minute are
recommended. Adjust dose according to response.(1b)(2)
Acute respiratory failure
IV infusion via an infusion pump (unlicensed): Give at a rate of 1.5mg to 4mg per minute.
Adjust dose according to response. Give concurrently with oxygen and monitor blood gases.(1b)(2)
CHILD
Not licensed and not recommended.(6)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV injection: No dilution required.
IV infusion (unlicensed): Dilute the 20mg/mL injection with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%
to a suggested concentration of 2mg/mL (e.g. dilute 400mg [4 x 100mg ampoules] in 180mL
infusion fluid).(3)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
24 hours(9)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION (adult):
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To give at a rate of 3mg/minute of using a solution diluted to a strength of 2mg in
1mL, the calculation would look as follows::

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(3)(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Pyrexia, sweating, flushing, headache, dizziness, tachycardia, hypertension. May stimulate
vomiting.(1a) Discontinue if sudden and severe hypertension or dyspnoea develops, or if oxygen
tension decreases, or mechanical ventilation is initiated.(3)
Monitoring:
Monitor blood pressure, heart rate and deep tendon reflexes to prevent over dosage and adjust
dose or rate of infusion on the basis of these measurements.(1a)(3)
Monitor arterial blood gases prior to and at 30 minute intervals during administration to prevent
respiratory acidosis.(3)
Respiratory depression caused by depressant drugs may recur after administration of doxapram;
observe patient closely until they have been fully alert for 30 to 60 minutes.(1a-b)(3)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH. Preferably administer via a central
venous access device. Monitor injection site closely.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine additive
without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after administering
the IV injection.
Compatible infusions (it is assumed the medicines meet close to the venous access
device): Doxapram infusion 2mg/mL in glucose 5% is visually compatible with erythromycin
lactobionate, fentanyl, gentamicin, ranitidine, phenobarbital and vancomycin (all also in glucose
5%).(4)
Ampicillin in sodium chloride 0.9%(4)
Heparin sodium and insulin in sodium chloride 0.45%.(4)
Calcium chloride, ceftazidime, metoclopramide and metronidazole (infusion fluid not stated).(4)
Doxapram 400mg/20mL is compatible with terbutaline 0.2mg/mL, and bumetanide 0.5mg/mL
when mixed in the same syringe.(4)
Compatible infusion fluids: Glucose 5%, glucose 10% and sodium chloride 0.9%.(4)
Incompatible: Doxapram is reported to be incompatible with alkaline drugs e.g. aminophylline,(1ab)(3)
sodium bicarbonate,(3) thiopental,(1a-b)(2)(3) folic acid,(4)and furosemide.(1a-b)(2) Also incompatible
with cefotaxime, cefuroxime, clindamycin, dexamethasone, digoxin, dobutamine, hydrocortisone,
ketamine, and methylprednisolone.(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
None(9)

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
96.4mOsm/L (undiluted)(12) 260-287mOsm/L (diluted to 2mg in 1mL in glucose 5% or sodium
chloride 0.9%)(12)
pH:
3.5 to 5(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store injection below 25oC .(1a) Do not refrigerate.(1a)
2. September 2013: Doxapram 1g in 500mL in glucose 5% solution for infusion has been
discontinued expiry date of last batch produced: (B/N: 11G20BN): 30th June 2013),
however the SPC is still available via the eMc website.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Doxapram hydrochloride BP 20mg/mL solution for injection, Mercurypharma (Supplier;
Amdipharm Mercury), last revised September 2013
b) Doxapram Solution for Infusion, MercuryPharma (Supplier Amdipharm Mercury) last
revised March 2012. September 2013 Product discontinued but SPC remains on eMc
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/05/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/05/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 23/05/2013
5. British National Formulary May 2013 accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
23/05/2013
6. British National Formulary for Children May 2013 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 23/05/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer - not available
9. Drug company name: Supplier: Amdipharm Mercury Company Ltd. Date contacted:
20/05/2013, 24/05/2013
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. UCLH Injectable Medicines Administration Guide, 3rd Edition, 2010
12. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, QA Department. Date contacted: 04/07/2013
Version 5

Intravenous

Dried prothrombin complex (Beriplex P/N)

The batch number and expiry date of the product administered should be recorded
as per the local protocol.
MEDICINE NAME:
Dried prothrombin complex (Beriplex P/N)
(Human Prothrombin Complex)

TRADE NAME(S):
Beriplex P/N

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
One vial of human prothombin complex 250 International Units (IU) (250 IU Factor IX)
powder plus one vial of 10mL solvent (water for injections) for reconstitution. One filter
transfer device 20/20 also provided.(1)
One vial of human prothrombin complex 500 International Units (500 IU Factor IX) powder
plus one vial of 20mL solvent (water for injections) for reconstitution. One filter transfer
device 20/20 also provided.(1)
Beriplex P/N also contains factors II, VII and X.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection :
Give by slow IV injection using a dedicated infusion line at a rate not more than 3
International Units/kg/minute of factor IX. Maximum rate 210 International Units/minute of
factor IX.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute each vial with the solvent (water for injections) provided using the Mix2vial
reconstitution device.(1)
Gently swirl the product vial until the substance is fully dissolved. Do not shake.(1)
Follow the instructions in the package insert carefully when using the reconstitution device.
The vials should be placed on an even and firm surface when attaching the device.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Do not further dilute the product.(1)
Stability:
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%.(9)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effect:
Thrombotic events (including disseminated intravascular coagulation), headache, pyrexia,
hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis).(5)

Monitoring:
If allergic-anaphylactic reactions occur, discontinue the Beriplex P/N and treat the
reaction as per local policy.(1)
Patients should be observed closely for signs or symptoms of disseminated intravascular
coagulation or thrombosis.(1)
Ensure that no blood enters the syringe filled with the product as there is a risk of
clotting.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
The reconstituted solution should be administered by a separate infusion line.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Approximately 0.15mmol/mL.(1)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
150 to 250mOsmol/kg.(9)
pH:
6.5 to 7.5.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Do not store above 25oC.(1)

Do not freeze.(1)
Keep the vial in the outer container, in order to protect from light.(1)
Excipients:
Powder: Heparin, human albumin, human antithrombin III, sodium chloride, sodium
citrate, hydrochloride or sodium hydroxide (in small amounts for pH adjustment).
Solvent: water for injections.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Beriplex, last revised 28/07/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.thomsonhc.com,
April 2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information"
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 61, March 2011, pg 159
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacture, CSL Behring 09/01/2010r
9. Drug company name: CLS Behring
Date contacted: April 2011
Version 1

Ephedrine hydrochloride

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Ephedrine hydrochloride

TRADE NAME(S):
Ephedrine hydrochloride (Auden McKenzie Ltd)(Martindale)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
3mg in 1mL preparations (ready diluted for administration):
Ampoules containing 30mg in 10mL solution for injection.(1c)
Pre-filled syringes containing 30mg in 10mL solution for injection.(1d)
30mg in 1mL preparation (requires dilution before administration):
Ampoules containing 30mg in 1mL solution for injection.(1a-b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Slow IV injection: Administer as a 3mg in 1mL solution over 3-5 minutes. Doses can be
repeated every 3-4 minutes as required, to a maximum dose of 30mg.(1)(2)(5)
Children 1-12 years: Administer as a 3mg in 1mL solution by slow IV injection over 3-5
minutes via a central venous access device.(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Ready made 30mg/mL solution that requires dilution before administration. (See instructions
for dilution and suitable diluent).
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Preferably use 3mg in 1mL solution which does not require further dilution.
Alternatively dilute the contents of the ephedrine 30mg in 1mL ampoules to a concentration
of 3mg in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(2)(5)(9)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (1)(9)(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Tachycardia (more common) or bradycardia, arrhythmias, anginal pain, hypertension,
dizziness, flushing, anxiety, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion.(1a-c)(10)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information (1a-c)(11)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before
and after administering the injection.

Compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above: Glucose 10%,
glucose/sodium chloride, sodium lactate compound (Hartmanns).(10)
Incompatible: Anionic salts such as phosphate, carbonates and acetates.(1a)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.1mmol sodium per 30mg in 1mL ampoule (9)
1.03mmol sodium per 30mg in 10mL ampoule.(9)(12)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
297mOsmol/L (Martindale 30mg in 1mL ampoule). See link(13)
307mOsmol/L (Martindale 30mg in 1mL ampoule diluted to 3mg in 1mL with sodium chloride
0.9%). See link (13).
235mOsmol/L (Martindale 30mg in 10mL ampoule).
pH:
5 to 7 (Martindale 30mg in 1mL ampoule undiluted).(9)
4.5 to 6.5 (Martindale 30mg in 1mL ampoule).(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Ephedrine, Auden McKenzie, last updated July 2009
b) Ephedrine 30mg/mL ampoule (Martindale), last revised July 2002
c) Ephedrine, 30mg/10mL ampoule (Martindale), last revised Feb 2009
d) Ephedrine 30mg;10mL pre-filled syringe (Martindale), last revised September 2005
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service, Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/12/2010
5. British National Formulary No 60 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk on 31/12/2010
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health
2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via www.bnfc.org.uk on
31/12/2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Martindale Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Date contacted: 31/12/2010
10. UCLH Injectable Medicines Administration Guide, 3rd Edition, 2010
11. National Extravasation Service accessed via www.extravasation.org.uk on 31/12/2010
12. Calculated by K Thakrar (Medicines Governance Pharmacist, UCLH) with information
provided from Martindale.
13. Calculated by Peter Cowin (Deputy QA Manager, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial
College Healthcare NHS Trust)
Version 2

Ertapenem

Intravenous
Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure
MEDICINE NAME:
Ertapenem

TRADE NAME(S):
Invanz

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing ertapenem 1g powder.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Infuse over a period of 30 minutes.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute the contents of a 1g vial with 10mL water for injections or sodium chloride
0.9% to obtain a solution of approximately 100mg ertapenem in 1mL. Shake the vial well
to dissolve. Dilute the reconstituted solution immediately after preparation (see below).(1)
Reconstituted solutions of ertapenem range from colourless to pale yellow.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Ertapenem should be diluted further with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
N.B Incompatible with glucose solutions(1).
For adults and children 13 years of age and older:(1)
If using a 50mL bag of sodium chloride 0.9%: Add the contents of the reconstituted vial to
the bag.
If using a 50mL vial of sodium chloride 0.9%: Withdraw 10mL from the sodium chloride
0.9% vial and discard. Transfer the contents of the reconstituted 1g vial of ertapenem to
the 50mL sodium chloride 0.9% vial.
For children 3 months to 12 years of age:
The final concentration of the diluted solution must be less than 20mg per 1mL.(1)
For information on minimum final volume of infusion for different doses, see link.
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Hypersensitivity reactions: discontinue immediately at the first appearance of a rash
or any other sign of hypersensitivity.(1)

2.
3.
4.
5.

Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness and drowsiness.(1)

Phlebitis/thrombophlebitis.(1)
Infusion site erythema, warmth, pain, burning or pruritis.(1)
Confusion, insomnia, seizure.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
No reports of tissue damage following extravasation registered with the manufacturer(9)
however phlebitis/thrombophlebitis and infusion site pain are reported.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device
and not in an infusion bag, burette or syringe): Heparin sodium, hetastarch in sodium
chloride 0.9%, potassium chloride, tigecycline.(4)
Incompatible: Anidulafungin, caspofungin, compound sodium lactate injection, glucose
solutions, Ringer's solution for injection, mannitol solutions, sodium bicarbonate 5%,
sodium lactate, all other drugs.(1)(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after
contact. Direct contact with eyes may cause irritation. Flush with water for at least 15
minutes.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
6mmol per 1g vial.(1)(5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
378mOsm/L (1g reconstituted with 10mL sodium chloride 0.9% and added to 50mL
sodium chloride 0.9%).(10)
Ertapenem osmolarity calculation, see link.
pH:
7.5 when reconstituted and diluted in sodium chloride 0.9%.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Contraindicated if prior severe hypersensitivity reaction (e.g. anaphylactic reaction,
severe skin reaction) to any other type of beta-lactam antibacterial agent (e.g.
penicillins or cephalosporins).(1)
2. Contraindicated in hypersensitivity to ertapenam or any other carbapenem
antibacterial.(1)
3. The formulation of Invanz does not contain latex, but the manufacturer cannot
guarantee that the product has not come into contact with latex during
manufacture.(9)
4. Caution is advised in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders.(1)
5. Infusion expiry 6 hours at room temperature.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Ivanz 1g powder for concentrate for solution
for infusion. Date of revision of text July 2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/03/20011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/03/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/03/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 60, September 2010, pg 337
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer. Safety Data Sheet Invanz (Ertapenem for
Injection) Merck & Co Inc. 03/01/2008
9. Drug company name:Merck Sharpe and Dohme Ltd
Date contacted: 11/03/2011
10. P. Cowin, Deputy QA Manager, Charing Cross Hospital. Date contacted:
15/03/2011
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Erythromycin lactobionate

MEDICINE NAME:
Erythromycin lactobionate

TRADE NAME(S):
Erythrocin

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing erythromycin 1g (as lactobionate) powder for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Continuous IV infusion: Give via an infusion pump.
IV infusion: Give over 20 to 60 minutes every 6 hours.(1)
If concentrations greater than 5mg/mL are needed (e.g. in fluid restricted patients) give via a central
venous catheter device over 30 to 60 minutes.(11)
Concentrations of up to 1g in 100mL via a central venous access device over 30 to 60 minutes
have been used.(11)
Do not give by IV injection.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute vials with 20mL water for injections to produce a solution containing 50mg/mL.
Requires further dilution before administration.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
The vial contains overage and displacement is allowed for and only 20mL need be withdrawn to
obtain a 1g dose (9)(10)(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Prepare the infusion with sodium chloride 0.9%, sodium lactate, compound (Hartmann's) or
buffered glucose 5%.(1) If glucose 5% is used it should be buffered by adding 5mL of sodium
bicarbonate 8.4% solution to each litre of glucose 5%.(1)
Continuous IV infusion: Dilute the reconstituted solution to a concentration not exceeding
2mg/mL (e.g. 1g to a minimum of 500mL).(1)
IV infusion over 20-60 minutes: Dilute the reconstituted solution to a concentration not exceeding
5mg/mL (e.g. add 1g in at least 200mL of infusion fluid).(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
The infusion should be completed within 8 hours of preparation to ensure potency.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Allergic reactions.(1)
2. Hypersensitivity reactions, arrhythmias and hypotension (associated with rapid infusion),(2)
abdominal discomfort, cramp, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, thrombophlebitis, venous
irritation.(1)
3. If concentrations greater than 5mg/mL are needed (e.g. in fluid restricted patients) , cardiac
monitoring is recommended because of the possibility of arrhythmias at high
concentrations.(11)
4. The manufacturers recommend that concentrations used should not exceed 5mg in 1mL as
higher strengths may cause phlebitis.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
No information.(9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Erythromycin infusion is compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that
medicines meet close to the vascular access device): Aciclovir,(4) aminophylline,(4) amiodarone
(in glucose 5%),(4) bivalirudin,(4) doxapram,(4) esmolol.(4) levofloxacin,(4) magnesium sulfate,(4)
midazolam,(4) morphine sulfate.(4) noradrenaline(12) zidovudine.(4)
Compatible infusion fluids:
Compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's solution), buffered glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9%,
buffered sodium chloride 0.18% with glucose 4%.(1)
Incompatible: Acetylcysteine,(2) amikacin,(4) ceftazidime,(4) colistin, flucloxacillin,(4) fluconazole,(4)
furosemide,(4) gentamicin, heparin, linezolid,(4) metaraminol,(4) rocuronium bromide(4)
The following are usually incompatible, infuse separately if possible: Blood components, parenteral
nutrition solutions, phosphate preparations, plasma substitutes, sodium bicarbonate infusions.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolality of 223mOsm/kg (reconsitituted solution).(4)(10)
pH:
pH 6.5 to 7.5 (reconstituted solution).(4)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Erythrocin IV Lactobionate injection, Amdipharm. Date
of revision of text April 2012.
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
30/03/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/03/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on

30/03/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012 pg 372
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 283
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. Safety Data Sheet compiled by Hospira UK Ltd. Date of preparation 01 May 2002
9. Drug company name: Amdipharm; Date contacted: 03 April 2012
10. Bard website, www.accessability-by-bard.co.uk. Date accessed 03/04/2012
11. UKCPA critical pharmacists: Minimum Infusion Volumes for fluid restricted critically ill
patients. 4th edition December 2012
12. Handbook of Drugs in Intensive Care, 4th Edition, Paw H and Shulman R
Version 3

Intravenous

Esomeprazole

MEDICINE
NAME:
Esomeprazole

TRADE NAME(S):
Nexium
Esomeprazole (IBIGEN S. r. l - supplier Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd; Sun
Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing esomeprazole 40mg (as sodium salt) powder for reconstitution.(1a-c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3 to 5 minutes.(1a-c)
IV infusion: Administer over 10 to 30 minutes.(1a-c)
Continuous IV infusion over 72 hours: Administer 80mg by initial IV infusion over 30 minutes
followed by a continuous IV infusion of 8mg/hour for 71.5 hours.(1a-c)(11)(12)
After administration of initial intravenous dose of 80mg esomeprazole, the contents of two 40mg
vials are dissolved in up to 100mL of 0.9% sodium chloride and given at a rate of 8mg/hour (i.e.
over 10 hours). This is repeated with fresh vials after that time.(1a-c)
Due to extreme pH preferably administer via a central venous access device.(13)
If a central venous access device is unavailable, a risk benefit analysis should be made on an
individual patient basis. If given peripherally, the insertion site must be monitored closely for
phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(13)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Add 5mL sodium chloride 0.9% to the 40mg vial.(1a-c)
The reconstituted solution should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discolouration,
prior to administration. Only clear solution should be used. The reconstituted solution for injection
is clear and colourless to very slightly yellow.(1a-c)(10)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Nil (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute the required dose with up to 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-c)(5)
Continuous IV infusion: Dilute 80mg with 100mL sodium chloride 0.9 %.(1a-c)(12)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Use immediately after reconstitution.(1a-c)
Continuous IV infusion: Esomeprazole 80mg in 100mL solutions in use are stable for 12 hours
at 25oC(1b) and 30oC.(1a)(1c)
FLUSHING:
IV injection: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%
IV infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%
Continuous IV infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported e.g. fever, angioedema and anaphylactic
reactions/shock.(1a-c) Local reaction at injection site.(1a-c)
Adverse effects reported with IV esomeprazole generally are similar to those reported with oral
esomeprazole.(3)
EXTRAVASATION:
No specific recommendation issued by the manufacturer.
If extravasation occurs, refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device): No
information.
Incompatible: No information
IV injection: When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the IV injection.
IV infusion and continuous IV infusion: Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1ac)(3)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

No special precautions are necessary when handling product. In case of vial breakage or spillage,
avoid contact with skin and eyes. Do not breathe dust. Ensure adequate ventilation. Use suitable
personal protection during removal of spillages.(8a-c)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Each vial contains less than 1mmol sodium.(1a)(1c)(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The reconstituted solution is isotonic with an osmolarity of approximately 300mOsmol/L.(9a)
The reconstituted solution in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% has an osmolality of approximately
304mOsm/kg.(1b)
The reconstituted solution in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% has an osmolality of 270330mOsm/kg.(9c)
pH:
The pH of esomeprazole 40mg reconstituted with 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% is 9.3 to
10.3.(9a)
The pH of esomeprazole 40mg reconstituted with 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% is 9.6.(1b)
The pH of esomeprazole 40mg reconstituted with 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% is 9.0-11.0.(1c)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Nexium IV (Astra Zeneca). Last revised 10/10/2012
b) Esomeprazole (Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd). Last revised 19/04/2012
c) Esomeprazole (Sun Pharmaceuticals Ltd). Last revised 22/11/2011
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/12/2011

3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/12/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 08/12/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 64 September 2012, pg 56 and 988
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011.
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
a) Astra Zeneca: Version 4.1 (revised 21/12/2010)
b) Bowmed Ibisqus
c) Sun Pharmaceuticals Ltd
9. a) Drug company name: AstraZeneca UK Ltd. Date contacted: December 2011
b) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: September 2012
c) Drug company name: Sun Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Date contacted: September 2012
10. Lexi-comp ONLINE accessed on 02/03/2012 See Link
11. UKMI Medicines Q&As. How should continuous infusions of branded proton pump
inhibitors be given for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding? Wessex Drug & Medicines
Information Centre, published 24/11/2010 (see 'links' section above)
12. Intravenous esomeprazole for prevention of peptic ulcer re-bleeding: Rationale and design
of Peptic Ulcer Bleed Study. Sung, JJY et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27:666-677
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 4

Fentanyl

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Fentanyl

TRADE NAME(S):
Sublimaze
Non-proprietary available from Auden McKenzie and Goldshield

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing fentanyl 100micrograms in 2mL and 500micrograms in 10mL (as
fentanyl citrate).(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.
IV infusion: Infuse using an infusion pump
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Adults: Standard concentration for infusion 50micrograms in 1mL (i.e. 2.5mg in 50mL).(10)
Can be diluted with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% if required (1c)(2)(4)(5)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours when prepared in the clinical area (2)(4)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 50nanograms/kg/minute of fentanyl to a 70kg

patient using a standard solution of 2.5mg in 50mL (50micrograms in 1mL), the calculation
would look as follows:

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Fentanyl causes dose-dependent respiratory depression which can be reversed by
naloxone. With high or repeated doses fentanyl becomes long-acting (due to redistribution
into fat) and repeated doses of naloxone may be required. Respiratory depression may
become apparent for the first time post-operatively when monitoring of the patient may be
less intensive.(2)(5)
Muscle rigidity with rapid injection. This can be treated with neuromuscular blocking drugs,

or avoided by pre-treatment with benzodiazepines.(1a-b)(2)(3)(5).

Transient hypotension, especially in hypovolaemic patients. Bradycardia, which can be
controlled with atropine.(1)(2)(3)(5)
Cough which can be reduced by giving the injection more slowly.(2)
Monitoring:
Monitor blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate and have naloxone and
resuscitation equipment available.(1)(2)
EXTRAVASATION:
Unlikely to cause a particular problem. Follow local extravasation protocols.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Adrenaline, amiodarone, atracurium, cisatracurium, clonidine, dobutamine, dopamine,
esmolol, furosemide, glyceryl trinitrate, heparin sodium, hydrocortisone sodium succinate,
labetalol, midazolam, milrinone, morphine, noradrenaline, pancuronium, potassium
chloride infusion, propofol, remifentanil, vecuronium.(4)
Acetylcysteine, alfentanil, aprotinin, calcium gluconate, dopexamine.(11)
Incompatible: Phenytoin.(4) Omeprazole, thiopental.(11)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.15mmol/mL (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information.(9)
pH:
3.5 to 7.5 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. To reduce dosing errors with fentanyl, all healthcare practitioners should ensure
they are familiar with the formulation, usual dose and side effects and that any prior
administration of opioids has been taken into account.(1)
2. Do not store above 25C.(1)
3. Protect from light / store in outer carton.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Sublimaze, Janssen-Cilag, last updated 18/01/2011
b) Fentanyl, Auden McKenzie, last updated 30/01/2011
c) Fentanyl, Goldshield, last updated 07/01/2011
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc on 10/05/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com/mc on 10/05/2011
4. Trissel 'Handbook on injectable drugs' 16th Edition pg 669-677
5. British National Formulary No. 61 pg 786-7
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg
246-248
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 pg 787-8

7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
a) Janssen-Cilag. Revision date 11/03/2011
b) Auden McKenzie. Revision date 26/01/2004
9. a) Drug company name: Janssen-Cilag. Date contacted: 19/07/2010 and
11/03/2011
b) Drug company name: Auden McKenzie. Date contacted: 08/03/2011
c) Drug company name: Goldshield. Date contacted: 08/03/2011
10. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care
Society supports the adoption of standard concentrations. For details, go to the
Intensive Care society website and see 'Medication Concentrations in Critical Care
Areas (2010)' See Link
11. Handbook of Drugs in Intensive Care, 4th Edition, Paw H and Shulman R.
12. Reducing Dosing Errors with Opioid Medicines. Rapid Response Report
NPSA.2008/RRR05
Version 4

Intravenous

Ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject)

Ferric carboxymaltose must be administered ONLY by the intravenous route.(1)

The MHRA issued updated advice (see 'Method of Administration' below) on
administration and monitoring of intravenous iron preparations dated August 2013
which is included in this monograph but may not be reflected in the package insert.(10)
MEDICINE NAME:
Ferric carboxymaltose

TRADE NAME(S):
Ferinject (Vifor Pharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing 100mg of iron (as ferric carboxymaltose) in 2mL(1)
Vial containing 500mg of iron (as ferric carboxymaltose) in 10mL(1)
Presented as a dark brown, non-transparent, aqueous solution(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
The cumulative dose of ferric carboxymaltose must be calculated for each patient individually
and must not be exceeded.(1) See below.
IV injection:
Ferric carboxymaltose may be administered by intravenous injection using undiluted solution up
to 1000mg iron (up to a maximum of 15mg/kg body weight).(1)
For doses greater than 200mg and up to 500mg iron, ferric carboxymaltose should be
administered at a rate of 100mg/minute.(1)
For doses greater than 500mg and up to 1000mg iron, ferric carboxymaltose should be
administered over 15 minutes.(1)
In patients on haemodialysis, a single maximum daily injection 200mg of iron may be given
undiluted directly into the venous limb of the dialyser.(1)
IV infusion: Give by intravenous infusion via an infusion pump up to a maximum single dose of
20mL (1000mg of iron) of ferric carboxymaltose (up to a maximum of 20 mg/kg body weight) in
250mL of sodium chloride 0.9% over 15 minutes.(1)
Maximum Tolerated Dose:
A single dose of ferric carboxymaltose should not exceed 1000mg of iron (20mL) per day. Do
not administer 1000mg of iron (20mL) more than once a week.(1) If the total dose is greater than
1000mg of iron, then it should be divided and given over two weeks.

Calculation of the Cumulative Dose:

The cumulative dose for repletion of iron using ferric carboxymaltose is determined based on
the patient's body weight and haemoglobin level and must not be exceeded.(1) The table below
should be used to determine the cumulative iron dose.(1)
Hb (g/dL)

Patients with body weight

Patients with body weight

35 kg to <70 kg

70 kg

<10

1,500 mg

2,000 mg

10

1,000 mg

1,500 mg

For overweight patients, a normal body weight/blood volume relationship should be assumed
when determining the iron requirement.
For patients with an Hb value greater than or equal to 14g/dL, an initial dose of 500mg iron
should be given and iron parameters should be checked prior to repeat dosing.(1)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

IV infusion: Dilute with sodium chloride 0.9%. No other diluents should be used, as there is the
potential for precipitation and/or interaction.(1) The table provided below gives the suggested
dilution.
Ferinject

Iron

Maximum amount of Minimum

sterile 0.9% m/V
administration
sodium chloride
time
solution

to 4 mL

100

to

200 mg

50 mL

>4

to 10 mL

>200

to

500 mg

100 mL

6 minutes

>10

to 20 mL

>500

to

1,000 mg 250 mL

15 minutes

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Parenterally administered iron preparations can cause hypersensitivity reactions including
anaphylactoid reactions, which may be potentially fatal. Therefore, facilities for cardiopulmonary resuscitation must be available.(1)
Caution is needed with every dose of intravenous iron that is given, even if previous
administrations have been well tolerated.(10)
Patients should be closely monitored for signs of hypersensitivity during and for at least 30
minutes after every administration of an IV iron product.

IV iron products should only be administered when staff trained to evaluate and manage
anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions - as well as resuscitation facilities - are immediately
available.
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation of ferric carboxymaltose at the injection site may lead to brown discolouration
and irritation of the skin. In case of extravasation, the administration of ferric carboxymaltose
must be stopped immediately.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible diluent: Sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
Do not dilute or infuse with any other medicines or infusions (including glucose 5%).(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None known
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.24mmol (5.5mg) of sodium per mL(1)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Comparable to blood(9)
pH:
5-7(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The use of ferric carboxymaltose has not been studied in children, and therefore is not
recommended in children under 14 years.(1)
2. Significant excipients: sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid.(1)
3. Store in original package. Do not store above 30oC. Do not refrigerate or freeze.(1)
4. Each vial of Ferinject is intended for single use only.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Ferinject, last updated 29/09/2011
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 21/01/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 21/01/2013 (no monograph)
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
21/01/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 64 September 2012 accessed on 21/10/2013
6. British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013

8. Safety Data Sheet: Revision date 28/11/10

9. Drug company: Vifor Pharma. Date contacted: 25/03/2013
10. Intravenous iron and serious hypersensitivity reactions: new strengthened
recommendations to manage and minimise risk, MHRA safety update, August 2013
http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON300398
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Immunoglobulin, human normal (Flebogamma DIF 50mg/mL)

Brands of normal human immunoglobulin are not interchangeable.

Record the batch number and expiry date from each bottle used in the patients case
notes or drug chart.
MEDICINE NAME:
Immunoglobulin, human normal 5%

TRADE NAME(S):
Flebogamma DIF 50mg/mL

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing human normal immunoglobulin 50mg in 1mL (5%) solution for infusion
500mg in 10mL
2.5g in 50mL
5g in 100mL
10g in 200mL
20g in 400mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: Give at an initial rate of 0.6-1.2mL/kg/hour for 30 minutes. If well tolerated,
gradually increase the rate of administration to a maximum of 6mL/kg/hour for the remainder of
the infusion. Use an infusion pump.(1)
Flebogamma DIF should be brought to room or body temperature before administration.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Calculate the infusion rate using the following equation:
Infusion rate (mL/hour) = rate required (mL/kg/hour x patient weight (kg)

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Adverse reactions are more likely to occur in patients receiving normal immunoglobulin
for the first time, following a prolonged period between treatments, or when a different
brand of normal immunoglobulin is administered.
2. Adverse reactions include chills, headache, fever, vomiting, nausea, allergic reactions,
arthralgia, low blood pressure and moderate low back pain. These may be related to the
infusion rate. If they occur, reduce the rate or stop the infusion.
3. Anaphylactic reactions are rare but can occur even in patients who have tolerated
previous treatment with normal immunoglobulin.

Monitoring:
- Monitor the patient (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate) before starting the
infusion, throughout the infusion and for 1 hour after the first infusion or 20 minutes after
subsequent infusions.
- Monitor urine output and serum creatinine levels. Patients must be well hydrated.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions. It should be administered by a separate
intravenous line.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Approximately 3.2mmol/L (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
335.9 - 339.7mOsm/kg (9)
pH:
5.54 - 5.66 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Flebogamma DIF should be stored below 30oC and protected from freezing.(1)
2. The solution should be clear or slightly opalescent. Do not use solutions that are cloudy
or has deposits.(1)
3. Flebogamma DIF contains 50mg/mL sorbitol as an excipient. Patients with rare
hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not receive Flebogamma DIF.
Babies and young children should not receive Flebogamma DIF as hereditary fructose
intolerance may not yet have been diagnosed.(1)(5)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Grifols Ltd, last updated 16/06/2011
2. Martindale" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/05/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/05/2011
4. Trissel " Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 04/05/2011
5. British National Formulary No 61 March 2011 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Grifols Ltd. Date contacted: 21/06/2011
Version 1

Intravenous

Immunoglobulin, human normal (Flebogamma DIF 100mg/mL )

Brands of normal human immunoglobulin are not interchangeable.

Record the batch number and expiry date from each bottle used in the patients case notes
or on the drug chart.
MEDICINE NAME:
Immunoglobulin, human normal

TRADE NAME(S):
Flebogamma DIF 100mg/mL

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Glass bottles containing immunoglobulin 100mg in 1mL (10%) solution for infusion
5g in 50mL
10g in 100mL
20g in 200mL(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: Give by intravenous infusion at an initial rate of 0.6mL/kg/hour for the first 30
minutes. If well tolerated, increase the rate of administration to 1.2mL/kg/hour for the second 30
minutes. Again, if tolerated, increase the rate of administration further to 2.4mL/kg/hour for the
third 30 minutes. If the patient tolerates the infusion well, additional increments of 1.2mL/kg/hour
may be made at 30-minute intervals up to a maximum of 4.8mL/kg/hour. Use an infusion
pump.(1)(9)
Flebogamma DIF should be brought to room or body temperature before administration.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Calculate the infusion rate using the following equation:
Infusion rate (mL/hour) = rate required (mL/kg/hour) x patient weight (kg)

FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Adverse reactions are more likely to occur in patients receiving normal immunoglobulin for
the first time, following a prolonged period between treatments, or when a different brand
of normal immunoglobulin is administered.
2. Adverse reactions include chills, headache, fever, vomiting, nausea, allergic reactions,
arthralgia, low blood pressure and moderate low back pain. These may be related to the
infusion rate. If they occur, reduce the rate or stop the infusion.
3. Anaphylactic reactions are rare but can occur even in patients who have tolerated previous
treatment with normal immunoglobulin.

Monitoring:
- Monitor the patient (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate) before starting the
infusion, throughout the infusion and for 1 hour after the first infusion or 20 minutes after
subsequent infusions.
- Monitor urine output and serum creatinine levels. Patients must be well hydrated.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Approximately 3.2mmol/L (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
344.8 - 350.8mOsm/kg (9)
pH:
5.4 - 5.6 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Flebogamma DIF should be stored below 30oC and protected from freezing.(1)
2. The solution should be clear or slightly opalescent. Do not use solutions that are cloudy or
have deposits.(1)
3. Flebogamma DIF contains 50mg/mL sorbitol as an excipient. Patients with rare
hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not receive Flebogamma DIF. Babies
and young children should not receive Flebogamma as hereditary fructose intolerance
may not yet have been diagnosed.(1)(5)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Grifols Ltd, last updated 06/06/2011
2. Martindale" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/08/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/08/2011
4. Trissel " Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 08/08/2011
5. British National Formulary No 61 March 2011 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Grifols Ltd. Date contacted: 21/06/2011
Version 1

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Flecainide acetate

Flecainide acetate
TRADE NAME(S):
Tambocor

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Flecainide acetate, ampoules containing 150mg in 15mL.(1)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Adults and children 12 years and older:
Slow IV injection: Over at least 10-30 minutes(1)(5) at a dose of 2mg/kg to maximum
150mg.(1)(2)(5)(6a)
Continuous infusion if required:
Initiate treatment with a slow IV injection of 2mg/kg over 30 minutes as above, then
administer infusion as follows:-(1)(2)(5)(6a)
First hour: 1.5mg/kg/hour (1)(2)(5)(6a)
Second and later hours: 100-250micrograms/kg/hour until arrhythmia controlled.(1)(2)(5)(6a)
Maximum cumulative dose 600mg/24 hours.(1)(2)(5)(6a)
Do not use IV route for longer than 24 hours.(1)(2)(4)(5)(6a)
Child 1 month to 12 years (unlicensed)
Slow IV injection: 2mg/kg over 10-30 minutes.(6a)
Continuous infusion if required:
Initiate treatment with a slow IV injection of 2mg/kg over 10-30 minutes as above.
Then: 100-250micrograms/kg/hour until arrhythmia controlled (maximum cumulative dose
600mg in 24 hours).(6a)
Neonate (unlicensed)
Slow IV injection: 1-2mg/kg over 10-30 minutes.(6a)
Continuous infusion if required:
Initiate with slow IV injection of 1-2mg/kg over 10-30 minutes as above.(6a)
Then: 100-250micrograms/kg/hour until arrhythmia controlled.(6a)
N.B. In patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia or a history of cardiac failure, it is
recommended that the initial dose is given over 30 minutes.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Glucose 5% is the preferred diluent.(1)(4) May be diluted in 20mL to 500mL of glucose 5%
and given as an infusion.(4)
If sodium chloride 0.9% is used as a diluent, do not add more than 150mg flecainide per
500mL of infusion fluid, otherwise a precipitate may form.(1)(4)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Expiry is 24 hours from the time of infusion preparation.

EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Note: To obtain a flecainide 1mg in 1mL solution remove 50mL of fluid from a 500mL
bag of glucose 5% and replace with 500mg (50mL of flecainide)
Table 1
Flecainide infusion rate for first hour at 1.5mg/kg/hour
using a 1mg in1mL solution

Weight (kg)

Dose (1.5mg/kg)

Rate(mL per hour)

40

60

60

50

75

75

60

90

90

70

105

105

80

120

120

90

135

135

100

150

150

Table 2
Flecainide infusion rates in mL/hour for the second and subsequent hours
using a 1mg in 1mL solution

Weight (kg)

Dose in micrograms/kg/hour
100

150

200

250

40

10

50

7.5

10

12.5

60

12

15

70

10.5

14

17.5

80

12

16

20

90

13.5

18

22.5

100

10

15

20

25

FLUSHING:
Glucose 5% (1)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION

AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Arrhythmias; continuous ECG monitoring required for IV bolus doses.(1)(6a)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Flecainide 10mg in 5mL is Y-site compatible with heparin sodium 50units/mL/minute.(4)
Incompatible: Flecainide 10mg in 5mL is incompatible in a syringe with heparin sodium
2500units per 1mL.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Not available (9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.6mmol of sodium per vial (10)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Not available (9)
pH:
6.0 to 6.5 (10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Flecainide injection is clear and colourless.(4)
2. Continuous ECG monitoring is recommended in all patients receiving the IV
injection dose.(10)
3. If chloride containing solutions are used for dilution, minimum volume of 500mL
should be used or precipitate may form.(1)(4)
4. Do not freeze, protect from light (during storage only).(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Tambocor 10mg/mL injection, Meda
Pharmaceuticals. Last revised 01/04/2010
2. Martindale. Accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 09/04/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 09/04/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition 2009, pg 698
5. British National Formulary No. 60 September 2010. Accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf
on 09/04/2010
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health
2003 pg 249
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11accessed via http://bnfc.org/bnfc
on 09/04/2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011

8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer

9. Drug company name: Meda Pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 05/08/2010
10. Injectable Medicines Administration Guide, 3rd Edition, UCH Hospitals, 2010
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Flucloxacillin

Intravenous

Contains a PENICILLIN.
Important: some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer
to the correct information for the brand used in your Trust.
MEDICINE
NAME:
Flucloxacillin

TRADE NAME(S):
Flucloxacillin (Wockhardt UK Ltd, Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd, Genus
Pharmaceuticals Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing flucloxacillin 250mg (as sodium) powder for reconstitution.(1a-c)(5)
Vials containing flucloxacillin 500mg (as sodium) powder for reconstitution.(1a-c)(5)
Vials containing flucloxacillin 1g (as sodium) powder for reconstitution.(1a-c)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-4 minutes.(1a-c)
IV Infusion: No information available from manufacturers.(1a-c) However, the BNF suggests
giving over 30-60 minutes.(5)
Penicillins are not usually given by continuous infusion because of stability problems and
because adequate plasma and tissue concentrations are best obtained by intermittent
infusion. Where it is necessary to administer them by continuous infusion, detailed
literature should be consulted.(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Dissolve 250-500mg in 5-10mL water for injections or 1g in 15-20mL water for
injections.(1a-c)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Wockhardt Ltd: 0.2mL for 250mg, 0.4mL for 500mg, 0.7mL for 1g.(9a)
Genus Pharmaceuticals: 0.2mL for 500mg, 0.4mL for 1g.(9b)
Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd: approximately 0.2mL for 250mg, approximately 0.35mL for 500mg,
approximately 0.6mL for 1g.(9c)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-c)(5)
A recommended infusion volume is not available from the manufacturers.(1a-c)
However, for flucloxacillin (as sodium salt), the BNF suggests an infusion volume of
100mL.(5)
STABILITY:
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION

AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylaxis, angioedema, rash and phlebitis.(1a-c)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above: Sodium
chloride 0.18% and glucose 4%.(1a-c)
The manufacturer recommends water for injections as a suitable diluent, however, it is
rarely used in practice because it is likely to cause hyponatraemia.
Incompatible: Amiodarone, atropine sulphate, buprenorphine, calcium gluconate,
chlorpromazine hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, diazepam, dobutamine,
erythromycin lactobionate, gentamicin sulphate, lorazepam, metoclopramide
hydrochloride, midazolam, morphine sulphate, netilmicin sulphate, ofloxacin, papaveretum,
pethidine hydrochloride, prochlorperazine edisylate, promethazine hydrochloride,
tobramycin and verapamil hydrochloride.(1a)
Blood products, proteinaceous fluids (eg. protein hydrolysates), lipid emulsions.(1a-c)
If flucloxacillin is prescribed concurrently with an aminoglycoside, the two antibiotics
should not be mixed in the syringe, intravenous fluid container or giving set as precipitation
may occur.(1a-c)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible amount per 250mg vial; 1.11-1.13mmol in 500mg vial; 2.22-2.26mmol in 1g
vial.(1a)(1c)(9b) See link for further information.
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
500mg in 10mL water for injections is 180mOsmol.(9b)
1g in 15mL water for injections is 240mOsmol.(9b)
2g in 20mL water for injections is 286mOsmol.(9b)
No information.(9a)(9c)
pH:
A 10% solution of flucloxacillin sodium in water has a pH 5 to 7.(2)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 25oC (before reconstitution).(1a-c)
2. Unopened flucloxacillin vials should be protected from light.(9b)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics a) Flucloxacillin, Wockhardt UK Ltd, last
revised June 2009
b) Flucloxacillin, Genus Pharmaceuticals, 500mg and 1g strengths, last revised
13/05/2010. 250mg strength last revised 11/05/2010
c) Flucloxacillin, MAH: Bowmed Ltd (distributed by Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd), all
strengths last revised 12/04/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/03/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/03/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/03/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61, March 2011, accessed via
http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ on 01/03/2011
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via
http://www.bnfc.org/bnfc on 01/03/2011
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - not available
9. a) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: 02/03/2011
b) Drug company name: Genus Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 02/03/2011
c) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: 02/03/2011
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Fluconazole

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Fluconazole

TRADE NAME(S):
Diflucan
Generic (Hospira UK Ltd)
Generic (Pliva Pharma Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing fluconazole 200mg in 100mL solution for infusion. (1a)(1c)
Vials containing fluconazole 50mg in 25mL solution for infusion. (1a)(1c)
Bags containing fluconazole 400mg in 200mL solution for infusion. (1b)
Bags containing fluconazole 200mg in 100mL solution for infusion. (1b)
Bags containing fluconazole 100mg in 50mL solution for infusion. (1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Adults: Administer at a rate of 5-10mL per minute (i.e. 10-20mg per minute)
(1a)(1b)(1c)(2)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

Further dilution is unnecessary (1a)(1b)(1c)
STABILITY
For single use only, discard any remaining solution. (1a)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%. (10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylaxis (including angiodema, face odema, pruritis) (1a)(1b)(1c) and urticaria. (1a)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Compound sodium lactate (Hartmanns solution),(1a)(1c) sodium bicarbonate 4.2%,(1a)(1c)
potassium chloride in glucose,(1a)(1c)(10) Ringer's solution,(1a)(1c) sodium chloride
0.9%,(1a)(1c)(10)aciclovir,(4)(10) amikacin,(4) aminophylline,(4) amiodarone,(4) ciprofloxacin,(4)
dobutamine,(4) dopamine,(4) dexamethasone,(4)(10) drotrecogin alpha,(4) folinic acid,(4)(10)
foscarnet,(4)(10) gentamicin,(4) ganciclovir,(4)(10) glucose 20%, (1a)(1c) heparin,(4)(10) linezolid, (4)
metoclopramide,(4) meropenem,(4) midazolam (4) morphine sulphate,(4) metronidazole,(4)(10)
phenytoin,(4) vancomycin(4)(10)
Incompatible: N.B. No additions should be made to fluconazole infusion.(1a)(10)
The following should not be infused concurrently with fluconazole:Amphotericin,(4)(10) calcium gluconate,(4)(10) cefuroxime,(4)(10) cefotaxime,(4) ceftazidime,(4)(10)
ceftriaxone,(4) chloramphenicol,(4) clindamycin,(4) diazepam,(4) digoxin,(4) erythromycin,(10)
furosemide,(4)(10) imipenem,(4)(10) pentamadine,(4) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (4)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

None required (1a)(1b)(1c)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
3.75mmol sodium per 50mg (25mL) vial.(1a)
7.5mmol sodium per 100mg (50mL) bag.(1b)
15mmol sodium per 200mg (100mL) bag/vial.(1a)(1b)
30mmol sodium per 400mg (200mL) bag.(1b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The infusion solution is iso-osmotic having an osmolarity of 300 to 315mOsmol/L (3)(9)(11)
pH:
pH 4 to 8 (3)(10)(11)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Preservative free therefore infusions are for single use only. (1a)(1b)(1c)
2. Store below 30oC for the Pfizer product (1a) and not above 25oC for the Hospira
product. (1b) No limits given for the Pliva product.(1c)
REFERENCES:
1. a) Summary of Product Characteristics (Diflucan) last updated April 2007
b) Summary of Product Characteristics (fluconazole - Hospira) last updated
13/12/2007
c) Summary of Product Characteristics (fluconazole - Pliva) lat updated May 2004
2. Martindale accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com on 06/05/2008
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2007
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 13th Edition pg 722
5. British National Formulary No. 55 pg 328
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2008 pg 363
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011 pg 53
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - reports not available from either
manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Pfizer Ltd
Date contacted: 27/05/2008
10. UCL Hospitals Injectable Drug Administration Guide 2004
11. Accessabilitybybard.co.uk accessed 21/05/2008
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Flucytosine

MEDICINE NAME:
Flucytosine

TRADE NAME(S):
Ancotil

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Infusion bottle containing 2.5g flucytosine in 250mL isotonic sodium chloride solution (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
ADULTS AND CHILDREN:
IV infusion: Infuse over 20-40 minutes. The duration should be balanced with the fluid
requirements of the patient.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Provided ready diluted.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Dose of flucytosine in adults and children is 200mg/kg body weight divided into four
doses over 24 hours, i.e., 50mg/kg four times a day, infused over 20-40 minutes.
For example the dose of flucytosine for a 70kg patient would be 3500mg or
350mL of a 2.5g in 250mL solution, four times a day, infused over 20-40 minutes.
The following table shows the doses and volumes required for different patient
weights using flucytosine 2.5g in 250mL solution.

