ECONOMY

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z~Orq 1
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

^iHO
 ^iHO J<k PiH, O H =.
 ''^iHO J#q OK"_ ^# Q_" _ ` O K_Q _ J=~ <.
 ''~` PiH= =# QA`~ PiH= = (Glass Curtained Economy)Q =iOz#k Q`" =^ ~.
 ''^iHO J< =^O =#O XH~= XH nq O`+OQ rqOKO M.S. q<^< .
 ''Hh r=# =}x _ O^x u ^iHO World bank x~K#O.
 ''n~H P~Q=O`" # r=#O Q_ O^ H~ H~=_@O. K, a=#=, W`~ #O_
Q~== H~=_@" ^iHO Jx =#= Ja=$k x"kH ~#k.
^iHO ~H
1. x~H ^iHO: =H rqOK\xH H=# Hh r=<^~ qxQ=O _ K x iu
x~H ^iHO. Wk Ja=$k KO^`# ^ HxO k.
2. H ^iHO: =[O # # 5% #O_ 10% [ r=# =}O` e#_ kQ=## 5%
#O_ 10% [ r=# =}O ` =Q LO@Ok. n< H ^iHO JO\~. Wk Ja=$k KOk#
^ Z=Q HxO k. nxx ~O* =H~ Y (yx Q}HO) ^~ H==K.
^iH ~ Y (Poverty Line) : XH =H rqOK_xH H=# Hh rq`=~# x~~ Oz "\x O^O^
K =# Hh =O# x~i~ . D Hh =" ^i^~ Y. JO`HO > ` = =O K"ix
^iH ~ Y kQ=# (BPL) L#"~h, JO`HO > Z= =O K"ix ^iH ~ Y # (APL)
L#"~h ~ .
 1969 +H~ x} "~ }oH OO.... = Hs Hx |\ Hh
+H~ ~x x~~ OzOk. Qg} O` 2.400 H s, @} O` 2.100 H s Hx K
P~x ukHQ fHx ^iHO# x~zOzOk.
 197374 O=`~=# ^iH w` x~~ OK_O , r=# =}O# JOK<" _xH ukHQ
f<~. <_ <i `i qxQ =O (Monthly percapita consumption Expenditure - MPCE)
Q= 49/ Q#, @} 56/Q# f<~. H#Q`O Q Wk ~Q` =zOk.
 NSSO "i 61 ~O_ Q= MPCE 356/Q#, @} 538/Q# x~~ OK~. =#^O
NSSO "~ f 5 OII XHi Large Sample Survey ^~ @O| =O# JOK< "~ .
 NSSO "i JOK<# }oH O O JkHiHOQ H\ O k. JO> ~` ^iHO# JkHiHOQ
JOK<"k }oH O O.
~` ^iH JOK<: `O`xH ~O ^^ <~r `# Poverty and Un-British Rule in
India QO^O "Jail Cost of Living" ~` ^iHO# JOK<"~. `O`O `~` J<H= Ok PiH
"` ^iHO# JOK<"~.
 ~` =i ^O_H~ "Poverty In India" QO^O ^iHx JOK<"~. 196061 ^~ , MPCE
Q= 15/ @} 22.50 ~IIQ g~ fHxi. nx H~O ^iHO 41 `OQ LOk. g~ 2250
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Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
H s ukHQ ~OkOK~.
 q< , J" e, F*, |~< , \ , _H=O\ "~ ^iHx JOK<"~.
 q< Planning and the Poor QO^O Qg} ^iHx JOK<"~.
 7= PiH O O... " \ =xH ` =O Ki =$kK # ^iH ~ Y (Augmented Poverty Line)
J< =## Ja=$k KO k.
 Q~"^ ` =i =i< ~"e< Poverty Gap J< =## =$k K~. "Regional Disparities and the
poverty in India" (1989) "O nx =H i K~.
 1993 H" J^ H` # ^iHO x} Hq\x xqOK~. D Hq\ ~ =^ LO_ ^~
=`O |\ P ~ ` H qxQ^~ ^~ p P^~OQ ^iHx Q}O Kx zOzOk.
` O ~` ''H" ~ P^~OQ< ^iHx Q} < ~.
 NSSO "i 27= ~O_ (19731974) ^iH`O 55% (^ 32 H@)
50= ~O_ (199394) ^iH`O 36% (^ 32 H@)
55= ~O_ (19992000) ^iH`O 26% (^ 26 H@)
61= ~O_ (20042005) ^iH`O 27.5% (^ 30 H@)
~` ^iH `O 55% #O_ 28%H `yO k. ^ OY. 32 H@ #O_ 30 H@H `yO k.
NSSO "i 61= ~O_ (20042005) : nx ^iHO 2 ~HQ Q}O K#.
1. Uniform Recall Period (URP): nx ^iH=# Q}O K@_ Jx == K =O# 30days
Recall period ^u fO\~. ("^\ < K =x u < K~x qOz ^iHO
Q}~)
2. Mixed Recall Period (MRP): nx `~KQ H#Q Kx 5 ~H~# == (=,
^~H , =xH Q == , q^, P~QO) 365 days Recall period ukH# qye# ==
30 days Recall period ^u # ^iHx JOK< "~ .
~` A.P. ^iH`O
~`^O PO^^
NSSO, Round Rural Urban ~` (%) ~` (^ OY) H@ Rural Urban AP (%)

