Review of Related Literature

ABSEENTISM: ITS EFFECT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED SHS

According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, absenteeism is "chronic absence."

In the context of school, it is the habitual or intentional failure to attend school.

While every student may miss some school activities now and then, absence

becomes a problem when the student is away from school for many days.

Going to school regularly is crucially important for a students education and

social skills. Chronically absent students are at a disadvantage both socially and

academically. They miss out on critical stages of social interaction and development

with their peers, while simultaneously limiting their academic progress. This can

result in low self-esteem, social isolation, and dissatisfaction that could well have

precipitated non-attendance in the first place.

School absenteeism is an alarming problem for administrators, teachers,

parents, society in general, and pupils in particular. Unaccepted absences have a

negative effect on peer relationships, which can cause further absences. According

to Malcolm, Wilson, Davidson and Kirk (2003) teachers identified the effects of

absenteeism on children. Academic under achievement and difficulty in making

friends which could lead to boredom and loss of confidence. Prolonged absence can

have deleterious effects for the child in later life. Students who are absent from

school are at the greatest risk of dropping out of school early.

Education is the process of learning to live as a useful and acceptable

member of the community and a good citizen (Ferranti, 1993). The school has been
established as the agent of the society to mold the habits, interest, attitudes and

feelings of children and transmit the societal norms, culture, values and traditions

from one generation to another. The school as an institution is a place of learning

morality and inculcates discipline to the students. Despite this, some students still

do not attend classes.

Students absence from school for unexcused reasons is referred to as

truancy. However, the situation in our secondary schools regarding the issue of

absenteeism and truancy is pathetic. Absenteeism and truancy are presently major

problems facing our schools, and the damaging effects to students academic

performances have largely been overlooked. Adeyemo (1998) sees a truant as A

child who often stays away from school without any good reason. Absenteeism is

regular persistent absence from work or school while truancy is an act of or practice

of deliberately staying away from school without any acceptance reason, whether or

not the parents or guardians know and approve of it (Fugleman & Richardson,

2001).

A truant is a child that does not go to school thereby diverting to somewhere

else or wandering around (Sayeler, 1997). A truant leaves home but does not reach

school, he escapes from school or class to engage in any other activities that catch

up his imaginations (Gabb, 1997). Gullatt and Lemoine (1997) also opined that

truancy is avoidance behaviour towards school as a result of the existence of other

reinforcing activities outside the school, other than the home. Rothman (2001)

opined that truancy is an act of staying away from school without leave. Truancy

is a problem because the absent students cannot benefit from the various

programmes that the school offers. Effects of truancy include lower academic

achievements (Baker & Jansen, 2000) and criminal activities (Garry, 2001).
 Truancy and absenteeism are signs of maladjustment that require

psychologically treatment (Green, 2001). It is an act of indiscipline and this has

been causing misunderstanding among adolescence, teachers, parents and in the

society (Abayomi, 2002). Truants increase their risk for dropping out of school and

high school dropouts are more likely to be unemployed or end up in prison than

students who graduate from high school or college.

There are four categories of truants; students being in school but absent in

class, students neither in classroom nor in Journal of Education and Practice. The

school but at home, those neither in the school nor at home, and those who absent

themselves from classes as a result of the difficulty in the school subjects or dislike

for the subject or teacher (Owodunni, 1996). Stoll (1993) submitted that factors

responsible for pupils truancy are many and varied. Lansdown (1990) viewed that

there is no point in seeking single factor explanation for a complex phenomenon like

truancy.

Factors influencing truancy fall into four broad categories; child/ personality,

family, school, and society/ community (Rohrman, 1993; Kinder, Harland, Wilkin &

Wakefield, 1995). Osarenren (1996) also discussed the causes of truancy among

school children under factors resident in the home, school environment, peer-group,

culture, and society. In the same vein, Gesinde (2005) has also identified the

contributory role of government in truancy behavior among school children. Lack of

interest in education of children varies and this depends on the child.

If a child is not interested in education and in such a situation, a child who is

not interested in education if forced to do would always show truancy and

absenteeism he/she would not go to school always as expected, many other things
that can also influence the interest of a child in education. A pupil may be ill or sick

and may be kept at home in good faith until the child is well and be able to move

about freely without any problem (Harrison, 1994). Peer Group Factor and Truancy

Though, many scholars (Rothman, 2001; Galloway, 1985; Gabb, 1997; Oerlemans &

Jenkins, 1998) have blamed the child for truancy behavior; the peer influence had

been identified as a major factor influencing a childs truancy behavior.

According to Omoegun (1995), a child would rather prefer to spend most of

his days in the midst of his peers where he would be happier and more relaxed. And

this gives room for undue peer influence particularly in antisocial behaviors like

truancy. Owodunni (1996) opined that it is easier for student to yield to the pressure

from their colleagues than to obey the teacher and the school authority. Rohrman

(1993) opined that peers have an invaluable and influential role to play in providing

both the support and context necessary for the learning of new skills and that they

act as reinforcing agents of socialization.

In a study conducted by Osarenren (1996) reported that regardless of

whether childrens attitudes and conducts were approved by parents or other

adults, adolescents attempt to model his behavior according to what represents the

standard of his peer group. Adebisi, (1996) gives a critical analytical influence of

peer group as a strong factor that causes truancy and absenteeism.