Dose : 50mg/kg four times day

Patients body weight
Flucytosine dose

Flucytosine volume
(mL)
to be infused over 20 250mL

50 kg

2500mg

60 kg

3000mg

300mL

70 kg

3500mg

350mL

80 kg

4000mg

400mL

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Allergic reactions and CNS disturbances may infrequently occur. Local irritation or phlebitis
does not appear to be a problem with flucytosine 2.5g in 250mL.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
Flucytosine 2.5g in 250mL is not an irritant or a vesicant.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that the infusions mix in the
administration set close to the cannula insertion site): Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%
and glucose 4% with sodium chloride 0.18%.
No other medicine or infusion fluid should be added to or mixed with flucytosine.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special handling precautions recommended by the manufacturer.(8)
Handle with care and miniumum exposure: teratogenic in rats (as flucytosine is metabolised to
fluorouracil in this species), potentially teratogenic in humans.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
34.5mmol per 250mL bottle.(5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
290-320mOsm/Kg.(9)
pH:
pH = 7 to 7.8;(9) 7.4(10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store flucytosine 2.5g in 250mL between 18oC and 25oC.(1)
2. Precipitation of flucytosine may occur if stored below 18oC while prolonged storage
above 25oC could result in the formation of 5-fluorouracil.(1)(2)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Ancotil 2.5g/250mL Solution for Infusion, last
revised December 2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/11/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/11/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 64, September 2012 accessed via www.bnf.org on
06/11/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via www.bnfc.org on
06/11/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer, expiry 12/03/2012

9. Drug company name: Meda Pharmaceuticals

Date contacted: 06/11/2012
10. www.extravasation.org.uk accessed on 22/11/2012
Version 5 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Flumazenil

Intravenous
MEDICINE
NAME:
Flumazenil

TRADE NAME(S):
Anexate
Flumazenil (Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd, hameln Pharmaceuticals, Teva
UK, Hikma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing flumazenil 500micrograms in 5mL. Solution for injection or
infusion.(1a-d)
Ampoules containing flumazenil 1mg in 10mL. Solution for injection or infusion.(1b-d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection:
For adults and children: give as a rapid IV injection over 15-30 seconds. Further doses
may be given at 60 second intervals if required.(1a-d)
IV infusion: Give at a rate of 100 to 400micrograms per hour (adults) and 2 to
10micrograms/kg/hour (infants and children [unlicensed], maximum 400micrograms per
hour in those aged 1 month and over), adjusted according to response.(1a-d)(6a) Stop
infusion every 6 hours to check whether re-sedation occurs.(1c)(1d)
Due to the extreme pH of this preparation, to avoid possible venous irritation, it may be
advisable to administer via a central venous access device.(13) If this is not possible, use a
freely running established IV infusion line into a large peripheral vein.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Administer undiluted.
IV infusion: Flumazenil solution must be diluted to a suitable concentration prior to
infusion.(1c)(1d) Dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d) Suitable concentrations
are 2 to 10micrograms per mL.(1c)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours (1a-d)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5% (1a-d)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Pain on injection.(1c)(1d) This can be minimised by administering flumazenil through a freely
running established IV infusion line into a central/large peripheral vein.(3)(4)
Transient increases in blood pressure, heart rate, flushing and allergic reactions (including
anaphylaxis).(1a-d)(2)
Excessive (more than 1mg) and/or rapidly injected doses may induce anxiety, fear,
agitation, dizziness, sweating, tachycardia and palpitations. This is more likely in patients

on long-term and/or high dose benzodiazepines.(1a-d) A slower rate of administration should

be considered for these patients.(2)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage because of a low pH and a risk of local
irritation.(3)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Flumazenil is compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above:
Sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 2.5% IV infusion(1c)
Incompatible:
IV injection: Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion
containing a medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the
line both before and after administering the injection.(1a-d)
IV infusion: Do not infuse with any other medicines.(1a-d)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
500micrograms in 5mL ampoule contains 0.7 - 2.2mmol sodium.(1a-d)
1mg in 10mL ampoule contains 1.5 - 4.04mmol sodium.(1c)(1d)(10)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolality 270 - 300mOsm/kg (9)(10)
pH:
3.5 to 4.5 (1d)(10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store below 25-30oC.(1b)(1c)
2. Do not refrigerate or freeze.(1d)
3. Protect ampoules from light.(1d)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Anexate, Roche, last updated November 2010
b) Flumazenil Injection, MAH: Bowmed Ltld (distrubuted by Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd),
last updated 29/07/2011
c) Flumazenil injection, hameln, last updated October 2007
d) Flumazenil injection, Teva UK, last updated March 2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/05/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/05/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/05/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61, March 2011 pg 792, accessed via www.bnf.org
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 pg 796 via www.bnfc.org
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov

2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (Hameln). Revised December 2008
9. Drug company name: Roche. Date contacted: 06/06/2009
10. Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: 08/05/2009
11. Drug company name: Teva. Date contacted: 27/05/2011
12. Reducing the risk of overdose with midazolam injection in adults. Rapid Response
Report. NPSA/22008/RRR011
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January
2010
Version 4

Fosfomycin

Intravenous

Unlicensed in the UK.

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the
correct information for the brand used in your hospital.
MEDICINE NAME:
Fosfomycin

TRADE NAME(S):
Fosfocina (Laboratorios ERN - Spain)
Infectofos (Infectopharm - Germany)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Fosfocina: Vials containing fosfomycin 1g or 4g (as sodium salt) powder for
reconstitution.(1a)
Infectofos: Vials containing fosfomycin 2g, 3g, 5g and 8g (as sodium salt) powder for
reconstitution.(1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion:
Fosfocina: Administer over 60 minutes.(1a)
Infectofos: Administer over 30 minutes.(1b)
Do not administer by IV injection.
Administer using an infusion pump via a large vein (local practice in LHCH: administer
fosfomycin via a long line or Portacath).
Infectofos: Preferably administer higher doses via a central venous access device (5g
and over) to avoid potential venous irritation as these preparations have a high pH and/or
a high osmolarity.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Fosfocina:
1g- Reconstitute with 10mL water for injections (ampoule supplied).(1a)
4g- Reconstitute with 20mL water for injections.(1a)
Further dilution is necessary before administration.(1a)
Infectofos:
Reconstitute 2g infusion bottle with 40-60mL of water for injections or glucose 5%.(1b)
Reconstitute 3g and 5g infusion bottles with 100mL of water for injections or glucose
5%.(1b)
Reconstitute 8g infusion bottle with 200mL of water for injections or glucose 5%.(1b)
The solution may get warm during reconstitution.(1a)(1b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Fosfocina: water for injections(1a) or glucose 5%(9a)
1g vial- After reconstitution further dilute to 50mL
4g vial- After reconstitution further dilute to 200mL
Infectofos: see instructions for reconstitution above.

EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:

Infusion expiry: The solution diluted for infusion in glucose 5% is stable for 24 hours at
room temperature.(1a)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, phlebitis, anaphylaxis
(rarely)).(1a)(1b)
Monitor electrolytes, can cause electrolyte disturbance (see sodium content).(1a)(1b)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage with higher doses of fosfomycin (5g and
over) as these preparations have a high osmolarity.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Fosfocina
No information
Incompatible: ampicillin, erythromycin lactobionate, gentamicin oxytetracycline,
rifampicin.(1a)
Infectofos
Compatibility with solutions other than the recommended diluents (water for injections or
glucose 5%) is not guaranteed.(1b)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Wash with soap and water if product comes into contact with skin.
If fosfomycin comes into contact with eyes: irrigate thoroughly with water. Obtain medical
attention if irritation persists.(8a)(8b)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Fosfocina: 14.35mmol per 1g vial, 57.4mmol per 4g vial.(1a)
Infectofos: 29mmol per 2g vial, 43.5mmol per 3g vial; 72.5mmol per 5g vial; 116mmol per
8g vial.(1b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Fosfocina: No data available from manufacturer.(9a)
Infectofos: 3g vial 511.8mOsmol/L (in 100mL water for injections), 5g vial 880mOsmol/L
(in 100mL of water for injections).(9b) Preferably administer this preparation via a central
venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as it has a high osmolarity.
pH:
Fosfocina: No data on infusion preparation.(1a)(9a)
Infectofos: pH value of the reconstituted solution between 6-8.(9b)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Fosfocina accessed via www.ern.es/eng/hospitalaria/fosfocina/html on
15/01/2012
b) Infectofos last revised June 2009
2. Martindale accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com on 13/01/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" accessed via
http://medicinescomplete.com on 13/01/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com
on 13/01/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 62, September 2011 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk
on 13/01/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 accessed via
www.bnf.org.uk/bnfc on 15/01/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) Fosfocina, May 2011
b) Infectofos, May 2011
9. a) Drug company name: Laboratorios ERN, S.A. Date contacted: December 2010 June 2011
b) Drug company name: Infectopharm. Date contacted: June 2011
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Furosemide

Intravenous
MEDICINE
NAME:
Furosemide
(frusemide)

TRADE NAME(S):
Lasix (1a)
Furosemide Injection BP Minijet (UCB) (1b)
Furosemide injection 10mg/mL Wockhardt,(1c) Hameln,(1d)
Goldshield/Antigen,(1e)
Martindale Pharma, Cardinal Health,(1f ) Ranbaxy,(1g) Claris
Lifesciences UK(1h)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing furosmide 20mg in 2mL (1a)(1c-h)
Ampoules containing furosemide 50mg in 5mL (1d-f)(1h)
Ampoules containing furosemide 250mg in 25mL (1d)(1e)
Vials for Minijet Injector containing furosemide 80mg in 8mL (1b)
Vials containing furosemide 250mg in 25mL (1c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
ADULTS:
IV Injection: Give slowly. A rate of 4mg per minute should not be exceeded.(1a-h)(2)
N.B. The BNF states that a rate of 4mg per minute should not usually be exceeded
however a single dose of up to 80mg may be administered more rapidly;(3)(5) a lower
infusion rate may be necessary in those with renal impairment.(1e)(5)
Rate should not exceed 2.5mg per minute in patients with severe renal impairment i.e.
serum creatinine greater than 5mg/dL (442micromoles in 1Litre) (1a)(1c-d)(1g-h)
IV Infusion: Give doses above 50mg by slow intravenous infusion only(5) at a rate not
exceeding 4mg per minute.(1a)(1c-e)(1g)(2)(4)(5)
Rate should not exceed 2.5mg per minute in patients with severe renal impairment i.e.
serum creatinine greater than 5mg/dL (442micromoles in 1L).(1a)(1c-d)(1g-h)
CHILDREN:
IV Injection:
Give over 5-10 minutes at usual rate of 100micrograms/kg/minute (not exceeding
500micrograms/kg/minute).(6a) A maximum rate of 4mg per minute must not be exceeded.
IV Infusion: 100micrograms/kg/hour to 2mg/kg/hour.(6)(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Furosemide injection may be administered slowly undiluted.(1a-h)(10) For infusion the volume
used is not critical and is dependent on the patients state of hydration.(2)
ADULTS:
IV injection: Can be diluted if necessary with sodium chloride 0.9% to aid slow
administration.
IV infusion: For infusion may dilute to 1mg in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1b)(1e)(1h)(2)
CHILDREN:
IV injection and IV infusion: May dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% to a concentration of
1-2mg in 1mL.(6a)

EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:

24 hours.(4)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
IV infusion (ADULTS):
Divide the furosemide dose (mg) by the rate (mg per minute) to calculate the minimum
number of minutes over which the infusion should be given.
The rate of the infusion (in mL per hour) is the volume of the infusion (mL) divided by the
minimum number of minutes it must be given over multiplied by 60.
Example 1
To give 100mg furosemide in 50mL sodium chloride 0.9% at a rate no faster than 4mg per
minute.
100mg must be given over a minimum of 100/4 minutes = 25 minutes. Give 50mL over
minimum 25 minutes.
The infusion rate per hour is 50/25 x 60 = 120mL per hour
Example 2
Add 250mg furosemide in 25mL to 250mL sodium chloride 0.9% to make 250mg
furosemide in about 275mL (Note the volume will be higher because of the overage in the
bag). For an infusion rate of 4mg furosemide per minute:
Give 250mg over a minimum of 250/4 minutes = 62.5minutes
The rate per hour is 275/62.5 x 60 = 264mL per hour
In severe renal failure: To give furosemide at a rate of 2.5mg per minute: 250mg/275mL is
given over a minimum of 250/2.5 = 100 minutes. Rate = 275/100 x 60 = 165mL per hour.
IV Infusion (CHILD):
Examples: To make 1mg in 1mL prepare 40mg furosemide in 40mL sodium chloride
0.9%. Infusion rate of 100micrograms/kg/hour = 0.1mL/kg/hour.
In fluid restriction prepare furosemide 2mg in 1mL sodium chloride 0.9%. Prepare 80mg
furosemide in 40mL so 0.1mL/kg/hour = 200micrograms/kg/hour.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Hypersensitivity reactions, purpuric and urticarial rashes - discontinue furosemide
immediately. (1a-h)
2. Fluid and electrolyte depletion may occur causing headache, dizziness, confusion,
weakness, hypotension, dehydration, circulatory collapse, haemoconcentration and
thrombosis, cardiac arrhythmias, cramps(1a-h)(2)(3)
3. Monitor blood pressure, fluid balance and electrolytes.(1a-h)(2)(3)
4. Rapid administration and high doses may cause tinnitus and deafness.(1a-h)(2)(3)(5)(6a)
5. Acute urinary retention may occur- ensure urinary output is secured (1a-h)(2)(5)
6. May cause thrombophlebitis.(1b)(3)
7. Hypokalaemia may precipitate encephalopathy and coma in patients with hepatic
impairment.(5)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause tissue damage due to high pH.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not mix with any other drugs in the injection container (1a)(1c-h)
When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and
after administering the IV injection.
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device)
Furosemide diluted to 1mg in 1mL in sodium chloride 0.9% has been found
compatible with the following injections in sodium chloride 0.9%: Aminophylline 1g in
1L, ampicillin sodium 2g in 100mL, calcium gluconate 2g in 1L, dexamethasone sodium
phosphate 4mg in 1mL, digoxin 250micrograms in 10mL, heparin sodium 20units in 1mL,
hydrocortisone sodium succinate 50mg in 1mL, lidocaine 200mg in100mL, meropenem 1g
in 50mL, ranitidine 50mg in 100mL.(4)
Furosemide 10mg in 1mL (i.e. undiluted) with second drug undiluted or diluted in
sodium chloride 0.9% was found compatible with: fentanyl citrate 50microgram in 1mL,
heparin sodium 1000units in 1mL, meropenem 50mg in 1mL, potassium chloride 40mmol
in 1L, tirofiban 50microgram in 1mL.(4)
Incompatible: Solutions of furosemide for injection are alkaline and should not be mixed
or diluted with glucose injection or other (highly(1b)(1h)) acidic solutions(2) or infusion
solutions with a pH below 5.5.(1h)(3)(4)(5)(6a) If the solution pH is below 5.5 pH adjustment has
been recommended.(3)(4) Furosemide is soluble in alkaline solutions(1b)(4) and may
precipitate out of solutions of low pH.(1a)(1c)(1e)(1g)(3) Glucose solutions are not suitable
infusion fluids.(1c-g)(5)(6a)
However furosemide 10mg in 1mL injection mixed with an equal volume of potassium
chloride 40mmol/L in each of glucose 5% injection, Lactated Ringers injection and sodium
chloride 0.9% injection was found to be physically compatible for 4 hours.(4)(13)
Furosemide injection has been reported to be incompatible with adrenaline,(1d)(1h)(3)(4)
amiodarone,(4) aminoglycosides,(4) antihistamines,(3) ascorbic acid,(3) buprenorphine,(4)
caffeine,(4) ciprofloxacin,(3)(4) cisatracurium besilate,(2)(3)(4) clarithromycin,(4) diltiazem,(2)(4)
diazepam,(1d)(4) dobutamine,(1d)(2)(4) dopamine,(2)(4) doxapram,(4) doxorubicin,(1d)(4)
droperidol,(1d)(4) erythromycin,(4) esmolol,(4) famotidine,(4) filgrastim,(4) fluconazole,(4)
gentamicin,(1d)(4) hydralazine,(4) isoprenaline,(1d)(4) labetalol,(2)(3)(4) levofloxacin (2)(4)
lidocaine,(1d) local anaesthetics,(3) mannitol,(1d) metoclopramide,(1d)(4) midazolam,(2)(4)
milrinone,(2)(3)(4) morphine,(3)(4) nicardipine,(2)(4) noradrenaline,(1h)(3)(4) ondansetron,(4)
pantoprazole,(4) parenteral nutrition solutions,(2) pethidine,(1d)(3)(4) phenylephrine,(2)(4)
prochlorperazine,(4) promethazine,(4) tetracycline,(3) tobramycin,(4) vasopressin,(2)(4)
vecuronium bromide,(2)(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible: 0.13-0.2mmol sodium per mL (1c)(3)(9a-f)(9h)
See link for further information.

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
270-330mOsmol/kg (9a)
287-291mOsmol/kg (4)
pH:
pH 8.0 to 9.3 (2)(3)(4)(9a-h)
See link for further information. See link.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Protect from light during storage.(1a)(1d)(1g)(1h)(2)(3)(4)
2. Do not use solutions with a yellow colour.(3)(4)
3. Do not store above 25oC.(1b)(1d-f) Excursions between 15 and 30oC are permitted.(2)(3)
4. Refrigeration may cause precipitation.(3)(4)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Lasix injection 20mg/2mL (Sanofi Aventis) revised 27 July 2010
b) Furosemide injection BP Minijet 10mg/mL (IMS) revised September 2009
c) Furosemide 10mg/mL Solution for injection of infusion (Wockhardt UK) revised
21/02/2011
d) Furosemide injection BP (Hameln Pharmaceuticals) revised 19/08/2008
e) Furosemide injection BP (Goldshield/Antigen) revised 13/06/2011
f) Furosemide injection 1.0% (Cardinal Health, Martindale Pharma) revised
03/11/2006
g) Furosemide 10mg/2mL Solution for injection (Ranbaxy) revised 08/01/2009
h) Furosemide 10mg/mL Solution for injection (Claris Lifesciences UK) revised
21/01/2009
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 07/02/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/01/2012
4. Trissel " Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/02/2012
5. British National Formulary No 62 September 2011, p86-87 accessed via
http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ on 05/02/2012
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health
2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12, pg 79 accessed via
http://bnfc/org/bnfc on 05/02/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturers (not used)
Furosemide injection Safety Data Summary UCB reviewed 10/11/2005
Materials Information Sheet Furosemide Injection Hameln revised November 2005
9. a)Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis. Date contacted: 03/01/2012
b) Drug company name: UCB. Date contacted: 28/12/2011
c) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: 03/01/2012
d) Drug company name: Hameln Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 29/12/2011
e) Drug company name: Goldshield. Date contacted: 09/01/2012

f) Drug company name: Cardinal Health, Martindale Pharma. Date contacted:

12/2011
g) Drug company name: Ranbaxy. Date contacted: 01/2012
h) Drug company name: Claris Lifesciences UK Ltd. Date contacted: 01/2012
i) Drug company name: Baxter Surecall. Date contacted: 18/01/2010
j) Drug company name: Fresenius-Kabi. Date contacted: 18/01/2010
10. UKCPA Critical Care Group. Minimum Infusion Volumes for Fluid Restricted
Critically Ill patients, 3rd Edition 2006 version 3.1
11. UK Ambulance Service Clinical Practice Guidelines (2006). Furosemide updated
23/05/2007. accessed 06/02/2012 via Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison
Committee - Guideline Development Group (JRCALC-GDG) stakeholder website
12. Ho KM,Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of furosemide to prevent or treat acute renal
failure. BMJ 2006;333:420-3
13. Allen LV, Jr, Stiles ML. Compatibility of various admixtures with secondary additives
at Y-injection sites of intravenous administration sets. Part 2. Am J Hosp Pharm
1981;38:380-381
Version 4

Ganciclovir

Intravenous

The reconstitution and dilution of this product MUST be done in a Pharmacy Aseptic
Unit. Contact Pharmacy for further information.
MEDICINE NAME:
Ganciclovir

TRADE NAME(S):
Cymevene

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Each vial contains 543mg of ganciclovir sodium, equivalent to 500mg ganciclovir (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: over 1 hour, after dilution(1)(3)(4)(5) into a large vein with adequate blood flow,
preferable via a plastic cannula.(1)(3)(4)
Infuse ganciclovir solutions only into veins with adequate blood flow to allow rapid dilution
and distribution.(1)(3)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous
irritation as the preparation has a high pH.
Not to be administered undiluted, nor by rapid IV injection.(1)(3)(4)
Rapid or bolus intravenous injection must be avoided as the toxicity of ganciclovir may be
increased as a result of excessive plasma levels.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Inject 10mL sterile preservative free water for injections into 1 vial(1)(3)(4) to give a
concentration of ganciclovir 50mg in 1mL.(1)(5) The vial should be shaken to dissolve the
drug and inspected for particulate matter before further dilution.(1)(3)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Displacement value is 0.31mL per 500mg vial (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute with compatible infusion fluid e.g. sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%, to a
concentration not exceeding 10mg/mL. 100mL is usually used.(1)(3)
Use of more concentrated solutions is not recommended.(1)(3)(4)
Failure to further dilute the reconstituted solution or if administered as an IV bolus, may
lead to crystalluria and renal tubular damage and increase the risk of bone marrow
damage.(10)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
As per Pharmacy Aseptic labelling.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%(1)(3)(4)(5) or glucose 5%.(5)(10)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION

AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Dyspnoea is a very common adverse reaction, which is reported in one in every ten
patients treated with ganciclovir.(1) Common adverse reactions include injection site pain
and chest pain.(1)
Uncommon adverse reactions reported include anaphylactic reactions, arrhythmias and
hypotension.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
May cause tissue damage due to extreme pH.(3)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
No information
Incompatible: Manufacturer recommends ganciclovir should not be mixed with any other
intravenous products.(1)
The dry powder should not be reconstituted with bacteriostatic water containing parabens
(para-hydroxybenzoates), since these are incompatible with ganciclovir sterile powder and
may cause precipitation.(1)
Other suitable diluents: Ringer's or lactated Ringer's solution,(1) or compound sodium
lactate(6) to a concentration not exceeding 10mg/mL.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Handle as for cytotoxics. Wear gloves and safety glasses when handling. The use of
polyethylene or latex gloves and safety glasses is recommended to avoid exposure in
case of breakage of the vial. If the solution contacts skin or mucosa, immediately wash
thoroughly with soap and water. Rinse eyes for at least 15 minutes with sterile water, or
plain water if sterile water is unavailable.(1)(3) Avoid inhalation.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
2mmol per 500mg vial (5)(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolarity of solutions diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%, containing
approximately 2.5mg of ganciclovir per mL is 310mOsm/kg.(3)
pH:
After reconstitution with 10mL water for injections, pH = 11(1)(3)
After further dilution pH = 9 to 11(3)
OTHER COMMENTS:
Complete blood counts and platelet counts should be monitored during therapy. Increased
haematological monitoring may be warranted in patients with renal impairment.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Cymevene IV, updated 01/02/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com (February 2011)

3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com (February 2011)
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com (February 2011)
5. British National Formulary No. 61 (March 2011)
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (05/01/2011)
9. Drug company name: Roche Products
Date contacted: February 2011
10. Dollery C (1999). Therapeutic Drugs 2nd Edition
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Gelatin

Gelatin
TRADE NAME(S):
Gelofusine Ecobag
Geloplasma
Isoplex
Volplex
Gelaspan

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Gelofusine (succinylated gelatin 4%) - non PVC plastic bags (Ecobags) containing 500mL or
1000mL.(1a)
Geloplasma (partially hydrolysed and succinylated gelatin - as anhydrous gelatin 3%) plasticized PVC bag 500mL Freeflex (polyolefine) bag 500mL.(1b)
Volplex (succinylated gelatin 4%) sterile flexible infusion bags 500mL or 1000mL.91c)
Isoplex (succinylated gelatin 4%) sterile flexible infusion bag 500mL or 1000mL.(1d)
Gelaspan (succinylated gelatin 4%) - non PVC plastic bags (Ecobags) containing 500mL or
1000mL.(1e)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: The volume and rate of infusion will depend on the condition of the patient.
In severe acute blood loss, 500mL may be given in 5-10 minutes until signs of hypovolaemia are
relieved. When given rapidly it should be warmed to no more than 37oC if possible.(1a)(1c-e)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%,(9) or glucose 5%.(9)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Severe anaphylactic reactions following administration of gelatin have
occurred.(1a-e) If a severe anaphylactic reaction occurs the infusion should be stopped and
supportive treatment given.(1a-e)
Monitoring: When large volumes are infused, suitable monitoring should be employed to ensure
that an adequate haematocrit is maintained (haematocrit should not be allowed to fall below
25%) and that dilutional effects upon coagulation are avoided. Expert haematological advice
should be sought, especially in cases of massive blood loss.(1a-e)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Gelofusine, Volplex and Isoplex may be administered concomitantly with blood. The
haemodynamic status of the patient should be monitored.(1a)(1c)(d)
Geloplasma and Gelaspan must not be infused through the same infusion line together with
blood or blood products.(1b)(1e)
In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other
medicinal products.(1b-e)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

145-154mmol/L (1a-e)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Gelofusine: 274mOsm/L (1a)
Isoplex, Volplex and Gelaspan: 284mOsm/L (1c-e)
Geloplasma (cited as osmolality): 295mOsm/kg (1b)
pH:
Range 7.1 to 7.7 (Gelofusine and Gelaspan).(1a)(1e)
Range 5.8 to 7.0 (Geloplasma).(1b)
Range 6.9 to 7.9 (Volplex and Isoplex).(1c-1d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Shelf life is reduced to 3 months if stored at a constant temperature of 37oC. If the gelatin
has been heated in a warming cabinet it must not be placed back into general stock and
the bag should be marked to indicate the date it should be used by.(9a)
2. The product should not be mixed with citrated blood, but citrated blood can be given
before or after gelatin infusion provided there is adequate flushing of the infusion site.(6)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Gelofusine Ecobag. Last revised December 2008
b) Geloplasma. Last reviewed May 2010
c) Volplex. Last reviewed June 2010
d) Isoplex. Last reviewed June 2010
e) Gelaspan. Last revised June 2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 10/09/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 10/09/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
10/09/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 64 accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
26/09/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 10/09/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: B Braun Medical Ltd. Date contacted: 13 September 2012
b) Drug company name: Beacon Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 24 December 2010
c) Drug company name: Fresenius Kabi. Date contacted: 13 September 2012
Version 5

Gentamicin

Intravenous

SEE GUIDANCE ON USE OF GENTAMICIN IN ADULTS ON THE NHS LOTHIAN

INTRANET
MEDICINE NAME:
Gentamicin

TRADE NAME(S):
Cidomycin
Genticin
Gentamicin (Winthrop, Hospira, B. Braun)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Adult injection:
Ampoules or vials containing gentamicin 80mg in 2mL (as sulphate).(1a)(1b)(1e)
Paediatric injection:
Vials containing gentamicin 20mg in 2mL (as sulphate).(1d)
Solution for infusion:
Infusion containers containing gentamicin (as sulphate); 80mg in 80mL sodium chloride
0.9%; 240mg in 80mL sodium chloride 0.9%; 360mg in 120mL sodium chloride 0.9%.(1f)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Once daily dose regimen:
IV infusion: Administer the required dose over 30 minutes in adults, using an infusion
pump as per NHS Lothian Gentamicin Policy.
Multiple daily dose regimens, prophylactic dose or synergistic dose (refer to local
unit policies for guidance):
IV injection: Administer by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes/(1a-b)(1d-e)(5)(6)(6a)
IV infusion: Administer required dose appropriately diluted over 20 to 30 minutes using an
infusion pump.(1a-e)(5)(6)(6a)
Administer peripherally with extreme caution. Gentamicin preparations have a low pH so if
possible administer via a central venous access device.(13)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Can be given undiluted, or diluted with 10-20mL sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5% to aid slow administration.(10)(11)
IV infusion: Dilute with 50-100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a)(1b)(1d)(5) Usual
practice in adults is to dilute the required dose in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose
5%.
The injection is usually colourless to slightly yellow.(1a-b)(1d-f) Intensity of colour is not related
to a loss of potency.(4)
EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours (4)

FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% (4)(5)
Glucose 5% (5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Therapeutic drug level monitoring required. Ensure adequate hydration and monitor renal
function to avoid nephrotoxicity.(1a-f)
Gentamicin (Hospira) contains sulphites,(1b) which can cause allergic-type reactions,
including anaphylactic symptoms and bronchospasm, in susceptible people, especially
those with a history of asthma or allergy.
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage because of the low pH of the injection. If
extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aciclovir, amiodarone, anidulafungin, atracurium, bivalirudin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin,
cyclophosphamide, daptomycin, diltiazem, esmolol, fluconazole, foscarnet, granisetron,
insulin, labetalol, levofloxacin, linezolid, lorazepam, magnesium sulphate, metronidazole,
midazolam, milrinone, morphine, ondansetron, pancuronium, ranitidine, remifentanil,
tacrolimus, tigecycline, vecuronium, verapamil, zidovudine.(4)
Incompatible: Amphotericin, beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins),(4)
diazepam,(1f) drotrecogin alpha,(4) erythromycin,(1a-f) flecainide,(1f) furosemide, heparin,
hetastarch, propofol,(4) sulfadiazine,(1f) sodium bicarbonate.(1a-f)
Do not give gentamicin by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both
before and after administering the injection.
Gentamicin activity may be impaired by beta-lactam antibiotics. However gentamicin may
be used with penicillins and cephalosporins but the injections should be given at separate
sites.(3)(4)
Compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above: glucose
10%, dextran 40, mannitol 20%, Ringers solution.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special handling required.(1a-f)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Adult and paediatric injections: negligible sodium content.(9b)(9d)
Infusion containers: contains 12mmol sodium per 80mL and 18mmol per 120mL.(1f)

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
1mg/mL (sodium chloride 0.9%) infusion container: 291mOsm/kg (9e)
3mg/mL (sodium chloride 0.9%) infusion container: 295mOsm/kg (9e)
80mg in 50-100mL of glucose 5%: 293-285mOsm/kg.(12)
80mg in 50-100mL of sodium chloride 0.9%: 320-315mOsm/kg.(12)
Calculated values as follows:
Gentamicin 400mg (as sulphate) in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% calculated at
315mOsm/L
Gentamicin 400mg (as sulphate) in 100mL glucose 5% calculated at 285mOsm/L
pH:
3 to 5.5 (4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. From July 2010 Some Cidomycin ampoules were being imported from the SanofiAventis manufacturing site in Hungary. It was being supplied under the same
product license as the UK preparation and therefore did not have a separate SPC.
Methods of dilution and administration are therefore the same. However, each 2mL
ampoule contains 30.3mg of ethanol (used to dissolve the parahydroxybenzoate).
The following statement has been included on the leaflet This medicinal product
contains small amounts of ethanol (alcohol), less than 100mg per ampoule in
keeping with excipient guidelines. Alternate manufacturing site import was required
into 2011, however, this should now be resolved and further imported product
should not be entering the UK supply chain. Cidomycin vials were unaffected.
2. Constituents:
Cidomycin contains disodium edetate, methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E2180),
propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E216), sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and water for
injections;(1a)
Gentamicin (Hospira) injection contains sodium metabisulphite, disodium edetate,
methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide
and water for injections;(1b)
Gentamicin intrathecal (Winthrop) contains sodium chloride and water for
injections;(1c)
Gentamicin paediatric (Winthrop) contains disodium edetate, methyl
parahydroxybenzoate (E2180), propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E216), sulphuric acid,
sodium hydroxide and water for injections;(1d)
Genticin contains sulphuric acid and water for injections;(1e)
Gentamicin (Braun) contains disodium edetate, sodium chloride and water for
injections(1f)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Cidomycin, Sanofi-Avnetis. Last updated 14/09/2010
b) Gentamicin, Hospira UK Ltd. Last updated 14/09/2010
c) Gentamicin (intrathecal), Winthrop UK Ltd. Last updated 01/12/2009
d) Gentamicin (paediatric), Winthrop UK Ltd. Last updated 01/09/2010
e) Genticin, Amdipharm plc. Last updated 01/12/2010
f) Gentamicin, B.Braun Medical Ltd. Last revised 17/03/2009
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 14/04/2011

3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 14/04/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 14/04/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61, March 2011 pg 350-1
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 pg 340-1
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis
Date contacted: 29/06/2010
b) Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 29/06/2010
c) Drug company name: Withrop UK Ltd. Date contacted: 29/06/2010
d) Drug company name: Amdipharm plc. Date contacted: 29/06/2010
e) Drug company name: B.Braun Medical Ltd. Date contacted: 29/06/2010
10. Injectable Medicines Administration Guide, 3rd Edition 2010. UCLH NHS Trust
11. DrugDex Getamicin monograph accessed via http://www.thomsonhc.com/
(subscription required) on 14/04/2011
12. Bard website, accessed via www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk on 14/04/2011
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January
2010
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Glyceryl trinitrate

The presence of the excipient propylene glycol in some glyceryl trinitrate

preparations can cause adverse effects if its elimination is impaired; see adverse
effects section below.
MEDICINE NAME:
Glyceryl trinitrate

TRADE NAME(S):
Glyceryl Trinitrate Solution for Infusion (hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd)
Glyceryl Trinitrate Sterile Concentrate (Hospira UK Ltd)
Nitrocine (UCB Pharma Ltd)
Nitronal (Merck Serono)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Products (1mg in 1mL) which can be administered without further dilution
Ampoules containing glyceryl trinitrate 5mg in 5mL(1a)(b)
Ampoules containing glyceryl trinitrate 10mg in 10mL(1b)(1c)
Ampoules containing glyceryl trinitrate 25mg in 25mL(1a)(1b)
Vials containing glyceryl trinitrate 50mg in 50mL(1a-c)
Products (5mg in 1mL) which require dilution before administration
Ampoules containing glyceryl trinitrate 25mg in 5mL. Concentrate for dilution(1d)
Ampoules containing glyceryl trinitrate 50mg in 10mL. Concentrate for dilution(1d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
For intravenous infusion only. NEVER administer glyceryl trinitrate by IV bolus injection.
(1a-d)

IV infusion: Administer a 1mg in 1mL solution using an infusion pump. Use a ready diluted
preparation if available. Titrate the infusion rate to the haemodynamic response. (1)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation
as the preparation has a low pH.(12) If a central venous access device is unavailable a large
peripheral vein can be used; the insertion site must be monitored closely for phlebitis using a
recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(12)
Glyceryl trinitrate is incompatible with polyvinylchloride (PVC); use a polyethylene
syringe/infusion pack and polyethylene coated administration set (see 'Other Comments'
section for further information).(1a)(1b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Glyceryl trinitrate 1mg in 1mL preparations
Glyceryl trinitrate 1mg in 1mL can be administered without further dilution.(1a-c)
Glyceryl trinitrate 5mg in 1mL preparations
Glyceryl trinitrate 5mg in 1mL must be diluted with either glucose 5% or sodium chloride
0.9% before administration.(1d)
In adults, usual practice is to dilute to 1mg in 1mL.(10)
In children, dilute to a maximum concentration of 400micrograms/mL (but concentration of
1mg/mL has been used via a central venous access device).(6)

EXPIRY TIME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:

24 hours.(1a-c)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 100micrograms/minute of glyceryl trinitrate using a

solution of 50mg in 50mL (1mg in 1mL; 1000micrograms in 1mL), the calculation would look
as follows:

FLUSHING:
IV infusion via a central venous access device: Do not flush the central venous access
device. After the infusion is discontinued, disconnect the administration set, aspirate the
cannula contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
IV infusion via peripheral cannula: Flush the cannula with sodium chloride 0.9% at the
same speed as the rate of infusion to avoid adverse haemodynamic effects.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects including headache, dizziness, flushing, hypotension and tachycardia may
be encountered, particularly for high doses and/or if the infusion is administered too rapidly.
Nausea, diaphoresis, restlessness, retrosternal discomfort, abdominal pain and paradoxical
bradycardia have been reported. These symptoms should be readily reversible on reducing
the rate of infusion or, if necessary, discontinuing treatment.(1a)(1b)
Cardiac monitoring recommended, including frequent blood pressure and heart rate
monitoring.(6)
Propylene glycol is an excipient in Nitrocine(1c) and the Hospira(1d) products. In patients with
impaired elimination of propylene glycol, for example young children and those with renal
impairment it has been associated with toxicity.(2)(5) Toxicity includes hypersosmolarity, lactic
acidosis and nephrotoxicity.(2) In children, limiting the infusion of products containing
propylene glycol to 3 days has been recommended.(6) The hameln generic preparations and
the Nitronal brands of glyceryl trinitrate do not contain propylene glycol.(1b)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH and presence of excipients
propylene glycol(1c)(1d) and ethanol.(1d)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse other medicine containing infusions via the same line as glyceryl trinitrate 1mg
per 1mL solution as no compatibility information is available.
Glyceryl trinitrate 400micrograms in 1mL infusion is compatible with the following

infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Adrenaline, amiodarone, atracurium, cisatracurium, clonidine, dobutamine, dopamine,
fentanyl, furosemide, insulin, labetalol, midazolam, milrinone, morphine, noradrenaline,
propofol, remifentanil, sodium nitroprusside, vecuronium.(4)
Incompatible: Hydralazine,(4) levofloxacin,(2) phenytoin.(2)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil(9a-d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolality of Nitrocine 276-306mOsmol/kg (9c) Infusion of solutions containing propylene
glycol(1c)(1d) can lead to hyperosmolarity.(2)
pH:
3 to 6.5 (9a-d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 25C, keep in the original container. (1a)(1b)(1d)
2. Ethanol is an excipient in the Hospira product.(1d) There have been reports of ethanol
intoxication following high-dose glyceryl trinitrate infusion.(2)
3. Up to 50% of glyceryl trinitrate is reported to be adsorbed onto polyvinyl chloride
(PVC).(1a-d) The use of PVC containing infusion bags and giving sets is therefore not
recommended. However, since the dose of glyceryl trinitrate is titrated to effect, the
clinical significance of this is uncertain.(4) For products containing ethanol, this may
also increase overall ethanol exposure.(2)
4. Glyceryl trinitrate is compatible with polyethylene infusion packs ('Viaflo' infusion bags
from Baxter) polypropylene syringes (e.g. BD Plastipak syringes) and polyethylene
tubing (e.g. Vygon's lectrocath tubing).(11)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Nitronal, Merck Serono Ltd. Last revised 13/12/2011
b) Glyceryl trinitrate solution for infusion, hameln. Last revised 04/06/2009
c) Nitrocine, UCB Pharma Ltd. Last revised 21/01/2009
d) Glyceryl trinitrate sterile concentrate, Hospira UK Ltd. Last revised 31/12/2007
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/05/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/05/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/05/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012 page 127-129, 998
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health
2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 3, 104-105
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. a) COSHH data sheet; Merck Serono January 2008
b) COSHH data sheet; hameln Pharmaceuticals January 2007

c) COSHH data sheet; UCB Pharma March 2008

d) COSHH data sheet; Hospira UK April 2011
9. a) Drug company name: Merck Serono. Date contacted: 04/03/2012
b) Drug company name: hameln Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 09/05/2012
c) Drug company name: UCB Pharma Ltd. Date contacted: 04/05/2012
d) Drug company name: Hospira UK. Date contacted: 05/05/2012
10. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care
Society website (2010) See Link
11. Customer Services, Vygon Corporate & Beckton Dickinson UK Ltd. July 2012
12. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January
2010
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Granisetron

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Granisetron

TRADE NAME(S):
Kytril
Granisetron (hameln, Martindale)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing granisetron 1mg in 1mL (as hydrochloride). Concentration for
dilution.(1a-c)
Ampoules containing granisetron 3mg in 3mL (as hydrochloride). Concentrate for
dilution.(1d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: give by IV injection over at least 30 seconds.(1a-d)
IV infusion: over 5 minutes (1a-d)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
ADULTS
IV injection: Dilute each 1mg to 5mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d)(4)
IV infusion: Dilute in 20-50mL of sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d)(4)
CHILDFREN
IV infusion: Dilute in 10-30mL of sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-d)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions and headache.(1a-d)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aciclovir, amikacin, aminophylline, bumetanide, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cotrimoxazole, dobutamine, dopamine, fluconazole, folinic acid, furosemide, ganciclovir,
gentamicin, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, imipenem with cilasatin, linezolid,
magnesium sulphate, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, metronidazole, morphine,
piperacillin with tazobactam, propofol, ranitidine, tobramycin, vancomycin, zidovudine.(4)(10)
Compatible with the following infusion fluids: Compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's),
sodium chloride 0.18% and glucose 4%, sodium lactate, potassium chloride 40mmol/L in
sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%(1b-d)(9)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Negligible sodium per 1mg vial.(1b-c)(9)
1.4mmol sodium per 3mg vial.(1d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
305-318mOsmol/L.(1a-c)
pH:
pH 4 to 6 (1b-d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 30oC.(1a)(1c)(1d) hameln brand must not be stored above 25oC.(1b)
2. Keep ampoules in outer carton to protect from light.(1a-d)
3. Do not freeze.(1a-d)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Kytril ampoules 1mg/mL. Roche, last revised 20/07/2011
b) Granisetron 1mg/mL concentrate for solution for injection or infusion. hameln,
last revised 04/07/2008
c) Granisetron 1mg/mL concentrate for solution for injection. Martindale Pharma,
last revised 12/01/2012
d) Granisetron 3mg/mL concentrate for solution for injection. Mardinale Pharma,
last revised 05/03/2012
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/04/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/04/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/04/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012, pg 264
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012, pg 197
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Roche Products Ltd. Date contacted: 04/04/2012
10. Injectable Medicines Administration Guide. 3rd Edition, University College London
Hospitals
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Haem arginate

The manufacturer recommends that when haem arginate is administered to a patient, the name
and batch number of the product are recorded in order to maintain a link between the patient and
the batch of the product.

