Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[edit]

Main article: Food and Agriculture Organisation

The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations leads international efforts to defeat
hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all
nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO's mandate is to raise
levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and
contribute to the growth of the world economy. FAO is the largest of UN agencies and its
headquarters is in Rome, Italy.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)[edit]

ICAO flag.
Main article: International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was founded in 1947. It codifies the
principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and
development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are
located in the Quartier international de Montral of Montreal, Canada.
The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation,
prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for
international civil aviation. In addition, ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation
followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation, commonly known as the Chicago Convention.
It also solves disputes between two countries.[citation needed]

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

[edit]
Main article: International Fund for Agricultural Development

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was established as an international
financial institution in 1977, as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference
and a response to the situation in the Sahel. IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in
developing countries. Its headquarters are in Rome, Italy.

International Labour Organization (ILO)[edit]

ILO flag.
Main article: International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization (ILO) deals with labour issues. Its headquarters are in
Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of
Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a member of the UN
system after the demise of the League and the formation of the UN at the end of World War II. Its
Constitution, as amended to date, includes the Declaration of Philadelphia on the aims and
purposes of the Organization. Its secretariat is known as the International Labour Office.
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international cooperation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established
on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding,
the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in
Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated
in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary
contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and
security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the
environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed
conflict.
The United Nations Charter was drafted at a conference in AprilJune 1945; this charter took
effect 24 October 1945, and the UN began operation. The UN's mission to preserve world peace
was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their
respective allies. The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo, as well
as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947. The organization's membership grew
significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s its budget for
economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping.

After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across
the world with varying degrees of success.
The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the
Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC) (for promoting international economic and social co-operation and
development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the
UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations
Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994). UN System agencies include the World Bank Group,
the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. The UN's
most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by South Korean Ban Ki-moon
since 2007. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC
and other agencies to participate in the UN's work.
The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies
have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed.
Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human
development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased.

Education transforms lives and is at the heart of UNESCOs mission to build peace, eradicate poverty and drive sustainable development.
UNESCO believes that education is a human right for all throughout life and that access must be matched by quality. The Organization is the only
United Nations agency with a mandate to cover all aspects of education. It has been entrusted to lead the Global Education 2030 Agenda through
Sustainable Development Goal 4. The roadmap to achieve this is the Education

The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF; /junsf/)[2] is a

United Nations (UN) program headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and
developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. It is one of the
members of the United Nations Development Group and its executive committee.[3]
UNICEF was created by the United Nations General Assembly on 11 December 1946, to provide
emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War
II. The Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman is widely regarded as the founder of UNICEF and
served as its first chairman from 1946. On Rajchman's suggestion, the American Maurice Pate
was appointed its first executive director, serving from 1947 until his death in 1965.[4][5] In 1953,
UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System. It is popularly known as
"UNICEF", its name shortened from the formal United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund.
UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors, UNICEF's total income
for 2008 was US$3,372,540,239.[1] Governments contribute two-thirds of the organization's

resources. Private groups and some six million individuals contribute the rest through national
committees. It is estimated that 92 percent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to program
services.[6] UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the
health and well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the
Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006.
Most of UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and territories. More than
200 country offices carry out UNICEF's mission through programs developed with host
governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed.
UNICEF's Supply Division is based in Copenhagen and serves as the primary point of
distribution for such essential items as vaccines, antiretroviral medicines for children and
mothers with HIV, nutritional supplements, emergency shelters, family reunification,and
educational supplies. A 36 member executive board establishes policies, approves programs and
oversees administrative and financial plans. The executive board is made up of government
representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, usually for
three-year terms.

Promoting Education for All (EFA)

Every child, youth and adult should have a chance to get quality education, regardless of whether they are
male or female, rich or poor, disabled or not, living in remote areas or in urban centres. This is the main
aspiration of the EFA initiative first agreed to by 155 Governments (including the Government of Indonesia), UN
agencies, INGOs and development partners in Jomtien (Thailand) in 1990, and renewed in 2000 in Dakar
(Senegal). The six internationally agreed education goals that aim to meet the learning needs of all children,
youth and adults by 2015 are:

1.

Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most
vulnerable and disadvantaged children.

2.

Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to
ethnic minorities, have access to, and complete, free and compulsory primary education of good quality.

3.

Ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to
appropriate learning and life-skills programmes.

4.

Achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women, and equitable
access to basic and continuing education for all adults.

5.

Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in
education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of
good quality.

6.

Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognized and
measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills.

Significant progresses in achieving EFA have been made by countries through policies, programmes and
projects implemented in the past and currently implemented. Specific strategies, approaches and targeted

programmes have aggressively been pursued by countries to reach particular groups. Although significant
improvements have shown in national aggregates, however many issues still exist and must still be addressed
urgently if EFA is to be met by 2015. Poverty and marginalization are major causes of exclusion from
education, which need to be effectively responded to to avoid setbacks in progresses the countries have
achieved towards attaining the EFA goals. A lot of work still needs to be accomplished in only nearly two years
left to achieve the 2015 targets.
In assisting Governments achieve the EFA goals, UNESCO undertakes the following:

Facilitating and supporting research, writing, publishing, printing, and dissemination of the annual EFA
Global Monitoring Report. The Report is an independent publication commissioned by UNESCO, as the UN agency
leading the Education for All movement, on behalf of the international community. It is the product of a collaborative
effort involving members of the Report Team and many other people, agencies, institutions and Governments. The
Report monitors international progress towards the EFA goals, and closely analyzes a certain thematic education
issue (which is differently selected each year) and proposes recommendations and best practices to deal with the
issue. It is the leading reference for assessing global progress towards the EFA goals, which also cover Millennium
Development Goals 2 (universal primary education) and 3 (gender parity in primary education). UNESCO Office,
Jakarta supports launching and discussion of the annual Reports to enhance public awareness of education as a
basic human right, and to serve as a catalyst for debate on actions needed to be taken to tackle the specific
highlighted issues and challenges in education.

Since 2006 UNESCO has called on countries to identify issues, policies and strategies of education reform
to ensure that education will reach the unreached groups. In the Asia-Pacific region, the focus on 'reaching the
unreached' began with countries' development of their respective EFA Mid-Decade Assessments in 2006-2007,
which since then the countries have regularly updated. Since 2005 six Regional EFA National Coordinators Meetings
have been held.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is an agency of United Nations and
coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing
environmentally sound policies and practices. It was founded by Maurice Strong, its first
director, as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm
Conference) in June 1972 and has its headquarters in the Gigiri neighborhood of Nairobi, Kenya.
UNEP also has six regional offices and various country offices.
Its activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial
ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy. It has played a significant role in
developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science and
information and illustrating the way those can be implemented in conjunction with policy,
working on the development and implementation of policy with national governments, regional
institutions in conjunction with environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs). UNEP
has also been active in funding and implementing environment related development projects.
UNEP has aided in the formulation of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international
trade in potentially harmful chemicals, transboundary air pollution, and contamination of
international waterways.

The World Meteorological Organization and UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the
Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol, and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group.[1] The
International Cyanide Management Code, a program of best practice for the chemicals use at
gold mining operations, was developed under UNEPs aegis