Apples and Pears: Soils
Growing
Apples
Presented by
Ross Penhallegon
Soils in the area
Apples and pears like deep well drained
soils
Soils in Oregon are:
- sandy or sandy and rocky
- loamy (with clay) is preferred
Work with soil or bring in better soil
Determine the soil
type
Clear the rocks
Determine spacing
Dig holes and add lots
of OM
Get good plant
materials
Plant either fall or
spring.
Make sure that you have an established,
working irrigation plan.
Add lots of OM to the
soil: compost, manure
of sheep, chickens,
dairy, horses
Make sure the irrigation system will reach all
of the trees in a timely manner.
Irrigate at least once a month.
Be sure to irrigate
regularly the first year.
Dont stress the trees.
Apple Varieties
Check irrigation with a
shovel.
Up to 1950
Dig around the drip
line of tree, 8 inches
deep and grab soil
1200 varieties of apples had been developed
1950 - 2002
z
The soil should be
moist, not wet.
only 200 varieties of apples developed
You will soon learn
your soil!
Spacing of Apple Trees
Apple rootstocks
Dwarf: 1 to 8 feet tall
z
Semi-standard
Semi-dwarf
16
14
12
10
8
6
Dwarf
Subdwarf M9
M27
MM106
MM111
M7
M26
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
4
2
Bud 9
G.65
G.11
G.30
Supporter 4
Diseases
1-8 per row, 14-16 between trees
Semi-dwarf: 16 feet tall
Standard
Seedling
10-16 per row, 16-18 between trees
Standard: 16 to 25 feet tall
z
16-25 per row, 18-22 between trees
Site planning involves the size of area
available and the size of trees desired.
Apple and Pear Scab
Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis - summer
lime sulfur, captan
z
Scab-immune apple varieties for new orchards
WSU Photo
Immune varieties:
Prima, Liberty, Chehalis
Apple and Pear Scab
Powdery Mildew
Podosphaera leucotricha
Scab
Anthracnose
Cryptosporiopsis curvispora
Insects & Other Pests
codling moth
apple maggot
leaf-roller
scale
aphids
mice
deer
gophers
Codling Moth
Cydia pomonella
Apple Maggot
Rhagoletis pomonella
Fruit Tree
Leaf Roller
Choristoneura
rosaceana
Leaf Hopper
Stictocephala
bubalus
San Jose Scale Damage
Quadraspidiotus pernicious
Fruit Tree
Leaf Roller
Damage
Oystershell Scale
Lepidosaphes ulmi
Rosy Apple
Aphid
Dysaphis
plantaginea
Woolly
Aphid
Eriosoma
lanigerum
Pest Control
Red Mite
Panonychus
ulmi
Two Spotted
Mite
Late winter disease control
z
z
Tetranchus
urticae
z
z
fixed copper - diseases
dormant oil to smother insect eggs
If dense foliage needs to be pruned
Rake up infected leaves
During summer
z
z
z
Keep tree aerated
Good sanitation
Keep from over irrigating
Harvest
z
Destroy infected fruit
Red Mite Damage
Pest Control
Late winter
z
z
z
Pest Control cont.
Summer to harvest
z
Anthracnose- fixed copper
Scale, aphids and mite eggs- dormant oil
Scab- lime sulfur
During bloom stages
z
z
Scab and mildew- lime sulfur and sulfur
Shothole borer- needle and pyrethrum
Post-bloom
z
Scab and mildew- sulfur
Meadow Mouse
(Vole)
Codling moth Trap to determine emergence- 2-3 flights
Mating disruption
Horticultural oils (~3-4 weeks after bloom-apply
every 5-7 days for 4-5 weeks)
Bt
Surround
Mites, scale and aphids Horticultural oils
Insecticidal soaps
Sheep,
Cow or Horse Damage
Pruning
Gopher Mound
Pocket Gopher
Minimum pruning once a year
Keep the trees low
Depends on the rootstock and variety
Most are multiple leader branched trees
z
z
z
z
tip-bearers, avoid heading cuts
spur-bearers, leave spurs
lateral bearers, heading cuts OK
review HINTS: leave one sucker, hand prune in
June, root sucker control
Pruning
Pruning
Pruning
Trellis
Thinning
thin around May 30-June 15
thin according to the size of apple wanted
thinning ensures
z
z
z
good fruit size
protects the branches from breakage
helps prevent alternate bearing
thin apples 4-8 apart
Fertilization
Excess N encourages vegetative growth, bitter
pit and lessens disease resistance.
See Fertilizer Guide (FG 66): Home Fruit,
Vegetable, and Ornamental Gardens
Tree Age
Apples, Pears, Prunes
Peaches
1
2
3-5
6-7
..Apply N (lb/tree)
none to 1/8
none to 1/2
1/4
1/2
1/4 to 1/3
1/2 to 3/4
1/3 to 1/2
3/4 to 1
Kinds of fertilizers
Fertilizer values
Compost
Chicken
Sheep, cow, horse or any
animal
Compost 2N-2P-2K
1st number is nitrogen
2nd number is phosphorus
3rd number is potassium
Fertilizer values
Fertilizer values
Compost 2N-2P-2K
1st number = 2% N
2nd number = 2% P
3rd number = 2% K
Compost 2N-2P-2K
Chicken 10N-5P-3K
Sheep, cow, horse
2N-1P-1K
The End
Questions ?????????
Bitter Pit
Water Core
THE END
Fertilizer values
If you have1000 kg of
compost, ONLY 2% of
the materials is
NITROGEN!