MEDICINE NAME:
Haem arginate

TRADE NAME(S):
Normosang (Orphan Europe)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing haem arginate 250mg in 10mL. Concentrate for solution for infusion.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion: After appropriate dilution administer over at least 30 minutes using a central venous
access device or large brachial vein. Due to the colour of the infusion, use an infusion set with a
15 to 20micron in-line filter.(1)(2)(11) (N.B. Most infusion sets incorporate an in line 15micron or
20micron filter; check package).
Use alternate arms each day to limit local perivenous inflammation.(11) The dose should not
exceed 250mg in 24 hours.(1)(2)(5) The manufacturer recommends that the infusion should be
protected from light during administration, if this is not possible, administer immediately after
dilution.(9)
After administration of haem arginate, flush the vein with 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%. Initially
use 3 or 4 bolus injections of 10mL 0.9% sodium chloride and after this infuse the remaining
volume over 10-15 minutes.(1) If vein patency is a problem, dilute the haem arginate in 100mL of
20% human albumin and give over 60 minutes (unlicensed use).(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Dilute immediately prior to administration in 100mL of 0.9% sodium chloride in a glass bottle.(1)(5)
If a glass bottle is unavailable, use a plastic container (unlicensed use) and administer
immediately after preparation.(11)
FLUSHING:
sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylactoid reactions: hypersensitivity (e.g. dermatitis medicamentosa and tongue oedema)
have occurred rarely.(1)
Administration site reactions: temporary pain, swelling and thrombophlebitis at injection site.(1)(2)(5)
Poor venous access can prevent the use of the affected veins for further infusions, necessitating
the use of a central venous line.(1)
Headache and pyrexia.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
Haem arginate has the potential to cause tissue injury if extravasation occurs because its pH can
be greater than 9,(9) it has a high osmolality greater than 500mOsm/Kg(9) and contains alcohol
and polyethylene glycol as excipients.(1) If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment
policies.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible: Sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
Incompatible: Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions except sodium chloride
0.9%.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available.(9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
No information available.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolality:
6mL of Haem arginate in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% solution: +/- 712mOsm/kg(9)
9mL of Haem arginate in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% solution: +/- 910mOsm/kg(9)
12mL of Haem arginate in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% solution: +/- 1100mOsm/kg(9)
pH:
pH: 8.5 to 9.5.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store in the refrigerator (2-8oC) and protect ampoules from light.(1)
2. Haem arginate contains 1g of ethanol (96%) per 10mL ampoule and propylene glycol
(4000mg/10mL per ampoule).(1) The ethanol content may modify or increase the effect of
other medicines and cause central nervous system side-effects, lactic acidosis, kidney and
liver toxicity, increase in plasma osmolarity, and haemolytic reactions. It may be harmful
for those suffering from epilepsy, brain injury or disease, liver disease, alcoholism as well
as for pregnant woman and children.(1)
3. The dark haem arginate colour may give the plasma an unusual colouring.(1)
4. The manufacturer recommends that haem arginate should be prepared in a glass bottle
because of its slightly faster degradation in PVC plastic containers.(1)
5. Haem arginate is irritant to the veins and may cause thrombophlebitis. Repetitive
peripheral use may lead to the loss of the superficial venous system and the consequent
need for a central line. Central lines may also, in time, become obstructed with haem
deposits. Haem arginate may be administered in 100mL of human albumin (20%) to help
reduce these problems (unlicensed use).(11)
6. See the UKMI Medicines Q and A on NeLM 'How should haem arginate be administered in
the management of acute porpyria?'

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Normosang, date of revision of text April 2008
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com May 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com May 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
May 2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59, March 2010
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - Orphan, Europe
9. Drug company name: Orphan Europe
Date contacted: May 2010
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
11. UKMi-Wales Medicines Information Centre: How should haem arginate be administered in
the management of acute prophyria. Medicines Q&As. Dec 2009;60.2
Version 2

Intravenous

Haloperidol

Intravenous administration is not the preferred administration route of haloperidol due to

an increased risk of QTc-interval prolongation and other cardiac dysrhythmias
MEDICINE NAME:
Haloperidol

TRADE NAME(S):
Haldol(1a)
Generic - Goldshield(1b)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing haloperidol 5mg in 1mL solution for injection.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV bolus: Give as slow bolus (i.e. 3-5 minutes). Maximum rate 5mg/minute in an emergency.(10)
IV infusion - unlicensed route of administration: Give by continuous infusion with the rate
adjusted according to response. The usual rate of administration in adults is 5-10mg/hour.(3)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
May be diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% (final concentration must not exceed 750micrograms
in 1mL) or glucose 5% (final concentration must not exceed 1mg in 1mL).(4)(11)
For continuous intravenous infusion via a syringe pump (unlicensed) dilute to a suitable volume
with glucose 5% (e.g. 30mg in 50mL).(14)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours.(4)
FLUSHING:
Glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Monitor blood pressure and heart rate.(1a)(3) Baseline ECG monitoring is recommended prior to
treatment in all patients, especially in the elderly and patients with a positive personal or family
history of cardiac disease or abnormal findings on cardiac clinical examination. ECG monitoring
should be conducted during therapy to monitor for QT prolongation and serious cardiac
dysrhythmias. The dose should be reduced if QT is prolonged, and haloperidol should be
discontinued if the QTc exceeds 500 milliseconds.(1a)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due its low pH. Preferably administer via a central
venous access device.(13)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil(9a)(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
284mOsmol/L for haloperidol 750micrograms/mL in sodium chloride 0.9% .(12)
252mOsmol/L for haloperidol 1mg in glucose 5%.(12) see link.
pH:
2.8 to 3.6(9a)(9b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Parenteral administration not recommended for children (1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Haldol (Janssen-Cilag), last revision 23/04/2010 accessed via
http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc
b) Haloperidol (Goldshield plc), last revision 02/09/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com January 2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com January 2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th edition, accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com
January 2011
5. British National Formulary No. 62
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December 2011
8. COSHH report - Janssen-Cilag Ltd, May 2007
9. a) Drug company name: Janssen-Cilag Ltd. Date contacted 10/02/2011
b) Drug company name: Goldshield plc. Date contacted: 10/02/2010
10. Adams S. Intravenous use of haloperidol. Hospital Pharmacy, 1987, vol. 22, 306-307
11. Riker RR, Fraser GL, Cox PM. Continuous infusion of haloperidol controls agitation in critically ill
patients. Critical Care Medicine, 1994, vol. 22, no.3, 433-440.
12. Quality Control Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.
13. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
14. Paw H, Shulaman R. Drugs in intensive care. 4th edition (2010). Cambridge University Press.

Version 4

Heparin

Intravenous

NHS Lothian WARNING: For heparin infusions, always use the ampoules containing a ready
to use solution of heparin sodium 1000units/ml as per NHS Lothian Heparin Infusion Chart.
This solution does not need to be further diluted before administration.
Vials containing heparin sodium 5000 units/ml, for restricted use in agreed clinical areas only.
Vials containing heparin sodium 25000 units/ml for restricted use in agreed clinical areas; and for
use in the preparation of infusions when the ready to use ampoules are not available from
pharmacy. A notification will be sent from pharmacy to advise if this situation arises.
MEDICINE NAME:
Heparin

TRADE NAME(S):
Heparin sodium (Leo Laboratories Ltd)
Multiparin, Monoparian, Monoparin calcium (Wockhardt UK Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Heparin sodium
Leo Laboratories:
1000units in 1mL: 1mL amp, 5mL amp, 5mL vial, 10mL amp, 20mL amp
5000units in 1mL: 1mL amp, 5mL amp, 5mL vial
25000units in 1mL: 1mL amp, 5mL vial
Wockhardt:
1000units in 1mL: 1mL amp, 5mL amp, 5mL vial, 10mL amp, 20mL amp
5000units in 1mL: 1mL amp, 5mL amp, 5mL vial
25000units in 1mL: 0.2mL amp, 1mL amp, 5mL vial
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Administer as an intravenous loading dose according to APTT, followed by a continuous IV infusion
using an infusion pump. (1a)(1b)(4)
Use heparin sodium 1,000 in 1mL.(12)
Administer intravenous bolus injection over 3-5 minutes.(12)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Heparin sodium 1,000units in 1mL can be administered without further dilution.
ONLY EVER UNDERTAKE DILUTION IF NOTIFICATION PROVIDED BY PHARMACY THAT
THERE IS A SUPPLY PROBLEM WITH 1000UNIT/ML. IF UNSURE SEEK ADVICE FROM
PHARMACY: If heparin sodium 1,000units in 1mL is unavailable, heparin sodium must be diluted
with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% to produce a concentration of 1,000units in 1mL.(12) Invert
at least six times to prevent pooling.(4)

EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL

AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours(10)(11)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1a)(1b)(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. The patient's age, administering heparin too quickly or administering large doses increases
the risk of haemorrhage. Measure the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) regularly
and adjust the rate of continuous infusion accordingly.(2)
2. Administration is rarely associated with local irritation and skin necrosis.(2)
3. Risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: monitor platelets before, during and after
treatment.(2)
4. Heparin can suppress adrenal secretion of aldosterone leading to hyperkalemia, particularly
in patients such as those with diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, pre-existing metabolic
acidosis, a raised plasma potassium, or taking potassium sparing drugs. The risk of
hyperkalemia appears to increase with duration of therapy but is usually reversible. Plasma
potassium should be measured in patients at risk before starting heparin therapy and in all
patients treated for more than 7 days.(1a)(1b)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

For heparin sodium and one other medicine mixed in a single line close to the cannula
insertion site:
Compatible: (but may vary dependent on drug concentration; for concentrate solutions consult a
pharmacist or specialist texts).(1)(4)
Acetylcysteine, adrenaline, alfentanil, aminophylline, clonidine, dobutamine, dopamine, eptifabatide,
esmolol, fentanyl, fluconazole, folinic acid, foscarnet, ganciclovir, insulin, linezolid, meropenem,
midazolam, morphine, noradrenaline, remifentanil, rocuronium, sodium nitroprusside, vecuronium
In sodium chloride: Furosemide
Incompatible: (this list is not exhaustive; non-inclusion does not imply compatibility)
Alteplase, amiodarone, amphotericin, atracurium, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, desferrioxamine,
drotrecogin, erythromycin, gentamicin, haloperidol, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, isosorbide
dinatrate, labetalol, nicardipine, tobramycin
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (9)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Heparin sodium (Leo Laboratories Ltd):(9a)
1000units in 1mL, 0.18 to 0.209mmol in 1mL
5000units in 1mL, 0.13mmol in 1mL
25000units in 1mL, 0.65mmol in 1mL
Heparin Sodium (Wockhardt UK Ltd):(9b)
1000units in 1mL, 0.04mmol in 1mL
5000units in 1mL, 0.2mmol in 1mL
25000units in 1mL, 1mmol in 1mL
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
280-300mOsmol.kg(12)
pH:
Heparin sodium injection has a pH of 5 to 7.5 (4)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Heparin sodium (Leo Pharma) 1000units/mL: 5mL amp, 5mL vial, 10mL amp, 20mL amp.
5000units/mL: 1mL amp, 5mL amp, 5mL vial. 25000units/mL: 1mL amp, 5mL vial. Last revised
November 2007
b) Heparin sodium (Wockhardt), 1000units/mL: 1mL amp, 2mL amp, 5mL amp, 5mL vial, 10mL am p,
20mL amp. 5000units last revised 18/09/2009
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com March 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
March 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 14th Edition pg 833
5. British National Formulary No. 58 September 2009 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf March 2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health; Medicines for Children 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 accessed via http://bnfc.org/bnfc March 2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer -not available for this product
9. a) Drug Company Name: Leo Pharma. Date contacted: 30/03/2010
b) Drug company name: Wockhardt UK Ltd. Date contacted: 09/04/2010
10. Barts and the London NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, Heparin IV monograph 2008
11. Injectable Medicines Guide, UCLH, 3rd Edition, 2010
12. Intensive Care Society standards committee, published standard 2010, Medication Concentrations in
Critical Care Areas. For details, go to the Intensive Care Society website, under "Guidance", see link
to Medication Concentrations in Critical Care Areas (2010)See Link

Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Hydralazine hydrochloride

Hydralazine hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
Apresoline

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing hydralazine hydrochloride 20mg powder for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection:
Give by slow IV injection over at least 5 minutes to avoid over rapid reduction of blood
pressure.(1)(5)(6a)
If necessary, a repeat injection can be given after an interval of 20-30 minutes.(1)(5) In children a
dose can be repeated every 4 - 6 hours as necessary.(2)(3)(6a)
IV infusion: Initial rate 200-300micrograms/minute.(1)(2)(5) Maintenance 50150micrograms/minute(1)(2)(5) adjusted according to patient's blood pressure response and
tolerance.(1)(3)
In children under 12 years and neonates infuse at a rate of 12.5-50micrograms/kg/hour.(6a)
In children over 12 years initially infuse at a rate of 3-9mg/hour.(6a)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(10) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. Administer via an infusion pump.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Dissolve the contents of each ampoule in 1mL water for injections to produce 20mg in 1mL.
Requires further dilution before administration.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Dilute the reconstituted solution (20mg in 1mL) with 9mL sodium chloride 0.9% to
produce 20mg in 10mL.
IV infusion: The manufacturer recommends diluting the reconstituted solution with 500mL
sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)(5) In practice 50mg hydralazine is usually diluted to 50mL to produce a
1mg in 1mL solution.(11)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use. Discard any remaining solution within 24 hours.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (1)(9)
Flush the peripheral cannula with sodium chloride 0.9% at the same rate the medicine was
infused to avoid adverse haemodynamic effects.
Do not flush the central venous access device. After the infusion is stopped, disconnect the
administration set, aspirate the cannula contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Tachycardia, palpitations, flushing, anginal symptoms, headache.
Monitoring: Monitor blood pressure and heart rate.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage as pH is less than 5.(9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
IV injection: Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion
containing a medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line
both before and after administering the injection.
IV infusion:
Compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above: Ringers solution,
5% sorbitol solution.(1)
Incompatible: Glucose.(1)
Hydralazine undergoes rapid decomposition as the pH becomes more alkaline.(4)(10)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
308 - 338mOsmol/L (in sodium chloride 0.9%)

pH:
pH 3.5 to 4.2 once reconstituted.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Prepare solution immediately before use.(1)
2. Store below 30oC and protect from light during storage.(1)(2)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Apresoline, last updated 13/04/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/10/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/10/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 11/10/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 60 September 2010, accessed via http//www.bnf.org/bnf/
on 06/10/2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via http://www.bnfc.org/bnfc
on 11/10/2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Amdipharm
Date contacted: 11/10/2010
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010 on
4/2/2011
11. Dade J et al. UKCPA Critical care group Minimum infusion volumes for fluid restricted
critically ill patients. 3rd Ed. 2006. accessed via
http://www.ukcpa.org/ukcpadocuments/9.pdf on 7/12/2010
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate (Efcortesol)

N.B. There are three different types of hydrocortisone injection available (sodium
phosphate, sodium succinate and acetate); Check you are using the correct salt.
MEDICINE NAME:
Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate

TRADE NAME(S):
Efcortesol (Sovereign Medical)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing hydrocortisone 100mg in 1mL (as sodium phosphate) (5)
Ampoules containing hydrocortisone 500mg in 5mL (as sodium phosphate) (5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection (doses less than 500mg; adult patients): Administer by slow IV injection preferably
over 3-5 minutes (manufacturer states it should be given over at least half to one minute).(1)
IV infusion: Can be administered as an infusion after appropriate dilution. [Note: NHS Lothian
advise a suggested concentration of 1mg/mL]. Can be given by continuous infusion.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute to an appropriate volume with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(5)
Following dilution the product should appear colourless to pale yellow and free from visible
particles.(9)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours when prepared in the clinical area
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Paraesthesia and pain (particularly in the genital region but may radiate over entire body) may
follow intravenous injection of the sodium phosphate salt. It is probably related to the rate of
injection and usually resolves within a few minutes.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device): No
information.(9)
Incompatible: No information.(9)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

0.66mmol per mL (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information (9)
pH:
pH 7.5 to 8.5 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Keep ampoules in outer carton. Store below 25oC.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Efcortesol Injection, Sovereign Medical. Last revised
January 2008
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com on
05/01/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://medicinescomplete.com on 05/01/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://medicinescomplete.com on
05/01/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 62 September 2011, pg 457
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003, pg 313
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 376
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Amdipharm (Sovereign Medical)
Date contacted: 08/02/2012
Version 5 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-Cortef)

N.B. There are three different types of hydrocortisone injection available (sodium
phosphate, sodium succinate and acetate); Check you are using the correct salt.
MEDICINE NAME:
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate

TRADE NAME(S):
Solu-Cortef

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing 100mg hydrocortisone (as sodium succinate) powder for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Slow IV injection or IV infusion: Give over 1 to 10 minutes.(1)
Can be given by continuous infusion in children.(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Add not more than 2mL of water for injections to 100mg vial.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
2mL water for injections added to 0.1mL/100mg vial gives 100mg in 2.1mL.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
For infusion add the reconstituted contents of the vial to 100-1000mL (but not less than 100mL)
of glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%(1) to give final concentration of between 100micrograms in
1mL and 1mg in 1mL.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
After reconstitution with water for injections, use immediately and discard any remainder.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Anaphylactoid reactions.(1) Dyspepsia, muscle pain, hypertension, increased
sweating.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusion fluids: Glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9%, 5% glucose in 0.9% sodium
chloride, Ringer's injection sodium chloride 0.45%.(4)

Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Aciclovir, aminophylline, digoxin, dopamine hydrochloride, furosemide (in sodium
chloride 0.9%), morphine sulphate.(4)
Incompatible: Ciprofloxacin, diazepam, midazolam, phenytoin sodium.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available (9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available.(9)
pH:
When reconstituted as directed, the pH of the solution will range from 7.0 to 8.0 (1)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate 100mg/1mL solution for injection (Efcortesol) is a
ready made solution for administration by slow intravenous injection, intravenous infusion
or by intramuscular injection. It is not recommended for intrathecal use. For intrathecal or
epidural administration use hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-cortef).
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Solu-Cortef, last revised October 2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://w/ww.medicinescomplete.com on 05/01/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 05/01/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition 2011 pg 838-851
5. British National Formulary No. 62, September 2011, pg 456-457, 860
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 375
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Pfizer
Date contacted: August 2012
Version 5

Intravenous

Imipenem with Cilastatin (as sodium salt)

Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure

Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the correct
information for the brand used in your Trust.
MEDICINE NAME:
Imipenem with cilastatin (as
sodium salt)

TRADE NAME(S):
Primaxin
Generics: Fresenius Kabi Ltd, Hospira UK Ltd, Hickma
(Supplier Kent)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Primaxin vials containing 500mg imipenem (as the monohydrate) with 500mg cilastatin (as the
sodium salt) powder for reconstitution.(1a)
Fresenius Kabi vials containing 500mg imipenem (as 530mg imipenem monohydrate) and 500mg
cilastatin (as 530mg cilastatin sodium salt).(1c)
Fresenius Kabi vials containing 250mg imipenem (as 265mg imipenem monohydrate) and 250mg
cilastatin (as 265mg cilastatin sodium salt).(1c)
Hospira vials containing 500mg imipenem (as 530mg imipenem monohydrate) and 500mg
cilastatin (as 530mg cilastatin sodium salt).(1d)
Hickma (Supplier Kent) vials containing 500mg imipenem (as 530mg imipenem monohydrate)
and 500mg cilastatin (as 530mg cilastatin sodium salt).(1e)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
Intravenous infusion:
250 to 500mg (as imipenem) over 20 to 30 minutes.(1a-e)
Doses over 500mg (as imipenem) over 40 to 60 minutes.(1a-e)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Primaxin:
Reconstitute each vial with approximately 10mL of sodium chloride 0.9%(1a) taken from a 100mL
infusion container and shake well to form a suspension. Add the reconstituted 500mg vial to the
remainder of the 100mL of diluent in the infusion container to give a concentration of 5mg in 1mL
(as imipenem). Repeat with an additional 10 mL of infusion solution to ensure complete transfer of
vial contents to the infusion solution. Agitate until a clear solution is produced. Reconstituted as
directed, intravenous solutions are colourless to yellow but may become a deeper yellow over time.
Variation of colour within this range does not affect potency.(4)
The time interval between the beginning of reconstitution and the end of intravenous infusion
should not exceed 24 hours.
Fresenius:
Reconstitute each 20mL vial with approximately 10mL of sodium chloride 0.9% from the
appropriate infusion solution. Shake well and transfer the resulting suspension to the infusion
solution container.
Repeat with an additional 10mL of infusion solution to ensure complete transfer of the vial contents
to the infusion solution. Agitate until a clear solution is obtained. The final concentration should be
5mg per 1mL.(1c)
Hospira:

Reconstitute each 100mL vial with 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9%.(1d)

Reconstitute each 20mL vial with approximately 10mL of sodium chloride 0.9% from an
appropriate infusion solution. Shake well and transfer the resulting suspension to the infusion
solution container. Repeat with an additional 10mL of infusion solution to ensure complete transfer
of the vial contents to the infusion solution. Agitate until a clear solution is obtained.(1d)
Hickma:
Reconstitute each 20mL vial with approximately 10mL of sodium chloride 0.9% from an infusion
container of 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%. Shake well and transfer the resulting suspension to the
infusion solution container.
Repeat with another 10mL of infusion solution to ensure complete transfer of the vial contents to
the infusion solution. Agitate the infusion container until a clear solution is obtained. The final
concentration should be 5mg per 1mL (as imipenem).(1e)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
For Primaxin vials the displacement value is 0.85mL when diluted with 100mL.(9a)
For Fresenius Kabi 500mg vials, the displacement vale is 0.85mL when diluted with 100mL.(9c)
For Hospira vials the displacement value is 1mL when diluted with 100mL.(9d)
For Hickma vials the displacement value is 2mL when diluted with 100mL.(9e)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
For Primaxin the suitable diluent is sodium chloride 0.9%. Glucose 5% can be used in
exceptional clinical circumstances where sodium chloride 0.9% is not appropriate(1a)
Hickma products should only be reconstituted and diluted with sodium chloride 0.9%.(1b)(1e)
Fresenius and Hospira products can be diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% or water for injections.(1cd)

The concentration recommended for administration is 5mg in 1mL (as imipenem) i.e. dissolve a
500mg vial in 100mL diluent.(1a-e)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
Primaxin and generic Hospira infusion should be used immediately. The time interval between
the beginning of reconstitution and the end of intravenous infusion should not exceed two
hours.(1a)(1d)
The infusions made with the generic Fresenius and Hickma preparations should be used
immediately.(1b)(1c)(1e)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION (adult):
Calculate Infusion Rate:
Fluid volume (mL) divided by time of administration (minutes). Multiply by 60 to obtain the infusion
rate in mL/hour
e.g. for a 500mg (as imipenem) dose: 100mL divided by 20 minutes = 5mL/minute or 300mL/hour
FLUSHING:
IV infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Erythema, local pain, induration, fever, thrombophlebitis, nausea, vomiting, anaphylaxis,
convulsions.(1a-e)
The infusion rate may be slowed in patients who develop nausea during infusion.(1a-e)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Aciclovir, anidulafungin, caspofungin, insulin, ondansetron, tigecycline.(4)
Incompatible: Imipenem is incompatible with lactate and should not be reconstituted with diluents
containing lactate.(1a-e)
Imipenem must not be mixed with, or physically added to other antibiotics.(1a-e)
Fresenius imipenem tends to be less stable in glucose solutions.(9c)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid contact with eyes. Do not breathe dust. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure with skin. Use
only with adequate ventilation. Wash thoroughly after handling.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Primaxin: contains 1.6mmol (37.6mg) in 500mg (as imipenem) vial.(1a)
Fresenius: contains 1.6mmol (37.5mg) in a 500mg (as imipenem) vial and 0.81mmol (18.8mg) in
each 250mg (as impenem) vial.(1c)
Hospira: contains 1.6mmol (37.5mg) in 500mg (as impenem) vial.(1d)
Hickma: contains 1.6mmol (37.5mg) in each 500mg (as imipenem) vial.(1e)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Primaxin: 500mg (as imipenem) in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9%, osmolality = 330mOsm/kg.(9a)
Fresenius: 500mg (as imipenem) in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%, osmolality = 280320mOsmol/kg.(9c)
Hospira: 500mg (as imipenem) in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% osmolality = 331336mOsmol/kg.(9d)
Hickma: 50mmg (as imipenem) in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9%, osmolality = 335337mOsmol/kg.(9e)
pH:
pH 6.5 to 8.5 (1c-d)(9a-b)(9e)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. MSD cannot guarantee that latex has not been used during the manufacturing process of
Primaxin.(9a) Fresenius and Hickma states that their products are latex free.(9c)(9e) Hospira
state that although mixing and filling operators wear latex gloves, it is unlikely that latex
could be found in the filled product.(9d)
2. Although incompatible with lactate, Primaxin, Fresenius, Hospira and Hickma products can
be given through IV tubing through which a lactate solution is being infused.(1a-e)
3. Vials that have not been reconstituted should be stored below 25oC.(1a-c)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Primaxin IV injection (MSD), text revised October 2011
b) Imipenem/cilastatin (Ranbaxy), text revised 17/06/2010
c) Imipenem/cilastatin (Fresenius Kabi Ltd), text revised 07/08/2009
d) Imipenem/cilastatin (Hospira UK Ltd), text revised 04/02/2013
e) Imipenem/cilastatin (Hickma; Supplier Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd), text revised
11/01/2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed www.medicinescomplete.com
December 2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com December 2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com in
December 2012
5. British National Formulary No. 65 accessed via www.bnf.org in July 2013
6. British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014)
8. Safety Data Sheet for Primaxin IV compiled by Merck & Co. Updated23/07/2008
9. a) Drug company name: MerckSharp & Dohme Limited. Date contacted: 23/07/2012
b) Drug company name: Ranbaxy. Date contacted: 08/06/2011
c) Drug company name: Fresius Kabi Ltd. Date contacted: 02/06/2011
d) Drug company name: Hospira. Date contacted: 16/11/2011
e) Drug comapany name: Fannin (UK) Ltd. Date contacted: 04/10/2012
Version 6

Intravenous

Insulin (soluble), human

Insulin prescriptions must include the term 'units' next to the dose of insulin. Abbreviations
such as U or IU must not be used (11)(12)
MEDICINE NAME:
Insulin (soluble), human

TRADE NAME(S):
Humulin S (prb)
Human Actrapid (pyr)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials (10mL) containing insulin (soluble), human 100units per mL (1a)(1b)

METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Continuous infusion: Administer as a 1unit in 1mL dilution using a syringe pump.(5)(10)
IV injection (for hyperkalaemia): Administer 5-10units insulin with 50mL glucose 50% over 5-15
minutes.(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Continuous Infusion: Dilute 50units insulin to 50mL sodium chloride 0.9%.(10)
IV injection (for hyperkalaemia): Add 5 to 10units insulin to 50mL glucose 50%.(5)
An insulin syringe must always be used to draw up and prepare insulin.(11)(12)
If an infusion bag is used ensure insulin is not injected into the dead space of injection port.(5)
EXPIRY WHEN PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA:
Human Actrapid: 24 hours (1a)
Humulin S: No information
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypoglycaemia: monitor blood glucose levels.(1a)(1b)
Systemic allergic anaphylaxis can occur rarely.(1a)(1b)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not administer insulin by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the injection.
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet in the administration set close to the
cannula insertion site): Amiodarone, heparin, lidocaine, magnesium sulphate, midazolam,
milrinone, morphine, potassium chloride, propofol, terbutaline, vancomycin, verapamil.(4)
Many drugs are compatible with insulin - contact Pharmacy for a full list.

Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%, glucose 5% containing 40mmol
potassium chloride.(4)
Incompatible: Aminophylline, dopamine and digoxin.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available (9a)(9b)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Human Actrapid: Approximately 0.0047mmol per mL (110micrograms/mL) (9a)
Humulin S: No information available
pH:
pH 6.9 to 7.8 (2)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Preserved with glycerol and m-cresol.(1a)(1b)
2. Loss of drug into bag, plastic syringe or giving set may occur.(2)(4)(5)(9a)
3. If infusion bag is used ensure insulin is not injected into dead space of injection port.(5)
4. Protect from sunlight.(1a)(1b)
5. Store between 2-8oC. Once in use, the vial should be kept between 15-25oC.(1a)(1b)
6. Humulin S vials may be used for up to 28 days once opened.(1b)
7. Actrapid vials may be used for up to 6 weeks once opened.(1a)
8. Do not freeze.(1a)(1b)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Human Actrapid. Date of revision of text 07/12/2007
b) Humulin S. Date of revision of text 21/04/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 21/04/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information"
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
21/04/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ on 21/04/2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Novo Nordisk
Date contacted: 10/07/2009
b) Drug company name: Eli Lilly Date contacted: 15/07/2009
10. Towards standardisation of drug infusion concentrations in UK critical care units. M Borthwick et al;
Journal of Intensive Care Society; Vol 10; No. 3; July 2009
11. NPSA/2010/RRR013 Rapid response report 16 June 2010; Safer administration of insulin
12. Rapid Response Report NPSA/2010/RRR013: Safer administration of insulin, June 2010,
Supporting Information

Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Isoniazid

Isoniazid
TRADE NAME(S):
Isoniazid (Alliance Pharmaceuticals)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing isoniazid 50mg in 2mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1)(10)
It is recommended to give an intravenous dose slowly as an undiluted bolus injection, although
other methods may be employed.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Recommended to give undiluted but can be diluted(9) if necessary.
The drug company recommends water for injections as a suitable diluent, however, it is rarely
used in practice because it is likely to cause hyponatraemia.(9)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(9)(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Fever, skin conditions (including erythema multiforme), and rarely lupoid syndrome, pellagra,
purpura and haematological reactions have occurred during isoniazid therapy.(1)(4)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available.(9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and
after administering the injection.
The drug company recommends water for injections as a suitable diluent, however, it is rarely
used in practice because it is likely to cause hyponatraemia.(9)
Incompatible: Glucose (9)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Remove contaminated clothing.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information.(9)
pH:
5.6 to 6.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Protect from light.(1)
2. Maximum storage temperature is 25oC.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Isoniazid (Alliance Pharmaceuticals), last updated on
eMC 07/01/2003
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/09/2010. No
information.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/09/2010. No information.
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 09/09/2010. No information.
5. British National Formulary No. 60 accessed 09/09/2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003. No
information.
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed 09/09/2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. Material Safety Data Sheet, Isoniazid United States Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc.
30/01/2001
9. Drug company: Alliance Pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 09/09/2010
10. Injectable Medicine Administration Guide, UCL Hospitals, 3rd Edition 2010
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Isoprenaline sulphate

Intravenous
Unlicensed preparation.
MEDICINE NAME:
Isoprenaline sulphate

TRADE NAME(S):
Isoprenaline sulphate (South Devon Healthcare Torbay)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 2.25mg isoprenaline sulphate in 2mL. Sterile concentrate for injection.
N.B. Other strengths of isoprenaline sulphate may be in use locally; contact Pharmacy for
information.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Must be diluted before administration.
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection at a rate of 5-20micrograms per minute, adjusted according to
response.(4)
IV infusion: Give at a rate of 0.5-20micrograms per minute using a syringe pump, adjusted
according to response.(2)(4)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the
preparation has a low pH.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Dilute to at least 20micrograms per mL with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%.
IV infusion: Dilute 2mL (one ampoule of 2.25mg in 2mL isoprenaline sulphate injection) with 500mL
glucose 5%(4) to make a 4.5micrograms per mL solution. Usual concentrations for intravenous
infusion are 2.25-4.5micrograms in 1mL.(3)
More concentrated solutions i.e. 2.25-4.5mg in 50mL glucose 5% are often used in critical care
areas(10) for administration via a central venous access device using an infusion pump.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA)
MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours.

EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
The calculation is specific for isoprenaline sulphate 2.25mg in 2mL, sterile concentrate for
injection. If another isoprenaline preparation is being used please contact your pharmacy
department for advice.
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 6.75micrograms/minute of isoprenaline sulphate using a

solution of 2.25mg in 50mL (45micrograms in 1mL), the calculation should look as follows:

The table provided by the following 'link' shows example calculations.

FLUSHING:
Do not flush the vascular access device. After the infusion is discontinued, disconnect the giving set,
aspirate the cannula contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, palpitations, hypotension, tremor, headache, sweating and facial
flushing.(2)
Monitor ECG, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, urine flow, central venous pressure, blood pH,
blood pCO2 or bicarbonate, and cardiac output.(3)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Magnesium sulphate infusion, potassium chloride infusion.(4) Do not infuse with any other medicines.
Incompatible: Aminophylline, furosemide, sodium bicarbonate, solutions with pH above 6 as
isoprenaline sulphate displays significant decomposition at a pH value above approximately 6.(4)
The pH of sodium chloride 0.9% is 4.5-7.(4) Since isoprenaline may undergo a significant
decomposition at pH greater than 6, glucose 5% is the diluent of choice for intravenous infusion.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special handling requirements.(8)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

0.067mmol/mL(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
2.25mg in 500ml 5% glucose 280 mOsmol/L (11)
4.5mg in 50ml 5% glucose 327 mOsmol/L (11)
pH:
2.5 - 3(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Isoprenaline sulphate 1.125mg is equivalent to isoprenaline hydrochloride 1mg.(9)
2. Discard the injection if it is pinkish or darker than slightly yellow or contains a precipitate.(3)
3. Protect unopened ampoules from light.(3)
4. Contains sodium metabisulphite.(9)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics - not available
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference". Accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/10/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/10/10
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs". Accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
25/10/10
5. British National Formulary 60
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2008
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report complied by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Torbay PMU
Date contacted: August 2010
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. Quality Assurance Department, Charing Cross Hospital
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Ketorolac trometamol

Ketorolac trometamol
TRADE NAME(S):
Toradol
Ketorlac trometamol (Beacon Pharmaceuticals)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoule containing ketorolac trometamol 30mg in 1mL solution for injection.(1a-b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: Give by slow IV bolus over no less than 15 seconds (1a-b)(2)(3)(4)(6)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Dilution not necessary (1a-b)
If dilution is required either sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% can be used.(1a-b)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1a-b)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylaxis, bradycardia, bronchospasm and flushing. Hypertension, hypotension, palpitations,
heamatoma, flushing, pallor. Pain at the injection site. Monitor blood pressure and heart rate.
Major risk of gastric bleeding or operative site bleeding.(1a-b)
EXTRAVASATION:
As ethanol is an excipient, this product has the potential to cause tissue injury if extravasation
occurs. If extravasation does occur, refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Ketorolac should not be mixed in a small volume (e.g. in a syringe) with morphine sulphate,
pethidine hydrochloride, promethazine hydrochloride or hydroxyzine hydrochloride as
precipitation of ketorolac will occur.(1a-b)
No compatibility data is available, therefore, do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line
being used for an infusion containing a medicine additive without first stopping the running
infusion. Flush the line both before and after giving the injection.
Compatible infusion fluids: Ringer's solution,(1a-b) lactated Ringers,(1a-b) glucose 5%(1a-b) and
sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-b)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Toradol 10mg in 1mL contains 7.45mg sodium chloride(9a) - this represents 127mmol
Both 30mg in 1mL presentations contain 4.35mg sodium chloride(9a-b) - this represents 74mmol
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Information on osmolarity of ketorolac trometamol ampoule solutions is not available
pH:
5.7 to 6.7 (10mg/mL solution) (2)(8b)
6.9 to 7.9 (4)(9a-b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Onset of analgesic effects approximately 30 minutes.(1a-b) Median duration of analgesia is
generally 4-6 hours.(1a-b)
2. Maximum duration of treatment should not exceed 2 days.(1a-b)(5)
3. Do not store above 30oC.(1b) Do not refrigerate or freeze.(1a)
4. Keep ampoules in the outer carton(1a-b) and protect from light.(1b)(2)(3)(4)
5. Injection contains ethanol, sodium chloride and water,(1a) additionally sodium hydroxide
(1b)

6. Precipitation may occur in solutions having a relatively low pH value.(4)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Toradol, Roche Products Ltd, last revised 21/10/2013
b) Generic, Beacon Pharmaceuticals, last revised 27/03/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/02/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medscape.com on 08/02/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 08/02/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 66, September 2013, pg 837
6. British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. a) COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (Roche) - Safety data sheet for ketorolac
tromethamine 24/08/2010
b) COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (Beacon) - Safety data sheet for ketoralac
tromethamine 09/01/2009
9. a) Drug company name: Roche Products Ltd. Date contacted: 28/02/2012
b) Drug company name: Beacon Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 19/12/2011
Version 5

Intravenous

Immunoglobulin, human normal (Kiovig)

Brands of normal human immunoglobulin are not interchangeable.

Record the batch number and expiry date from each bottle used in the patients case
notes or on the drug chart
MEDICINE NAME:
Immunoglobulin, human normal

TRADE NAME(S):
Kiovig

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing human normal immunoglobulin 100mg in 1mL (10%) solution for infusion:
1g in 10mL
2.5g in 25mL
5g in 50mL
10g in 100mL
20g in 200mL
30g in 300mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Give at an initial rate of 0.5mL/kg/hour for 30 minutes. If well tolerated, gradually
increase the rate of administration to a maximum of 6mL/kg/hour.
The recommended schedule is:
0.5mL/kg/hour for 30 minutes
1mL/kg/hour for at least 5 minutes
2mL/kg/hour for at least 5 minutes
4mL/kg/hour for at least 5-10 minutes
6mL/kg/hour for the rest of the infusion.(9)
Use an infusion pump.
Bring the infusion up to room or body temperature before giving.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
If dilution is required, dilute with an equal volume of glucose 5% solution to make a final
concentration of 50mg/mL (5% immunoglobulin).(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse reactions are more likely to occur in patients receiving normal immunoglobulin for the
first time, following a prolonged period between treatments, or when a different brand of normal
immunoglobulin is administered.
Adverse reactions include chills, headache, fever, vomiting, nausea, allergic reactions,

arthralgia, low blood pressure and moderate low back pain. These may be related to the
infusion rate. If they occur, reduce the rate or stop the infusion.
Anaphylactic reactions are rare but can occur even in patients who have tolerated previous
treatment with normal immunoglobulin.
Monitoring:
Monitor the patient (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate) before starting the
infusion, throughout the infusion and for 1 hour after the first infusion or 20 minutes after
subsequent infusions.
Monitor urine output and serum creatinine levels. Patients must be well hydrated.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
240-300mOsmol/kg.(9)
pH:
4.6-5.1(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store in a refrigerator (2oC - 8oC). Do not freeze.
2. Keep the vial in the outer carton to protect from light.
3. The product may be stored at room temperature (not more than 25oC) for up to 1 year.
The date of transfer to room temperature and the end of the 1 year period should be
recorded on the outer carton. Once the product has been stored at room temperature do
not return to the refrigerator; discard if not used by the end of the 1 year period.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Kiovig accessed via www.baxterhealthcare.co.uk
date of revision of text 7/2011
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 21/09/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service (no relevant information)
4. Trissel 'Handbook on Injectable Drugs' accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
21/09/2011
5. British National Formulary no. 62 Sept 2011 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk on 21/09/2011
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via www.bnfc.org on
21/09/2011
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011

8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (not available)

9. Drug Company Name: Baxter. Date contacted:28/04/2011, 22/09/2011
Version 1

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Labetalol hydrochloride

Labetalol hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
Trandate Injection

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing labetalol 100mg in 20mL (as hydrochloride) solution for injection (1)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Preferably administer via a central venous access device line to avoid potential venous irritation
as the preparation has a low pH.
Administration via a rate controlled infusion pump is advised to facilitate accurate dosage.(3)(4)
ADULTS
IV injection: May be given undiluted by slow IV injection. Maximum rate 50mg per minute
repeated if necessary at 5 minute intervals up to maximum total dose of 200mg until a
satisfactory response occurs.(1)(2)
IV infusion: Dilute in a compatible infusion fluid to 1mg in 1mL.(1)(3)(4) If fluid restricted may be
infused undiluted.(6) Usual maximum rate of intravenous infusion 2mg per minute but refer to
summary of product characteristics for details as rates differ depending on indication.
CHILDREN
IV injection: May be given undiluted by slow IV injection over at least 1 minute.(6)
1 month to 12 years - 250-500micrograms/kg as a single dose; maximum 20mg.(6)(6a)
12 to 18 years - as per adult guidance above.(6)(6a)
IV infusion: Dilute in a compatible infusion fluid to 1mg in 1mL.(6)(6a) If fluid restricted may be
infused undiluted.(6)(6a)
Neonate: 500micrograms/kg/hour adjusted at intervals of at least 15 minutes according to
response; maximum 4mg/kg/hour.(6)(6a)
Child 1 month to 12 years: initially 0.5-1mg/kg/hour adjusted at intervals of at least 15 minutes
according to response; maximum 3mg/kg/hour.(6)(6a)
Child 12 to 18 years: 30-120mg/hour adjusted at intervals of at least 15 minutes according to
response.(6)(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute to a concentration of 1mg in 1mL(1)(5) with glucose 5% IV infusion (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) or sodium
chloride 0.9%.(2)(3)(6)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.

FLUSHING:
IV injection: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
IV infusion via a central venous access device: Do not flush. After completion of infusion,
disconnect giving set, aspirate cannula contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
IV infusion via peripheral cannula: Flush the cannula with sodium chloride 0.9% at the same
speed as the rate of infusion to avoid haemodynamic effects.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Orthostatic/postural hypotension, monitor blood pressure; the patient should remain lying down
for more than 3 hours after administration.(1)(2)(3)(5)
Bronchospasm in patients with asthma/obstructive airways disease or history of
asthma/obstructive airways.(1)
It is desirable to monitor the heart rate after injection and during infusion. In most patients, there
is a small decrease in the heart rate; severe bradycardia is unusual but may be controlled by
injecting atropine 1-2mg intravenously.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage as pH is less than 5.(9) If extravasation occurs refer
to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
When giving labetalol by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the labetalol.
Keep labetalol infusions separate from other infusions wherever possible. This is due to the
possibility of the second infusion affecting the infusion rate of labetalol and therefore affecting
heart rate and blood pressure.
Incompatible (N.B. Exclusion from this list does NOT assume compatibility):
Incompatible with sodium bicarbonate injection BP 4.2% w/v(1) and sodium bicarbonate 5%.(2)(3)(4)
Immediate formation of precipitate with ceftriaxone, furosemide, heparin, insulin, pantoprazole
and thiopental.(2) A white precipitate has been observed following concomitant infusion of alkaline
drugs and labetalol injection.(3)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Small and variable amounts of sodium hydroxide.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:

No information available (9)

pH:
pH 3.5 to 4.5 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. After bolus injection, the maximum hypotensive effect usually occurs within 5 to 15
minutes.(1)(2)(3) Effective duration is usually about 6 hours, but may be as long as 18
hours.(1)(2)
2. The product should be protected from light during storage but there is no requirement to
protect from light during administration.(9)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Trandate (labetalol) UCB, last revised 02/02/2010
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/01/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/01/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/01/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 58, September 2009, accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/
on 22/01/2010
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnfc on
22/01/2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011.
8. COSHH report complied by the manufacturer. Product Safety Data Summary. Trandate
(labetalol) UCB. Date originally reviewed 10/11/2005
9. Drug company name: UCB Pharma
Date contacted: January 2010
Version 5 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Lepirudin

Discontinued in the UK 01/04/2012; Expiry of last batch produced 31st August 2013
Unlicensed medicine in use.
MEDICINE NAME:
Lepirudin

TRADE NAME(S):
Refludan

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Each vial contains 50mg of lepirudin as powder for solution for injection or infusion (1)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Lepuridin is administered as an intravenous injection followed by a continuous infusion.(1)
Intravenous injection: over 3-5 minutes. (9)
Continuous intravenous infusion administered peripherally or centrally using an infusion pump.
Maximum infusion rate in adult patients is 150micrograms/kg bodyweight/hour.(1)(5) This dosing is
valid for patients up to 110kg bodyweight. In patients with a bodyweight exceeding 110kg the initial
dosage should not be increased beyond the 110kg bodyweight dose. The dosing for both
intravenous injection and infusion should be modified in renal impairment and the rate of
continuous infusion adjusted according to aPTT results.(1)
See example calculation section; Tables 1-3 for further information.
The safety and effectiveness of lepirudin has not been established in children.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
For reconstitution inject 1mL of water for injections or sodium chloride 0.9% into the vial and shake
gently to produce a clear, colourless solution. This is obtained usually within less than 3 minutes.(1)
Use the reconstituted solution immediately to prepare the final IV solution for injection or infusion(1)
(see below).
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
No information.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
For IV injection:
To prepare a final solution for injection, transfer the contents of one reconstituted vial containing
50mg lepirudin into a 10mL polypropylene syringe. Dilute with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%
to a total volume of 10mL giving a final lepirudin concentration of 5mg in 1mL solution. (1)
Continuous IV infusion:
To prepare a final solution for infusion transfer the contents of two reconstituted vials each
containing 50mg lepirudin into a 50mL syringe. Dilute with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% to
a total volume of 50mL giving a final lepirudin concentration of 2mg in 1mL.(1)

EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL

AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Infusion must be changed at least every 12 hours after the start of the infusion.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
The following tables 1-3shows calculation of the volume for injection, infusion rate and
how to adjust the infusion rate according to the aPTT. See Summary of Product
Characteristics for guidance on dose adjustment in renal impairment.