The type of friends a student keeps plays an important role. For example

student from well behave homes may become truant or absence from school as a

result of mixing with bad students who are not discipline at home. Absenteeism and

Truancy on Students Academic Performance There are different views on the

possible effects of truancy and absenteeism on students academic performance in

miss so many lessons that he will as a result fall behind other children in the class.

She also stressed that the impact on each individual concerned and their academic

performance should be viewed as a very serious matter of concerned to

parents.`Truancy and absenteeism can lead to frustration in the sense that when a

child repeats a class for more than two or three years, he will get tired and become

frustrated.

Base on the analysis of Owen (2001) he stated that the truancy and

absenteeism may lead a child into drug addiction, and in most cases student that

absent from school, his or her Intelligent Quotient (IQ) would be going retarded and

such students would score below average in his class work because he missed all

the normal school lessons and all the academic school training which he is

supposed to have acquired. He would also associate with bad group that push him

anyhow. Anything they do he will also do without having any second thought over it

and this will eventually lure him/her into criminal activities such as stealing,

smoking, cultism, narcotics etc. all these will increase his confidence in his bad

behavior which eventually have bad impact on his academic success, his brain will

be affected and his way of thinking will all be in negative form.

Home Factor and Truancy The home is a powerful determinant factor in the

behavior of children. Adedipe (1998) opined that children who are not adequately

monitored by their parents may show a variety of unhealthy symptoms in behaviors.

Adebisi (1996) opines broken homes as a factor that causes truancy and

absenteeism in children because in most broken home there is no proper care for

the child. Eisenbory (1998) views truancy as the fear of being away from parents.
These delinquent youths ran away from home, and pose threats to the future

development of a nation.

According to Erickson and Curl (1996), some of the parents show no interest

in their children development in terms of academic support and others. Therefore in

most cases a child turn truant because parent do not show any interest in their

academic performance at a particular stage such a child may be easily lure into

truancy. School age children and teens who are unsupervised during the hours of

school are far more likely to use alcohol, drugs and tobacco, engage in acts of

criminality and other high risk behaviors, receive poor grades, and drop from school.

The behaviors that students exhibited that deviate from the social norms of

the school. It has caused serious problems to the smooth running of the school

system, the progress of the students and also the overall education program. There

are a lot of effects of truancy and absenteeism on a child and society in general.

Absenteeism and truancy may lead a child to become hardened criminal in future

life, if not curbed (Abayomi, 2002). When a child tends to get involved in acts such

as running away from school, he may not have time to concentrate on his/her

studies, whereby having negative impact on the academic performance of such a

child. This will make such a child neglect his intended goals and if this happens,

such a child will not be able to concentrate on his/her education and his/her career

will come into a stand still. In a situation where a child is always playing the truancy,

such a child will be missing a lot of lessons and definitely will not know anything

being taught by the teacher. As a result, such a child will never achieve any goal in

his/her education and career.

sequential and organized way. This can have an effect on the progress of all the

students in the class. Families of habitually absent students can also suffer. For a

poverty-stricken family, it may mean a continuation of the poverty and

unemployment cycle that may run in the family. This also contributes to family

conflicts.

Society also suffers when school-age children are not in school. These

children may hang out on the streets. Since they have nothing to do, they resort to

petty crimes like stealing other peoples belongings and property. Others may

become addicted to drugs or engage in other destructive behavior. Thus, if a

student keeps away from school for too long, he may grow up to be a liability to his

community and his country as a whole.

It is the aim of every school to lessen, if not eradicate, absenteeism among

its students. One way of addressing this problem is to identify the causes of truancy.

Once they are singled out, understood, and analyzed, these issues may be

addressed with specific actions and measures. This will eventually result in the

better performance of the students, teachers, and the school in general.

Absenteeism is a factor important to at-risk students. Not only do grades drop

as students have a higher absentee rate, but several studies indicate that

standardized test scores, state standards assessments, and even graduation rates

all drop as student absenteeism increases (stickland, 2007).

Schools need to give serious thought to their attendance policies as these

policies may be the most important factors in student performance in the classroom

(Mora, 200). In addition to its impact to its impact on students grades, absenteeism
has powerful effect on the school as a whole because missing school hinder

students learning as well as that of the classmates when it leads to repetition of

material in class (national Center For Education Statistics, 2002). A positive result

of decreasing absenteeism is improved learning for all students, including not only

for students who have higher absenteeism rates, but also for those with good

attendance patterns.

The recognition for the need to increase student performance is

demonstrated by state legislatures as they realize the importance of the student

being in the classroom. Some states mandate attendance rates, sending a clear

message of recognition of the importance of attendance. The Texas legislature

mandated that students attend 90 percent of class credit (Department of

Research and Accountability, 1997). In fact, many states grant schools the right to

deny credit based on student absenteeism (DeKalb, 2000) the need for curbing

absenteeism is widely recognized because absenteeism creates a situation in which

students are put at risk for academic failure. Absenteeism is, in fact, one of the

earliest and most easily detected signs of an anti-risk student (Griswold & Patterson,

1998). Recognition is wide spread that a teacher cannot instruct an absent student,

nor is an absent in a position to learn.

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