MANNERS OF
ARTICULATION
Lecturer :
By group 5 :
Erniyati ( 2015)
Fajar kusumaningrum (2015060505)
English Departement
Pamulang University
Chapter 1
Introduction
A. Definition
Manners of articulation is the way the airstream is affected as it flows
from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose.
B. General hypothesis
Any speech sound characterized by an articulation in which a closure or
narrowing of the vocal tract completely or partially blocks the flow of air; also,
any letter or symbol representing such a sound. The manner of articulation,
as in stops (complete closure of the oral passage, released with a burst of
air), fricatives (forcing of breath through a constricted passage), and trills
(vibration of the tip of the tongue or the uvula); and the presence or absence
of voicing, nasalization, aspiration, and other features.
Chapter II
Discussion
A. Manner of Articulation
The manner of articulation has to do with the kind of obstraction the air
meets on its way out, after it has passed the vocal fold. It may meet a
complete closure(plosives), an almost omplete closer (fricatives) , or a
smaller degree of closer (approximants), or the air the might escape in
more exceptional ways around the sides of the tongue (laterals), or
through the nasal cavity (nasals).
The manners of articulation can be put into two major groups,
obstruents and sonorants. The obstruents are plosives , fricatives and
affricates. All sound of high degree of obstruction.
Sonorants have much less obstruction and are all voiced and therefore
more sonorous. They include nasals,the lateral,and approximants.
Plosives
Plosives are sounds in which there is a complete closure in the
mouth, so that the air is blocked for a fraction od a second and
then released with a small burst of sound, called a plosion (it
sound like a very small explosion). Plosives may be bilabial [p,b] ,
alveolar [t,d] , velar [k,g] and the glottal stop.
Fricatives
Fricatives have a closure which is not quite complete. This means
that the air its not blocked at any point, and therefore there is no
ploison. Fricatives may be labiodentals [f,v], dental []
Affricates
Affricates are combination of a plosive and a fricates. They begin
like a plosive with a complete closure but instead of a plosion
they have very slow release , moving backward to a plae where a
friction an be heard (palatoalveolar).
Nasals
Nasals resembles plosives, except that there is a complete in the
mouth but as the velum is lowered the air can escape through
the nasal cavity. Though most sounds are produced with the
velum raised , the normal position for the velum is lowered, as
this is the position for breathing (your velum is probably lowered
right now when you are reading this). The three English nasals
are all voiced. Bilabial [m] , alveolar [n] , velar []
Lateral
Laterals are sound where the air escape around the sides of the
tongue. There is only one lateral that is [l] . it occurs in two
version Clear l and Dark l Clear l is pronounced with the
top of tongue raised for eample : light,long. Dark lis the back
of the tongue which is raised for example :milk,ball.
Approximants
Approximants is a manner where the sound is only partially
obstructed. The active articulator approaches the passive articulator,
but doesn't even get close enough for the airflow to become turbulent.
Approximants that are apical or laminal are often called liquids (e.g.,
[l]). Approximants that correspond to vowels are called glides (e.g.,
[y])
a. Liquids (Lateral)
are a type of approximant pronounced with the side of the tongue.
The centre of the tongue is in close contact with the roof of mouth, but
the side of tongue are lowered so the air can escape along side of
tongue.
e.g : l
b. Semivowels (glide)
is a type of approximant, pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue
closer to the roof of the mouth, so that there is slight turbulence.
e.g : /w/ is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel /u/, and /j/ (spelled
"y") is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel /i/ in this usage.