Table 1:

Slow injection volume (mL) using a 5mg in 1mL IV solution

Dose
Patient body weight
(micrograms/kg) 50kg
60kg
70kg

80kg

90kg

100kg

110kg

200

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.4

400

4.8

5.6

6.4

7.2

8.8

For other doses use the calculation below:

Injection volume (mL) = dose (micrograms/kg) x body weight (kg)
5000
Table 2:

Continuous infusion rate (mL/hour) using a 2mg in 1mL IV

solution

Dose
Patient body weight
(micrograms/kg) 50kg
60kg
70kg

80kg

90kg

100kg

110kg

100

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

150

3.8

4.5

5.3

6.8

7.5

8.3

For other doses use the calculation below:

Injection volume (mL/hr) = dose (micrograms/kg/hour) x body weight (kg)
2000
Table 3:

Adjustment of infusion rate according to the aPTT(1)

aPTT

Rate of infusion

< Target
range

Increase by 20%

> Target
range

Stop infusion for 2 hours, restarting with a 50%

reduction in the infusion rate

Measure the aPTT 4 hours after the start of therapy, any dose alterations, and at least once
daily otherwise adjusting the infusion rate accordingly (Table 3).

Generally an infusion rate of 0.21mg/kg/hr should not be exceeded without checking for
coagulation abnormalities.(1)

FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Lepirudin may cause allergic reactions including anaphylaxis and shock. Fatal anaphylactic
reactions have been reported in patients re-exposed to lepirudin with second or subsequent
treatment course. Treatment with lepirudin should only be undertaken in areas where medical
assistance and treatment for anaphylactic reactions are available. There may be cross sensitivity
with other hirudins e.g. bivalirudin. Haemorrhagic effects including bleeding from puncture sites
and wounds may occur.(1)(5)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is not expected to cause tissue damage.(9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
No information.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolality 240 to 320mOsm/kg.(9)
pH:
Approximately 7.(1)(4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Safety and effectiveness has not been proven in children.(1)
2. Store unused vials below 25oC.(1)
3. Vial stopper is latex free.(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics for Refludan. Celgene Ltd, date last revised 05/02/2007
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com accessed 03/08/2011

3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com accessed 03/08/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition December 2010, accessed via
medicines complete.com 03/08/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61, March 2011 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk 03/08/2011
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnfc
03/08/2011
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer last updated on 14/06/2005
9. Drug Company: Celgene. Date contacted: 03/08/2011
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Levetiracetam

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Levetiracetam

TRADE NAME(S):
Keppra
levetiracetam (Sun Uk Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Concentrate for solution for infusion, each 5mL vial contains 500mg of levetiracetam.(1)
The concentrate is a clear, colourless solution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
For infusion only - do not administer by IV injection. (1)
Dilute the recommended dose in at least 100mL of suitable diluent and administer as a 15 minute
IV infusion.(1)(2)(5)(6a)
Dose

Withdrawal
Volume

Volume of Infusion
Diluent
Time

Frequency of
administration

Total
Daily Dose

250mg

2.5mL (half 5mL vial)

100mL

15 minutes Twice daily

500mg/day

500mg

5mL (one 5mL vial)

100mL

15 minutes Twice daily

1000mg/day

1000mg 10mL (two 5mL vials)

100mL

15 minutes Twice daily

2000mg/day

1500mg 15mL (three 5mL vials)

100mL

15 minutes Twice daily

3000mg/day

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

Dilute required dose with a minimum of 100ml sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1) Discard if
particulate matter or discolouration appears.(1)(2)(5)(6a)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
All doses up to 2000mg to be given by infusion over at least 15 minutes.
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Concentrate must always be diluted before administration: Concentrate has an extreme
osmolarity and if extravasated is likely to cause tissue damage. If extravasation occurs refer to
local treatment policies.

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Glucose 5%, lactated Ringer's injection and sodium chloride 0.9% (1)
Incompatible: No information available (1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.833mmol per vial (1)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
3610mOm/kg (9)
pH:
pH 5.5 +/- 0.5 (9)
REFERENCES:
1. Compendium of Data Sheets and Summaries of Product Characteristics
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference"
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information"
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs"
5. British National Formulary 59
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2008
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name UCB Pharma:
Date contacted:14/01/09
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Levofloxacin

Levofloxacin
TRADE NAME(S):
Tavanic, Sanofi-Aventis

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Glass bottle containing 500mg of levofloxacin in 100mL as a clear greenish-yellow solution for
infusion.(1)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Administer by slow IV infusion via an infusion pump at a rate of not more than 250mg over
30 minutes or 500mg over at least 60 minutes.(1)(5) 750mg (unlicensed dose) should be administered
over at least 90 minutes.(4) Rapid infusion should be avoided because of the potential for
hypotension.(4)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the
preparation has a low pH.(11) However, this is not requirement requested by the manufacturer.(9)
Alternatively, use a large peripheral vein after agreeing this route with a senior member of medical
staff.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA)
MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
The expiry of infusion is 3 hours.(1)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%(1)(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Tachycardia and transient hypotension, especially during rapid infusion. In rare cases, circulatory
collapse may occur and the infusion must be stopped immediately. Hypersensitivity reactions (rash,
pruritus, angioedema, anaphylactic shock), dyspnoea, bronchospasm, infusion site reactions and
phlebitis.(1) Other adverse effects include; headache, dizziness, tremor and hypoglycaemia, especially
in diabetics.(1) Monitor blood glucose and blood pressure.
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH.(1)(9) If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.(10)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible:
Levofloxacin is compatible with the following solutions for infusion: glucose 5%, sodium chloride
0.9%,(1) glucose 5% in sodium chloride 0.9%.(4)
Levofloxacin is compatible at the Y site with: amikacin, aminophylline, ampicillin, anidulafungin,
bivalirudin, caffeine citrate, cefotaxime, cimetidine, clindamycin, daptomycin, dexamethasone sodium
phosphate, dobutamine, dopamine, epinephrine, fentanyl, morphine sulphate, gentamicn, lidocaine,
linezolid, metoclopramide, phenobarbital sodium, sodium bicarbonate, vancomycin.(4)
Incompatible:
aciclovir,(1) azithromycin,(4) drotecogin alfa, furosemide, heparin, propofol.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information is available.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
154mmol of sodium per litre.(1)(5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The infusion isotonic.(4)(9)
pH:
4.3 to 5.3 for the undiluted bottle,(9)
4.6 to 4.7 (5mg in 1mL) in glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% solutions.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Monitor renal function carefully, although rare levofloxacin can cause acute renal failure.(1) See
the SPC for dose adjustments in renal impairment.
2. Caution is advised in patients with known risk factors for QT interval prolongation.(1)
3. If diarrhoea is severe, persistent and or bloody during or after treatment may be symptomatic of
Clostridium difficile-associated disease be indicative of enterocolitis, including
pseudomembranous colitis.(1)
4. Store at room temperature in the outer carton to protect product from light.(1)(4)(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics eMC last revised May 2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference", accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com, Aug
2010.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com, Aug 2010.
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com, Aug 2010.
5. British National Formulary No.59, 2010

6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-2011
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer:Sanofi-Aventis (not available)
9. Drug Company name: Sanofi-Aventis
Date contacted: August 2010
10. www.extravasation.org.uk
11. Royal College of Nursing Standards for Infusion Therapy 3rd Edition Jan 2010.
Version 2

Levomepromazine

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Levomepromazine
(methotrimeprazine)

TRADE NAME(S):
Nozinan (Sanofi- Aventis)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing levomepromazine 25mg in 1mL (as hydrochloride).(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
ADULTS
Slow IV bolus injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1)(2)
CHILDREN
Continuous IV infusion: Administer over 24 hours.(2)(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute the required dose with equal volume of sodium chloride 0.9% immediately before IV
injection.(1)(4) Sodium chloride 0.9% is the main diluent for most syringe pumps however water for
injections has been used as a diluent for some combinations.(11)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours(2)(6a)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Postural hypotension (especially in the elderly), cardiac arrhythmias (rare), monitor blood
pressure.(1)
Somnolence and malaise, dizziness, disorientation, dry mouth occasional.(1)
Allergic skin reactions, heat stroke in hot and humid conditions, photosensitivity.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
If extravasation occurs, refer to local treatment policies.(10)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible:
Alfentanyl.(12) Diamorphine stable and compatible(1)(12) for up to 24 hours.(4) Glycopyronium,(12)
hydromorphone,(4)(12) hyoscine buytylbromide,(12) hyoscine hydrobromide and midazolam in
combination.(9)(12) Morphine sulphate, morphine tartrate,(12) oxycodone.(4)(12) Y-Site compatibility
includes fentanyl and methadone. Metoclopramide may be added to syringe pumps(4)(11) but
combination is not generally recommended, e.g. seek specialist advice when combining multiple
anti-emetics.
Incompatible:
Heparin sodium, ranitidine hydrochloride.(4) Incompatibility may occur with dexamethasone,
ketorolac, octreotide. Use with caution in syringe pumps, compatibility may depend on order of
mixing or drug concentration, seek specialist advice.(12)
Levomepromazine injection is incompatible with alkaline solutions.(1)(2)(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.046mmol per ampoule(9)
3.7-4.7mmol as 25mg in 25mL sodium chloride 0.9%. See link(13)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Solutions in sodium chloride 0.9% are isotonic.(4)(11)
137mOsmol/L as the 25mg/mL ampoule(13)
301mOsmol/L as 25mg in 25mL sodium chloride 0.9% See link(13).
pH:
3-5 as the 25mg/mL ampoule(2)(9)(4)
4.8 as 25mg in 25mL sodium chloride 0.9% See link(13).
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Dilutions in sodium chloride 0.9% stable for 24 hours.(1)
2. Protect from light, discard if pink or yellow discolouration of solution.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Nozinan, last revised April 2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference", accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com,
Sept 2010.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com, Sept 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs", accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com, Sept

2010
5. British National Formulary No. 60, Sept 2010.
6. Medicines for Children 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11accessed via www.bnfc.org.
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis
Date contacted: September 2010
10. National Extravasation Service www.extravasation.org.uk
11. Palliative Medicines Handbook, accessed via http://book.pallcare.info/, Sept 2010.
12. Palliative Drugs, accessed via www.palliativedrugs.com, Sept 2010.
13. Quality Assurance Department, Charing Cross Hospital, October 2010
Version 5

Linezolid

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Linezolid

TRADE NAME(S):
Zyvox

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Infusion bags containing linezolid 600mg in 300mL (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: Administer over a period of 30 to 120 minutes using an infusion pump.(1)
Stability
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Injection site pain, phlebitis and thrombophlebitis, anaphylaxis.(1)(9)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH. If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
The manufacturer recommends that additives should not be introduced into the linezolid infusion
bag and that linezolid should be administered separately with flushing before and after
administration.(1)
Incompatible: Physically incompatible with amphotericin, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, diazepam,
pentamidine isethionate, erythromycin lactobionate, phenytoin sodium and
sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Chemically incompatible with ceftriaxone sodium.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.67mmols sodium in 100mL.(1)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
290mOsmol/L.(9)
pH:
pH 4.8 (Range 4.4 to 5.2).(9)

OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Each 1mL of the solution contains 45.7mg glucose (i.e. 13.7g in 300mL). This should be
taken into account in patients with diabetes mellitus or other conditions associated with
glucose intolerance.(1)
2. Linezolid ready-to-use solutions may exhibit a yellow colour that can intensify over time
without affecting the stability of the drug.(4)
3. For single use only. Intact containers should be kept in their protective overwrap until ready
to use. Check for minute leaks by squeezing the bag firmly. If the bag leaks do not use as
sterility may be impaired.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Zyvox, Pharmacia Ltd. Date of revision of text
09/11/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
30/02/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 30/03/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
30/03/2012
5. British National Formulary No 63 March 2012 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf/ on 30/03/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children"2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnfc/ on
30/03/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer. Version 2.1 revised 24/10/2011
9. Drug company name: Pharmacia. Date contacted: 12/04/2012 (personal communication)
10. Patient Information Leaflet, Zyvox, Pharmacia, accessed 30/03/2012
11. National Extravasation Service, www.extravasation.org.uk, accessed on 30/03/2012
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Liothyronine sodium

MEDICINE NAME:
Liothyronine sodium
(L-Tri-iodothyronine)

TRADE NAME(S):

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing liothyronine sodium 20micrograms powder for reconstitution (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection.(1)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a high pH. If a central venous access device is unavailable, a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis.(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Add 1mL or 2mL of water for injections (WFI) to the vial, and shake gently until the solution has
dissolved.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
No information.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
May be further diluted to 10mL with water for injections.(10)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Arrhythmias, tachycardia, palpitations, muscle cramps and angina (usually reflective of
excessive dose).(1)
Monitoring: pulse and ECG.(10)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to high pH.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion. Flush the line both before and
after giving the injection.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible.(9)

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information.(9)
pH:
8.5 to 11.5.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 25oC. Protect from light.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Liothyronine sodium 20micrograms injection,
Mercury Pharmaceuticals (Supplier Amdipharm Mercury Company Ltd), last revised
23/10/2012
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com. Date accessed
03/06/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 03/06/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs"
5. British National Formulary No. 65 March 2013 page 460
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - not available
9. Drug company name: Amdipharm Mercury Company Ltd. Date contacted: 03/06/2013
10. Injectable Drug Administration Guide, UCLH. Third Edition 2010, pg 225
11. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 4

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Lorazepam

Lorazepam
TRADE NAME(S):
Ativan

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing lorazepam 4mg in 1mL (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Administer slowly.
Adults: Give by slow IV injection into a large vein at a maximum rate of 2mg per minute(2)(5) except
in the control of status epilepticus where rapid injection is required.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Already in solution but may require further dilution to facilitate injection.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Adults and children: Dilute 1 part lorazepam with 1 part sodium chloride 0.9%(1) immediately
before administration.
Neonates: Dilute to 100micrograms in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9%.(6a)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Monitor blood pressure and respiratory rate.(3)
2. Severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions have been reported with the use of
benzodiazepines.(1)
3. Respiratory depression/arrest and hypotension may occur.(1) Facilities and equipment
necessary to maintain a patent airway and to support respiration/ventilation should be
readily available.(1)
4. Administer with caution to patients in whom a drop in blood pressure might lead to
cardiovascular or cerebrovascular complications.(1) This is particularly important in the
elderly.(1)
5. It is recommended that patients should remain under observation for at least eight hours
and preferably overnight. When used for short procedures on an outpatient basis, the
patient should be accompanied when discharged.(1)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine additive without
first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after administering the IV
injection.(10)
The manufacturer lists water for injections as a suitable diluent for preparing an infusion: use of
water for injections is not generally recommended as its use is likely to cause hyponatraemia.(10)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Unnecessary contact with skin, mucous membranes or eyes or inhalation of the product should be
avoided.(9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
No sodium in the product (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9)
pH:
No information available (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store in fridge and transport refrigerated.(1) May only be taken out of fridge immediately prior
to administration for a maximum of 30 minutes. Do not use If out of fridge for longer than
30 minutes. (9) N.B. This may cause problems with the transporting of lorazepam from
pharmacy to the wards.
2. Should not be administered into small veins(1) or administered by intra-arterial injection since
arteriospasm can occur.(3)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Ativan, last updated 22/08/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 37th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/12/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/12/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/12/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012, pg 223, 309, 824
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012, page 234
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December

2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Pfizer Ltd
Date contacted: 16/11/2011
10. Guidelines for writing and updating monographs for the Injectable Medicines Guide website,
December 2011
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Magnesium sulphate

WARNING: Magnesium sulphate 50% must ALWAYS be diluted before use.

NHS Lothian Local IV Monograph
For treatment of eclampsia and foetal neuroprotection in pre-term birth see Reproductive Medicine
Policies.
For Oncology patients see Edinburgh Cancer Centre Guidelines.
For Acute Emergencies requiring magnesium sulphate see NHS Lothian Adult Medical Emergency
Handbook.
All available on the NHS Lothian Intranet.
MEDICINE NAME:
Magnesium sulphate

TRADE NAME(S):
Non proprietary available from Martindale Pharma
Auden McKenzie (Pharma Division) Ltd
Torbay Pharmacy Manufacturing Unit
UCB Pharma Ltd

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
PRODUCTS WHICH REQUIRE DILUTION BEFORE ADMINISTRATION:
Magnesium sulphate 50% solution
Ampoules containing magnesium sulphate
- 1g in 2mL (4mmol magnesium in 2mL)(1a-b)
- 2.5g in 5mL (10mmol magnesium in 5mL)(1a)
- 5g in 10mL (20mmol magnesium in 10mL(1a-c)
- 10g in 20mL (40mmol magnesium in 20mL)(1c)
- 25g in 50mL (100mmol in 50mL)(1c)
Pre-filled syringes containing magnesium sulphate 2g in 4mL (8mmol magnesium in 4mL).(1e)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection:
Give magnesium sulphate 10% solution by slow IV injection. In adults administer at a rate of no
more than 1.5mL (0.6mmol) per minute.(4)
IV Infusion:
For treatment of hypomagnesaemia in adults: Give at a rate not greater than 1.5mL/minute using a
10% solution or 3mL/minute using a 5% solution.(3)(5)
Preferably administer concentrations of 5% and above via a central venous access device to avoid
potential venous irritation as the preparation has a high osmolarity.(12)
If infusion via a peripheral cannula is required it is recommended to dilute to a concentration of less
than 5%.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

To prepare magnesium sulphate 10% (i.e. 20mmol magnesium in 50mL)
Dilute 10mL of magnesium sulphate 50% to 50mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
To prepare magnesium sulphate 5% (i.e. 20mmol magnesium in 100mL) :
Dilute 10mL of magnesium sulphate 50% injection to 100mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose
5%.
For peripheral cannula administration it may be preferable to dilute the magnesium chloride 50%
with an equal volume of sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% before administration.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours
FLUSHING:
IV injection or infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Possible side effects (due to hypermagnesaemia) include flushing, thirst, nausea and vomiting,
depression of reflexes, drowsiness, hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory
depression and coma.(1a-e)(3)
Hypocalcaemia may occur.(1d)
Monitor blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate, magnesium, calcium and other electrolyte
plasma levels, fluid balance and ECG.(1d)(2)
Magnesium levels should be measured 1-2 hours after the end of the infusion.

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation of concentrations of magnesium sulphate of 10% and above is likely to cause tissue
damage due to high osmolarity. Administer via a central venous access device if possible. If
extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):(1)(4)
Aciclovir, amikacin, cisatracurium, clonidine, erythromycin, esmolol, gentamicin, heparin, insulin
(soluble), labetalol, metronidazole, milrinone, morphine sulphate, potassium chloride infusion,
propofol, remifentanil, vancomycin
Other compatible infusion fluids: Glucose 10%, sodium lactate infusion, compound
(Hartmann's), sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose and sodium chloride combinations.(6a)

Incompatible:(1)(4) Amiodarone, amphotericin, calcium salts, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin,

dobutamine, phosphates preparations and sodium bicarbonate.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
50% injections:
Excipients include sodium hydroxide. Small amounts may be added during the manufacturing
process to adjust the pH.(9b) However, the amount is variable between batches.(9a-c)
N.B. Ready diluted preparations may be prepared in sodium chloride 0.9%.
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
50% injections: No information available from the manufacturers (9a-c) The 50% solution has a
calculated osmolarity of 4060mOsm/L(4)
pH:
10% and 50% injections: 5.5 to 7.(4)(9a-c)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Magnesium sulphate 1g is equivalent to approximately 4mmol magnesium (Mg2+).(5)'
2. Magnesium sulphate must be used with caution in patients suspected of or known to have
renal impairment.(1a-e)
3. Do not store above 25oC.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Magnesium Sulphate injection BP 50%, Aurum (Martindale Pharma), last revised
15/05/2008
b) Magnesium Sulphate injection BP 50%, Auden McKenzie, last revised 28/08/2009
c) Magnesium Sulphate injection BP 50%, South Devon Healthcare, last revised June 1999
d) Magnesium sulphate injection 50%, UCB Pharma Ltd, last revised September 2010
e) Magnesium Sulphate injection BP Minijet 50%, International Medication Systems (UCB
Pharma Ltd), last updated November 2005
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/05/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/05/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
04/05/2012
5. British National Formulary No 62, accessed via www.bnf.org on 04/05/2012
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12 accessed via www.bnf.or/bnfc on
04/05/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin "Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion
systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011"

8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer

9. a) Drug Company name: Martindale Pharma. Date contacted: 04/05/2012
b) Drug company name: Auden McKenzie. Date contacted: 04/05/2012
c) Drug company name: UCB Pharma. Date contacted: 04/05/2012
10. Towards standardisation of drug infusion concentrations in UK critical care units Borthwick et
al, Journal of the Intensive Care Society, Volume 10, Number 3, July 2009
11. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care Society
website (2010) See Link
12. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Meropenem

Intravenous
Contains a PENICILLIN-like structure
MEDICINE NAME:
Meropenem

TRADE NAME(S):
Meronem (AstraZeneca)
Generic (Hospira, Sandoz)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing meropenem 500mg, 1g powder for reconstitution (as trihydrate).(1a-e)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion is preferred for doses over 1g (adults) or 20mg/kg (children); there are limited safety data
available to support the administration of a 2g dose (adults) or 40mg/kg (children) as an intravenous
injection.(1a-e)
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 5 minutes.(1a-e)
IV infusion (preferred): Infuse over approximately 15 to 30 minutes.(1a-e)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
IV injection: Reconstitute with water for injections;(1a-e) use 10mL water for injections for every
500mg of meropenem to give a concentration of 50mg in 1mL.(1b-e)(4)(10)
IV infusion: May be directly reconstituted with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% then diluted
further for infusion (see below).(1a-e)(9a)
Shake the reconstituted solution before use;(1a-e) reconstituted solutions are clear, and colourless to
yellow.(1b-e)(4)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
0.4mL for 500mg and 0.9mL for 1g of meropenem (Meronem).(9a)
0.42mL for 500mg and 0.95mL for 1g of meropenem (Hospira).(9b)
0.5mL for 500mg and 1mL for 1g meropenem (Sandoz).(9c)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
For IV infusion the reconstituted solution may be further diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose
5%.(1a-e) Diluent volumes of 50-200mL are suitable for adult doses.(1d-e)(5)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA)
MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Solutions for injection or infusion prepared in clinical areas should be used immediately; the time
interval between reconstitution and the end of intravenous injection or infusion should not exceed one
hour.(1a-e)

FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Local site reactions, inflammation, thrombophlebitis, pain at injection site, rash, pruritus, urticaria,
systemic allergic reactions, angioedema, convulsions.(1a-e) Apnoea also reported.(3)
Discontinue immediately at the first appearance of rash or other signs of hypersensitivity, and
administer appropriate treatment.(1a-e)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
(It is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device)
When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine additive without
first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after administering the IV
injection
Compatible at Y-site: (meropenem in sodium chloride 0.9% diluent) aminophylline, dexamethasone,
digoxin, fluconazole, furosemide, gentamicin, heparin, insulin human soluble, metoclopramide,
morphine, potassium chloride, vancomycin.(4)
Incompatible: Aciclovir, amphotericin, calcium gluconate, diazepam, doxycycline, ondansetron,
pantoprazole, zidovudine.(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Each 500mg vial contains approximately 2mmols of sodium.(1a)(1b)(1d)
Each 1g vial contains approximately 4mmols of sodium.(1a)(1c)(1e)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
When reconstituted with water for injections to a concentration of 50mg in 1mL
365mOsmol/kg (Meronem).(9a)
420 to 471mOsmol/kg (Hospira).(9b)
pH:
7.3 to 8.3 after reconstitution.(4)(9a-b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The product and packaging do not contain latex, however the product is manufactured in units
where staff wear latex gloves, therefore the vial and outer packaging may have come into
contact with latex during some part of the manufacturing process. (Meronem and Hospira
products).(9a-b)
2. Do not store vials above 30oC;(1a) do not freeze the reconstituted solution.(1a-e)
3. Excipients: anhydrous sodium carbonate.(1a-e)
4. Vials are for single use only.(1a-e)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Meronem (AstraZeneca UK Ltd). Last revised 08/06/2010
b) Meropenem 500mg (Hospira UK Ltd). Last revised 24/08/2010
c) Meropenem 1g (Hospira UK Ltd). Last revised 24/08/2010
d) Meropenem 500mg (Sandoz Ltd). Last revised 05/08/2010
e) Meropenem 1g (Sandoz Ltd). Last revised 05/08/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 12/08/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 12/08/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 2009 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 12/08/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59 accessed via http://ww.bnf.org on 12/08/2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnfc on
12/08/2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) AstraZeneca UK Ltd. Date of preparation 23/02/2007
b) Hospira UK Ltd. Date of preparation 03/09/2010
9. a) Drug company name: AstraZeneca UK Ltd. Date contacted: 24/11/2009; 04/02/2010;
02/08/2010
b) Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 10/01/2011; 12/01/2011; 13/01/2011
c) Drug company name: Sandoz Ltd. Date contacted: 10/01/2011; 03/02/2011
10. Patient Information Leaflet for Meronem. Last revised October 2009
Version 2

Mesna

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Mesna

TRADE NAME(S):
Mesna (Baxter)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing mesna 400mg in 4mL solution for infusion
Ampoules containing mesna 1000mg in 10mL solution for infusion.(1)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Give over 15 to 30 minutes.(1)
Continuous IV infusion: Give over 12 or 24 hours. The method of administration depends on the
patient's chemotherapy regimen.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5%.(4)
Dilute to a convenient volume with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%, e.g. 100mL.(4)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use. Use within 24 hours. (4)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylactic reaction or pseudoallergic reactions (rash, pruritus, blistering of the skin and mucous
membranes, urticarial oedema, sudden hypotension, tachycardia and transient rise of liver
transaminases), especially in patients with autoimmune disorders.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Granisetron,(4) ondansetron.(4)
Incompatible: Amphotericin.(4)
Compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above:
Sodium chloride 0.45%/glucose 5%, compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's).(4)
Mesna can be mixed in the same infusion bag as ifosfamide.(1)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

2.1mmol sodium per 400mg ampoule.(9)
5.3mmol sodium per 1000mg ampoule.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
1242mOsmol/L (undiluted).(9)
pH:
pH 7.5 to 8.5 (4)(8)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store below 30oC.(1)
2. Protect ampoules from light.(1)
3. Mesna may cause a false positive for ketones in urine. Colour reaction for ketones is reddish
purple rather than purple.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Date of revision of text 06/04/2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 36th Edition 2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 14/09/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 14/09/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61 March 2011
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2007
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer. Material Safety Data Sheet, Mesna Injection.
Baxter Healthcare. Revised 11/05/2008
9. Drug company name: Baxter
Date contacted: 18/11/2010
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Methylprednisolone (as sodium succinate)

Caution: There are TWO different formulations of methylprednisolone injection available

(methylprednisolone succinate and methylprednisolone acetate).
NEVER administer methylprednisolone ACETATE (Depo-Medrone) INTRAVENOUSLY
MEDICINE NAME:
Methylprednisolone (as sodium succinate)

TRADE NAME(S):
Solu-Medrone

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
40mg, 125mg, 500mg, 1g, 2g all vials containing powder for reconstitution. All provided with solvent
(water for injections) for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Adults
IV injection: (doses up to 250mg) over a period of at least 5 minutes.(1)(2)(5)
IV infusion: (doses over 250mg) over at least 30 minutes.(1)(2)(5)
For treatment of acute spinal cord injury see 'comments' section.
Children
All doses for children should be given over 30 minutes.(6)(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Use solvent provided for reconstitution (1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
40mg vial = 0.046mL (i.e. after adding the 1mL solvent provided, the final volume = 1.046mL) (9)
125mg vial = 0.143mL (i.e. after adding the 2mL solvent provided, the final volume = 2.143mL) (9)
500mg vial = 0.57mL (i.e. after adding the 7.8mL solvent provided, the final volume = 8.37mL) (9)
1g vial = 1.14mL (i.e. after adding the 15.6mL solvent provided, the final volume = 16.74mL (9)
2g vial = 2.29mL (i.e. after adding the 31.2mL solvent provided, the final volume = 33.49mL) (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
For IV infusion, further dilution is required before administration. Use glucose 5% or sodium
chloride 0.9%.(1) Dilute to any suitable volume (e.g. 50 - 250mL), so long as doses are infused over
at least 30 minutes (9)
Children
Doses for children may be diluted in sodium chloride 0.9% or 0.45% or glucose 5% or 10%.(6a)

EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL

AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Do not use any prepared infusion more than 24 hours after preparation. (4)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Possible acute adverse effects include anaphylactic reaction with or without circulatory collapse,
cardiac arrest, bronchospasm, cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension or hypotension (1). Monitor
blood pressure and pulse during administration.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aciclovir, dopamine, heparin, linezolid, metronidazole, midazolam, morphine sulphate, remifentanil
(4)

Incompatible:
Ciprofloxacin, cisatracurium, potassium chloride, propofol (4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
40mg vial contains 0.36mmol sodium.(9)
125mg vial contains 0.5mmol sodium.(9)
500mg vial contains 2.43mmol sodium.(9)
1g vial contains 4.85mmol sodium.(9)
2g vial contains 9.7mmol sodium.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
When reconstituted with the volume of solvent supplied with the vial
40mg in 1mL solution = 500mOsm/L
62.5mg per 1mL solution = 400mOsm/L (4)(9).
pH:
pH 7 to 8 (4)(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. For the treatment of acute spinal cord injury give 30mg/kg methylprednisolone intravenously
over 15 minutes, followed by a 45 minute pause and then a continuous infusion of
5.4mg/kg/hour for 23 hours. Begin treatment within 8 hours of injury (information taken from

SPC for 2g vial). (1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Solu Medrone 2g vial. Last updated April 2008. SPC
for the other strength vials last updated July 2008
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 35th Edition, pg 1387
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2006, pg 3004
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 14th Edition, pg 1097
5. British National Formulary No. 58 pg 399 and 875
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 pg 452
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug Company name: Pfizer
Date contacted: February 2010
10. Local practice at Derriford Hospital, Plymouth
Version 6 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)

Feb 2012: Methylene Blue Injection USP 1% w/v was previously the only product available in
the UK. (13) N.B. This is a different strength to the Proveblue product (0.5% w/v) which is now
available.(1)
MEDICINE NAME:
Methylthioninium chloride

TRADE NAME(S):
Methylthioninium chloride (Proveblue) (Martindale)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing 50mg methylthioninium chloride in 10mL (0.5%w/v)(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Due to extreme pH administer if possible, via a central venous access device.(12)
Administer very slowly over a minimum of 5 minutes.(1) Methylthioninium chloride is hypotonic;
dilution with 50mL glucose 5% may help to avoid local pain, in particular in paediatric patients.(1)
Do not use methythioninium chloride solutions if the solution is discoloured, cloudy, turbid or a
precipitate or particles are present.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dose required can be diluted with 50mL glucose 5%.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with glucose 5%(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Nausea, abdominal and chest pain, dizziness, headache, profuse sweating, mental confusion,
hypotension, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias.(1)
Blue discolouration of urine, stools and saliva.(1)
The MHRA have issued the following advice on use of methylthioninium chloride:-(14)
- Methylthioninium chloride by the intravenous route is approved only for drug-induced
methaemoglobinaemia in adults at a dose of 12mg/kg
- Off-label use of methylthioninium (including use in parathyroid localisation or its use at doses
exceeding the licensed dose) should be carefully evaluated in view of the potential for CNS toxicity
- Intravenous methylthioninium chloride should be avoided in patients who have been treated
recently with serotonergic antidepressants, including SSRIs, clomipramine, and venlafaxine
- If use of intravenous methylthioninium chloride cannot be avoided, the lowest possible dose
should be used and the patient observed closely for CNS effects for up to four hours after
administration

- If features of CNS toxicity develop after use of methylthioninium, the patient should be monitored
closely and given supportive care
EXTRAVASATION:
Tissue damage likely due to low pH (11)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not inject or infuse this medicine via a line being used for an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the injection.
Incompatible: Sodium chloride 0.9%(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (2)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Between 10 and 15 mOsm/Kg (1)
pH:
3 to 4.5 (1)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not administer by intra-spinal injection or subcutaneous injection.(1)
2. Use immediately on opening.(1)
3. Store below 25oC. Do not freeze or refrigerate.(1)
4. Keep ampoules in original package to protect from light.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Methylthioninium chloride (Proveblue) injection.
Provepharm SAS (distributed by Martindale Pharmaceuticals Ltd) last updated October 2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 36th Edition 2009 page 1450
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/07/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
06/07/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59, March 2010
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer - not available
9. Drug company name: Martindale Pharma, Date contacted: 06/07/2010; February 2012

10. Beritz WE & Tatro DS: The Pediatric Drug Handbook, 3rd Mosby-Year Book, Inc, St Louis,
MO 1995 (Micromedex accessed 05/07/2010
11. www.extravasation.org.uk accessed 06/07/2010
12. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
13. SPC Methylene blue USP 1%injection See Link
14. MHRA Drug Safety Update Volume 2, Issue 9 April 2009 Latest advice for medicines users
Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue): Update on CNS toxicity with serotonergic drugs.
See Link
Version 2

Intravenous

Metoclopramide hydrochloride
(10)

August 2013: Changes recommended by MHRA will not necessarily be reflected in

manufacturers SPC and package insert.
MEDICINE NAME:
Metoclopramide hydrochloride

TRADE NAME(S):
Maxolon, Metoclopramide (Ennogen, hameln, Mercury)
Maxolon High Dose

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing metoclopramide hydrochloride 10mg in 2mL (1a)(1c-e)
Ampoules containing metoclopramide hydrochloride 100mg in 20mL (1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
Standard dose ampoules (10mg in 2mL):
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over at least 3 minutes.(10)
High dose ampoules (100mg in 20mL) for cytotoxic chemotherapy only:
Do not administer by IV injection
Continuous Infusion: (preferred method) Give a loading dose diluted in 50-100mL over 15-20
minutes prior to chemotherapy, followed by a maintenance dose diluted in 500mL over 8-12
hours. Give via an infusion pump.(1b)(1c)
Intermittent IV infusion: Dilute in at least 50mL and give over 15-20 minutes.(1b)(1c)(1e)(5)
Metoclopramide should only be prescribed for short-term use (up to 5 days).(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%(1b-c)(1e)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
24 hours.(1b)(1e)(4)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(4)(5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Drowsiness, restlessness, confusion, dystonic reactions particularly in
children and young adults, abnormalities of cardiac conduction, hypersensitivity reactions,
anaphylaxis,(1a-e) injection site inflammation, local phlebitis.(1c)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Aciclovir sodium, ciprofloxacin, cisatracurium besylate, clarithromycin,
dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, doxapram hydrochloride, fentanyl citrate, filgrastim,
fluconazole, granisetron hydrochloride, heparin sodium, levofloxacin, linezolid, meropenem,

morphine sulfate, ondansetron hydrochloride, piperacillin sodium-tazobactam sodium,

remifentanil hydrochloride.(4)
Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium lactate, compound (Hartmann's),(1b-c)(3)(4) glucose 5% in
sodium chloride 0.45%,(3)(4) sodium chloride 0.18% plus glucose 4%.(1b-c)(1e)
Incompatible: Allopurinol, amsacrine, doxorubicin hydrochloride liposomal injection,
furosemide, propofol.(4)
The following are usually incompatible, infuse separately if possible. Parenteral nutrition
solutions, sodium bicarbonate infusions, phosphate preparations, blood components, plasma
substitutes.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
2.74mmol of sodium in 20mL vial.(9a)
Negligible sodium per 2mL vial.(9a)(9c-e)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
270-310mOsmol/kg (hameln).(9b)
292.5mOsmol/L (Ennogen).(9d)
No information available for Amdipharm and Mercury preparations.(9a)(9c)
pH:
Maxolon High Dose: pH 5 to 6.5.(9a)
Metoclopramide 10mg in 2mL preparations: pH 3 to 5.(9a-d)
For further information please see link below.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Protect metoclopramide ampoules from light. Ampoules removed from their carton should
be stored away from light.(1a-e) If inadvertent exposure occurs, ampoules showing
discolouration must be discarded.(1a-b)
2. Protect diluted solutions from light during infusion. Degradation is indicated by a yellow
discolouration. Such solution must not be used.(1c)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Maxolon Injection, Amdipharm, text last revised 31/01/2011
b) Maxolon High Dose, Amdipharm, text last revised 31/01/2011
c) Metoclopramide, hameln, text last revised December 2011
d) Metoclopramide, Mercury Pharma, text last revised 05/08/2011
e) Metoclopramide, Ennogen, text last revised 16/03/2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 13/10/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 31/10/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook of Injectable Drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
07/11/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 64, September 2012, pg 259-260 and 990
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003

a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013, page 198-199

7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer.
9. a) Drug company name: Amdipharm plc. Date contacted: 02/11/2012
b) Drug company name: hameln. Date contacted: 31/10/2012
c) Drug company name: Mercury Pharma. Date contacted: 01/11/2012
d) Drug company name: Ennogen. Date contacted: 31/10/2012
10. MHRA Drug Safety update, volume 7, Issue 1 August 2013. Metoclopramide: risk of
neurological adverse effectsrestricted dose and duration of use
Version 6

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Metronidazole

Metronidazole
TRADE NAME(S):
Flagyl, Generic (Braun, Baxter)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Flagyl glass bottle containing 500mg metronidazole in 100mL Solution for Infusion.(1a)
Flagyl Viaflex minibag or Viaflex mini-bag plus containing 500mg metronidazole in 100mL
Solution for Infusion.(1a)
Ecoflec plus bottles of low density polyethylene containing 500mg metronidazole in 100mL
Solution for Infusion.(1b)
Viaflo bag composed of polyolefin/polyamide plastic containing 500mg metronidazole in
100mL Solution for Infusion.(1c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion:
Adults: Administer at a rate of 5mL/minute (25mg/minute) which is 500mg in 100mL over a
minimum of 20 minutes.(1a-c)(10)
Infusion bag is already diluted.(1a-c)(10)
Children: Administer calculated dose over 20-30 minutes.(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Infusion bag is provided already diluted.(1)
FLUSHING:
IV infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (9)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Anaphylaxis, erythema, urticaria,(1a-c) angiodema, pruritis, (1a-b) thrombophlebitis,(2) nausea and
vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth.(10)
Monitoring:
Regular clinical and laboratory monitoring (especially leucocyte count) are advised if
administration of metronidazole for more than 10 days is considered to be necessary.(1a-c)
Patients should be monitored for adverse reactions such as peripheral or central neuropathy
(such as parasthesia, ataxia, dizziness and convulsive seizures).(1a)
EXTRAVASATION:
No extreme pH/osmolarity. Refer to local treatment policy.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aciclovir,(4) amikacin,(1a) ampicillin,(1a)(4) cefotaxime,(1a)(4) ceftazidime,(4) ceftriaxone(4),
cefuroxime,(1a)(4) chloramphenicol,(1a) ciprofloxacin,(4) clarithromycin,(4) clindamycin,(1a)
dopamine,(4) fluconazole,(4) gentamicin,(1a)(4) hydrocortisone sodium succinate,(1a)(4)

midazolam,(4) morphine sulfate,(4) piperacillin and tazobactam,(4) remifentanil,(4) tacrolimus,(4)

theophylline,(4) tobramycin.(1a)(4)
Incompatible:
Amphotericin,(4) co-amoxiclav,(4) penicillin G potassium,(1a), compound sodium lactate
(Hartmann's),(1a)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special requirements (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Flagyl: 13.4mmol/100mL (1a)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The infusion solution has an osmolarity of 308-314mOsm/L(1c)(4)
pH:
Metronidazole ready to use has a pH of 5.8 (range 4.5 to 6).(1c)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store below 25oC, protect from light.(1a-c)(4)
2. Discard any unused portions.(1a-c)
3. Do not reconnect partially used containers.(1a-c)
4. Metronidazole in Viaflo bag: Do not remove from overpouch until ready to use.(1c)
5. Any one of amikacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime or cefuroxime may be added to an infusion
of metronidazole.(10)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Flagyl 500mg in 100mL solution for infusion, Winthrop Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd, last
revised 11/05/2011
b) Metronidazole 500mg in 100mL solution for infusion, B.Braun Melsung AG. Last
revised February 2004
c) Metronidazole 500mg in 100mL intravenous infusion, Baxter Healthcare Ltd, last
revised April 2011
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/03/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2011, accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/03/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/03/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012; page 296
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011

8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer

9. Drug company name: Winthrop Pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 9 March 2010
10. UCLH Injectable Medicine Guide, 2010
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Midazolam

Caution - Risk of overdose when administering for conscious sedation(10)

MEDICINE
NAME:
Midazolam

TRADE NAME(S):
Hypnovel (Roche).
Midazolam (Mercury Pharma (was Goldshield), Martindale Pharma, hameln,
Accord, Wockhardt, Auden McKenzie)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing midazolam hydrochloride 1mg in 1mL; 1mg in 1mL,(1c) 2mg in 2mL,(1b)(1d)
50mg in 50mL,(1d)(1e) 10mg in 10mL,(1b) 50mg in 50mL.(1f)
Ampoules containing midazolam hydrochloride 2mg in 1mL; 2mg in 1mL,(1b)(1d) 10mg in 5mL,(1ac)(1g)
50mg in 25mL,(1b-c) 100mg in 50mL.(1b)(1f)
Ampoules containing midazolam hydrochloride 5mg in 1mL; 5mg in 1mL,(1b)(1e) 10mg in 2mL,(1ac)(1g)
15mg in 3mL,(1b)(1e) 25mg in 5mL,(1b) 50mg in 10mL,(1b-c)(1e) 90mg in 18mL.(1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Conscious sedation:
A NPSA Rapid Response Report has been issued in relation to inadvertent overdose when
midazolam is used for this indication.(10) See Other Comments section for more information.
Adults:
The initial dose is administered 5 to 10 minutes before the procedure, by slow intravenous
injection over at least 30 seconds. Onset of action is approximately 2 minutes, maximum effect is
seen in about 5 to 10 minutes. Further small doses can be administered as necessary. Ensure
correct presentation of midazolam is used to reduce the risk of overdose.(1a)
Children:
The initial dose of midazolam should be administered over 2 to 3 minutes. Wait an additional 2 to
5 minutes to fully evaluate the effect.
Induction of anaesthesia:
Adults:
The anticipated total dose for induction should be given slowly in increments. Each increment
should be given slowly over at least 20 to 30 seconds, allowing 2 minutes between successive
increments.(1a)
Sedative component in combined anaesthesia:
Adults:
Administered as either further intermittent small doses or as a continuous intravenous infusion.(1a)
Sedation in Critical Care
Adults:
The desired level of sedation is reached by stepwise titration of midazolam followed by either
continuous infusion or intermittent bolus. The intravenous loading dose should be given slowly
over 20 to 30 seconds allowing 2 minutes between successive increments.(1a)
Children:
Initial loading dose may not be required.(6a) A loading dose should be administered over at least 2
to 3 minutes. The loading dose is followed by a continuous IV infusion.(1a)

For administration of midazolam injection, the patient should be placed in a supine position and
remain there throughout the procedure.
Resuscitation facilities should always be available and a second person, fully trained in the use of
such equipment, always present. Flumazenil should always be available.
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the
preparation has a low pH.(14) If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit
analysis should be made on an individual patient basis. If given peripherally, the insertion site
must be monitored closely for phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(14)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%
Adults: Standard concentration for infusion 1mg in 1mL (2mg in 1mL is sometimes used).(11)(13)
Children under 15kg: Concentration of infusion should not exceed 1mg in 1mL.(5)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours when prepared in the clinical area(1a)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 40micrograms/kg/hour of midazolam to a 70kg patient

using a standard solution of 50mg in 50mL (1mg in 1mL), the calculation would look as follows:

FLUSHING:
Flush with glucose 5%(4) or sodium chloride 0.9%(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Midazolam injection may cause respiratory depression and respiratory arrest particularly when
used for conscious sedation. Risk factors are high doses, rapid injection, use in elderly patients or
patients receiving a combination of drugs. Midazolam must only be administered where
resuscitation facilities and flumazenil are available.(5)(10)
Abrupt discontinuation after prolonged intravenous administration of midazolam may lead to
withdrawal symptoms.
Midazolam causes a dose dependent anterograde amnesia. Prolonged amnesia can present
problems in outpatients.
Paradoxical reactions such as agitation, involuntary movements (including tonic/clonic convulsions
and muscle tremor), hyperactivity, hostility, rage reaction, aggressiveness, paradoxymal

excitement and assault can occur with midazolam. Highest incidence is with high doses, rapid
administration, in children and the elderly.(1a)(5)
Tenderness at the site of injection and pain during injection occur in 5-6% of patients.(3)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH. If extravasation occurs refer to local
treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Adrenaline, amikacin, amiodarone (in glucose 5%), atracurium, calcium gluconate,
caspofungin (in sodium chloride 0.9%), cefotaxime, cisatracurium, clindamycin, digoxin, dopamine,
erythromycin, esmolol, fentanyl, fluconazole, gentamicin, glyceryl trinitrate, haloperidol, heparin
sodium, insulin soluble, labetalol, methylprednisolone, metronidazole, milrinone, morphine sulfate,
noradrenaline (in glucose 5%), potassium chloride, propofol, ranitidine, remifentanil, sodium
nitroprusside (in glucose 5%), tobramycin, vancomycin, vecuronium.(4)
Clonidine, ketamine, morphine.(15)
Compatible infusion fluids: Glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 4% with sodium
chloride 0.18%.
Incompatible infusion fluids: Compound sodium lactate (Hartmans).(1a)(1d)
Incompatible infusions: Albumin, amoxicillin, amphotericin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime,
co-amoxiclav, co-trimoxazole, dexamethasone, fosphenytoin, furosemide, hydrocortisone,
imipenem, omeprazole, pantoprazole, sodium bicarbonate, thiopental.(4)
Aciclovir, alteplase, diazepam, flecainide, phenobarbital, phenytoin.(1b)
The following are usually incompatible, infuse separately if possible. Parental nutrition solutions,
sodium bicarbonate infusions, phosphate preparations, blood components, plasma substitutes.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
185 to 310mOsmol/kg (9b)(9d)
pH:
2.9 to 3.7 (9a-e)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Risk of overdose of midazolam in adults when it is given for conscious sedation prior to
procedures such as dentistry, endoscopy and minor operations. Give small incremental
doses as detailed under 'Method and Administration.' Use only ampoules containing
1mg/mL for this indication. Ensure flumazenil is always available.(10)
2. Preparations containing midazolam 2mg/mL and 5mg/mL should only be stocked and used
for general anaesthesia, intensive care, palliative medicine and in other areas in which it
has been formally risk assessed.(10)
3. Midazolam is a Schedule 3 Controlled Drug (CD). Midazolam is exempt from storage
requirements, i.e. does not need to be stored in a CD cupboard.(12)Do not store above

25oC.(1b-d)
4. Keep in the outer carton, protect from light during storage.(1a-e)
5. There is no evidence of adsorption of midazolam on to the plastic of infusion apparatus or
syringes.
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Hypnovel, Roche, last revised April 2012
b) Midazolam injections, Hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd, last revised 09/12/2010
c) Midazolam injection, Mercury Pharma Group (Goldshield), last revised February 2012
d) Midazolam injection, Wockhardt, last revised October 2008
e) Midazolam Injections, Accord Healthcare, last revised 21/7/2011
f) Midazolam injection, Martindale Pharma, last updated January 2009
g) Midazolam injection, Auden McKenzie, last revised 06/06/2011
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc on 11/07/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com/mc on 11/07/2012
4. Trissel 'Handbook on injectable drugs' 16th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012, pg 824-825, 999
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric Health 2003, pg 412415
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012, pg 638-639
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. European Pharmacopoeia Commission Safety Data Sheet. Date of revision 04/01/2006
9. a) Drug company name: Roche. Date contacted: 24/05/2012
b) Drug company name: hameln. Date contacted: 18/05/2012
c) Drug company name: Mercury Pharma Group (Goldshield). Date contacted: 16/05/2012
d) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: 19/05/2012
d) Drug company name: Accord Healthcare. Date contacted: 19/05/2012
10. Reducing risk of overdose with midazolam injection in adults. Rapid Response Report.
NPSA/2008/RRR011. Reducing risk of overdose with midazolam injection in adults
11. A survey to inform standardisation of intravenous medication concentrations in critical care.
M Borthwick et al. Journal of the Intensive Care Society 2007;8:92
12. Medicine, Ethics and Practice. Edition 36 July 2012. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great
Britain.
13. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care
Society website (2010) See Link
14. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
15. Chemical and Physical Compatibility of Continuous Intravenous Drug Infusion
Combinations used in Paediatric Intensive Care. Andy Fox, Marisa van der Merwe et al.
Presented at NPPG annual conference Nov 2012
Version 5 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Milrinone

Milrinone
TRADE NAME(S):
Primacor

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 10mg in 10mL (as lactate).(5)
50mL pre-filled syringes containing milrinone in various different concentrations are available as
an NHS 'special '(see ProFile in 'CURRENT SUPPLIERS' section).
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
ADULT: Administer an initial loading dose by IV injection over 10 minutes followed by a
continuous infusion.(1)
CHILD (1 month to 18 years) and NEONATE: Administer an initial loading dose by IV injection
over 30-60 minutes followed by a continuous infusion.(1)(6a)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(10)
Administer using an infusion pimp.
The loading dose can be given diluted (see below) or undiluted if the patient is fluid
restricted.(5)(6a) Milrinone can be given undiluted as long as the giving set used is of high enough
accuracy to ensure that the dose given in terms of micrograms/kg/minute does not exceed that
quoted in the SPC.
Patients should be monitored closely.(9)
Renal impairment: dosage adjustment required.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV injection (loading dose): Dilute the volume of injection required for the loading dose to a
total volume of 10mL or 20mL.(3) with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
IV infusion (maintenance infusion): Prepare a 50mL solution containing milrinone
200micrograms/mL by mixing 10mL of milrinone 10mg in 10mL injection with 40mL of sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
Solutions of different concentrations may be used according to patient fluid requirements.(1)
Concentrations of 400micrograms/mL have been used.(6a)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
24 hours.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION (adult):
The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 0.4micrograms/kg/minute of milrinone to a 70kg patient

using a standard solution of 10mg in 50mL (200micrograms in 1mL), the calculation would look
as follows:

FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Cases of infusion site reaction have been reported with milrinone injection. Consequently,
careful monitoring of the infusion site should be maintained so as to avoid possible
extravasation.(1)
Hypotension:(1) monitor blood pressure.
Arrhythmias:(1) continuous ECG monitoring required - stop infusion if arrhythmias develop.(1)
Tachycardia:(1) monitor heart rate.
Hypokalaemia:(1) monitor electrolytes and fluid balance. Monitor renal function.
Very rare: anaphylactic shock(1) - stop infusion and treat according to local policy.
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause tissue damage as the pH is less than 5. If extravasation occurs refer
to local treatment policies.(11)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device):(4) Adrenaline, amiodarone, dobutamine, dopamine, heparin, insulin soluble, lorazepam,
midazolam, morphine sulfate, noradrenaline, potassium chloride, propofol, vancomycin
Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%,(1) glucose 5%,(1) sodium chloride
0.45%,(1)(3) sodium chloride with glucose,(6a) Ringer's lactate(4)
Incompatible: Furosemide, bumetanide, sodium bicarbonate.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Milrinone solution is isotonic (9)
pH:
3.2 to 4.0 (4)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 25oC, do not freeze.(1)

REFERENCES:

1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Primacor injection. Last revised 19/07/2011

2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc on 01/03/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 01/03/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/
on 01/03/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 64, February 2013, accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf on
01/03/2013
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013, accessed via http://bnfc.org on
01/03/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis
Date contacted: 01/03/2013 (information provided on 18/05/2010 still valid)
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. The National Extravasation Information Service available at www.extravasation.org
Version 4

Intravenous

Iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer)

The MHRA issued updated advice (see 'Method of Administration' below) on administration
and monitoring of intravenous iron preparations dated August 2013 which is included in
this monograph but may not be reflected in the package insert.
MEDICINE NAME:
Iron isomaltoside 1000

TRADE NAME(S):
Monofer

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing 100mg/mL iron isomaltoside in 1mL, 5mL and 10mL
Each 1mL contains 100mg iron as iron(III) isomaltose 1000.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection
100mg to 200mg may be given up to three times a week as an intravenous injection at a rate of up
to 50mg iron/minute.(1)
IV infusion
Doses of 200mg to 1000mg can be administered once every week as an intravenous infusion until
the total iron dose has been administered. The rate of infusion is dependent upon the dose as
follows:(1)
- Doses of 0-5mg iron/kg body weight must be infused over 15 minutes.
- Doses of 6-10mg iron/kg body weight must be infused over 30 minutes.
- Doses of 11-20mg iron/kg body weight must be infused over 60 minutes.
'Total dose' IV infusion
A total dose infusion (i.e. total iron dose is given in a single infusion) can be administered as a
single dose of up to 20mg iron/kg body weight as an intravenous drip infusion. The rate of infusion
is dependent upon the dose as follows:(1)
- Doses of 0-10mg iron/kg body weight must be infused over 30 minutes.
- Doses of 11-20mg iron/kg body weight must be infused over 60 minutes.
If the total iron dose exceeds 20mg iron/kg body weight, the dose must be split in two
administrations with an interval of at least one week.
New advice from the MHRA: Recommendations to manage and minimise risk of serious
hypersenstivity reactions. Issued August 2013. See link below
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
For IV injection
No further dilution of the 100mg/mL solution is required but the required dose may be diluted in 10
to 20mL of sodium chloride 0.9% if desired.(1)
For IV infusion
Add total required dose to 100mL to 500mL sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)
For 'Total dose' IV infusion
Add total required dose to 100-500mL sodium chloride 0.9%.(1)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION (adult):

Local protocols with dosing tables may be available. Please refer as appropriate.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Parenteral administration of all iron complexes may cause immediate severe and potentially lethal
hypersensitivity reactions. Anaphylactoid reactions to parenteral iron are usually evident within a
few minutes, and close observation is necessary to ensure recognition. There is particularly
increased risk of allergic reactions to parenteral iron complexes in patients with immune or
inflammatory conditions (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumathoid arthritis). If at any time
during the intravenous administration of Monofer, any signs of a hypersensitivity reaction or
intolerance are detected, administration must be stopped immediately.(1)
Resuscitative medication and personnel trained to evaluate and handle anaphylactoid reactions
should be available whenever a dose of parenteral iron is administered.(1)
Total dose infusion (TDI) has been associated with an increased incidence of adverse reactions, in
particular delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions. The intravenous administration of Monofer by
the total dose infusion method should be restricted to hospital use only.(1)
Parenteral iron should be used with caution in case of acute or chronic infection. Monofer should
not be used in patients with ongoing bacteraemia.(1)
Hypotensive episodes may occur if intravenous injection is administered too rapidly.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device): Sodium
chloride 0.9% (1)(5)
Incompatible: Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusion fluids.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.0003mmol/100mg iron (undiluted) which is negligible.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
1000mOsmol/kg.(9)
pH:
Between 5.0 and 7.0.(9)

OTHER COMMENTS:
Store vials below 30oC.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Monofer, last updated 18 January 2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 2011, 37th Edition
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" - not used
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin "Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) March 2003"
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Pharmacosmos UK Ltd. Date contacted: 13/07/2012 (personal
communication)
10. www.extravasation.org.uk accessed on 07/07/2012
Version 1.1

Morphine sulphate

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Morphine sulphate

TRADE NAME(S):
Non-proprietary available from:
hameln
Wockhardt
Cardinal Health Martindale
Torbay Manufacturing Unit
UCB Pharma Ltd

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ready to use preparations (for injection):
Ampoules containing morphine 10mg in 1mL.(1a)(1b)(1e)(1h)
Ampoules containing morphine 15mg in 1mL.(1c)(1f)(1i)
Ready to use preparations (for infusion):
Vials containing morphine 50mg in 50mL for intravenous infusion.(1k)
Vials containing morphine 100mg in 50mL for intravenous infusion.(1l)
Preparations requiring further dilution:
Ampoules containing morphine 30mg in 1mL,(1d)(1g)(1j) 60mg in 2mL.(1d)(1j)
These products are intended for preparation of intravenous infusions only and MUST be diluted
before use.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection:
Slow intravenous injection at a maximum rate of 2mg/minute.(5)
Use low strength morphine ampoules only, e.g. morphine 10mg/mL, to reduce the risk of
overdose.(10)
N.B The patient may not require the contents of the whole ampoule selected for use. Check the
dose is appropriate for the patient before administration
IV infusion:
Adults: Start at 1-2mg/hour.(1a)
Use ready to use infusion preparations where available.
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA):
Adults: Start at initial demand dose of 1mg with a lockout period of 5 to 10 minutes.(1k-l)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

IV Injection: Ampoules may have a low pH. It is preferable to dilute with 3 to 5mL sodium chloride
0.9% or glucose 5% before injecting, this will also aid slow administration.
IV Infusion: Use 50mg in 50mL or 100mg in 50mL.(11) If ready to use preparations are unavailable
use 30mg/mL preparation to prepare the infusion.(10) Dilute the required amount with sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Rapid injection may increase the frequency of opiate-induced side-effects. These include severe
respiratory depression, apnoea, hypotension, peripheral circulatory collapse, chest wall rigidity,
cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock.(3)
Pain and irritation at the injection site may occur, as well as generalised histamine-mediated
reactions such as urticaria and pruritis.(1k)(1l)(1i)
Monitor blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate.
Naloxone must be available in all clinical areas where intravenous morphine is stored or
administered. Naloxone is a short-acting antagonist of morphine and repeated doses or an infusion
may be necessary to fully reverse the effects of morphine.(10)
EXTRAVASATION:
Ampoules may have a low pH. If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment protocols.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Adrenaline, aminophylline, amiodarone, atracurium, calcium chloride, cisatracurium, digoxin,
dobutamine, dopamine, erythromycin, esmolol, fentanyl, fluconazole, gentamicin, glyceryl trinitrate,
hydrocortisone, insulin, labetalol, magnesium sulphate, methylprednisolone, metronidazole,
midazolam, milrinone, noradrenaline, pancuronium, potassium, propofol, remefentanil, vancomycin,
vecuronium.(4)
Acetylcysteine, alfentanil, clonidine, dopexamine, salbutamol.(12)
Incompatible: Likely to be incompatible with alkaline agents.(1b-d)
Aciclovir, furosemide, phenytoin, thiopental sodium.(4)
Co-trimoxazole, heparin, omeprazole, sodium bicarbonate.(12)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Ampoules: negligible.(9a-c)
Syringes: 7.7mmol per 50mL.(9e)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
270 to 310mOsmol/kg.(9a)
pH:
2.5 to 6.5.(9a-e)
See table in link.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The NPSA have highlighted the potential risk of administration of high doses of morphine
(30mg or more) to patients who have not previously received opiates.(10) This has most often
occurred as a result of morphine 30mg ampoules being selected in error, instead of lower
strength ampoules, resulting in overdose. Higher strength ampoules, for example morphine
30mg/mL, must be stored separately from lower strength ampoules and used only to prepare
infusion or PCA syringes.
2. The hameln pharmaceuticals product does not contain sodium metabisulphite.(1a)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Morphine sulphate injection 10mg/mL, hameln pharmaceuticals, last updated 23/12/2010
b) Morphine sulphate 10mg/mL injection, Wockhardt UK Ltd, last updated 17/03/2010
c) Morphine sulphate 15mg/mL injection, Wockhardt UK Ltd, last updated 17/03/2010
d) Morphine sulphate 30mg/mL injection, Wockhardt UK Ltd, last updated 17/03/2010
e) Morphine sulphate 10mg/mL injection, Macarthys Laboratories Ltd T/A Martindale
Pharmaceuticals, last updated 19/02/2008
f) Morphine sulphate 15mg/mL injection, Macarthys Laboratories Ltd T/A Martindale
Pharmaceuticals, last updated 02/2003
g) Morphine sulphate injection 30mg/mL, Macarthys Laboratories Ltd T/A Martindale
Pharmaceuticals, last updated 02/2003
h) Morphine sulphate injection 10mg/mL, Auden McKenzie Ltd, last updated 17/02/2011
i) Morphine sulphate injection 15mg/mL, Auden McKnezie Ltd, last updated 17/02/2011
j) Morphine sulphate injection 30mg/mL, Auden McKenzie Ltd, last updated 17/02/2011
k) Morphine sulphate 1mg/mL injection, Torbay Manufacturing Unit, last updated 11/2003
l) Morphine sulphate 2mg/mL injection, Torbay Manufacturing Unit, last updated 23/05/2006
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/03/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/03/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 15th Edition pg 1119-1140
5. British National Formulary No. 61 pg 268

6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003, pg
422-6
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11, pg 262
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
a) Hameln, last updated May 2006
b) Auden McKenzie, last updated Jan 2011
9. a) Drug company name: Hameln. Date contacted: 29/04/2011
b) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: 26/04/2011
c) Drug company name: Cardinal Health Martindale. Date contacted: 09/02/2011
d) Drug company name: Auden McKenzie. Date contacted: 08/03/2011
e) Drug company name: Torbay Manufacturing Unit. Date contacted: 02/03/2011
10. Ensuring safer practice with high dose ampoules of diamorphine and morphine. NPSA Safer
Practice Note 12, 25/05/2006
11. Intensive Care Society website statement supporting use of standard infusion concentrations
(2010) See Link
12. Handbook of Drugs in Intensive Care, 4th Edition, Paw H and Shulman R.
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Mycophenolate mofetil

Mycophenolate mofetil
TRADE NAME(S):
Cellcept

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing powder for concentrate for solution for infusion equivalent to 500mg mycophenolate
mofetil (as hydrochloride salt)(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Mycophenolate mofetil should never be administered by rapid or bolus intravenous injection.(1)
IV infusion: Slow IV infusion over 2 hours.(1) Use an infusion pump. Preferably administer via a
central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the preparation has a low pH.(10)
If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit analysis should be made on an
individual patient basis. If given peripherally, the insertion site must be monitored closely for phlebitis
using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute each 500mg vial with 14mL of glucose 5% (1)(5) Gently shake to dissolve, gives a slightly
yellow solution.(1) If discolouration or particulate matter observed, discard.(1)
Requires further dilution before administration(1) - see below
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Add the contents of two reconstituted vials (1g dose) (approximately 2 x 15mL) into 140mL of
glucose 5%.(1)
Final concentration is 6mg in each 1mL.(1)
Discard infusion solution if discolouration or particulate matter observed.
Glucose 5% is recommended for reconstitution and dilution of mycophenolate mofetil
hydrochloride.(1)
All other solutions are stated to be incompatible.(4)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA)
MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
The commencement of administration of the infusion solution should be within 3 hours from
reconstitution and dilution.(1)
FLUSHING:
Glucose 5%(1)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity - including angioneurotic oedema and anaphylactic reaction.(1)
Phlebitis and thrombosis.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage because of the low pH. If extravasation occurs refer to
local policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
1. Because mycophenolate mofetil has demonstrated teratogenic effects in rats and rabbits,
avoid direct contact of the prepared solution with skin or mucous membranes.(1)
2. If drug comes into contact with skin or mucous membranes, wash thoroughly with soap and
water; rinse eyes with plain water.(1)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Negligible.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The osmolality of the final infusion solution is determined mainly by the diluent (glucose 5%). The
contents of 2 vials of Cellcept provides a maximum of 5mmols of solute molecules/ions to the final
infusion solution (concentration 6mg in 1mL).(9)
pH:
Range of 2.7 to 4.1 for both the reconstituted concentrate and the final infusion solution.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. CellCept 500mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion does not contain an
antibacterial preservative; therefore, reconstitution and dilution should be performed under
aseptic conditions.(1) Reconstitution and dilution should preferably be performed in Pharmacy.
2. Contraindicated in patients allergic to Polysorbate (Tween) 80.(1)
3. The reconstituted vials and final infusion solution are chemically and physically stable with
glucose 5% in glass containers, and in polyvinylchloride (PVC) bags and administration sets.
4. Powder for concentrate for solution for infusion: Do not store above 30oC. Reconstituted vials
and final infusion solution: Store at 15-30oC.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Cellcept 500mg powder. Last revised 20/07/2012

2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on

16/01/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 10/12/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
16/01/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 64, September 2012 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 432
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 via http://www.bnfc.org/bnfc
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - Safety data sheet 31.12.10/CSE (SEISMO)
9. Drug company name: Roche Products Ltd. Date contacted: 18/05/2011; 12/02/2013
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 5

Naloxone hydrochloride

Intravenous

Note: In NHS Lothian the information in this monograph is NOT to be used for
the following:
- Palliative Care patients. Please see the NHS Lothian Palliative Care
Guidelines for Naloxone in Palliative Care on the Intranet.
- Post general anaesthesia. Please see Theatres & Anaesthetics protocol.
MEDICINE NAME:
Naloxone
hydrochloride

TRADE NAME(S):
Naloxone hydrochloride (Hameln, Goldshield, UCB Pharma (was IMS Ltd),
Wockhardt., B. Braun)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
400micrograms in 1mL ampoule(1a)(1b)(1e)
400micrograms in 1mL, 2mL and 5mL pre-filled syringe (Minijet)(1d)
40micrograms in 2mL ampoule(1c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
REVERSAL OF CNS AND RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION CAUSED BY NATURAL OR
SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS IN SUSPECTED OPIOID OVERDOSE OR INTOXICATION
Adults and children aged 12 years and over - IV injection: Administer by slow IV injection as
follows (13)
-

Give an initial dose of 400 micrograms (0.4 mg) by slow IV injection. (1)(5)
If there is no response after 60 seconds, give a further 800 micrograms (0.8 mg).
If there is still no response after another 60 seconds, give another 800 micrograms (0.8 mg).
If still no response (after a total of 2 mg), give a further 2 mg dose. Large doses (4 mg) may be
required in a seriously poisoned patient.

Aim for reversal of respiratory depression, not full reversal of consciousness.

Once an adequate response has occurred, monitor blood gases, oxygen saturation, and respiratory
rate. Observe the patient carefully for recurrence of CNS and respiratory depression. The duration of
action of naloxone is shorter than that of all opioid analgesics - REPEATED DOSES OF NALOXONE
MAY BE REQUIRED.(13)
Adults and children aged 12 years and over - IV Infusion: Intravenous infusions of naloxone are
often useful where repeated doses are required. The rate of administration should be titrated in
accordance to patients response to IV bolus and reaction to IV infusion. Usual starting dose is 60%
of initial IV bolus dose required for resuscitation infused over 1 hour, then adjusted according to
respiratory rate and level of consciousness.(1)(5)(13)
Note: Intramuscular naloxone is an alternative in the event that intravenous access is not possible, or

if the patient is threatening to self-discharge when it may help reduce the risk of respiratory arrest.(13)
The onset of action may be slower however. (5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Naloxone may be diluted to a convenient volume with water for injections.(1)(2)(4)
Continuous IV infusion: Dilute 10mg (25 vials of 400micrograms) with 50mL of sodium chloride
0.9%(1)(5) or glucose 5%.(4)(13) This will give a final solution concentration of 200micrograms/mL. This
is an unlicensed concentration but is recommended by National Poisons Information Service. Infuse
using an infusion pump.(13)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL AREA)
MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Naloxone hydrochloride solutions diluted in infusion solutions for administration should be discarded
after 24 hours.(6)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5% (1)(4)(5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Nausea and vomiting.(1)
Hypertension, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and pulmonary oedema been reported after
postoperative use of naloxone, generally in patients with pre-existing heart disease undergoing
cardiac surgery.(1)
Tremor, hyperventilation, hypotension, dyspnoea and cardiac arrest have also been reported.(1)(2)(5)
Opioid withdrawal symptoms are common in opioid dependant patients.(2)(5)
Monitor heart rate and blood pressure.
EXTRAVASATION:
Naloxone is likely to cause extravasation leading to tissue damage due to its low pH of naloxone (see
pH below).(12) Precaution should be taken to avoid extravasation. Ideally drugs likely to cause
extravasation should be given through a central line and patients receiving repeated doses of
hazardous drugs peripherally should have the cannula resited at regular intervals.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
IV injection:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the injection.
IV infusion:
Compatible: with glucose 5% and sodium chloride 0.9%.(4)

Y-site compatibility:
Linezolid 2mg per mL with naloxone 400microgram per mL (compatible for 4 hours at 23oC).(4)
Propofol 10mg per mL with naloxone 400micrograms per mL (compatible for 4 hours at 23oC).(4)
Drugs in Syringe compatibility:
Ondansetron 1.33mg per mL (in sodium chloride 0.9% only) with naloxone 0.133mg per mL
(compatible for 24 hours with <6% loss of ondansetron and <5% loss of naloxone).(4)
Heparin sodium 2,500units per mL with naloxone 400micrograms per mL (compatibility for 5
minutes).(4)
Additive compatibility:
Verapamil hydrochloride 80mg per 1000mL with naloxone 800micrograms per 1000mL (in sodium
chloride 0.9%) for 24 hours.(4)
Incompatible:
Alkaline solutions or preparations containing bisulphate, or long chain or high molecular weight
anions or any solution with an alkaline pH.(1)(2)(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available (1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.15mmol in 1mL for naloxone 400micrograms per mL ampoules (1a)(1e)
0.15 mmol in 1mL for naloxone 400micrograms per mL (Minijets) (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Naloxone 400micrograms per mL: 270 - 310mOsm/kg(4)
Naloxone 20micrograms per mL: 289 - 293mOsm/kg(4)
Naloxone 400micrograms per mL (Minijets UCB): 301mOsm/kg(9)
pH:
pH ranges from 3 to 6.5 for all preparations(4)
pH of naloxone hydrochloride (Hameln, B.Braun): 3.1 - 4.5(1a)(1e)
pH of naloxone (MiniJets UCB): 3.0 - 4.5(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store at room temperature.(4) Keep container in the outer carton, protect from light on storage
only.(1)(4)(10)
2. Prior to administration, IV solutions of naloxone hydrochloride should be carefully inspected for
the presence of particulate matter or discoloration.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Hameln Pharmaceuticals, last updated 18/08/2008
b) Wockhardt, last updated 12/11/2010

c) Goldshield Pharmaceuticals, last updated 06/08/2009

d) UCB Pharma (was IMS Ltd) last updated 07/04/2010
e) B Braun, last updated last updated Nov 2007
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 20/12/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service, Drug Information
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
20/12/2010
5. British National Formulary No 65 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk/
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-13 accessed via www.bnf.org.uk
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
9. Drug Company name: UCB Pharma
Date contacted: December 2010
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. UCLH injectable medicines guide, 3rd edition, 2010
12. National Extravasation Service. Accessed via http://www.extravasation.org.uk on 20/12/10.
13. Naloxone in TOXBASE. Available at http://www.toxbase.org/General-Info/Antidotes---dosesand-sources/Naloxone-antidote/ on 07/06/2013.
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local monograph)

Intravenous

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

NB. Always prescribe and prepare the infusion as noradrenaline base

MEDICINE NAME:
Noradrenaline
(norepinephrine)

TRADE NAME(S):
Noradrenaline or Levophed (Hospira)
Generic (Aguettant Ltd, Specials (ProFile)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Noradrenaline (base) 2mg in 2mL ampoules(1a)
Noradrenaline (base) 4mg in 4mL ampoules(1a-b)
Noradrenaline (base) 20mg in 20mL ampoules(1a)
Ready diluted products
Noradrenaline (base) 4mg in 50mL, 8mg in 50mL and 16mg in 50mL preparations are available as
an NHS 'Special'
Please note: 1mg noradrenaline (base) is contained in 2mg noradrenaline acid tartrate. At present
some UK preparations may be described as either noradrenaline base or noradrenaline acid
tartrate.(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Administer using an infusion pump (1a-b) Noradrenaline is a potent vasoconstrictor and
has a low pH, administer via a central venous access device.(1a-b)(10)
Do not allow the infusion to run out. A new infusion should be prepared before the previous one
finishes. Reduce the rate of infusion gradually prior to discontinuation to avoid disastrous falls in
blood pressure.(1b)(2)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Adults: Use ready prepared infusions if available.(11)
If ready prepared infusions are unavailable, dilute 4mL (4mg noradrenaline base) to 50mL with
glucose 5% to give a final concentration of 80micrograms noradrenaline base in 1mL.(11)
Other preparations in use are 8mg noradrenaline base in 50mL, 16mg noradrenaline base in 50mL
or 32mg noradrenaline base in 50mL. In exceptional circumstances, more concentrated solutions
may be used.(12)
Children: Dilute to a maximum concentration of 40micrograms/mL noradrenaline base (higher
concentrations can be used if fluid-restricted).(6a)
Check the calculation carefully before starting treatment. (1a-b)
Noradrenaline infusion must not be used if it is discoloured (e.g. pink, dark yellow, brown) or
contains precipitate.(3)

EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL

AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours at room temperature.(3)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 0.1micrograms/kg/minute of noradrenaline to a 70kg patient

using a solution of 4mg in 50mL (80micrograms in 1mL), the calculation would look as follows:

NB: If the rate includes a 0.05 figure, the rate should be rounded UP to the next decimal place
when setting the infusion pump, e.g. 5.25mL/hour should be rounded up to 5.3mL/hour.

FLUSHING:
Do not flush the central venous access device. After the infusion is stopped, disconnect the
administration set, aspirate the cannula contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Headache, weakness, dizziness, pallor, decreased urinary output, respiratory difficulty or apnoea,
and precordial pain.(3)
Vasoconstriction and hypertension, decreased perfusion of kidneys and other organs, tissue
hypoxia and metabolic acidosis, especially if hypovolaemic.(3)
Tremor, hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia.(2)
Arrhythmias, bradycardia.(3)(5)
Peripheral ischaemia causing tissue necrosis and sloughing at injection site, occasionally gangrene
of the extremities.(2)(3)(5)
Monitoring:
Administration of noradrenaline should preferably be confined to a critical care setting with invasive
haemodynamic monitoring.(5) As a minimum, blood pressure and infusion flow rate should be
monitored frequently.(2) Resuscitation equipment must be immediately available.
Check the infusion site regularly.(1a)

EXTRAVASATION:
Noradrenaline is a potent vasopressor and may cause severe tissue hypoxia and ischaemia
resulting in necrosis and gangrene. Administer via a central venous access device. If extravasation
occurs refer to local treatment policies. This may include infiltration of the affected area with a
solution containing phentolamine.(1a)(2)(3)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
The concomitant administration of noradrenaline and other medicines via a Y-site should be
avoided if possible to prevent inadvertent bolus administration of noradrenaline.
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Adrenaline, amiodarone, cisatracurium, clonidine, dobutamine, dopamine, fentanyl, glyceryl
trinitrate, heparin sodium, hydrocortisone, midazolam, milrinone, morphine, potassium chloride,
propofol, remifentanil, vasopressin, vecuronium.(4)
Acetylcysteine, alfentanil, aprotinin, atracurium, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, digoxin,
dopexamine, erythromycin, lidocaine, magnesium sulphate, pancuronium.(13)
Other compatible diluents: Sodium chloride 0.9%,(4)(13) glucose 5% and sodium chloride 0.9%,(4)
Hartmanns.(4)(13)
Sodium chloride 0.9% not usually recommended as a diluent because of lack of protection from
oxidation.(4)
Incompatible:- Alkaline solutions,(4) insulin, thiopental.(4)
Aminophylline, furosemide, omeprazole, sodium bicarbonate.(13)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.14mmol/mL (9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
1mg in 1mL noradrenaline (salt form unspecified) was determined to be 319mOsm/kg (4)
pH:
Undiluted pH is 3 to 4,(9a) 3 to 4.5 (9b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store ampoules above 25oC (Hospira) or 30oC (Agguetant)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) 1:1000 or Levophed, Hospira UK Ltd. Last revised
27/08/2008.
b) Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) 1mg/mL. Laboratoire Aguettant. Last revised 17/06/2010.
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
16/06/2011.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, accessed via

www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/06/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition, pg 1163-1169
5. British National Formulary Edition 62, Sptember 2011, pg 139
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 449-51
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 113
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
a) Hospira, date prepared 25/02/2010
b) Agguetant, date prepared September 2010
9. a) Drug company name: Hospira. Date contacted: 17/06/2011
b) Drug company: Agguetant. Date contacted: 20/06/2011
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. Standard concentrations for infusions used in critical care areas. The Intensive Care Society
website (2010) See Link
12. UKCPA Critical Care Group. Minimum infusion volumes for fluid restricted critically ill
patients. 3rd Ed. 2006, accessed online via www.ukcpa.org.uk 28/06/2011.
13. Handbook of Drugs in Intensive Care, 4th Edition, Paw H and Shulman R.
Version 4

Intravenous

Immunoglobulin, human normal (Octagam 5%)

Brands of normal human immunoglobulin are not interchangeable.

Record the batch number and expiry date from each bottle used in the patients case
notes or on the drug chart
MEDICINE NAME:
Immunoglobulin, human normal

TRADE NAME(S):
octagam 5% (1)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Glass bottle containing human normal immunoglobulin 100mg in 1mL (5%) solution for
infusion:
2.5g in 50mL
5g in 100mL
10g in 200mL(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: Give at an initial rate of 1mL/kg/hour for 30 minutes. If well tolerated, gradually
increase the rate of administration to a maximum 5mL/kg/hour for the remainder of the
infusion. Use an infusion pump.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Calculate the infusion rate using the following equation:
Infusion rate (mL/hour) = rate required (mL/kg/hour) x patient weight (kg)

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Adverse reactions are more likely to occur in patients receiving normal immunoglobulin
for the first time, following a prolonged period between treatments, or when a different
brand of normal immunoglobulin is administered.
2. Adverse reactions include chills, headache, fever, vomiting, nausea, allergic reactions,
arthralgia, low blood pressure and moderate low back pain. These may be related to the
infusion rate. If they occur, reduce the rate or stop the infusion.
3. Anaphylactic reactions are rare but can occur even in patients who have tolerated
previous treatment with normal immunoglobulin.
Monitoring:
- Monitor the patient (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate) before starting the
infusion, throughout the infusion and for 1 hour after the first infusion or 20 minutes after
subsequent infusions.
- Monitor urine output and serum creatinine levels. Patients must be well hydrated.

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not infuse with any other medicines.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Less than or equal to 15mmol/L (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Greater than or equal to 240mOsmol/kg (1)
The minimum requirement for osmolarity of octagam 5% is 240mOsmol/kg with no upper limit
set by the quality control; in practice, individual batches have tested in the range between 325345mOsmol/kg.(10)
pH:
5.1 to 6.0 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. octagam should be stored below 25oC and protected from freezing and light.(1)
2. The solution should be clear or slightly opalescent. Do not use if it is cloudy or has
deposits.(1)
3. Filtration of octagam 5% is not required.(1)
4. octagam 5% contains maltose which may result in falsely elevated blood glucose
readings. Ensure the measurement of blood glucose is done with a glucose-specific
method for patients receiving octagam 5%.(1)
5. Components used in the packaging of octagam 5% are latex free.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Octapharma Ltd. Last updated 13/01/2009.
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com 11/05/2011.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com 11/05/2011
4. Trissel Handbook on injectable drugs accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
11/05/2011
5. British National Formulary No 61. March 2011. Available via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/
6. Royal College or Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Octapharma Limited. Date contacted: 15/05/2012
10. Drug company name: Octapharma Ltd, personal correspondence from 13/07/2012.
Version 2

Intravenous

Immunoglobulin, human normal (Octagam 10%)

Brands of normal human immunoglobulin are not interchangeable.

Record the batch number and expiry date from each bottle used in the patients case
notes or on the drug chart
MEDICINE NAME:
Immunoglobulin, human normal

TRADE NAME(S):
octagam 10%

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Glass bottle containing human normal immunoglobulin 100mg in 1mL (10%) solution for
infusion:
2g in 20mL
5g in 50mL
10g in 100mL
20g in 200mL (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: Give at an initial rate of 0.6mL/kg/hour for 30 minutes. If well tolerated, gradually
increase the rate of administration to a maximum 7.2mL/kg/hour for the remainder of the
infusion. Use an infusion pump.(1)
Bring up to room or body temperature before administration.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Calculate the infusion rate using the following equation:
Infusion rate (mL/hour) = rate required (mL/kg/hour) x patient weight (kg)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Adverse reactions are more likely to occur in patients receiving normal immunoglobulin
for the first time, following a prolonged period between treatments, or when a different
brand of normal immunoglobulin is administered.
2. Adverse reactions include chills, headache, fever, vomiting, nausea, allergic reactions,
arthralgia, low blood pressure and moderate low back pain. These may be related to the
infusion rate. If they occur, reduce the rate or stop the infusion.
3. Anaphylactic reactions are rare but can occur even in patients who have tolerated
previous treatment with normal immunoglobulin.
Monitoring:
- Monitor the patient (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate) before starting the
infusion, throughout the infusion and for 1 hour after the first infusion or 20 minutes after
subsequent infusions.
- Monitor urine output and serum creatinine levels. Patients must be well hydrated.

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Less than 33mmol/L (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
More than or equal to 240mOsmol/kg.(1)
The minimum requirement for osmolarity of octagam 10% is 240mOsmol/kg with no upper limit
set by the quality control; in practice, individual batches have tested in the range between 325345mOsmol/kg.(10)
pH:
4.5 to 5.0 (1)(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store in a refrigerator (2-8oC). Protect from freezing and light. The product may be
removed from the refrigerator for a single period of up to 3 months (without exceeding
the expiry date) and stored at a temperature below 25oC. At the end of this period, the
product should not be refrigerated again and should be disposed of. The date at which
the product was taken out of the refrigerator should be recorded on the outer carton.(1)
2. The solution should be clear or slightly opalescent. Do not use if the product is cloudy or
has deposits.(1)
3. Filtration of octagam 10% is not required.(9)
4. octagam 10% contains maltose which may result in falsely elevated blood glucose
readings. Ensure the measurement of blood glucose is done with a glucose-specific
method for patients receiving octagam 10%.(1)
5. Components used in the packaging of octagam 10% are latex free.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Octapharma Ltd. Last updated 25/02/2010.
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
11/05/2011.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 11/05/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
11/05/2011
5. British National Formulary No 61. March 2011. Available via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/
6. Royal College or Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Octapharma Ltd. Date contacted: 15/05/2012
10. Drug company name: Octapharma Ltd, personal correspondence from 13/07/2012.

Version 2

Intravenous

Octreotide
(1)

Subcutaneous injection is the preferred route of administration.

Do not confuse with octreotide depot preparation (Sandostatin LAR) which is only given
by IM injection.(4)
MEDICINE NAME:
Octreotide

TRADE NAME(S):
Sandostatin
Octreotide (Sun Pharmaceuticals, Hospira, Novartis)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Amoules/vials containing:
Octreotide 50micrograms in 1mL (as acetate)(1)
Octreotide 100micrograms in 1mL (as acetate)(1)
Octreotide 500micrograms in 1mL (as acetate).(1)
Multidose vials containing:
Octreotide 1mg in 5mL (200micrograms per mL) (as acetate).(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: Dilute and give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(4)(11)
IV infusion (unlicensed): Dilute and give via an infusion pump.
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential irritation as the
product has a low pH.(13)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV injection and IV infusion: Dilute each mL of octreotide with 1-9mL sodium chloride 0.9%.
Do not dilute with glucose 5%.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
Use infusion within 8 hours of dilution.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION (adult):
Infusion rate: Calculate using the following equation:

For example: To administer a dose of 1microgram/kg/hour to a 40kg patient using

100micrograms/mL octreotide ampoule diluted to 5mL with sodium chloride 0.9% to produce a
solution of 20micrograms in 1mL, the calculation would look as follows:

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Bradycardia, dyspnoea, arrhythmias. Allergy/hypersensitivity reactions
including anaphylaxis and rash.(1b)
Monitoring: ECG monitoring required for all IV doses.(1a)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage as the pH of this medicine is less than 5.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Octreotide infusion is compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that
medicines meet close to the vascular access device): Heparin (in sodium chloride 0.9%
only),(4) sodium chloride 0.9%
Incompatible: All concentrations of glucose infusion(1) and micafungin. At concentrations of
octreotide greater than 5microgram/mL, incompatibility with pantoprazole has been shown.(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Diluted and Undiluted: 284 to 344mOsm/L.(9)(13)
pH:
Diluted and Undiluted: 3.9 to 4.5.(9)(14)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store at 2o-8oC. In use, the injection can be stored at room temperature for up to two
weeks.(1b-c) (This does not apply to the Hospira brand). Store in the original container and
protect from light.(1)
2. The cap of multidose vials should not be punctured more than 10 times to prevent
contamination.(1a)(1c)
3. Sandostatin multidose vials do not contain latex but cannot be guaranteed to have been
manufactured in a latex-free environment.(9c)
4. Multidose vials contain phenol.(1b-c)
5. Sun Pharmaceutical multidose vials are not licensed for IV administration.(1b)
6. For rapid, direct IV injection (e.g. for carcinoid crisis), injection can be administered
undiluted.(2)(11)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Octreotide 0.5mg/mL, 0.1mg/mL, last updated Feb 2012; 0.5mg/mL and 0.2mg/mL,
last updated December 2012 (Hospira).

b) Octreotide 0.5mg/mL and 0.05mg/mL (Sun Pharmacueticals). Last updated October

2012
c) Sandostatin 0.05mg/mL, 0.1mg/mL, 0.5mg/mL ampoules and Mutidose vial 1mg/5mL
(Novartis). Last updated March 2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 12/02/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 12/02/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 12/02/2012
5. British National Formulary number 62 accessed via www.bnf.uk on 12/02/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 accessed via www.bnfc.or.uk on
12/02/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer.
a) Novartis. Date of issue 25/01/2011
b) Sun Pharmaceuticals. Date of issue 05/2011
c) Hospira. Date of issue 22/02/2010
9. a) Drug company name: Hospira. Date contacted: 02/02/2012 (verbal communication)
b) Drug company name: Hospira. Date contacted: 14/02/2012
c) Drug company name: Novartis. Date contacted: 27/12/2011 and 12/04/2012 (verbal
communication)
10. National Extravasation Service accessed via www.extravasatiaon.org.uk accessed on
08/01/2012 - no information
11. Paediatric injectable drugs accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
12/02/2012
12. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
13. Octreotide dilution tables Osmolarities for Octreotide. QA Department, Charing Cross
Hospital
14. Octreotide dilution tables pH for Octreotide. QA Department, Charing Cross Hospital
Version 5

Intravenous

Ondansetron

Do not give more than 16mg as a single IV dose. Higher doses increase the risk of cardiac
arrhythmias - see 'Other comments' section below.
MEDICINE NAME:
Ondansetron

TRADE NAME(S):
Zofran, Ondemet
Ondansetron (hameln, Wockhardt, Accord, Peckforton)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 4mg ondansetron in 2mL (as hydrochloride dihydrate) solution for injection
or infusion.(1a-f)
Ampoules containing 8mg ondansetron in 4mL (as hydrochloride dihydrate) solution for injection
or infusion.(1a-f)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
POST-OPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING(1)
IV injection:
Give by slow IV injection over at least 30 seconds and preferably over 2 to 5 minutes.
Adults and children: Maximum dose 4mg.
CHEMOTHERAPY/RADIOTHERAPY INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING:(14)
IV injection (adults):
Give by slow IV injection over at least 30 seconds and preferably over 2 to 5 minutes. Maximum
single dose 8mg.
Continuous IV infusion (adults): Give at a rate of 1mg/hour for 24 hours.
Short IV infusion: Give over at least 15 minutes before chemotherapy.
Adult: Maximum single dose 16mg.
Child (6 months-18 years): Maximum single dose 8mg.
Note: A new maximum adult dose of 16mg ondansetron by short IV infusion was recommended
in August 2012 (from a previous maximum of 32mg). This may not be reflected in package
inserts or other prescribing information.
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(12)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Give undiluted.
Continuous IV infusion: Dilute in 50-500mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
Short IV infusion: Dilute in 50-100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours (1a,c,f)

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, QT prolongation and injection site reactions
(e.g. rash, urticaria, itching). Dizziness and transient visual disturbances including blindness
during rapid administration.(1) Increasing the infusion time can prevent or resolve dizziness.(1b)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Amifostine, amikacin, azithromycin, aztreonam, bleomycin, carboplatin, carmustine, cefotaxime,
ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cisatracurium, cisplatin, cladribine, clindamycin, cyclophoshamide,
cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dexamethasone, docetaxel, dopamine,
doxorubicin, doxycycline, droperidol, etoposide, filgrastim, fluconazole, fludarabine, gemcitabine,
gentamicin, haloperidol, heparin sodium, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, hydromorphone,
ifosfamide, imipenem-cilastatin, linezolid, magnesium sulphate, melphalan, mesna, methotrexate,
metoclopramide, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, morphine sulphate, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pentostatin,
pethidine, piperacillin-tazobactam, potassium chloride, prochlorperazine, ranitidine, remifentanil,
sodium acetate, streptozocin, teniposide, thiotepa, ticarcillin-clavulanate, topotecan, tramadol,
vancomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, zidovudine.(1c-e)(4)
Incompatible:
Aciclovir, aminophylline, amphotericin, ampicillin, amsacrine, fluorouracil (compatible at
certain concentrations), furosemide, ganciclovir, lorazepam, methylprednisolone sodium
succinate, meropenem (compatible at certain concentrations), micafungin, pemetrexed,
sargramostim and sodium bicarbonate.(4)(10)
Compatible with the following infusion fluids:
Potassium chloride 0.3% with sodium chloride 0.9%,(1c-f) potassium chloride 0.3% with glucose
5%,(1c-f) sodium lactate, compound (Hartmann's).(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible.(1)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
281mOsmol//L(13)
pH:
3.3 to 4.0(1d)

OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Protect unopened ampoules from light. Do not store above 25c and do not freeze.(1a)(4)
2. Store diluted solutions at 2-8c for up to 24 hours and protect from light.(1a-g)
3. August 2012: The MHRA recommended that the maximum IV dose of ondansetron be
restricted to 16mg to reduce the risk of QT interval prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias.
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Ondansetron, hameln pharmaceuticals Ltd. Last revised 15/10/2010
b) Zofran, GlaxoSmithKline UK. Last revised 17/02/2012
c) Ondansetron, Wockhardt. Last revised 03/09/2012
d) Ondemet, Alliance Pharmaceuticals. Last revised 29/06/2012
e) Ondansetron, Peckforton (Claris Lifesciences), last revised November 2010
f) Ondansetron, Accord Healthcare, last revised 16/04/2012
2. Martindale; accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 10/07/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 10/07/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
10/07/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012 accessed via www.bnf.org on 10/07/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 459-460
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 accessed via www.bnfc.org on
10/07/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
a) GlaxoSmithKline UK. Last revised 14/07/2008
b) Hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Last revised January 2010
c) Hospira UK Ltd. Lat revised 06/11/2009
9. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995;52(22):2570-2573
10. Drug company name: GlaxoSmithKline UK
Date contacted: 07/07/2010
11. BARD. Appendix 1:Drug Information. Accessed via www.accessability-by-bard.co.uk on
06/06/2010
12. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
13. National Extravasation Service, www.extravasation.org.uk
14. Ondansetron (Zofran) Injection 2mg/ml - Revised wording to SPC and Technical Leaflet of
Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) August 2012
Version 3

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Oxycodone hydrochloride

Oxycodone hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
OxyNorm
Oxycodone (Wockhardt)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing oxycodone hydrochloride 10mg in 1mL (equivalent to 9mg of oxycodone
base). Solution for injection or infusion.(1a)(1b)
Ampoules containing oxycodone hydrochloride 20mg in 2mL (equivalent to 18mg of oxycodone
base). Solution for injection or infusion.(1b)
Ampoules containing oxycodone hydrochloride 50mg in 1mL (equivalent to 45mg of oxycodone
base). Solution for injection or infusion.(1c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Oxycodone must be diluted before intravenous administration (see dilution and diluents
section).(1a-c)
IV injection: Give the diluted solution slowly over 1-2 minutes.(1) Maximum of 10mg dose only. (1a)
Do not administer doses more frequently than every four hours. (1a-c)
IV infusion: Administer the diluted solution at a recommended starting dose of 2mg/hour.(1a-c)
IV Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA): Administer the diluted solution by injection with a
minimum lock-out time of 5 minutes (for opioid niave patients).(1a-c)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
For IV injection, infusion and PCA: Before administering, dilute oxycodone to a concentration of
1mg in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a-c)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Prepare immediately before use. Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for
24 hours at room temperature.(1a-c)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Respiratory depression, hypotension.(1a-c) Monitor patient appropriately.

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate, haloperidol, hyoscine butylbromide, hyoscine hydrobromide,
levomepromazine hydrochloride, metoclopramide hydrochloride, midazolam hydrochloride.(1a-c)(4)
Incompatible: Cyclizine (at concentrations greater than 3mg/mL), prochlorperazine.(1a-c)(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
10mg in 1mL ampoule (Wockhardt) - negligible.(1b)(9a)
20mg in 2mL ampoule (Wockhardt) - negligible.(1b)(9a)
Each 10mg in 1mL ampoule (OxyNorm) contains 0.121mmol sodium.(9b)
Each 50mg in 1mL ampoule (OxyNorm) contains 0.043mmol sodium.(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The osmolarity of OxyNorm injection is 279 - 288mOsmol/L.(9b)
pH:
The pH of oxycodone hydrochloride injection is 5.0 - 5.6.(9a) Please refer to extravasation section.
The pH of OxyNorm injection is 4.5 - 5.5.(9b) Please refer to extravasation section.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Oxycodone is a controlled drug.(1a-c)
2. Approximately 2mg of oral oxycodone is equivalent to 1mg of parenteral oxycodone. (Note
that inter-patient variability requires that each patient is carefully titrated to the appropriate
dose).(1a-c)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) OxyNorm (oxycodone hydrochloride 10mg in 1mL, solution for injection or infusion).
Napp Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Last revised: September 2008
b) Oxycodone hydrochloride 10mg in 1mL. Solution for injection or infusion. Wockhardt UK
Ltd. Last revised 07/05/2010
c) OxyNorm (oxycodone hydrochloride 50mg in 1mL, solution for injection or infusion).
Napp Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Last revised: 14/01/2009
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com 04/01/2012. Oxycodone. Last revised 20/08/2010.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com 04/01/2012. Oxycodone. Last revised 27/10/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/01/2012. Oxycodone
5. British National Formulary No. 62, September 2011 via http://www.bnf.org on 04/01/2012.
Oxycodone
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010

a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December

2011
8. a) COSHH data sheet, Napp Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Date of preparation: 18/01/2012
b) COSHH data sheet, Wockhardt UK Ltd. Date of preparation: 18/01/2012
9. a) Drug company name: Wockhardt UK Ltd. Date contacted: 18/01/2012
b) Drug company name: Napp Pharmaceuticals Limited. Date contacted: 18/01/2012
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Vitamins B and C (Pabrinex I\V High Potency Injection)

MEDICINE NAME:
Vitamins B and C

TRADE NAME(S):
Pabrinex I\V High Potency Injection

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoule 1 contains thiamine hydrochloride 250mg, riboflavin (as phosphate sodium) 4mg and
pyridoxine hydrochloride 50mg in 5mL
Ampoule 2 contains ascorbic acid 500mg, nicotinamide 160mg and anhydrous glucose 1g in
5mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: After appropriate dilution of ampoules one and two infuse the required dose over 30
minutes.(1)
The CHM recommends that intravenous administration should be by infusion to minimise adverse
effects.(5)
IV injection: For a combined injection volume of not more than 10mL (e.g the contents of one
5mL ampoule number 1 and one 5mL ampoule number 2), the contents of the ampoules are
drawn up into a syringe to mix them just before use, then injected slowly over a period of 10
minutes.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV infusion: Dilute the required dose of ampoules one and two with 50mL to 100mL sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%. (1)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Repeated injections of high concentrations of vitamin B 1 (thiamine) may give rise to anaphylactic
shock. Mild allergic reactions (such as sneezing or mild asthma) are warning signs that further
injections may give rise to anaphylactic shock. Facilities for treating anaphylaxis must always be
available.(1)
Although potentially serious allergic adverse reactions may occur, this should not preclude the
use of parenteral thiamine in patients where this route is required.(5)
EXTRAVASATION:
No specific guidance on extravasation - monitor patient and treat symptomatically.(9)
Follow BNF guidance for general treatment of extravasation.(9)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%, glucose 4.3% and sodium
chloride 0.18%,(1) compound sodium lactate (Hartmanns), glucose 5% with potassium 0.3%.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information (9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Ampoule 1: 10.6 to 15.2micromols
Ampoule 2: 1.9 to 2.4mmols.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available.(9)
pH:
Ampoule 1: pH 2.5 to 3.5
Ampoule 2: pH 6 to 7.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Pabrinex does not contain latex as an excipient. However, operators wear latex gloves
during the manufacture process.(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Pabrinex. Last revised 03 November 2010
2. Martindale accessed online via www.medicinescomplete.com July 2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com July 2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com July
2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61 March 2011
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - not available
9. Drug company name: Archimedes Pharma UK Ltd
Date contacted: July 2011
Version 7 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Pancuronium bromide

Pancuronium bromide
TRADE NAME(S):
Pancuronium bromide (Hospira)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing pancuronium bromide 4mg in 2mL (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection (1)
Preferably administer via central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the
preparation has a low pH.(10) If this is not possible, use a freely running established IV infusion
line into a large peripheral vein.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV injection: Administer undiluted(1)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypertension, tachycardia and arrhythmias may occur, this tends to be dose related.(1)(2)(3)
Anaphylactic reactions, bradycardia, bronchospasm, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse,
transient rashes and wheezing have been recorded.(1)(2)(3)(5)
A burning sensation along the vein has been reported by conscious patients.(3)
Excessive salivation may occur during light anaesthesia, particularly in children or when no
parasympatholytic agent has been administered.(3)
The half-life of pancuronium is prolonged in neonates, therefore neonates should receive
postoperative intermittent positive pressure ventilation.(6a)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to the low pH of pancuronium. If
extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and
after administering the injection.
Do not mix pancuronium with other solutions in the same syringe, as a change in pH can cause
precipitation.(1)
Compatible with the following infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%, sodium
chloride 0.45% with glucose 5%.(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
None (8)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

0.15mmol per mL (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolality 338mOsm/kg (4)
pH:
3.8 to 4.2 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store at 2 to 8oC.(1)
2. Keep the container in the outer carton during storage.(1)
3. Do not freeze.(1)
4. Store away from light.(2)(8)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Pancuronium bromide 2mg/mL injection, Hospira.
Date of revision of text 11/08/2009
2. Martindale 'The Complete Drug Reference' 37th Edition, pg 2071-2
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2011 pg 1432-3
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 17th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 23/04/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 65, March 2013 pg 829-831
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 469
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 pg 646-647
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by Hospira UK Ltd, 21/06/2002
9. Drug company name: Hospira. Date contacted: 29/04/2013
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. University College London Hospitals 'Injectable medicines administration guide' 3rd
Edition, pg 54-5, 261
Version 5

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Pantoprazole

Pantoprazole
TRADE NAME(S):
Protium IV

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing pantoprazole sodium sequihydrate 42.3mg equivalent to pantoprazole 40mg as
a dry powder (9)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Recommended dose is 40mg daily
IV injection: over 2 minutes (1)(2)(9)
IV infusion: Reconstitute each 40mg vial and further dilute in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5% and give over 15 minutes (1)(2)(9)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:

Reconstitute contents of vial with 10mL sodium chloride 0.9% (1)
If cloudiness or precipitation is observed in the reconstituted vial it should be discarded(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
If necessary dilute with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Use infusion within 12 hours (1).
FLUSHING:
Glucose 5% (1), glucose 10% (5), sodium chloride 0.9% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Thrombophlebitis, peripheral oedema (1). Monitor patients for adverse effects such as pruritis
and skin rash.(1)

EXTRAVASATION:
The reconstituted solution is highly basic so if extravasation occurs it is likely to cause tissue
damage, leading to necrosis in the worst case. If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment
policies. The extravasation can only be treated symptomatically so must be observed closely for
signs of necrosis. If this happens, surgical treatment may be necessary (9).
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Glucose 5% (1), glucose 10% (5), sodium chloride 0.9% (1)
Incompatible: Acidic solutions (1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.104mmol per vial (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Not determined (9)
pH:
After reconstitution with 10mL sodium chloride 0.9% pH = 9-10 (1)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Rubber stoppers are latex free (9).
2. Due to extreme pH care should be taken to avoid extravasation when administering via a
peripheral vein.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics last updated january 2008
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 35th Edition
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2007
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 14th Edition
5. British National Formulary edition 54 September 2007
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2007
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer

9. Drug company name: Altana Pharma Ltd

Date contacted: 29/09/2006
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Paracetamol

Ensure that the dose given is appropriate for the age and weight of the patient.
There is a risk of accidental overdose, especially in infants and neonates.(11)
Consider additional patient risk factors e.g. hepatotoxicity.(12)
MEDICINE NAME:
Paracetamol
(acetaminophen)

TRADE NAME(S):
Perfalgan
Paracetamol (Fresenius Kabi Ltd)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing paracetamol 500mg in 50mL (10mg in 1mL) solution for infusion.(1a-b)
Vials containing paracetamol 1g in 100mL (10mg in 1mL) solution for infusion.(1a-b)
Bags containing paracetamol 1g in 100mL (10mg in 1mL) solution for infusion.(1a)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Administer calculated dose over 15 minutes.(1)
Adults over 50kg: Use the 10mg in 1mL, 100mL vial without further dilution.
Patients weighing more than 33kg and less than 50kg: Use the 10mg in 1mL, 100mL vial.
Remove the excess solution from the vial before commencing administration of the calculated
dose.(12)
Patients weighing more than 10kg and less than 33kg: Use the 10mg in 1mL, 50mL vial.
Remove the excess solution from the vial before commencing administration of the calculated
dose.(12)
Children less than 10kg: Withdraw the calculated dose from the 50mL vial into a syringe and
administer it using a syringe pump after appropriate dilution. (12)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Adults and children over 10kg: The 10mg in 1mL solution for infusion is provided ready
diluted for administration.(1)
Children less than 10kg: Using a 5mL or 10mL syringe withdraw the required dose from the
50mL vial and dilute it to a minimum concentration of 1mg in 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5%.(12)
The diluted solution should not be used in presence of opalescence, visible particulate matter or
precipitate.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
If paracetamol solution is further diluted expiry time is one hour.(1a)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypotension, hypersensitivity reactions, flushing, tachycardia, injection site reactions (pain and
burning sensation).(1)(5)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.170mmol per 100mL vial (Perfalgan).(9)
No information (Fresenius Kabi).(10)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
300 +/- 20mOsmol/L (Pefalgan).(9)
280mOsmol/L (Fresenius Kabi).(10)
pH:
5.5 (Perfalgan).(9)
5.0 to 7.0 (Fresenius Kabi).(1b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store above 30oC.(1a) Do not refrigerate or freeze.(1)
2. Store the 100mL bags in the aluminium overpackaging. When the overpackaging is
removed, use immediately.(1a)
3. As for all solutions for infusion presented in glass vials, monitor closely notably at the
end of the infusion. This applies particularly for central route infusion, in order to avoid air
embolism.(1)
4. Cases of accidental overdose have been reported during treatment with intravenous
paracetamol in neonates, infants and individuals with low body weight. The MHRA has
issued advice to help minimise the risk including recommended doses depending on
patient weight.(11)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Perfalgan. Last revised 29/04/2010
b) Paracetamol (Fresenius Kabi). Last revised 10/12/2010
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/02/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 02/02/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 02/02/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 62, September 2011, pg 262
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003

pg 470
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 pg 254
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011 pg 53
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer Bristol-Myers Squibb. Date prepared
03/07/2005
9. Drug company name: Bristol Myers Squibb. Date contacted: 13/04/2011
10. Drug company name: Fresenius Kabi. Date contacted: 12/04/2011
11. Intravenous paracetamol (Perfalgan); risk of accidental overdose, especially in infants
and neonates. MHRA Drug safety update, vol 3, issue 12, July 2010
12. Risk of accidental overdose with Perfalgan (IV paracetamol)
Version 4

Pethidine hydrochloride

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Pethidine hydrochloride

TRADE NAME(S):
Generic (Goldshields plc)(1a)
Generic (Martindale Pharma)(1b)
Generic (Auden Mckenzie Ltd - Pharma Division)(1c)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing pethidine hydrochloride 100mg in 2mL, and 50mg in 1mL.(1a-c)
Ampoules containing pethidine hydrochloride 100mg in 10mL and 50mg in 5mL.(1c)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Dilute to 10mg per 1mL with sodium chloride 0.9%,(4) glucose 5%(4) or water for
injections(6a) and administer by a slow intravenous injection(1a)(1b)(1c) i.e. over 2-5 minutes.(6a)
IV infusion(4) and PCA(2) (unlicensed routes): 10mg/mL pethidine hydrochloride solution (e.g.
500mg in 50mL of sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%) can be used for administration by a slow
intravenous infusion via a syringe pump.(4)
Alternatively, a more dilute solution of pethidine for administration by a slow intravenous infusion
can be used e.g. 1mg/1mL in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose.(4) The usual adult dose range
is 15-35mg/hour.(3)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(4)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours(2)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
As with other strong opiate analgesics, severe respiratory depression, apnoea, hypotension,
peripheral circulatory collapse, chest wall rigidity, cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock may
occur.(3) Monitor blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate.
Have naloxone(1a-c) and resuscitation equipment available. Naloxone is a short acting opioid
antagonist and repeat doses or an infusion may be necessary in pethidine overdose.
EXTRAVASATION:
Should extravasation occur please refer to local extravasation policy.(10)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Dobutamine, glycopyrronium, hyoscine hydrobromide, metoclopramide, benzylpenicillin,
bumetanide, cefuroxime, propofol, dopamine, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, metronidazole,
ondansetron, potassium chloride, ranitidine.(4)
Incompatible: Phenytoin sodium, aminophylline, flucloxacillin, heparin sodium, morphine
sulphate, sodium bicarbonate, pantoprazole, furosemide, aciclovir, imipenem (with cilastatin),
barbiturates (e.g. thiopentone, phenobarbital).(1b)(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No special requirements.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
1% 70.5mOsmol/L(11). See 1% link.
5% Undiluted:353mOsmol/L. Diluted: 309-317mOsmol/L (11). See 5% link.
pH:
4 to 6 (50mg/mL 1mL and 2mL injections).(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Patients receiving pethidine hydrochloride for longer than 48 hours or in total dosages
exceeding 600mg over 24 hours are at increased risk of toxicity from the norpethidine
metabolite. Such patients should be observed closely for potential manifestations of CNS
stimulation (e.g. seizures, agitation, irritability, nervousness, tremors, twitches, myoclonus)
associated with accumulation of the metabolite.(3)
2. Pethidine should only be used with caution and in reduced dosage in neonates and
premature infants, elderly and debilitated patients and in patients with head injuries,
severe hepatic or renal impairment, biliary tract disorders, hypothyroidism, adrenocortical
insufficiency, shock, prostatic hypertrophy and supraventricular tachycardia as they are at
particular risk of accumulation and/or toxicity of norpethidine.(1a)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Goldshields plc, last revised 13/07/2009
b) Martindale Pharma, last revised June 2003
c) Auden Mckenzie (Pharma Division), last updated 09/07/2010
2. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/10/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Accessed via

http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 01/10/10
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs". Accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 04/10/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 60
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 'Medicines for Children' 2003
a) BNF for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer; Goldshield plc
9. Drug company name: Goldshield Pharmaceutical Ltd
Date contacted: 4th October 2010.
10. www.extravasation.org
11. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, QA Department, January 2011
Version 1

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Phenylephrine hydrochloride

Phenylephrine hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
Phenylephrine hydrochloride (Sovereign, Beacon)
Phenylephrine hydrochloride (as an NHS Special)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Preparations which must always be diluted before administration:
Ampoules containing phenylephrine hydrochloride 10mg in 1mL (1%) (Beacon, Sovereign)
Ampoules containing 50mg in 5mL. NHS 'specials' manufacturers (unlicensed).
Preparations which can be administered without further dilution:
Ampoules containing 100micrograms in 1mL. Available in various volumes from NHS specials
manufacturers (unlicensed).
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Slow IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3 to 5 minutes.(1a-b) The 10mg in 1mL
preparation must be diluted before use.
IV infusion: Must be administered using a high performance infusion pump. When an IV infusion
is discontinued, slow the infusion rate gradually; do not stop it abruptly.(3)
ADULTS: Give at a maximum rate of 180micrograms/minute. Adjust rate according to
response.(1a-b)(2)
CHILD (1-16 years): Unlicensed. Administer via a central venous access device at a rate of 100
500nanograms/kg/minute, adjusted according to response.(6a) .
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Diluent: Glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% (1a-b)(2)(3)(6a)
The 10mg in 1mL preparation(1a-b) must be diluted before use. The 100micrograms in 1mL
preparation can be used without further dilution in adults but must be diluted before being given
by IV infusion to children.
IV injection:
A commonly used concentration is 100micrograms in 1mL (10mg in 100mL). The maximum
concentration for IV injection is 1mg/mL (10mg in 10mL). See 'OTHER COMMENTS' section for
further information about dilution.
IV infusion:
ADULTS: A commonly used concentration is 100micrograms in 1mL (10mg in 100mL). However,
the manufacturers(1a-b) recommend diluting to 20micrograms in 1mL (10mg in 500mL).
CHILD (1-16 years) (unlicensed): Dilute to a concentration of 20micrograms in 1mL (10mg in
500mL).6a) See 'OTHER COMMENTS' section for further information about dilution.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours.

FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. May precipitate anginal pain in patients with angina pectoris.(1a-b)
2. Increased blood pressure, tachycardia or reflex bradycardia.(1a-b) Monitor blood pressure
3. Paraesthesia in the extremities.(3)
EXTRAVASATION:
May cause tissue necrosis.(1a-b)(2)(3)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
IV injection: When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the IV injection.
IV infusion:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Amiodarone hydrochloride, anidulafungin (in glucose 5%), bivalirudin, caspofungin,
cisatracurium (in glucose 5%), dexmedetomidine, doripenem, ethanol 10% in glucose 5%,(4)
Furosemide,4) levofloxacin (in glucose 5%), zidovudine (in glucose 5%)
Incompatible: Iron salts,(1a-b) phenytoin,(1a-b) and thiopental.(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible (9a-b)
pH:
4.5 to 6.5 (9a-b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Phenylephrine hydrochloride is available from Sovereign Medical and Beacon
Pharmaceuticals as a 10mg in 1mL injection. The Summary of Product Characteristics
(SPC) for these preparations recommends that it is diluted before IV injection to a
concentration of 1mg in 1mL (10mg in 10mL), and before IV infusion to a concentration of
20micrograms in 1mL (10mg in 500mL). However, this recommendation no longer reflects
clinical practice. In practice, it is common to use a concentration of 100micrograms in 1mL
for IV injection and some Centres also use this concentration for IV infusion in adults,
adding 40mL to a 50mL Luer lock syringe to administer via an infusion pump. A number of
NHS pharmaceutical manufacturing units make a 100micrograms in 1mL preparation (in
10mL, 20mL and 50mL volumes). See 'Pro-File' ('Current Suppliers' section) for further
information.
2. Protect from light during storage.(1)

3. Store at 2-25oC.
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Phenylephrine, Sovereign Medical. Last revised May 2009
b) Phenylephrine, Beacon Pharmaceuticals. Last revised 03/03/2011/
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/07/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 04/10/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 09/01/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 64, September 2012, pg 140, 991
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via http://www.bnfc.org on
10/01/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. Material Safety Data Sheet for phenylephrine. Boehringer Ingelheim. Version 3.3 revision
date 20/05/2012
a) Material Safety Data Sheet for phenylephrine. Beacon Pharmaceuticals Ltd 28/02/2013
9. a) Drug company name: Sovereign Medical (see Amdipharm). Date contacted: 25/01/2013
b) Drug company name: Beacon Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 23/01/2013
Version 5

Intravenous

Phenytoin sodium

CAUTION: Phenytoin is often administered as a loading dose followed by a maintenance

dose. The doses are different.
MEDICINE NAME:
Phenytoin sodium

TRADE NAME(S):
Epanutin Ready Mixed Parenteral
Generic (Hospira)(Mercury; supplier Amdipharm Mercury (Alliance)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing phenytoin sodium 250mg in 5mL.(5) Solution for injection or infusion.(1a-d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
CAUTION: Phenytoin is often administered as a loading dose followed by a maintenance dose.
The doses are different.
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as the
preparation has a high pH.(12)
Slow IV injection: Administer slowly undiluted.(1a-d)
ADULT: Maximum rate 50mg per minute.(1a-d)
CHILD and NEONATE: In status epilepticus administer at a maximum rate of 1mg/kg/minute
(maximum 50mg/minute).(6a)
IV infusion: Because of the low solubility of phenytoin and the possibility of precipitation occurring
when diluted, administration by intravenous infusion following dilution is not usually
recommended.(2)(4)
Administer via an infusion pump. If diluted give through an in-line filter (0.22 to 0.5micron).(1a-d)
ADULT: Maximum rate 50mg per minute.(1a-d)
CHILD and NEONATE: 1mg/kg/minute (maximum of 50mg/minute).(2)(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV injection: Further dilution not required.(1a-d)
IV infusion: If local practice is to dilute the dose required before administration, dilute to 50100mL with sodium chloride 0.9%. The final concentration should not exceed 10mg per 1mL.(1a-d)
Administration, via an in-line filter (0.22 to 0.5micron) should commence immediately after the
mixture has been prepared and must be completed within one hour.(1a-d)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before administration.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% before and after administration of phenytoin to avoid local venous
irritation due to alkalinity of the solution.(1a-d)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Rapid administration may result in hypotension and CNS depression.(1a-d)

Depression of atrial and ventricular conduction and ventricular fibrillation, respiratory arrest and
tonic clonic seizures reported particularly in gravely ill or elderly patients, if given too rapidly.(1a-d)
Soft tissue irritation and inflammation can occur at the site of injection even without extravasation
of IV phenytoin.(1a)
Monitoring:
Continuous ECG and blood pressure monitoring essential during infusion.(1a-d) Cardiac
resuscitative equipment should be available.(1a-d)
Monitor patient for respiratory depression.(1a-d)
Therapeutic drug level monitoring is required.(1a-d)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation will cause tissue damage due to high pH.(1a-d) If extravasation occurs, refer to local
treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the injection.
IV Infusion: Do not infuse or mix phenytoin with any other medicines as precipitation or
crystallisation may occur.(1a-d)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Wear good quality latex gloves. If solution accidentally comes into contact with skin, remove
contaminated clothing, including footwear. Wash affected skin thoroughly with soap and water. If
irritation persists or signs of toxicity occur, seek medical help.(8)
If solution accidentally splashed in eyes, hold eyes open and wash with copious amounts of water.
If irritation persists or signs of toxicity occur, seek medical help.(8)
Phenytoin is carcinogenic in mice and rats. It is a possible carcinogen to humans.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.1mmol sodium per 5mL ampoule (Pfizer product).(1a)
0.91mmol sodium per 5mL (Hospira product) (9a)
0.00013mmol sodium per 5mL ampoule (Mercury Pharma product).(9d)
0.349mmol sodium per 5mL (Alliance product).(9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
500mg in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% = 312mOsm/kg (9a)(11)
pH:
pH of undiluted product: 11.2 to 12.1.(9a-d)
pH of diluted product:(11)
100mg in 10mL sodium chloride 0.9%: 10.4
1g in 250mL sodium chloride 0.9%: 10.1
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not refrigerate solution as a precipitate may form. This is reversible on allowing the

solution to reach room temperature. The solution is suitable for use as long as it remains
free from haziness and precipitate.(1a-d)(4)
2. Protect from light during storage.(1a-d)
3. Excipients: ampoule contains:
- Propylene glycol. Risk of accumulation in neonates and patients with renal failure.
Systemic toxicity includes CNS depression, hepatic or renal impairment, seizures, coma
and arrhythmias.(2)
- Ethanol (approximately 96% per 5mL ampoule). This may be harmful to those suffering
from alcoholism and should be taken into account in pregnant or breast-feeding women,
children and high-risk groups such as patients with liver disease.(1a)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Epanutin Ready Made Parenteral (Pfizer), last updated September 2012
b) Phenytoin (Hospira) last updated November 2012
c) Phenytoin (Mercury Pharmaceuticals (Supplier Amdipharm Mercury), last updated June
2012
d) Phenytoin (Alliance Pharmaceuticals) last updated April 2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 36th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 13/07/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 13/07/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 13/07/2013
5. British National Formulary No 65 accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ on 16/06/2013
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003
pg 491
a) British National Formulary for Children 2013-2014 accessed via http://bnfc.org on
05/07/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014)
8. Material Safety Data Sheet compiled by company - Hospira 14/01/2010
9. a) Drug company name: Hospira. Date contacted: 12/07/2012
b) Drug company name: Alliance. Date contacted: 12/07/2012
c) Drug company name: Pfizer. Date contacted: 05/07/2012
d) Drug company name: Mercury Pharma. Date contacted:
10. www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk accessed 16/10/07
11. Information supplied by Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust QA Department.
12. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 6 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Phosphates for Intravenous
infusion

Phosphate Polyfusor/Freeflex
TRADE NAME(S):
Phosphate Polyfusor NA/Freeflex (Fresenius Kabi
Ltd.)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
500mL polyethylene cylindrical container (Polyfusor) or polyolefine bag (Freeflex)
containing:
phosphate 50mmol (100mmol/L),
sodium 81mmol (162mmol/L),
potassium 9.5mmol (19mmol/L).(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Intravenous infusion: Infusion must be given slowly (e.g. over 6-12 hours).(1)
Not more than 15mmol phosphate per hour (150mL per hour phosphate infusion) should be
given.(1)(10)
A total maximum dose of 50mmol (500mL of phosphate solution) per infusion (per day)
should not be exceeded.(1)(2)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Provided ready diluted. Do not further dilute before use.(1)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Pain and phlebitis at the injection site may occur during intravenous administration.(1)
Rapid infusion may be harmful(1) as it may lead to rapid changes in the concentration of
serum electrolytes.
Monitor serum electrolytes (i.e. calcium, phosphate, potassium, sodium), renal function, fluid
balance, acid-base balance, ECG, blood pressure.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information is available. Should extravasation occur please refer to local extravasation
policy.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Esmolol, labetalol, sodium nitroprusside,(4) potassium chloride.
Incompatible:
Magnesium and calcium salts.(1)
Amiodarone and ciprofloxacin.(4) Ringer's injection, lactated.(4) In view of incompatibility with
Ringer's injection, lactated, compound sodium lactate (Hartmann's solution) should be
considered incompatible.

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

81mmol per 500mL Polyfusor container/Freeflex bag.(1)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
281mOsmol/L (1)
pH:
7.0 to 7.7 (1)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Due to the potassium content, the solution should be administered with considerable
care to patients with cardiac disease or conditions predisposing to hyperkalaemia such
as renal or adrenocortical insufficiency, acute dehydration or extensive tissue
destruction as occurs with severe burns.(1)
2. Intravenous injections of potassium containing solutions should be given slowly as
high blood concentrations may affect cardiac function. Potassium should generally not
be given in the immediate postopertive period until urine flow is established.(1)
3. Due to the sodium content, the solution should be administered with caution to patients
with hypertension, cardiac failure, peripheral or pulmonary oedema, impaired renal
function and pre-eclampsia.(1)
4. In patients with renal impairment, the use of phosphates infusion must be carefully
controlled by frequent determination of plasma electrolyte concentrations.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, updated August 2006, available from www.freseniuskabi.co.uk
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com,
July 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" 2010 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com, July 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com, July
2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59 accessed via http://bnf.org/bnf/
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 page 493
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (no report available for this product)
9. Drug company name: Fresenius-Kabi
Date contacted: July 2010
10. Charron T, Bernard F, Skrobik Y et al. Intravenous phosphate in the intensive care unit: more
aggressive repletion regimes for moderate and severe hypophosphatemia. Intensive Care
Med. 2003: 29;1273-1278.

Version 2

Intravenous

Phytomenadione (Konakion MM)

MEDICINE NAME:
Phytomenadione
(Vitamin K1)

TRADE NAME(S):
Konakion MM

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing phytomenadione 10mg in 1mL in a mixed micelles vehicle.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion: Administer slowly over 20-30 minutes.(1)(9) May be injected into lower part of
infusion apparatus.(1)
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection(1) over at least 30 seconds, usually administered over 3-5
minutes.(9) Doses should be measured using 0.5mL B Braun syringes.(9) Alternatively if B Braun
syringes are unavailable then give immediately after drawing up as excipients may interact with
certain plastics.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Infusion: Dilute in 55mL of glucose 5%,(1) before slowly infusing the product.(1) 50mL infusion
bag size is probably suitable.(9)(11) Do not dilute with other injectables.(1) Protect infusion and
giving set from light.(1)
IV injection: Can be given undiluted.(9) However, to facilitate IV injection when volumes are very
small, a larger volume of 10-20mL can be prepared by taking the required dose from the
ampoule and diluting it, rather than diluting the whole 10mg and then taking the proportion
needed. This will ensure the correct dose is given.(9) The reason for this is that the mixed micelle
formulation does not distribute evenly in the diluent and by administering a fraction of the diluent
it could result in either under or over dosing.(9)
FLUSHING:
IV Injection: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(4)
IV Infusion: Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Anaphylactoid reactions.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)
Compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that infusions mix in the
administration set close to the cannula insertion site): Ampicillin, epinephrine, heparin
sodium, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, potassium chloride.(4)
Incompatible: Dobutamine.(4)
The following are usually incompatible, infuse separately if possible: Parenteral nutrition
solutions, sodium bicarbonate infusions, phosphate preparations, blood components, plasma
substitutes.

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

0.115mmol per 1mL ampoule (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
80mOsm/kg (9)
pH:
5.3 to 6.6 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The mixed micelle formulation does not distribute evenly in the diluent and by
administering a fraction of the diluent it could result in either under or over dosing.(9)
However, to facilitate IV injection, a larger volume of 10-20mL can be prepared by taking
the required dose from the ampoule and diluting it, rather than diluting the whole 10mg
and then taking the proportion needed. This will ensure the correct dose is given.(9)
(based on anecdotal reports from the company).
2. The solution should be freshly prepared and protected from light.(1)
3. At the time of use, ampoule contents should be clear. If turbid do not use.(1)
4. Excipients include glycocholic acid 54.6mg/ampoule, and lecithin.(1) When treating
patients with severely impaired liver function it should be borne in mind that one Konakion
MM ampoule 10mg/1mL contains 54.6mg glycocholic acid and this may have a bilirubin
displacing effect.
5. The recommended maximum storage temperature is 25oC.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Konakion MM, last revised 07/08/2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/08/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information Jan 2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 17th Edition, 2012, pg 948
5. British National Formulary No. 65, March 2013 pg 655
6. British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. Safety data sheet, Roche 19/12/2011
9. Drug company name: Roche
Date contacted: 20/01/2012, 14/12/2011; 13/10/2010; 25/02/2009; 29/12/2008;
03/06/2005
10. Medicines Policy, Charing Cross Hospital, 31/08/2006 Phytomenadione Ref 10
11. Baxter; Technical support brochure for IV Viaflo 01/05/2007 Phytomenadione Ref 11
Letter from Baxter on IV Viaflo 26Jan12 Phytomenadione Ref 11
Version 8

Intravenous

Piperacillin with tazobactam

Contains a PENICILLIN.
From April 2012: Administration by slow intravenous injection is no longer recommended
by the manufacturer.(11) The Lothian Antimicrobial Team have considered and support
change to IV infusion in the inpatient setting.
MEDICINE
NAME:
Piperacillin with
tazobactam

TRADE NAME(S):
Tazocin
Generic (Actavis; Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd; Fresenius Kabi; Pfizer Ltd;
Sandoz Ltd; Stragen UK Ltd; Wockhardt UK)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
2.25g vial: containing 2g piperacillin and 250mg tazobactam (both as sodium salts) powder for
reconstitution.(1a-l)
4.5g vial: containing 4g piperacillin and 500mg tazobactam (both as sodium salts) powder for
reconstitution.(1a-l)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion: Infuse over 30 minutes.(1a-l)
IV injection (unlicensed): This route of administration should ONLY be considered for patients
who are fluid restricted or for the initial management of sepsis, the reconstituted solution can be
given over 5 minutes.
This METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult) is suitable for children
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Reconstitute each 2.25g vial with 10mL and each 4.5g vial with 20mL of either water for
injections or sodium chloride 0.9%. Swirl until dissolved.(1a-l)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (child):
CHILD and NEONATE
Taking into account the displacement value reconstitute each 2.25g vial to 10mL and each 4.5g
vial to 20mL with either water for injections or sodium chloride 0.9%.(1a-l) Swirl until dissolved.(1a-l)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
1.5mL to 1.7mL per 2.25g vial
3mL and 3.5mL per 4.5g vial
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
IV infusion: Dilute the reconstituted solution to between 50 to 150mL with sodium chloride 0.9%
or glucose 5%.(1a-j)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (child):

CHILD AND NEONATE
IV infusion: Dilute the reconstituted solution to a concentration of 15 to 90mg/mL with sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(6a)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Always check for previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins and other
allergens before starting therapy.
Anaphylaxis and other hypersensitivity reactions, including urticaria, fever, joint pains, rashes
and, angioedema.
The combination of piperacillin and tazobactam and non-depolarising muscle relaxants can
deepen and prolong neuromuscular blockade, which can be life-threatening.(1a-j)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Generic piperacillin/ tazobactam products may have different compatibilities than Tazocin,
raising a risk of medication errors.(10) Generic piperacillin/tazobactam must not be mixed or coadministered with any aminoglycoside. In circumstances where simultaneous administration of
piperacillin/tazobactam and gentamicin or amikacin is thought to be essential Tazocin has
been shown to be compatible with specific concentrations of these antibiotics when given via a
Y-site infusion only.(1e)
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that the infusions meet close to the vascular access
device): sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%. The Tazocin brand ONLY is compatible with
sodium lactate, compound (Hartmanns).
Incompatible infusions (it is assumed that the infusions meet close to the vascular
access device): sodium lactate, compound (Hartmanns) (all generic products) and sodium
bicarbonate.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
4.7 to 5.6mmol sodium per 2.25g vial
9.4 to 11.2mmol sodium per 4.5g vial
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Generic products: No information
Tazocin 4.5g: 386mOsm/L to 927mOsm/L (dependent on dilution and diluent); see link
pH:
pH 5 to 7(9e)

OTHER COMMENTS:
1. If water for injection is used as the diluent for preparing the infusion, the maximum
recommended volume per dose is 50mL.
2. Store below 25oC and protect from light.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2g/0.25g powder for solution for injection or infusion,
Fresenius Kabi, last revised April 2012
b) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 4g/0.5g powder for solution for injection or infusion. Fresenius
Kabi, last revised April 2012
c) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2g/0.25g powder for solution for injection or infusion,
Wockhardt UK Ltd, last revised October 2012
d) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 4g/0.5g powder for solution for injection or infusion. Wockhardt
UK Ltd, last revised October 2012
e) Tazocin 2g/0.25g and 4g/0.5g powder for solution for injection or infusion. Pfizer, last
revised 19/09/2011
f) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2g/0.25g powder for solution for injection or infusion. Bowmed
Ibisqus Ltd (MAH: Ibigen Srl), last revised 20/04/2012
g) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 4g/0.5g powder for solution for injection or infusion. Bowmed
Ibisqus Ltd (MAH: Ibigen Srl), last revised 20/04/2012
h) Piperacillin/Tazobactam, 1g/0.25g powder for solution for injection or infusion, Stragen
UK Ltd, last revised 26/08/2011
i) Piperacillin/Tazobactam, 2g/0.25g powder for solution for injection or infusion, Stragen
UK Ltd, last revised 26/08/2011
j) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2g/0.25g and 4g/0.5g powder for solution for injection or
infusion, Sandoz Ltd, last revised 19/09/2011
k) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2g/0.25g powder for solution for injection or infusion, Actavis
Ltd, last revised 07/10/2011
l) Piperacillin/Tazobactam 4g/0.5g powder for solution for injection or infusion. Actavis Ltd,
last revised 07/10/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 03/04/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 06/01/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
06/01/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 64 September 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
6a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via http://www.bnfc.org
January 2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Fresenius Kabi. Date contacted: 20/05/2013
b) Drug company name: Actavis. Date contacted: 22/01/2013

c) Drug company name: Wockhardt. Date contacted: 23/01/2013

d) Drug company name: Pfizer. Date contacted: 22/01/2013
e) Drug company name: Bowmed Ibisqus Ltd. Date contacted: 22/01/2013
f) Drug company name: Sandoz. Date contacted: 22/01/2013
g) Drug company name: Stragen. Date contacted: 22/01/2013
10. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency and the Commission on Human
Medicines. Drug Safety Update January 2009, vol. 2; issue 6 accessed via
http://www.mhra.gov.uk/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON088141 on 17 June 2013
11. Quality Control Department, Charing Cross Hospital, Apr13
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Potassium chloride

Potassium chloride
TRADE NAME(S):

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ready-made "Diluted'' infusion preparations which can be given via a peripheral
venous catheter. The ready-made bags available in NHS Lothian include:
Ready-mixed 500ml infusion bags containing solution of potassium chloride 20mmol or
40mmol. Both strengths are available in glucose 5% IV infusion or sodium chloride 0.9% IV
infusion.
Ready-mixed 500ml infusion bags containing a solution of potassium chloride 10mmol in
glucose 10% IV infusion.
Ready-mixed bag containing a solution of potassium chloride 20mmol in glucose 5% and
sodium chloride 0.45% (WGH only).
"Concentrated" ampoules which must be diluted prior to administration
Ampoules containing 2mmol/mL (15%) or 2.7mmol/mL (20%) potassium chloride in
5mL,10mL or 20mL. The use of concentrated potassium ampoules is to be avoided;
ready made potassium chloride solutions should be used wherever possible. Ampoules
should be stored in a locked CD cupboard.(11)
"Concentrated" infusion preparations which must be administered via a central venous
access device
0.2mmol/mL:
Bag containing 20mmol in 100mL
0.4mmol/mL:
Prefilled syringe containing 20mmol potassium in 50mL
Vial containing 20mmol potassium in 50mL
Bag containing 40mmol in 100mL
1mmol/mL:
Prefilled syringe containing 50mmol potassium in 50mL.
The concentrated preparations listed above are available as an NHS 'Special'; contact your
local Pharmacy department for further information.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Adults: Infusion via a peripheral venous catheter. Use a ready made bag with a maximum
concentration of 40mmol potassium per litre. Maximum infusion rate 20mmol per hour.(2)(3)
Adults: Infusion via a central venous access device. Concentrations greater than 40mmol
per litre must always be given via a central venous access device, using a suitable infusion
pump; ready made solutions should be used wherever possible.
Continuous ECG monitoring is required for administration rates above 20mmol per hour.(2)(3)
Paediatrics: Infusion via a peripheral line. The concentration of potassium should not
exceed 40mmol/litre and given at a maximum rate of 0.2mmol/kg/hour.(6a)

Paediatrics (PICU): Infusion via a central venous access device. Under specialist
supervision with continuous ECG monitoring, "concentrated" potassium solutions are
administered using a suitable infusion pump. Maximum infusion rate 0.5mmol/kg/hour.(13)(14)
Note: Glucose containing solutions may reduce serum potassium concentrations, so glucosefree solutions may be more suitable for initial IV therapy of hypokalaemia.(2)(5)
For information regarding the addition of potassium chloride to haemofiltration solutions, refer
to Instructions for dilution and suitable diluent.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Always use ready-made infusion preparations. If under exceptional circumstances the
concentrated ampoules need to be used to prepare an infusion, mix very thoroughly to avoid
'layering'.(5)
ADMINISTRATION VIA A PERIPHERAL VENOUS CATHETER:
Adults and paediatrics: Maximum concentration 40mmol potassium in 1litre.(11)
ADMINISTRATION VIA A central venous access device OF CONCENTRATIONS
EXCEEDING 40mmol per litre
Adults: Use ready-made 20mmol in 50mL potassium preparations or 50mmol in 50mL
wherever possible.
Paediatrics (PICU): A concentration of either 0.5mmol/mL or 1mmol/mL potassium is usually
used. Some centres use 0.4mmol/mL.(16)
ADDITION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE TO HAEMOFILTRATION REPLACEMENT FLUID
BAGS
Adults: The addition of potassium chloride to haemofiltration replacement fluid bags which
contain no potassium is a common practice within Critical Care. The patients blood levels will
equilibrate to the potassium concentration of the replacement fluid. An addition of 20mmol of
potassium chloride to 5 litres of replacement fluid would result in a potassium concentration of
4mmol/litre, therefore the patient blood levels will equilibrate to 4mmol/litre. If 40mmol of
potassium chloride were added to a 5 litre bag, this would result in a potassium concentration
of 8mmol/litre which the patient would equilibrate to. For this reason do not add any more than
20mmol of potassium chloride to the manufactured 5 litre bags and do not add any potassium
chloride to haemofiltration solutions which already contain potassium.
Paediatrics: Usual maximum concentration of haemofiltration fluid is 5mmol/L.(15)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(4)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Continuous ECG monitoring is essential for infusion rates exceeding 20mmol per hour, due to
the risk of serious arrhythmias or cardiac arrest.(3)
Serum electrolytes must be monitored whilst patient is receiving intravenous potassium, to
determine whether further infusions are required, and to avoid the development of
hyperkalaemia, which is especially likely in renal impairment.(5)
Monitor blood glucose.(5)
Local pain or phlebitis may occur during IV administration, particularly at higher
concentrations.(2)
Other adverse effects may be due to too rapid administration or too large a dose,(2) e.g. ECG
changes, paraesthesia, confusion and weakness.(3)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause tissue damage due to high osmolarity (more likely with higher
concentrations).(12) Administer via central venous access device or large peripheral vein. If
extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (It is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Potassium chloride 40mmol in 1000mL glucose 5% is compatible with: Aciclovir,
adrenaline, aminophylline, amiodarone, ampicillin, calcium gluconate, ciprofloxacin,
dexamethasone, digoxin, dobutamine, dopamine, esmolol, fentanyl, furosemide, insulin,
isoprenaline, lignocaine, magnesium sulphate, meropenem, methylprednisolone sodium
succinate, morphine sulphate, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, pantoprazole and zidovudine.(4)
Potassium chloride 40mmol in 1000mL sodium chloride 0.9% is compatible with:
Adrenaline, aminophylline, calcium gluconate, caspofungin, dexamethasone, digoxin,
dopamine, fentanyl, furosemide, granisetron, insulin, lignocaine, magnesium sulphate,
meropenem, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, morphine sulphate,
noredrenaline/norepinephrine.(4)
Potassium chloride is incompatible with: Amphotericin, phenytoin.(4) Potassium chloride
diluted in sodium chloride is incompatible with amiodarone.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
4000mOsm/L as the 20mmol per 10mL ampoule.(4)
358mOsm/L as the 40mmol in glucose 5% 1litre bags.(1a)
pH:
4-8(4)(9)

OTHER COMMENTS:
1. See NPSA guidance on the handling of potassium chloride concentrated solutions(11)
(Document Ref: PSA01 Issued 23-07-2002) via Documents and Links page.
2. March 2012 - See UKMi Q and A 'How should intravenous (IV) potassium chloride be
administered in adults?'
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Potassium Chloride 0.3% in glucose 5% 1litre, accessed via www.bbraun.co.uk last
revised Sept 2003.
b) Potassium Chloride 0.3% in sodium chloride 0.9% 1litre
www.BaxterHealthcare.co.uk, last revised 24/04/2003
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com date accessed: 09/12/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com date accessed: 09/12/2010
4. Trissel accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com date accessed: 09/12/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 60, September 2010 accessed via www.bnf.org
6. Medicines for Children 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via www.bnfc.org on
07/03/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: B Braun - not contacted
b) Drug company name: Baxter - not contacted
c) Drug company name: Goldshield - not contacted
e) Drug company name: hameln Pharmaceuticals Ltd - Jan 2011
10. National Extravasation Service accessed via www.extravasation.org.uk
11. NPSA Documents PSA01, issued 23/07/2002
12. BARD website accessed via www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk on 09/12/2010
13. Guy's and St. Thomas', Kings College and University Lewisham Hospitals Paediatric
Formulary, 8th edition: revised September 2010
14. Neonatal Formulary, drugs used in pregnancy and the first year of life, 6th edition BMJ
books. Edmund Hey 2011.
15. Birmingham Children's Hospital Injectable Medicines Guide, June 2011.
16. Survey carried out by Rhian Isaac on behalf of the PICUP SIG (PICU pharmacist
special interest group of the Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacist Group) in 2010.
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Procyclidine hydrochloride

MEDICINE NAME:
Procyclidine hydrochloride

TRADE NAME(S):
Kemadrin

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 10mg in 2mL(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give the undiluted solution as a slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Possible infusion-related adverse events include dry mouth, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting,
tachycardia, dizziness(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available(9)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before
and after administering the injection.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Avoid breathing dust or mist.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
No information available(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available(9)
pH:
pH 5.0 to 6.5 (in a 1% solution)(8)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Kemadrin, date of 1st authorisation April 2003
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 36th Edition pg 815

3.
4.
5.
6.

American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2004 pg 1197

Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 15th Edition
British National Formulary No. 60 September 2010, pg 305
Medicines for Children", the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003, pg 521
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 pg 297
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report, Auden McKenzie Ltd. Date of preparation 01/02/2009
9. Drug company name: Auden McKenzie Ltd
Date contacted: September 2010
10. Injectable Medicines Administration Guide 2nd Edition, 2007, pg 199. University College
London Hospitals
Version 2

Intravenous

Propofol

Do not confuse with Propofol-Lipuro. See separate monograph.

Some of the information in this monograph is brand specific.
MEDICINE NAME:
Propofol

TRADE NAME(S):
Diprivan, Propoven

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Diprivan 1%:
Ampoules containing propofol 200mg in 20mL.(5)(9a)
Pre-filled syringes containing propofol 500mg in 50mL.(5)(9a)
Diprivan 2%:
Pre-filled syringes containing propofol 1000mg in 50mL.(5)(9a)
Propoven 1%
Ampoules containing propofol 200mg in 20mL.(1c)(9b)
Vials containing propofol 500mg in 50mL.(1c)(9b)
Vials containing propofol 1000mg in 100mL.(1c)(9b)
Propoven 2%:
Vials containing propofol 1000mg in 50mL.(1d)(9b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection:
Propofol 1%: Depending on indication, dose can be titrated and maintained by administering
repeat IV injections according to patient response.(1a)(1c)
Propofol 2%: Do not administer by IV injection.(1b)(1d)(2)
IV infusion:
Administer using an infusion pump.(1a-d)
Administer propofol 1% diluted (see below) or undiluted.(1a)(1c)
Administer propofol 2% undiluted.(1b)(1d)
Do not administer propofol via a microbiological filter.(1a-d)(5)(6a)
For administration using the Diprifusor TCI system refer to the manufacturer's Summary of
Product Characteristics.(1a)(1b)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Propofol 1%: Administer undiluted or dilute to a concentration of not less than 2mg in
1mL.(1a)(1c)
Diprivan 1%: Dilute with glucose 5%.(1a)
Propoven 1%: Dilute with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1c)
Propofol 2%: Do not dilute propofol 2%.(1b)(1d)

EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS

INFUSION
Diluted solutions: 6 hours.(1a)(1c)
Undiluted solutions: 12 hours.(1a-d)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, tachycardia, flushing, hyperventilation, apnoea,
extraneous muscle movements, convulsions, cough, hiccup, thrombosis, phelbitis and
anaphylaxis.(1a-d)
Local pain on injection is very common and can be minimised by using larger veins of the
forearm and anticubital fossa(1a-d) or administering IV lidocaine prior to propofol.(1c-d) Propofol 1%
can be co-administered with preservative-free lidocaine.(1a)(1c)
Monitoring: Monitor haemodynamic and respiratory function constantly.(1a-d) Resuscitation
facilities, including facilities for maintenance of a patent airway and artificial ventilation, should
be readily available at all times.(1a-d)
EXTRAVASATION:
Accidental clinical extravasation and animal studies showed minimal tissue reaction.(1a)(1b) Local
pain, swelling, blisters and/or tissue necrosis has been reported following extravasation.(3)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible with the following infusions (it is assumed that the infusions meet close to
the vascular access device): Glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 4% with sodium
chloride 0.18%.(1a-d)
Compatible medicine containing infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to
the vascular access device):
Diprivan 1%: Alfentanil, cefotaxime (in glucose 5%), ceftriaxone (in glucose 5%), fentanyl,
fluconazole (in glucose 5%), furosemide (in glucose 5%), hydrocortisone sodium succinate (in
glucose 5%), insulin (in glucose 5%), magnesium sulfate (in glucose 5%), ranitidine (in glucose
5%).(4)
Diprivan 2%, Propoven 1% and 2%: Do not infuse with other medicines
Incompatible: Atracurium, mivacurium.(1a-d) Amikacin, amphotericin, calcium chloride,
ciprofloxacin, diazepam, digoxin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, methylprednisolone sodium
succinate, metoclopramide, phenytoin, verapamil.(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible (1a-d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:

No information on the osmolarity or osmolality of Diprivan 2%

pH:
6.0 to 8.5 (undiluted) (9a)(9b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Diprivan and Propoven contain soya-bean oil; do not use in patients who are
hypersensitive to peanut or soya.(1a-d)
2. Do not store above 25oC. Do not freeze.(1a-d)
3. Shake containers before use. If 2 layers can be seen after shaking, the emulsion should
not be used.(1a-d)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Diprivan 1%, last revised 19/01/2012
b) Diprivan 2%, last revised 19/01/2012
c) Propoven 1%, last revised 04/2011
d) Propoven 2%, last revised 04/2011
2. Martindale accessed via www.thomsonhc.com on 19/04/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2011 pg 2059-2068
4. Trissel 'Handbook on injectable drugs' 16th Edition 2010 pg 1335-1342
5. British National Formulary Number 63 accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
18/04/2012
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 19/04/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014).
8. COSHH report compiled by AstraZeneca
Unable to obtain COSHH report from Fresenius Kabi
9. a) Drug company name: AstraZeneca. Date contacted: 23/04/2012
b) Drug company name: Fresenius Kabi. Date contacted: 24/04/2012
10. Pharmacy QA Department, Charing Cross Hospital. Date contacted: 30/04/2012
Version 3

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Protamine sulphate

Protamine sulphate
TRADE NAME(S):
Prosulf
Protamine (Sovereign Medical)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing protamine sulphate 10mg in 1mL. Available as 5mL and 10mL
ampoules.(1a)(1b)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give undiluted by slow IV injection over 10 minutes. No more than 50mg should
be administered in any 10 minute period. The rate should not exceed 5mg/minute.(3)(4)(5)
OR
IV infusion: Dilute dose required in sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% and administer via
an infusion pump. The rate should not exceed 5mg/minute.(1a)(4)(5)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% can be used to prepare an infusion of protamine
sulphate. However, protamine sulphate is normally administered undiluted.(3)(4)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(4)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
After protamine injection a sudden fall in blood pressure, bradycardia, pulmonary and
systemic hypertension, dyspnoea, transitory flushing and a feeling of warmth, back pain,
nausea and vomiting, and lassitude have been observed. In excess, protamine sulphate itself
can act as an anticoagulant. Patients undergoing prolonged procedures involving repeated
doses of protamine sulphate should have clotting parameters closely monitored. Too rapid
administration of protamine sulphate can cause severe hypotension and anaphylactoid
reactions. Facilities for resuscitation and treatment of shock should be available. Patients
should be carefully monitored using either the activated partial thromboplastin time or the
activated coagulation time, carried out 5-15 minutes after protamine sulphate
administration.(1a)(1b)(2)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to low pH. If extravasation occurs refer to
local treatment policies.

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before
and after administering the IV injection.
The manufacturer recommends that protamine sulphate not be mixed with other drugs unless
their compatibility is known (4)
Incompatible: Protamine sulphate is incompatible with certain antibiotics, including several
penicillins and cephalosporins.(1a)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information. (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Trace amounts, as sodium hydroxide may be used to adjust the pH.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The osmolality of protamine sulphate (Lilly) 10mg/mL was determined to be 290mOsm/kg by
freezing-point depression and 292mOsm/kg by vapour pressure (4)
pH:
Ampoules 10mg in 1mL from 2.5 to 3.5(9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics.
a) Protamine sulphate injection BP 1%. Date of revision of text August 2006. Sovereign
Medical
b) Prosulf 10mg/mL Solution for injection. Date of revision of text May 2008.
Wockhardt Ltd
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com. Date accessed August 2010
3. "American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com, August 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com,
August 2010
5. British National Formulary No. 59 pg 143
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: UCB Pharma
Date contacted: 28/01/2009
Version 1 (NHS Local amendment)

Quinine dihydrochloride

Intravenous

UNLICENSED MEDICINE
Preferred route of administration: Intravenous Infusion
MEDICINE NAME:
Quinine dihydrochloride

TRADE NAME(S):

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing quinine dihydrochloride 300mg in 1mL.(5)(9)
Ampoules containing quinine dihydrochloride 600mg in 2mL.(5)(9)
Ampoules containing quinine dihydrochloride 300mg in 10mL(30mg/mL)(9) Bottles containing
quinine dihydrochloride 610mg in 500ml (quinine base 500mg in 500mL)(9)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Administer using an infusion pump.
Loading dose (ADULT, CHILD and NEONATE): Infuse loading dose over 4 hours.(2)(5)(6a)
In Intensive Care Units, a reduced loading dose can be administered over 30 minutes (see the
BNF for further information).
N.B. A loading dose should not be given if the patient has received quinine (or quinidine) or
mefloquine during the previous 12 hours.(5)
Maintenance doses (ADULT, CHILD and NEONATE): Infuse maintenance doses over 4
hours.(2)(5)(6a)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid possible venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
ADULT: Dilute required dose to 250mL or 500mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose
5%.(5)(6a)
In fluid restriction can be diluted to a concentration not exceeding 30mg in 1mL.(6a)
CHILD and NEONATE: Dilute to 2mg in 1mL (do not exceed 30mg in 1mL in fluid
restriction).(6a)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypoglycaemia; monitor blood glucose levels. Arrhythmias: atrial fibrillation; monitor ECG.
Chinchonism including tinnitus, headache, confusion, nausea, abdominal pain and visual
disturbances. Monitor electrolyte concentrations.
Fever and hypersensitivity reactions such as flushing of skin.(5)(11)

EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to very low pH.(10) If extravasation occurs,
refer to local treatment policy.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusion fluids.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil
pH:
pH of 1.5-3.0 undiluted.(12)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Protect from light during storage.(2)
2. Administration by Slow IV infusion is less irritant than IM injection.(2)
3. A loading dose should not be used if the patient has received quinine (or quinidine) or
mefloquine during the previous 12 hours.(5)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics (no SPC as unlicensed medicine)
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 23/04/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 23/04/2013. No relevant information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs". No relevant information
5. British National Formulary No. 65, March 2013 accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 23/04/2013
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 541
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 23/04/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - Unlicensed medicine
9. NHS Pro-File (password controlled); Availability of listed products confirmed 19/08/2013
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
11. Drug Dex. Quinine monograph. Accessed via http://thomsonhc.com/ on 24/04/2013
12. Quality Control Department, Charing Cross Hospital, May 2012
Version 7

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Ranitidine (as hydrochloride)

Ranitidine
TRADE NAME(S):
Zantac, Generic (Goldshield)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing ranitidine 50mg in 2mL (as hydrochloride) (1a)(1b)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Injection: Administer over a minimum of 2 minutes in adults(1a)(1b)(2)(5) or 3 minutes in
children.(6a) A slower administration rate of over at least 5 minutes is recommended by some
references(3)(4) because of the risk of causing bradycardia on administration.(3)
IV Infusion over two hours: Maximum infusion rate for adults 25mg per hour.(1a)(1b)(2)(5)
Continuous IV Infusion:
In adults, give an initial 50mg IV Injection as above, followed by a continuous infusion at a rate
of 125-250micrograms/kg/hour as a continuous infusion.(1a)(1b)(2)(5)
In children, administer at a rate of 125-250micrograms/kg/hour as a continuous infusion.(1b)(6a)
In neonates, (unlicensed) administer using an infusion pump at a rate of 3060micrograms/kg/hour (maximum 3mg/kg daily).(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
IV injection: Dilute 50mg to a volume of 20mL (or to a concentration of 2.5mg/mL(6a)) with a
compatible infusion fluid (1a)(1b)(3)(4)
IV infusion over 2 hours : Add 50mg to 100mL of compatible infusion fluid (3)(4)
Continuous IV Infusion: Dilute 150mg to a volume of 250mL with compatible infusion fluid (3)(4)
Compatible Infusion Fluids:
Zantac brand: Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1a)
Generic (Goldshield): Sodium chloride 0.9%(1b) or glucose 5%(9b)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Diluted ranitidine preparations should be discarded after 24 hours.(1a)
In terms of usage at higher ambient temperatures such as in neonatal units, ranitidine
hydrochloride injection should be stored between 4 and 30oC and protected from light and
excessive heat. Brief exposure to temperatures up to 40oC will not adversely affect the stability
of the injection.(4)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Continuous Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

Suggested Concentration: Dilute 150mg to 250mL with compatible infusion fluid to give a
concentration of 150mg in 250mL (600micrograms in 1mL)
For example: For adults only, to administer a dose of 125micrograms/kg/hour of Ranitidine to
a 70kg patient using a solution of 150mg in 250mL (600micrograms in 1mL), see the following
calculation:

STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%(1a)(1b) or glucose 5%(1a)(9b)
For children, flush with 3mL sodium chloride 0.9% over 5 minutes.(1a)(1b)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects may include bradycardia, atrioventricular block and cardiac
arrhythmias.(1a)(1b)(2)(3)(5) Cardiac arrest has been reported in patients undergoing ranitidine
therapy. Caution is advised especially when administering intravenously to patients with
cardiovascular disease.(2) Rates of administration should not be exceeded.(1b)
Other adverse effects caused by the administration of IV ranitidine include hypersensitivity
reactions such as hypotension, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis, urticaria, chest pain, fever and
angioneurotic oedema.(1a)(1b)(3)(5)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information available. Refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine additive
without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after giving the
IV injection.
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions .(1b) There is no further information is
available on the UK formulation.(4)
Incompatible: No further information is available on the UK formulation.(4)

Compatible diluents: Sodium bicarbonate 4.2%, compound sodium lactate (Hartmanns),

sodium chloride 0.18% and glucose 4%,(1a) glucose 5% in compound sodium chloride (Ringers),
sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 5% (9b)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Handling of this product presents a minimal risk from occupational exposure. If the product
contaminates the skin, using appropriate personal protective equipment, remove affected
clothing. Flush exposed skin with large amounts of water. If skin reaction occurs, which may be
delayed, seek medical advice. If the eyes are contaminated irrigate with clean flowing water for
at least 15 minutes, seek medical attention. An eye wash station should be available in areas
where the product is handled.(8)
If the product is spilt, wear appropriate protective clothing and use absorbent paper to soak up
the spillage. Ranitidine must be disposed of as pharmaceutical waste.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Zantac: Sodium content 0.122mmol in 2mL (2.82mg) (9a)
Generic: No information available (9b)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Zantac:
50mg in 2mL undiluted = 248mOsm/L (9a)
50mg in 2mL diluted to 20mL with distilled water = 26mOsm/L (9a)
50mg in 2mL diluted to 20mL with sodium chloride 0.9% = 285mOsm/L (9a)
Generic:
10mg in 1mL (water) = 59mOsm/Kg (9b)
pH:
Zantac: Undiluted 50mg in 2mL = pH 6.8 to 7.1 (9a)
Generic (Goldshield): Unbuffered solution pH 4.5 to 7.0, buffered solution pH 6.7 to 7.3 (9b)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Ranitidine hydrochloride 56mg in 2mL is equivalent to 50mg in 2mL of ranitidine base.(1)
2. During storage protect ampoules from light and store below 25oC.(1a)(1b) Do not freeze.(1b)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics from eMC
a) GlaxoSmithKine Zantac injection 50mg/2mL, updated 18 December 2008
b) Goldshield Pharmaceuticals, updated October 2009
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 03/02/2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 26/01/2009
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 03/02/2009
5. British National Formulary No. 58 pg 46-7 and pg 877
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
2003 pg 546-7
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 pg 61

7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: GlaxoSmithKline
Date contacted: 28th October 2004
Correspondence on file
b) Drug company name: Goldshield
Date contacted: 06/05/2009
Version 3 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Rasburicase

Rasburicase
TRADE NAME(S):
Fasturtec

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing rasburicase 1.5mg powder. Plus ampoule containing 1mL solvent for
reconstitution.(1)
Vial containing rasburicase 7.5mg powder. Plus ampoule containing 5mL solvent for
reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Administer over 30minutes.(1)(3)
Do not administer by IV injection.(1)(3)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Add the content of one ampoule of solvent provided to one vial of rasburicase to obtain a
solution of 1.5mg in 1mL, and mix by swirling very gently. Do not shake.(1)(3)
Requires further dilution before administration.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
None (1)(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute the reconstituted solution to 50mL with sodium chloride 0.9%.
The concentration of the final solution will depend on the dose required since the final
volume must always be 50mL.(1)(3)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% (1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION
AND SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions including rash and rarely bronchospasm and anaphylaxis have
occurred.(1) If this occurs rasburicase must be stopped immediately and permanently
discontinued. Resuscitation facilities should be available.(1)(5)
EXTRAVASATION:
No special precautions

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

(It is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Compatible: Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)
Rasburicase must not be mixed with other medicinal products including chemotherapeutic
agents and should always be infused through a different line whenever possible.(1)
Incompatible: Glucose solutions.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid breathing powder and contact with skin, eyes and clothing.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Maximum of 0.1mmol in 1.5mg vial (9)
Maximum of 0.46mmol in 7.5mg vial (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolarity = 320mOsm/kg (9)
pH:
Rasburicase 1.5mg and 7.5mg (reconstituted vials): 7.7 to 8.3 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store unused vials of Fasturtec at 2-8oC.(1) Do not freeze.
2. Do not use an in-line filter when infusing rasburicase.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Fasturtec, Sanofi-Aventis, last updated 02/06/2009
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ on 28/09/2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medscape.com/ on 28/09/2010
4. Trissel "Handbook in injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/
on on 28/09/2010
5. British National Formulary No. 60 accessed via http://www.bnf.org.bnf/ on 28/09/2010
6. Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via http://www.bmfc.org/bnfc on
28/09/2010
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. Material Safety Data Sheet, Rasburicase lyophilized powder. Revision date: 02/05/2003
9. Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis. Date contacted: 28/09/2010 (personal correspondence)
10. Drugdex accessed via http://www.thomsonhc.com/ on 28/09/2010
11. UCL Hospitals Injectable Medicines Administration Guide, 2nd edition, 2007, pg205

Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Rifampicin

Rifampicin
TRADE NAME(S):
Rifadin for Infusion

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing rifampicin 600mg powder. Plus 10mL ampoule containing water for injections for
reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion: Administer over 2 to 3 hours.(1)
Fluid restriction (unlicensed): Give IV infusion over 30 minutes.(3)(4)
Do not administer by IV injection.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Add 10mL of provided solvent to rifampicin powder and swirl gently to dissolve the vial contents.(4)
Further dilution is necessary before administration.(4)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
600mg displaces 0.48mL.(6)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Suitable diluents: Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
After reconstitution dilute to a concentration of 1.2mg/mL(6) e.g. add 600mg vial to 500mL of
infusion fluid.(4)(5)
Fluid restriction: Dilute in 100mL of infusion fluid, providing a concentration of up to 6mg/mL.(4)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions, fever, skin rashes, nausea/vomiting, pain and phlebitis at the injection
site, thrombophlebitis.(1)
EXTRAVASATION
Extravasation can cause irritation and inflammation. (1) If extravasation occurs stop the infusion and
restart at a different site. (1)(3) Refer to local policies for the treatment of extravasation.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9)
pH:
pH 8.3 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Rifampicin causes a harmless orange-red discoloration of the urine, faeces, sweat, saliva,
sputum, tears, and other body fluids. Soft contact lenses may become permanently
stained.(1)
2. Store Rifadin vials below 25oC.(1)
3. Rifadin vials contain sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, a sulfite that may cause serious
allergic type reactions in susceptible individuals e.g. atopic, non-asthmatic individuals.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Rifadin for Infusion 600mg. Last updated 27/10/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
20/03/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition 2010, pg 1374
5. British National Formulary No. 65, pg 383
6. British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013, pg 298
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer. Not used as not available from the manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Sanofi. Date contacted: 20/03/2013 and 25/03/2013
Version 5

Sodium fusidate

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Sodium fusidate

TRADE NAME(S):
Sodium fusidate (Leo Laboratories)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing sodium fusidate 500mg (equivalent to 480mg fusidic acid) powder.(1) Plus 10mL
vial containing sterile phosphate-citrate buffer solution for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV Infusion: Preferably administer via a central venous access device over 2 hours or if not into
a wide bore vein with good blood flow over at least 6 hours.(1) Leo Laboratories make no
recommendation about using an infusion pump as long as the solution is infused over the
required time period.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Dissolve the contents of one vial containing 500mg of sodium fusidate (equivalent to 480mg of
fusidic acid) in the 10mL sterile phosphate-citrate buffer solution provided. Requires further
dilution before administration.(1) The colour of the resulting reconstituted solution is colourless.(9)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible.(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
10mL of the reconstituted solution should be added to 500mL of diluent which may be sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1) The resulting reconstituted solution in the vial and the final
diluted solution will both be colourless.(9)
There is no requirement to protect the infusion from light.(9)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
The infusion expiry when prepared in a clinical area is 24 hours.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Excessive doses may cause venospasm, thrombophlebitis and haemolysis of
erythrocytes.(1) Reversible jaundice particularly with high doses, when infused too rapidly or at
too high a concentration in the infusion fluid.(1) Thrombophlebitis, rarely skin rashes, and other
allergic reactions including anaphylaxis.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation may cause thrombophlebitis or tissue damage.(1)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible infusion fluids: Compound sodium lactate intravenous infusion (Ringer-Lactate
Solution, sodium lactate intravenous infusion), sodium chloride 0.18% and glucose 4% and
potassium 0.3% and glucose 5% intravenous infusion.(1)
Incompatible:- With infusion fluids containing 20% or more of glucose, lipid infusions and
peritoneal dialysis fluids.(1)
Precipitation may occur at dilutions which result in a pH of less then 7.4.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
One 500mg vial when reconstituted with buffer solution provided contains 3.1mmols of
sodium.(1)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The osmolarity of the injection once reconstituted is 370mOsmol/kg.(9)
pH:
pH 7.4 to 7.6 after reconstitution with buffer.(1)(10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store vials at room temperature below 25oC, protect from light during storage only. There
is no requirement to protect the product from light during administration.(2)
2. The required amount of the sodium fusidate/buffer solution should be used once only
and any unused portion discarded.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Sodium fusidate (Leo Laboratories), last revision of
text 28/09/2011
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via http://www.thomsonhc.com on
18/03/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.thomsonhc.com on
18/03/2012
5. British National Formulary accessed via http://www.bnf.org/bnf accessed 14/02/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children accessed via http://bnfc.org/bnfc/ on
14/02/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH data sheet, Leo Laboratories, version 3 11/11/2008
9. Drug company name: Leo Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 22/03/2011
10. QA Department, Charing Cross Hospital, 11/01/2012
Version 4

Intravenous

Sodium nitroprusside

UNLICENSED MEDICINE
Important: The information in this monograph is brand specific. Check the brand used in
your area, there may be differences in preparation, administration and storage.
MEDICINE NAME:
Sodium nitroprusside

TRADE NAME(S):
Nitropress

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing sodium nitroprusside solution 50mg per 2mL.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Continuous infusion: via a central venous access device using an infusion pump. The rate of
administration should be adjusted to maintain the desired hypotensive effect, as determined by
invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring.
Start with a very low rate of 0.3micrograms/kg/minute and titrate up every few minutes until the
desired effect is achieved or maximum recommended infusion rate of 10micrograms/kg/minute
is reached. The average effective rate is about 3micrograms/kg/minute.
The infusion rate should not exceed 10micrograms/kg/minute in order to avoid excessive levels
of cyanide and thiocyanate; lessen the chance of methemoglobinamia; and the possibility of a
sudden drop in blood pressure.(1)
If the response is unsatisfactory after 10 minutes at the maximum infusion rate, gradually
decrease the infusion over 15-30 minutes to avoid an excessive rebound rise in blood
pressure.(2)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute the stock solution in 500-1000mL of glucose 5%, protect the infusion from light by using
the opaque sleeve provided, aluminium foil or other opaque material. It is not necessary to
cover the infusion drip chamber or the tubing.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
Prepare immediately before use. If properly protected from light the prepared solution is stable
for 24 hours.(1)
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Usual adult dosage: 0.3-10micrograms/kg/minute titrated to response(1)
Infusion rate: The infusion rate can be calculated from the following equation:

Example calculation table: See the package insert supplied in each package for example
infusion rate table based on weight and concentration of the preparation.

FLUSHING:
Do not flush the giving set. After the infusion is discontinued, disconnect the giving set, aspirate
the catheter contents and then flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Severe hypotension. Nausea, sweating, dizziness, insomnia, headache, restlessness and
muscle contractions can occur due to a rapid drop in blood pressure, which can be reduced
when the rate of infusion is decreased or temporarily discontinued.(1) Blood pressure should be
checked by invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring
In long term treatment, high doses and patients with kidney or liver damage, there may be an
accumulation of cyanide or thiocyanate. Side effects of excessive thiocyanate include:
tachycardia, sweating, hyperventilation, arrhythmias, marked metabolic acidosis (discontinue
and give antidote).(5)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse sodium nitroprusside with any other medicine or infusion fluids.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.3mmol per 50mg(4)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
303mOsmol/L 50mg in 50mL glucose 5%
281mOsmol/L 50mg in 500mL glucose 5%
279mOsmol/L 50mg in 1000mL glucose 5%
(11)
.
pH:
7.3 as a 50mg in 50mL glucose 5% solution
6.4 as a 50mg in 500mL glucose 5% solution
6 as a 50mg in 1000mL glucose 5% solution
(11)
.
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Freshly prepared solution (in 500-1000mL) for infusion has a faint brownish tint. Do not
use if highly coloured.(2) The concentrated solution will be much darker.
2. During long term therapy monitor serum and blood cyanide levels and if more than 3
days, blood thiocyanate concentrations.(2)

REFERENCES:
1. Nitropress manufacturer (Hospira USA) data in Package insert (August 2007).
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 04/06/2013.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com

4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on

04/06/2013
5. British National Formulary No. 65 accessed via www.BNF.org on 04/06/2013
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatric & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via www.BNFC.org on
04/06/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer (not available)
9. Drug company name: not applicable
10. UKCPA Critical Care Group; Minimum infusion volumes for fluid restricted critically ill
patients, 3rd edition 2006
11. IV Medusa Sodium Nitroprusside monograph for sodium nitroprusside. Accessed on
04/06/2013.
Version 1

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Sodium stibogluconate

Sodium stibogluconate
TRADE NAME(S):
Pentostam

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Multidose vial containing sodium stibogluconate equivalent to 100mg pentavalent antimony in each
mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
Due to high osmolarity consider administration via a central venous access device.(14)
Slow IV injection: Filter immediately prior to injection by drawing up the dose through a sterile filter
with a pore size of 5microns or less. Administer by slow IV injection over at least 5 minutes and
preferably through a fine needle.(1)
IV infusion (unlicensed): Give filtered dose in 100mL sodium chloride 0.9% over 30 minutes using
a volumetric infusion pump.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Infusion (unlicensed): Filter immediately prior to injection by drawing up the dose through a sterile
filter with a pore size of 5microns or less.(1) Dilute dose to 100mL with sodium chloride 0.9%.(10)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use. Vial may be used for up to 1 month after first dose removed. (1)
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Anaphylactic shock, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, QTc prolongation,
fatal cardiac arrhythmias and other ECG changes, transient pain along the course of the vein,
thrombosis, erythema, pruritis, coughing, substernal pain.(1)
Monitoring:
ECG monitoring recommended prior to first dose and every three days during therapy. Where ECG
monitoring is not available, the risks and benefits of therapy should be assessed on an individual
basis. Discontinue sodium stibogluconate if clinically significant prolongation of QTc interval.(1)
If coughing, vomiting or substernal pain occurs, discontinue treatment immediately.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to high osmolarity and low pH.(8)(13)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the injection.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.82mmol per mL(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
789mOsm/L.(13)
pH:
5.2 to 5.4 (8)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not store the un-opened product above 25oC, protect from light and do not freeze.(1)
2. After first use, label vial with patient's name and the date, store at or below 25oC protected
from light, preferably in fridge and use within one month.(1)(10)
3. Contains chlorocresol as preservative which has been associated with delayed irritant and
hypersensitivity reactions when present in other injections.(1)(12)
4. Sodium stibogluconate vials contain particulates caused by an interaction between the
preservative and the antioxidant in the synthetic butyl rubber stopper. Use filters with
membrane types polyvinylidene difluoride, polyethersulphone, polysulphone, nylon,
surfactant-free cellulose acetate and mixed cellulose esters are suitable. Where filters
unavailable, the risks and benefits of administering unfiltered sodium stibogluconate must be
assessed by the clinician on an individual basis.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Pentostam injection. Last revised 01/08/2007
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www/thomson.com on 22/06/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via www.medscape.org on
22/06/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.rpharms.com on 27/03/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf on 27/03/2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg G48 and
578
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnfc accessed
27/03/2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011 24/06/2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer. MSDS for Pentostam Injection. Last reviewed
09/08/2006
9. Drug company name: GlaxoSmith Kline. Date contacted: 22/06/2011 and 27/03/2012
10. UCL Hospitals Injectable Medicines Administration Guide: Third Edition 2010
11. National Extravasation Service accessed via www.extravasation.org.uk on 24/06/2011

12. Rowe RC, Sheskey PJ, Quinn ME (Editors). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th Ed
2009
13. Berman JD, Grogl M, Leishmania Medicana: Chemistry and Biochemistry of Sodium
Stibogluconate (Pentostam). Experimental Parasitology;67:96-103(1988) See Link
14. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
Sodium valproate (Epilim Intravenous)
DO NOT CONFUSE WITH EPISENTA BRAND. SEE DIFFERENT IV MONOGRAPH.
MEDICINE NAME:
Sodium valproate

TRADE NAME(S):
Epilim Intravenous (1)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing sodium valproate 400mg freeze-dried powder for reconstitution. Plus 4mL
ampoule containing water for injections for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1)(2)(5)(6a) The injection can be
administered undiluted or diluted.(6)( 6a)(12)
IV infusion: Administer over 60minutes in at least 50mL of compatible diluent or as a continuous
infusion in an appropriate volume of compatible diluent.(3)(4)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Reconstitute immediately prior to use.(1)
To reconstitute, inject the solvent provided (4mL water for injections) into the vial and allow to
dissolve from which the appropriate dose should be extracted.(1)(9)
The concentration of reconstituted sodium valproate is 95mg/mL due to displacement of solvent
by sodium valproate.(1)(6)(12)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
0.2mL/400mg (1)(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Sodium chloride 0.9% and glucose 5% (1)(6a)(12)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours (1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects include nausea or dizziness which may occur a few minutes after the injection;
they disappear spontaneously within a few minutes. Local injection site reactions, pain and
inflammation have also been reported. Injection site pain, dizziness and taste perversion were
reported more frequently when infused rapidly.(1)(3)

EXTRAVASATION:
No cases of extravasation have been reported.(10)(13) Extravasation is unlikely due to the near
neutral pH. If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible with the following diluents in addition to those listed above: Sodium chloride
and glucose intravenous infusion.(1)(6a)(12)
IV injection: When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the IV injection.
IV infusion: Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
No information available (8)(9)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
2.4mmols per 400mg vial (9)(12
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9)(11)
pH:
6.8 to 8.5 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Epilim freeze-dried powder should be stored below 25oC.(1)
2. The intravenous solution is suitable for infusion by PVC, polyethylene or glass container.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Epilim Intravenous injection. Text last revised 30
November 2009, accessed via eMC on 16/02/2010 www.emc.medicines.org.uk
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com 21/12/2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 21/12/2009
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
21/12/2009
5. British National Formulary No. 58, September 2009, accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf/
21/12/2009
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 579 to 581
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 accessed via http://www.bnfc.org/bnfc on
21/12/2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer Sanofi-Aventis accessed 21/12/2009
9. Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis
Date contacted: 21/12/2009

10. National Extravasation Service, www.extravasation.org.uk. Accessed 21/12/2009

11. Bard website, www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk, accessed 21/12/2009
12. UCLH Injectable Medicines Administration Guide (2nd Edition) pg 220
13. Drug Analysis Prints-Valproic acid. Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
Accessed via www.mhra.gov.uk on 21/12/2009
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Sodium valproate (Episenta)

DO NOT CONFUSE WITH EPILIUM BRAND. SEE OTHER IV MONOGRAPH.

MEDICINE NAME:
Sodium valproate

TRADE NAME(S):
Episenta solution for injection (1)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Glass ampoules containing sodium valproate 300mg in 3mL solution for injection.(1)
Glass ampoules containing sodium valproate 1000mg in 10mL solution for injection.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1)(2)(5)(6a) The injection can be
administered undiluted or diluted.(6)(6a)(12)
IV infusion: Administer over 60minutes in at least 50mL of compatible diluent, or as a continuous
infusion in an appropriate volume of compatible diluent.(3)(4)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use. Discard any remaining infusion within 24 hours of preparation. (1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects include transient nausea or dizziness, local injection site reactions, pain and
inflammation. Injection site pain, dizziness and taste perversion are reported more frequently
when infused rapidly.(1)(3)
EXTRAVASATION:
No cases of extravasation have been reported.(9)(10) Extravasation is unlikely due to the near
neutral pH. If extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatibility information not available (9)
IV injection: When giving by IV injection do not administer via an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the IV injection.
IV infusion: Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

Product is irritant to eyes and skin.(8)(9)
Eye contact: Flush with plenty of water.(8)
Skin contact: Wash with soap and water.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.8mmol per 3mL ampoule (9)
6.1mmol per 10mL ampoule (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information available (9)
pH:
7.4 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Prior to use, Episenta solution for injection and the diluted solution should be visually
inspected. Only clear solutions without particles should be used.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Episenta solution for injection, text last revised
14/10/2008
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ 21/12/2009
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2009 accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/ 21/12/2009
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/
21/12/2009
5. British National Formulary No. 58 September 2009, accessed via www.bnf.org/BNF/
21/12/2009
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 579-581
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009 accessed via http://www.bnfc.org/bnfc
21/12/2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer KATWIJK CHEMIE B.V. dated 31/01/2007
9. Drug company name: Beacon Pharmaceuticals
Date contacted: 22/12/2009
10. National Extravasation Service, www.extravasation.org.uk. Accessed 21/12/2009
11. Bard Website www.accessabilitybybard.co.uk accessed 21/12/2009
12. UCLH Injectable Medicines Administration Guide (2nd Edition) page 220
Version 1 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Sugammadex

Sugammadex
TRADE NAME(S):
Bridion

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing sugammadex 200mg in 2mL (as sodium).(1)
Vials containing sugammadex 500mg in 5mL (as sodium).(1)
Clear and colourless to slightly yellow solution for injection.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
ADULT
IV injection:(1)
Give undiluted by rapid IV injection within 10 seconds directly into a vein or into an existing
intravenous line for reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium or
vercuronium.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
ADULT
Give undiluted in adults.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush the infusion line adequately with sodium chloride 0.9% solution.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Dysgeusia (metal or bitter taste), nausea, flushing, hypersensitivity reactions
ranging from skin rash to fatal anaphylaxis,(1)(2) tachycardia and bradycardia(10) and
bronchospasm.(1)(5)
Monitoring: Respiratory function and haemodynamic changes (all patients), APTT &
prothrombin time (patients with pre-existing coagulopathies and those taking
anticoagulation).(1)(2)
EXTRAVASATION:
There is no specific information on management of extravasation with sugammadex, but
should this occur it is not expected to cause tissue damage based on the pH and osmolarity.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion. Flush the line both before and
after giving the injection.
Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5 %, sodium chloride 0.45 % and
glucose 2.5 %, Ringers lactate solution, Ringers solution, glucose 5 % in sodium chloride 0.9
%.(1)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Each mL contains 0.42mmol sodium.(1)(5)
Each 2mL vial contains 0.84mmol sodium
Each 5mL vial contains 2.1mmol sodium.
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Osmolality is between 300 and 500mOsm/kg.(1)(9)
pH:
7 to 8.(1)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The rubber stopper of the vial does not contain latex.(1)
2. Store below 30oC. Do not freeze. Keep the vial in the outer carton in order to protect
from light.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Bridion 100mg/mL solution for injection. Date of
revision of text 10/01/2013
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/03/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/03/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 25/03/2013. No relevant information.
5. British National Formulary No. 65 January 2013 accessed via http://bnf.org/bnf on
25/03/2013
6. British National Formulary for Children March 2013 accessed via http://bnfc.org/bnfc on
25/03/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014). No relevant information.
8. COSHH report (Bridion) compiled by manufacturer. Unique code: SP498994. Date of
last issue: 15/07/2011
9. Drug company name: Organon Laboratories Ltd. Date contacted: 06/11/2012
10. Drugdex Sugammadex. Accessed via http://www.thomsonhc.com/home/dispatch on
25/03/2013
Version 2

Tacrolimus

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Tacrolimus

TRADE NAME(S):
Prograf

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing tacrolimus 5mg in 1mL concentrate for solution for infusion.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV infusion: Concentrate must be diluted and administered over 24 hours using an infusion
pump.(1)
Do not administer by IV bolus injection or as the undiluted concentrate.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Preferred method: Dilute the required dose to 48mL with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%
and infuse at 2mL/hour over 24 hours. The final concentration should be 4100micrograms/mL.(1)
Tacrolimus is absorbed by PVC plastics. Tubing, syringes and any other equipment used to
prepare and administer tacrolimus concentrate for solution should be made of polyethylene,
polypropylene or glass.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%.(1)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypertension, tachycardia, dizziness, convulsions, headache, tremor, paraesthesia, diarrhoea,
nausea, flatulence, bloating.(1) Allergic or anaphylactic reactions e.g. pruritis, rash. The risk can
be reduced by slow infusion and prior administration of an antihistamine.(1)
Monitor blood pressure, ECG.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
If extravasation occurs, refer to local treatment guidelines.(10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aminophylline, amphotericin, anidulafungin, calcium gluconate, ceftazidime, cetriaxone,
cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, digoxin,
doxycycline, erythromycin, esmolol, fluconazole, furosemide, gentamicin, haloperidol, heparin,
hydrocortisone, imipenem-cilastatin, lorazepam, methylprednisolone sodium succinate,

metronidazole, micafungin, morphine sulphate, potassium chloride, propranolol, ranitidine,

tobramycin, vancomycin.(4)
Incompatible:
Aciclovir and ganciclovir.(1)(4)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
If spillage occurs wear gloves and glasses to prevent skin and eye contact. Spillage should be
disposed of as chemical waste. Tacrolimus solutions can be decomposed by treatment with
alkali when the pH is kept at 12 or above.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
A dilution of 1 in 50 (100micrograms/mL) gives 588mOsm/L.(9)
A dilution of 1 in 500 (10micrograms/mL) gives 320mOsm/L.(9)
pH:
When diluted between 4-100microgram per mL pH is 5.9-6.3.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Contains polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, which may cause anaphylaxis.(1)
2. Store ampoules at temperatures up to 25oC and protect from light.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Prograf. Date of revision of text 13/07/2010
2. Martindale, 1st Quarter 2011 update, accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
27/01/2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 27/01/2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 27/01/2011
5. British National Formulary No. 60, September 2010 accessed via www.bnf.org on
27/01/2011
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health, Medicines for Children 2003
a)British National Formulary for Children 2010-11 accessed via www.bnfc.org on
27/01/2011
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. Material Safety Data Sheet compiled by the manufacturer; Astellas Pharma Ltd, 2008.
9. Drug company name: Astellas Pharma Ltd. Date contacted: August 2010
10. National Extravasation Service accessed via www.extravasation.org.uk
Version 3

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Teicoplanin

Teicoplanin
TRADE NAME(S):
Targocid

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing teicoplanin 200mg powder with ampoule of diluent (water for injections).(1)
Vials containing teicoplanin 400mg powder with ampoule of diluent (water for injections).(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.(1)
IV infusion: Give doses less than 800mg over 30 minutes.(1) Give doses of 800mg and higher
over 60 minutes.(9)
NEONATES:
IV infusion: Give over 30 minutes.
Do not administer by IV injection.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Slowly add entire content of ampoule of water for injections to teicoplanin vial. Gently roll vial to
dissolve teicoplanin. Avoid foam formation, do not shake vial. If solution becomes foamy allow to
stand for 15 minutes to allow foam to subside.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
There is overage in the vial to account for displacement. When the powder is reconstituted with
the ampoule of water for injections the final products contain teicoplanin 200mg in 3mL (200mg
vials), 400mg in 3mL (400mg vials).(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Following reconstitution with water for injections may be further diluted with any suitable volume
of sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9%.
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Injection site irritation, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, fever and rigors,
hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusion fluids: Glucose 4% with sodium chloride 0.18%, sodium lactate, compound
(Hartmann's).(1)

Incompatible: Aminoglycosides,(1) ciprofloxacin,(4)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
200mg and 400mg vial - negligible.(5)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No data available except, the calculated amount of salt added ensures that, when correctly
reconstituted, the injection will have an osmolarity close to that of body fluids.(9)
pH:
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store vials of dry teicoplanin in a dry place at temperatures of 25oC or below.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Targocid, last revised 03/04/2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" 36th Edition, accessed via
www.medicines.org.uk on 01/03/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information - no relevant information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 13th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 64 September 2012, accessed via www.bnf.or.uk on
01/03/2013
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via www.bnfc.org.uk on
01/03/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by Sanofi-Aventis not available
9. Drug company name: Sanofi-Aventis Ltd
Date contacted: 01/03/2013
10. QA Department Charing Cross Hospital, May 2013
Version 5 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Tenecteplase

Tenecteplase
TRADE NAME(S):
Metalyse

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing:
Tenecteplase 8,000units (40mg)
Plus 8mL prefilled syringe contains 8mL water for injections.(1)
Tenecteplase 10,000units (50mg)
Plus 10mL prefilled syringe contains 10mL water for injections.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection Give as a bolus over approximately ten seconds.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Add the complete volume of water for injections from the prefilled syringe to the vial. Swirl gently
to avoid foaming.
The reconstituted preparation should be a colourless to pale yellow, clear solution.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Approximately 0.5mL for both 40mg and 50mg vials.(9)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: bleeding from recent puncture sites, haemorrhage at injection site, arrhythmias,
anaphylactic reactions (including rash, urticaria, bronchospasm, laryngeal oedema).(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion. Flush the line both before and after
giving the injection.
Incompatible: Do not administer in a line containing glucose.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9)

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
260-320mOsm/Kg (9)
pH:
7.0 to 7.6 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Contains a trace amount of gentamicin. Use with caution in individuals with known
hypersensitivity to gentamicin.
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Metalyse. Date of last revision 04/06/2010
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" - no additional information
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information" - no additional information
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" - no information
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012 - no further information
6. a) Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
b) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 - no information
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Boehringer Ingleheim Ltd. Date contacted: 30/03/2012
Version 2 (NHS Lothian Local amendment)

Intravenous

Terlipressin acetate dry powder formulation

Important: Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the
correct information for the brand in use in your Organisation.
MEDICINE NAME:
Terlipressin acetate

TRADE NAME(S):
Variquel (Sinclair IS Pharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing 1mg of terlipressin acetate as a powder. Plus 5mL ampoule containing solvent
for reconstitution.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV Injection: Give by slow IV injection over 1 minute.(1)
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(10)
If a central venous access device is unavailable a risk benefit analysis should be made on an
individual patient basis. If given peripherally, the insertion site must be monitored closely for
phlebitis using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(10)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
The entire contents of the solvent ampoule should be slowly added to the powder vial and the
vial rolled gently until the powder is completely dissolved. The powder should dissolve within 10
seconds. A clear colourless solution results.(1)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Negligible (9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
The reconstituted solution may be further diluted to 10mL with sodium chloride 0.9% solution for
injection if required.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
Use immediately after reconstitution.(1)(9)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% w/v (9)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
An acute hypertension rise has been reported in particular in patients suffering from
hypertension.(1)(6) Abdominal cramps, headache and transient blanching/paleness. Other sideeffects reported include nausea, diarrhoea, tremor and sweating.(1)

Monitoring:
In principle the use of the product should be confined to specialist supervision in units with
facilities for regular monitoring of the cardiovascular system, haematology and electrolytes.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to acidic pH (<5). If extravasation occurs,
refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion. Flush the line both before and after
giving the injection.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Any sodium content comes from the diluent and is less than 1mmol per 5mL.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Approximately 300mOsmol/L after reconstitution.(9)
pH:
The specification limits for the reconstituted product are a pH range of 4.5 to 7.0, with the usual
figure being in the range pH 4.5 to 5.5.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The vial closures are free from latex.(9)
2. Do not store above 25oC.(1)
3. Keep the vial in the outer carton in order to protect from light.(1)
4. The adverse effects of terlipressin have been likened to vasopressin, but less marked or
milder.(1)(2)(5)
The severe cardiac complications are well recognised. However, actual incidence may be
low due to slow release of lysine-vasopressin from terlipressin and the relatively low
doses used.(6)
5. Other side-effects include:- hypotension, peripheral ischemia, cyanosis, ventricular and
supra-ventricular arrhythmias including Torsade de pointes, bradycardia, tachycardia,
signs of ischemia on the ECG, angina, myocardial ischaemia and infarction,
bronchospasm and respiratory arrest.

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics Variquel, last revised August 2010
2. Martindale accessed via MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series via
www.micromedexsolutions.com on 13/07/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 13/07/2012 - not used
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 13/07/2012 - not used
5. British National Formulary No. 65 March 2013, pg 487

6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 609-610
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 pg 390
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014) - not used
8. Safety Data Sheet Edition No. 6. Date of issue 04/04/2000. Compiled by Sinclair IS
Pharma
9. Drug company name: Sinclair IS Pharma. Date contacted: 15/08/2012
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 4

Intravenous

Terlipressin acetate solution for injection (Glypressin)

MEDICINE NAME:
Terlipressin acetate

TRADE NAME(S):
Glypressin solution for injection (Ferring)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing 1mg terlipressin acetate in 8.5mL solution for injection.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 3-5 minutes.
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(10) If this is not possible, use a large peripheral vein after agreeing
this route with a senior member of the medical staff.
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use.
FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% w/v (9)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Increased arterial blood pressure, abdominal cramps, headache and transient blanching.(1)
Other side-effects reported include angina, cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, tremor and sweating.
Monitoring:
Constant monitoring of blood pressure, serum sodium and potassium and fluid balance is
essential.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Extravasation is likely to cause tissue damage due to acidic pH (<5). If extravasation occurs,
refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a
medicine additive without first stopping the running infusion. Flush the line both before and after
giving the injection
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.3mmol (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Assumed to be isotonic (9)

pH:
pH 3.5 to 4 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store ampoules in a refrigerator (2-8oC).(1)
2. Protect ampoules from light.(1)
3. The adverse effects of terlipressin have been likened to vasopressin, but less marked or
milder.(2)(5)(6a)
The severe cardiac complications are well recognised. However, actual incidence may be
low due to slow release of lysine-vasopressin from terlipressin and the relatively low
doses used.(6)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Glypressin, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, last revised
June 2011
2. Martindale accessed via MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series: Main Keyword Search on
13/07/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 13/07/2012 - not used
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 13/07/2012 - not used
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012, pg 489-490
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 609-10
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 pg 390
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011 - not used
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Ferring Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Date contacted: 12/07/2012
10. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin)

MEDICINE NAME:
Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin)

TRADE NAME(S):
Synacthen

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing tetracosactide acetate 250micrograms in 1mL.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: Give by IV injection over 2 minutes(3)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Sodium chloride 0.9%.(6)
For low dose test in children add 125micrograms to 500mL of sodium chloride 0.9% to give
1micrograms in 4mL.(6) Invert the bag several times to ensure mixing then withdraw the required
dose from the bag.(10)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(10)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylactic shock, skin reactions at the injection site,
dizziness, nausea, vomiting, urticaria, pruritis, flushing, malaise, dyspnoea, angioneurotic oedema
and Quinke's oedema.(1)
Monitoring:
Hypersensitivity reactions tend to occur within 30 minutes of an injection.(1) Therefore monitor the
patient during this time.(1)
Tetracosactide should only be administered under the supervision of appropriate senior hospital
medical staff.(1)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not give this medicine by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the IV injection.
Do not infuse with any other medicines.
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.(8) In the event of spillage remove contaminated clothing
immediately and wash off with soap and water.(8) Eyes should be flushed with running water over
several minutes.(8)

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

Negligible.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
289mOsm/L.(9)
pH:
3.8 to 4.5 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store in a refrigerator (2-8oC).(1)
2. Protect from light.(1)
3. Shake well before use.(9)
4. Adrenaline and an IV corticosteroid should be prepared in advance and be available to
combat any anaphylactic reaction.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Synacthen ampoules 250micrograms (Alliance) last
revised January 2011.
2. Martindale accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/06/2011.
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 08/06/2011.
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" - not used.
5. British National Formulary No. 62, September 2011, pg 471.
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 2003"Medicines for Children" 2003 pg 616.
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012, pg 382.
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines November
2013 (updated January 2014).
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer (23/08/2010).
9. Drug company name: Alliance Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Date contacted: 16/05/2011
10. UCL Hospitals Injectable Drug Administration Guide 2010, pg 315.
11. Drugdex via www.thomsonhc.com accessed 09/06/2011.
Version 4

Tobramycin

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Tobramycin

TRADE NAME(S):
Generic (Hospira UK Ltd)
Generic (TEVA UK)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing tobramycin solution for injection 40mg in 1mL presented as:
40mg in 1mL(1a)(1b)
80mg in 2mL(1a)(1b)
240mg in 6mL(1a)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
IV injection: Administer over 3 to 5 minutes.(9)
IV infusion: Administer required dose diluted to 50 to 100mL over 20 to 60 minutes.(1a)(1b)(2)(3)
To avoid potential venous irritation preferably administer via a central venous access device as
the preparation has a low pH.(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Adults: The required dose of tobramycin may be diluted to volumes of 50 to 100mL with sodium
chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% for adult doses.(1a)(1b)(5)
Children: The volume of diluent should be proportionately less than for adults.(1a)(1b)(5)
STABILITY
Prepare immediately before use. Discard within 24 hours of preparation. (1a)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%.(1a)(1b)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Tobramycin injection contains sodium metabisulphite(1a)(1b) which may cause allergic-type
reactions, including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic
episodes, in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulphite sensitivity in the
general population is unknown and probably low, but it occurs more frequently in asthmatic
patients.(1a)
Administration related adverse effects include pain at injection site, fever, rash, itching, urticaria,
nausea, vomiting, headache, lethargy,(1a)(1b) mental confusion and disorientation.(1a)
Peak and trough serum concentrations should be monitored. Evidence of impairment in renal,
vestibular and/or auditory function requires discontinuation of the drug or dosage
adjustment.(1a)(1b)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not give tobramycin by IV injection via a line being used for an infusion containing a medicine
additive without first stopping the running infusion and flushing the line both before and after
administering the injection.
Compatible (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access device):
Aciclovir, amiodarone, anidulifungin, aztreonam, bivalirudin, ciprofloxacin, cisatracurium,
filgrastim, granisetron (all diluted in glucose 5%).(4)
Incompatible: Some penicillins and cephalosporins.(1a) Amphotericin B cholesteryl sulphate
complex, heparin sodium, propofol (all diluted in glucose 5%).(4)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
0.026mmol/mL (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
TEVA brand:
The osmolarity of 350mg tobramycin in 100mL glucose 5% has been calculated to be
338mOsmol/L.(10)
The osmolarity of 350mg tobramycin in 100mL 0.9% sodium chloride has been calculated to be
368mOsmol/L(10)
There is no information on osmolarity of Hospira band.(9)
pH:
Injection: 4 (range 3.0 to 6.5) (9)
Infusion: in 100mL 0.9% sodium chloride: 4.8 (10)
in 100mL glucose 5%: 4.8 (10)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store below 25oC, do not freeze, protect vials from light.(1a)(1b)(8)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Tobramycin 40mg/mL injection (Hospira UK Ltd). Last updated on eMC 02/11/2011
b) Tobramycin injection BP 40mg/mL and 80mg/2mL (Medimpex). Date of last revision of
text 13/10/2005
2. Martindale "The Complete Drugs Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
in August 2011
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com in August 2011
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com in August 2011
5. British National Formulary No. 61, March 2011
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December

2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer. Product Safety Data Sheet, Hospira UK Ltd.
Date of revision of text 12/02/2010
9. Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 09/02/2012, 01/02/2012;
22/10/2010 and 11/10/2010
10. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, QA department, Peter Cowin on 05/12/2010
11. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
Version 2 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Tramadol hydrochloride

Tramadol hydrochloride
TRADE NAME(S):
Zydol, Zamadol
Tramadol (Beacon Pharmaceuticals, Martindale Pharma)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing tramadol hydrochloride 100mg in 2mL.(1a-d)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over 2-3 minutes.(1a-d)
IV infusion: Give at a rate appropriate to the volume selected e.g. give 50-100mL over 15-30
minutes.(1)
Patient controlled analgesia (PCA): Give up to 600mg over 24 hours with suitable lockout
periods e.g. start at initial demand dose of 5mg with a lockout period of 5 minutes.(11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
For administration via IV infusion or PCA, dilute with a suitable volume of diluent e.g. for PCA,
dilute 500mg (10mL) up to 50mL to give a solution containing 10mg/mL.(11)
Suitable diluents for tramadol are sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1a)(1c)(4)(9d)
Suitable diluent for Zamadol is glucose 5%(1b)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
24 hours (1a-d)
FLUSHING:
Flush with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%(1a)(1c)(9b)(9d)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects: Nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, sweating, dizziness. Postural hypotension,
palpitations, tachycardia, bradycardia, increase in blood pressure, cardiovascular collapse,
convulsions, allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock, respiratory depression, hypoglycaemia.
Monitoring: Blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate.

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Compatible infusion fluids: Ringer's solution,(1a)(1c)(4) sodium chloride 0.18% with glucose
4%,(1a)(1c)(4) sodium lactate compound (Hartmann's).(1a-c)
Incompatible: It is assumed that the medicines meet close to the vascular access device:
Rifampicin.(4)
Incompatible: Precipitation will occur if mixed in the same syringe as diazepam, diclofenac,
indometacin, midazolam or piroxicam,(1a-c) and if mixed in the same bag as acyclovir or
clindamycin.(4)
The following are usually incompatible, infuse separately if possible: Parenteral nutrition
solutions, sodium bicarbonate infusions, phosphate preparations, blood components, plasma
substitutes.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible sodium per 2mL ampoule.(9a-d)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Zamadol
Osmolarity: 280-320mOsmol/L.(1b)
Zydol
Osmolality: 340-400mOsmol/kg.(9a)
Beacon Pharmaceuticals and Martindale Pharma
No information.(9c-d)
pH:
pH 6 to 7 (9a-d)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Hypoglycaemia added as an adverse effect to reflect SPC changes in consultation with
Manpreet. AW 07.01.14

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Zydol solution for injection. (Grunenthal Ltd). Text last revised 20/01/11
b) Zamadol injection. (Meda Pharmaceuticals). Text last revised December 2009
c) Tramadol 50mg/mL solution for injection or infusion. (Beacon Pharmaceuticals). Text
last revised 18/11/2012
d) Tramadol hydrochloride injection 50mg/mL (Martindale Pharma). Text last revised
02/08/2000
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com 05/11/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2011 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 05/11/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on Injectable Drugs" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com
on 05/11/2012

5. British National Formulary No. 64, March 2013, pg 282 and 1008
6. Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. a) Drug company name: Grunenthal Ltd. Date contacted: 05/11/2012
b) Drug company name: Meda Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 19/11/2012
c) Drug company name: Beacon Pharmaceuticals. Date contacted: 21/11/2012
d) Drug company name: Martindale Pharma. Date contacted: 06/11/2012
10. Injectable Medicines Guide, UCLH, 3rd Edition, page 319
11. Injectable Medicines Guide, accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on
30/08/2013
Version 3

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Tranexamic acid

Tranexamic acid
TRADE NAME(S):
Cyklokapron Injection

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Ampoules containing tranexamic acid 500mg in 5mL(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
ADULTS:
Slow IV injection: 500-1000mg over 5-10 minutes (1mL/minute).(1)(5)
IV infusion (unlicensed): Give over at least 8 hours or until bleeding stops.(11)(12)
CHILDREN 1 month-18 years:
IV injection: Give by slow IV injection over at least 10 minutes.(6a)
IV infusion (unlicensed): Give over at least 8 hours or until bleeding stops.(12)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:

IV injection: Give undiluted.(1)
IV infusion: Dilute in a suitable volume in sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%, e.g. dilute 1g or
2g to 100mL.(5) N.B. RCPCH guidance recommends 500mg in 500mL.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours.(9)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis.
Rapid intravenous injection may cause dizziness and/or hypotension, with or without loss of
consciousness.(1)(5)
EXTRAVASATION:
No information (10)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9%.(12)
Incompatible: Do not infuse with any other medicines.

SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):

None.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
No information (9)
pH:
pH 6.5 to 8.0.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Do not add tranexamic acid injection to blood transfusions.(1)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics for Cyklokapron. Text last revised November 2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" http://www.medicinescomplete.com accessed
28/09/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2012. No relevant information.
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition. No relevant information
5. British National Formulary No. 64, September 2012
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003. No relevant
information
a) British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines - December
2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Pfizer Ltd
Date contacted: October 2012
10. Extravasation website - www.extravasation.org.uk accessed 26/09/2012
11. NICE. ESUOM1 Significant haemorrhage following trauma: tranexamic acid. October 2012
12. Major trauma and the use of tranexamic acid in children; RCPCH Evidence Statement,
November 2012
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Vancomycin

Important: Some information in this monograph is brand specific. Ensure you refer to the
correct information for the brand used in your organisation.
SEE GUIDANCE ON USE OF VANCOMYCIN IN ADULTS ON THE NHS LOTHIAN
INTRANET
MEDICINE NAME:
TRADE NAME(S):
Vancomycin
Vancocin
Vancomycin (Hospira UK Ltd)
Vancomycin (Wockhardt UK Ltd)
Vancomycin (Sandoz UK Ltd)
Vancomycin (Actavis UK Ltd)
PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing vancomycin 500mg (as hydrochloride) powder for reconstitution.(1a-e)
Vials containing vancomycin 1g (as hydrochloride) powder for reconstitution.(1a-e)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion:
Administer as per NHS Lothian Vancomycin Prescribing Guidelines in Adults. Maximum
infusion rate of no more than 10mg/minute.
Continuous infusions (unlicensed indication for all brands except Hospira) are used in
ITU only (See ITU Guidelines).
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a low pH.(11) If this device is unavailable, carry out a risk benefit analysis for
the patient. If vancomycin is given peripherally, monitor the insertion site closely for phlebitis
using a recognised infusion phlebitis scoring tool.(11) Rotate the insertion site regularly.(1a-d)
Concentrated solutions (greater than 5mg/mL) in fluid restricted patients should always be given
via a central venous access device over 2 hours.(6a)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION (adult):
Reconstitute with water for injections. Add 10mL to a 500mg vial and 20mL to a 1g vial. This
gives a 50mg in 1mL solution.
Dilute further before administration.(1a-e)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
Vancocin (Flynn): 500mg displaces 0.35mL, 1g displaces 0.7mL.(9a)
Hospira: 500mg displaces 0.32mL, 1g displaces 0.65mL.(9b)
Wockhardt: 500mg displaces 0.27mL, 1g displaces 0.54mL.(9c)
Sandoz: 500mg displaces 1.5mL, 1g displaces 2.3mL.(9d)
Actavis: negligible.(9e)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):

Use sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%. Dilute each 500mg with at least 100mL to give a
concentration of not more than 5mg in 1mL.
Intermittent IV infusion: Suggested dilutions:- 500mg - 1g in 250mL
- 1.25g - 1.5g in 500mL
Continuous IV infusion: Suggested dilutions:- 125mg 500mg in 100mL
- 625mg 1.25g in 250mL
- 1.5g 2g in 500mL
Fluid restricted patients: A concentration of 10mg/mL can be used (e.g. 1g in 100mL) but must
be given by a central venous access device.(6a) The risk of infusion-related adverse effects
may be increased.
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
24 hours.(13)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Rapid infusion may cause severe hypotension (including shock and cardiac arrest), wheezing,
dyspnoea, urticaria, pruritus, flushing of the upper body (red man' syndrome), pain and muscle
spasm of back and chest.(1a-e) Stop the infusion if they occur. A longer infusion time or
premedication with an antihistamine may limit the reaction.
Peripheral administration may cause injection site pain and thrombophlebitis - rotate injection
sites.(1)
Monitoring: All patients require plasma vancomycin measurements.(5) See local policy.
EXTRAVASATION:
May cause tissue damage (1a-d)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Compatible infusions (it is assumed that medicines meet close to the vascular access
device): Aciclovir, amiodarone (in glucose 5%), clarithromycin, fluconazole, insulin, magnesium
sulfate, meropenem, midazolam, morphine sulfate, tigecycline(4)
Compatible infusion fluids: Sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%, glucose 5% in sodium chloride
0.9%, sodium lactate, compound (Hartmann's solution).(1b)
Incompatible: Ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, foscarnet, heparin,

omeprazole, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanate.(4) Dexamethasone sodium

phosphate, phenobarbital, sodium bicarbonate.(1b)
Vancomycin solution has a low pH that may cause chemical or physical instability when it is
mixed with other medicines(1a-d)
Mixing with alkaline solutions should be avoided.(1a)(1b)(4)
Always flush intravenous lines well between administration of vancomycin and beta-lactam
antibiotics.
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Nil (9a-c)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Reconstituted solution (50mg in 1mL) = 57mOsm/kg (4)
Diluted solution (5mg/mL) = 249mOsm/kg in glucose 5% and 291mOsm/kg in sodium chloride
0.9%.(10)
pH:
Reconstituted solution (50mg/mL) = pH 2.5 to 4.5 (10)
Diluted solution (2.5mg/mL or 5mg/mL) = pH 3.5 to 3.8.(12)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Store at 28oC in original packaging.(1)
2. Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group - Guidance on Use of Gentamicin and
Vancomycin in Adults

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
a) Vancocin, date of last revision of the text 23 October 2008 (Flynn)
b) Vancomycin hydrochloride 500mg and 1g Powder for Concentrate for Infusion, Hospira
UK Ltd. Date of last revision of text January 2008
c) Vancomycin 500mg and 1g Powder for Solution for Infusion, Wockhardt UK Ltd. Date
of first authorisation 04 April 2008
d) Vancomycin 500mg and 1g Powder for solution for infusion. Sandoz Ltd. Date of last
revision of text, 03/06/2010
e) Vancomycin 500mg and 1g Powder for solution for infusion. Actavis Ltd. Date of last
revision of text 02/07/2013
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com
on 10/05/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 10/05/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" accessed via www.medicinescomplete.com on
10/05/2012
5. British National Formulary No. 63 March 2012 pg 375
6. Medicines for Children produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-2012 pg 286
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines

November 2013 (updated January 2014)

8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
a) Safety Data Sheet compiled by Hospira UK Ltd. Date of preparation 1 May 2002
b) Safety Data Sheet compiled by Flynn Pharma. Date of original issue: 30 September
2005
c) Safety Data Sheet compiled by Sandoz Ltd. Date of issue 03/12/2010
9. a) Drug company Name: Flynn Pharma Ltd. Date contacted: 05 April 2012
b) Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 11 April 2012
c) Drug company name: Wockhardt UK Ltd. Date contacted: 12 April 2012
Drug company name: Sandoz UK Ltd. Date contacted 15/04/2013
e) Drug company name: Actavis UK Ltd. Date contacted: 04/08/2013
10. Bard website www.accessability-by-bard.co.uk. Date accessed 10/05/2012
11. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
12. Peter Cowin, Pharmacy QA Department, Imperial College Healthcare, pH Measurement
Oct12
13. Hospira Medicines information, In-house stability data (Enquiry reference number
UK2012-01683), contacted 07/12/2012
Version 4 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous

Iron sucrose (Venofer)

The MHRA issued updated advice (see 'Method of Administration' below) on

administration and monitoring of intravenous iron preparations dated August 2013 which
is included in this monograph but may not be reflected in the package insert.
MEDICINE NAME:
Iron sucrose

TRADE NAME(S):
Venofer

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing iron 50mg in 2.5mL as iron sucrose (iron(III)-hyroxide sucrose complex)
Vials containing iron 100mg in 5mL as iron sucrose (iron(III)-hyroxide sucrose complex)
Ampoules containing iron 100mg in 5mL as iron sucrose (iron(III)-hydroxide sucrose complex).(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
Venofer should only be administered when staff trained to evaluate and manage anaphylactic
reactions are immediately available, in an environment where full resuscitation facilities can be
assured.(1) Further information in link and adverse effects section below.
ADULT
Preferably administer via a central venous access device to avoid potential venous irritation as
the preparation has a high pH.(8)
IV infusion via an infusion pump: Administer at an infusion rate of not more than 100mg over
15 minutes.(1)
IV injection: Administer at a maximum rate of 20mg (1mL) per minute.
The total single dose must not exceed 200mg of iron sucrose given not more than three times a
week. If the total necessary dose exceeds the maximum allowed single dose, then the
administration has to be split.(1)
Injection into dialyser: Iron sucrose may be administered during a haemodialysis session
directly into the venous limb of the dialyser under the same procedures as those outlined for
intravenous injection.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
ADULT
IV infusion:
Dilute each 2.5mL (50mg iron) in a maximum of 50mL of sodium chloride 0.9%.
Dilute each 5mL (100mg iron) in a maximum of 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9%.
Using volumes of more than 100mL for each 100mg iron may cause instability.(1)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE MEDICINE ADDED LABEL OF A CONTINUOUS
INFUSION
Use ampoules immediately after opening. Administer immediately after dilution with sodium
chloride 0.9%.(1)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION (adult):

The patients body weight and patients most recent Hb level are used to determine dose of iron
required. The dose for iron sucrose (Venofer) must be individually determined for each patient
according to the total iron deficit calculated with the formula in the attached link.(1)
See information below for dose calculation for Venofer:
Total iron deficit (mg) = body weight (kg) x (target Hb actual Hb (g/L) x 0.24* + depot iron
(mg)
Below 35kg body weight: target Hb = 130g/l and depot iron = 15mg/kg body weight
35kg body weight and above: target Hb = 150g/l and depot iron = 500mg
Factor 0.24* = 0.0034 x 0.07 x 1000 (iron content of haemoglobin 0.34%; Blood volume
7%
of body weight; Factor 1000 = conversion from g to mg)
The total amount of Venofer required is determined from either the above calculation
or the following dosage table:
Total number of ampoules of Venofer to be
administered
Body weight (kg)

Hb 60g/l

Hb 75g/l

Hb 90g/l

Hb 105g/l

30

9.5

8.5

7.5

6.5

35

12.5

11.5

10

40

13.5

12

11

9.5

45

15

13

11.5

10

50

16

14

12

10.5

55

17

15

13

11

60

18

16

13.5

11.5

65

19

16.5

14.5

12

70

20

17.5

15

12.5

75

21

18.5

16

13

80

22.5

19.5

16.5

13.5

85

23.5

20.5

17

14

90

24.5

21.5

18

14.5

To convert Hb (mM) to Hb (g/l), multiply the former by 16.1145

FLUSHING:
Sodium chloride 0.9% (1)

ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND

SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Parenterally administered iron preparations can cause hypersensitivity reactions including
serious and potentially fatal anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions have
also been reported after previously uneventful doses of parenteral iron complexes.
The risk is enhanced for patients with known allergies including drug allergies, including patients
with a history of severe asthma, eczema or other atopic allergy.
There is also an increased risk of hypersensitivity reactions to parenteral iron complexes in
patients with immune or inflammatory conditions (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid
arthritis).
Venofer should only be administered when staff trained to evaluate and manage anaphylactic
reactions is immediately available, in an environment where full resuscitation facilities can be
assured.
Monitor patients carefully for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions during and
following each administration of Venofer. Each patient should be observed for adverse effects
for at least 30 minutes following each Venofer injection. If hypersensitivity reactions or signs of
intolerance occur during administration, the treatment must be stopped immediately. Facilities for
cardio respiratory resuscitation and equipment for handling acute anaphylactic/anaphylactoid
reactions should be available, including an injectable 1:1000 adrenaline solution. Additional
treatment with antihistamines and/or corticosteroids should be given as appropriate.(1)
EXTRAVASATION:
Iron sucrose has the potential to cause tissue injury if extravasation occurs as pH >9.(1)(9) If
extravasation occurs refer to local treatment policies.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions, as potential for incompatibility and/or
precipitation is high.(1)(4) Iron sucrose must only be mixed with sodium chloride 0.9%; do not use
glucose 5%. The compatibility with containers other than glass, polyethylene and PVC is not
known.(1)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
1.3mmol per 5mL of Venofer.(9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
The osmolality of a solution of 5mL Venofer diluted in 100mL of sodium chloride 0.9% was
measured at 333mOsm/kg.(9)
pH:
pH 10.5 to 11.0 (9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Slow IV infusion is preferred route of administration, to reduce the risk of hypotensive
episodes.

2. Paravenous leakage must be avoided as it can lead to pain, inflammation, tissue necrosis
and brown discolouration of the skin.(1)
3. Do not store above 25oC. Do not freeze.(1)
4. Iron sucrose is not recommended for use in children.(1)
5. The injection is contraindicated in patients with a history of asthma, eczema, anaphylaxis
or other allergic disorders.(2)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics. Venofer. Updated 09/2013
2. Martindale accessed via MedicinesComplete on 18/12/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information accessed via MedicinesComplete
on 18/12/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via MedicinesComplete on
18/12/2013
5. British National Formulary accessed via www.bnf.org on 18/12/2013
6. British National Formulary for Children accessed via www.bnfc.org on 18/12/2013
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)"
8. Royal College of Nursing - Standards for infusion therapy - third edition - January 2010
9. Drug company name: Vifor Pharma UK Ltd. Date contacted: 19/12/2013
10. Quality Assurance department, Charing Cross Hospital. July 2010.
Version 5 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Voriconazole

Voriconazole
TRADE NAME(S):
Vfend

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vial containing 200mg voriconazole powder for reconstitution.(1)(5)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
ADULTS plus adolescents 12-14 years and weighing more than 50kg and 15-17 years
regardless of body weight
Administer a loading dose of 6mg/kg every 12 hours (for the first 24 hours) by IV infusion at at
a rate of not more than 3mg/kg/hour over 1-3 hours. Follow with a maintenance dose infusion
of 4mg/kg every 12 hours at a rate of not more than 3mg/kg/hour over 1-3 hours.(1)
CHILDREN (2 to less than 12 years and young adolescents 12 to 14 years and less than
50kg)
Administer a loading dose of 9mg/kg every 12 hours (for the first 24 hours) by IV infusion at at
a rate of not more than 3mg/kg/hour over 1-3 hours. Follow with a maintenance dose infusion
of 8mg/kg every 12 hours at a rate of not more than 3mg/kg/hour over 1-3 hours.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION:
Add 19mL of water for injections to the contents of the vial to obtain a 10mg in 1mL solution
and shake the vial until the solution is clear. Requires further dilution before
administration.(1)(3)(4)(5)
Discard the opened vial if the vacuum does not pull the diluent into the vial.(1)(4)
DISPLACEMENT VALUE:
1mL (1)(3)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Add appropriate volume of 10mg/mL reconstituted voriconazole solution to suitable diluent to
give a final concentration of 0.5-5mg/mL voriconazole.(1)(3)(4)(5)
Suitable diluents are sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%(1)(4)(5)
STABILITY:
Use immediately after reconstitution. .(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% (1)(5)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Infusion related reactions, predominantly flushing and nausea have been observed during
administration. Other commonly reported adverse effects include visual disturbances,
peripheral oedema, rash, pyrexia and headache. Depending on the severity of symptoms,

consideration should be given to stopping treatment.(1)

Anaphylactoid reactions occurring immediately upon initiation of the infusion have also been
reported. The symptoms include flushing, fever, sweating, tachycardia, chest tightness,
dyspnoea, faintness, nausea, pruritus and rash.(1)(2)(5)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or intravenous products. Electrolyte disturbances such
as hypokalaemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalcaemia should be corrected prior to initiation
of voriconazole therapy. Voriconazole must not be administered simultaneously with any blood
product or any short term infusion of concentrated solutions of electrolytes , even if the two
infusions are running in separate lines.(1)(3)
Parenteral nutrition (PN) need not be discontinued when prescribed with Vfend, but does
need to be infused through a separate infusion set or cannula.(1)(3)
SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Eye contact: Immediately flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation persists, get
medical attention.(8)
Skin contact: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. If
irritation occurs or persists, get medical attention.(8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
9.62mmol per vial (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Reconstituted solution approximately 507mOsmol/L (9)
pH:
5.5 to 7.5 (9)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Vfend, last updated 29/02/2012
2. Martindale "The Complete Drug Reference" accessed via www.thomsonhc.com on
20/03/2012
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2011 accessed via
www.medicinescomplete.com on 22/02/2012
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 16th Edition pg 1552
5. British National Formulary No. 63, March 2012 pg 396 and 1001
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2011-12 pg 304
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer - January 2007
9. Drug company name: Pfizer Date contacted: March 2012
Version 6 (NHS Lothian local amendment)

Zidovudine

Intravenous
MEDICINE NAME:
Zidovudine

TRADE NAME(S):
Retrovir

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Vials containing zidovudine 200mg in 20mL solution (10mg zidovudine/mL) (1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
NOT BE ADMINISTERD UNDILUTED, BY IV BOLUS INJECTION OR RAPID INFUSION
IV infusion: Administer the required dose of the diluted product over 60 minutes.(1)(3)(4)(5)
During labour and delivery, administer 2mg/kg bodyweight, over 60 minutes, using an infusion
pump followed by a continuous intravenous infusion at 1mg/kg/hour until the umbilical cord is
clamped.(1)(3)(9)
In neonates, administer 1.5mg/kg bodyweight, using an infusion pump, over 30 minutes.(1)(3)(9)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT:
Dilute with glucose 5% to a concentration of 2mg per mL or 4mg per mL .(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
Must be diluted before use. (1)(3)
EXPIRY TIME TO WRITE ON THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION (PREPARED IN A CLINICAL
AREA) MEDICINE ADDED LABEL:
24 hours. However, should any visible turbidity appear in the product either before or after
dilution or during infusion, the preparation should be discarded. (1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% , glucose 5% (1)(3)(4)(5)(9)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
May cause pain, irritation and phlebitis at injection site.(10)
EXTRAVASATION:
Zidovudine 10mg/ml when diluted to a concentration of 2mg per mL or 4mg per mL is not an
irritant or a vesicant.
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
In the absence of compatibility studies, zidovudine must not be mixed with other medicinal
products.(1)
Medicines can meet close to the vascular access device or in a line (Y site compatibility).
In these cases zidovudine infusion is compatible with: aciclovir sodium, allopurinol sodium,
ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cimetidine, clindamycin, dexamethasone, dobutamine, dopamine,
erythromycin, fluconazole, gentamicin, heparin, morphine, remifentanil.(4)
Zidovudine infusion is incompatible with meropenem.(4)

SPECIAL HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:

None (8)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
None (9)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
Zidovudine 10mg in 1mL: 34mOsmol/L (10mg/mL)(9)
pH:
Approximate pH 5.5 (1)(4)(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
Store vials below 30oC and protect them from light. (1)(3)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Retrovir 10mg/mL IV for infusion, last revised 1
Dec 2008
2. Martindale accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 26 Jan 2010
3. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2007, accessed via
http://medicinescomplete.com on 26 Jan 2010
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition
5. British National Formulary No. 58, September 2009 (online version)
6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health "Medicines for Children" 2003
a) British National Formulary for Children 2009
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines December 2011
8. COSHH report compiled by manufacturer
9. Drug company name: Glaxo SmithKline
Date contacted: Jan 2010
10. www.extravasation.org.uk accessed on 26 Jan 2010
Version 4

Intravenous

Zoledronic acid 5mg

Caution: Do not confuse with zoledronic acid 4mg in 5mL concentrate for infusion and
4mg in 100mL intravenous infusion (Zometa and generics) which are licensed for a
different indication.
MEDICINE NAME:
Zoledronic acid

TRADE NAME(S):
Aclasta

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Plastic bottles containing zoledronic acid 5mg in 100mL (as monohydrate). Solution for
intravenous infusion.(1)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV Infusion: Infuse at a constant rate over a minimum of 15 minutes via a vented infusion line.(1)
Patients must be appropriately hydrated prior to administration. This particularly refers to elderly
patients and those receiving diuretic therapy.(1)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Aclasta is available as a 5mg in 100mL ready-to-infuse solution.(1)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9%.(9)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
1. Fever and flu-like syndrome including asthenia, pain, malaise.(1)
2. Bone pain, rigors, arthralgia, myalgia and headache.(1)
3. Local reactions at the infusion site such as swelling, redness, irritation, skin thickening
and pain.(1)(9)
4. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.(1)
Monitoring:
Measure creatinine clearance before each Aclasta dose. Aclasta is contraindicated in
patients with creatinine clearance less than 35mL/minute.(1)(12)
Monitoring of serum creatinine should be considered in patients at risk of renal
impairment.(1)(12)

COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Do not infuse with any other medicine or infusion.(1)
Incompatible: Calcium containing solutions(1) e.g. Ringers solution, calcium chloride injection,
sodium lactate, compound (Hartmann's).
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Negligible.(9)

OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
300mOsm/kg (range +/- 20%).(9)
pH:
6.4 to 6.6.(9)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. The incidence of adverse reactions occurring in first 3 days can be reduced by
administering paracetamol or ibuprofen shortly after the infusion, as needed.(1)
2. Patients with Paget's disease, it is strongly advised that adequate supplemental calcium
corresponding to at least 500mg of elemental calcium twice daily with vitamin D is
ensured for at least 10 days following zoledronic acid administration, to reduce the
chance of transient hypocalcaemia.(1)
3. To date, clinical trial results have suggested an increased risk of atrial fibrillation for
zoledronic acid (Aclasta). The risk of atrial fibrillation in association with bisphosphonate
treatment seems to be low, and the balance of risks and benefits for bisphosphonates
remains favourable.(1)
4. Excipients: mannitol, sodium citrate, water for injections.(1)
REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics, Aclasta, last revised 04/05/2012
2. Martindale the "Complete Drug Reference" accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/07/2013
3. American Hospital Formulary Services Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/17/2013
4. Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 09/07/2013. No relevant information
5. British National Formulary No. 65 accessed via www.bnf.org/bnf on 09/07/2013
6. British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013. No relevant information
7. Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov 2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
8. COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer. Date of issue 06/04/2013
9. Drug company: Novartis
Date contacted: 12/07/2013
10. National Extravasation Service accessed via www.extravasation.org.uk on 10/07/2013.
No relevant information
11. Bisphosphonates: atrial fibrillation, July 2008 accessed via
www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/con085167
12. on 09/07/2013
13. Updated Safety Information Reports of Renal Impairment with Aclasta (zoledronic acid,
5mg solution for infusion), March 2010 accessed via www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/plp/documents/websiteresources/con076456.pdf on 09/07/2013
Version 2

Intravenous

Zoledronic acid 4mg

Caution: Do not confuse with Aclasta (zoledronic acid 5mg in 100mL solution for
infusion) which is licensed for a different indication
MEDICINE NAME:
Zoledronic acid

TRADE NAME(S):
Zometa
Zoledronic acid (Actavis; Hospira; medac GmbH; Sandoz)

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINE:
Products which require dilution before use:
[Novartis; Sandoz; Actavis; Medac GmbH]: Plastic vials containing zoledronic acid 4mg in 5mL
(as monohydrate). Concentrate for solution for intravenous infusion.(1a-d)
Ready-to-use product:
[Novartis; Sandoz]: Plastic bottles containing zoledronic acid 4mg in 100mL for intravenous
infusion.(1e)(1h)
[medac GmbH]: Colourless glass bottles containing zoledronic acid 4mg in 100mL solution for
intravenous infusion (as monohydrate).(1g)
[Hospira]: Plastic bags containing zoledronic acid 4mg in 100mL for intravenous infusion (as
monohydrate).(1f)
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION (adult):
IV infusion: Give over at least 15 minutes (1a-h)
Patients must be well hydrated prior to and after administration.(1a-h)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DILUTION AND SUITABLE DILUENT (adult):
Concentrate for intravenous infusion: Preferably use ready-to-use 4mg in 100mL product. If
unavailable, dilute the 4mg concentrate product to 100mL with sodium chloride 0.9% or
glucose 5%.(1a-d)
FLUSHING:
Flush with sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%(1a-h)
ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY INJECTABLE ADMINISTRATION AND
SUGGESTED MONITORING:
Adverse effects:
Flu-like syndrome including fatigue, rigors, malaise and flushing.(1a-h)
Hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis and angioneurotic oedema.(1a-h)
Headache, fever, bone pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rigors and generalised pain (including in the
extremities).(1a-h)
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.(1a-h)
Dizziness and somnolence.(1a-h)
Severe hypocalcaemia reactions including cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, tetany and
numbness.(1c,1g)
Local reactions at the infusion site such as swelling, redness and pain.(5)

Monitoring:
Monitor serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes, calcium, phosphate and magnesium levels
before each dose of zoledronic acid.(1a-h)
Ensure adequate hydration before and after doses of zoledronic acid as dehydration
predisposes to deterioration in renal function.(1a-h)
COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Do not infuse with any other medicines or infusions.(1a-h)
Zoledronic acid (Novartis; Sandoz; Actavis; medac GmbH; Hospira) are incompatible with
calcium or other divalent cation-containing solutions e.g. Ringer's solution for injection, sodium
lactate intravenous infusion compound (Hartmanns solution).(1a-h)
SODIUM CONTENT (mmol):
Concentrate: Negligible.(1b)(1d)(9a)(9c)(9d)
Ready-to-use solutions: [Novartis; medac GmbH; Sandoz]: Negligible.(1h)(9a)(9c)(9d)
Ready to use solution: [Hospira] 16mmol.(9e)
OSMOLARITY / OSMOLALITY:
270 to 300mOsmol/kg(9a-e)
pH:
Concentrate for infusion: 5.5 to 7.5.(9a-d)
Pre-diluted solution for infusion: 5.5 to 7.0.(9a)(9c-e)
OTHER COMMENTS:
1. Ensure the patient is well hydrated before and after administration to reduce the risk of
renal impairment.(1a-h)
2. Giving paracetamol following administration may reduce the incidence of acute flu-like
syndrome.(3)
3. Store at room temperature.(1a-h)
4. Smaller infusion volumes (e.g. 50mL) and rapid over (5 minutes) IV infusion rates
(unlicensed) have been associated with an increased risk of renal impairment which
may progress to renal failure. Do not exceed the recommended concentrations or
infusion rates.(3)

REFERENCES:
1. Summary of Product Characteristics
Concentrate for solution for infusion
a) Zometa 4mg/5mL concentrate for solution for infusion, Novartis. Last revised
13/06/2013
b) Zoledronic acid 4mh/5mL concentrate for solution for infusion, Actavis. Last revised
31/05/2013
c) Zoledronic acid 4mg/5mL concentrate for solution for infusion, medac GmbH. Last
revised July 2013
d) Zoledronic acid 4mg/5mL concentrate for solution for infusion, Sandoz. Last revised

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

12/06/2013
e) Zometa 4mg/100mL solution for infusion. Novartis Last revised 13/06/2013
f) Zoledronic acid 4mg/100mL solution for infusion, Hospira. Last revised 12/06/2013
g) Zoledronic acid 4mg/100mL solution for infusion, medac GmbH. Last revised July
2013
h) Zoledronic acid 4mg/100mL solution for infusion, Sandoz. Last revised 12/06/2013
Martindale the "Complete Drug Reference" accessed via http://www.medicinescomplete
on 16/07/2013
American Hospital Formulary Services Drug Information accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 17/07/2013
Trissel "Handbook on injectable drugs" 15th Edition accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/07/2013. Nil relevant
British National Formulary No. 65, March 2013
British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013 accessed via
http://www.medicinescomplete.com on 16/07/2013. Nil relevant.
Medical Devices Agency device bulletin: Infusion systems MDA DB2003(02) v2 Nov
2010
a) Consensus guide on identification of potential high risk injectable medicines
November 2013 (updated January 2014)
COSHH report compiled by the manufacturer
a) Drug company name: Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd. Date contacted: 29/07/2013
b) Drug company name: Actavis. Date contacted: 31/01/2013
c) Drug company name: medac GmbH. Date contacted: 18/07/2013
d) Drug company name: Sandoz Ltd. Date contacted: 26/07/2013
e) Drug company name: Hospira UK Ltd. Date contacted: 22/07/2013

Version 4