27th Round (1973-74) 56.1% 49.1% 54.8 32.1 48.4% 50.6% 48.8%
61st Round (2004-05)
a) U.R.P. 28.3% 25.7% 27.5 30.1 11.2% 28% 15.8%
b) M.R.P. 21.8% 21.7% 21.8 23.8 7.5% 20.7% 11.1%

 27= ~O_ #O_ 61= ~O_ <\H ~` ^iHO 55% #O_ 27.5 `xH `yO k (=~ QO ).
~` ~OO #O_ @}
^iH`O HO> Qg} ^iH `O Z=.
 61= ~O_ U.R.P. Qg} ^iH `O 28.3 `O. @} ^iHO 25.7%, ^ ^iHO 27.5%
M.R.P. H~O Qg} ^iHO 21.8%HQ, @} ^iHO 21.7%, ^ ^iHO 21.8%.
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 ECONOMY
Z. ` i eH:
 27= ~O_ ~+ ^iHO 49%HQ, 61= ~O_ <\H 16%H `yO k. JO> ^ ^iHO HO> ~+
^iHO "^\ # O_ ` =Q< =Ok. ~+O @} ^iH `O HO> Qg} ^iH `O ` =
(^O nxH a#OQ =Ok). ~+O @} ^iHO HO> Qg} ^iHO ` =Q LO_@" QH,
@} ^iH `O QO HO> ` =Q Qg} ^iHO Hx O k.
 61= ~O_: URP H~O ~+ @} ^iHO 28% HQ, Qg} ^iHO 11% =`" .
MRP H~O ~+ @} ^iHO 20.7% HQ, Qg} ^iHO 7.5% =`" .
 JkH~ JOK<# `=Q _*_@< ~+O ^iHx JOK< "~. gi H~O Qg}
^iHO 26%Q#, @} ^iHO 12%Q# LOk.
 61= ~O_: ~` J`kH ^iHO Q ~+O 1. Xi (46.37%)
2. c~ (41.8%)
~` ` = ^iHO Q ~+O 1. [=Hj~ (5.4%)
2. O* (8.4%)
PO^ ^ #O 21, ^iHO (15.8%)
J`kH ^Q ~+O 1. L`~ ^ (5 crores)
2. c~
Ju ` = ^ Q ~+O 1. Q"
2. [=Hj~
 ~` U.P, c~, =~+, M.P, t=OQ ~< QO HO> Z==Ok ^<~.
O~} `~` ^iHO: O~} ~O 0.85% K# ^iHO `y` O~} J#O`~O 0.70%
K# ^iHO `yO k. (=O^^" , ~q H~O)
Q~=^` JaO: "Has Poverty declined, Since economic Reforms" QO^O O~} ~O HO>
O~} `~ "`< ^iHO `Q ^ ~ @ ` =Q LO^<# .
^iHO "iH `Q^ ~@
HO Qg} @}
197374 to 199091 2.7% 2.2%
(O~} ~O)
199091 to 199697 0.% 2.2%
(O~} `~`)
^iHO #i~K#O: "< Q~q, J|O ^iHO# #i~zOK~. +H ~O, P~QO, =,
q^`, q<^O, ~"} =O\ JO# fO> XH =HH < 840/ =O K e# J=~O
LO@Ok. 5Q~ Q @Ox fHO> < 4200/ =O K = LO@Ok. nx H~O
~` ^iHO 69 `O.

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 ECONOMY
World Bank JOK<: O K OH Q`O ~AH XH J"iH _~ _ Y~ K x "ix ^ "iQ
fO> ~` 34% ^iHO L#@ JOK<"O k.
O K OH PiH" ` =i< ~"e< K< ^iH w`# #i~zOK~. nx H~O
~AH 1.25 _~ O^x "ix ^"iQ x~zOK~. gi JOK< H~O ~` ^iHO 41.8%
(46 H@ =Ok). ~AH 2 _~ ukHQ fO> ~` ^iHO 75.6 `O.
=O^^" ~q (2008): ^iH~ Y #i~K#O: Revising Estimates of Poverty J< QO^O , " @

q^, P~QO, =O He` Q= 392 ~., @} 623 MPCE LO_x, ^ ^iHO 35.8%
LO@O^x JOK< "#.
~ + >O_~ Hq\: ^iH JOK< ^u (Review the methodology to Estimation of Poverty)x gHO KO^
~ + >O_~ J^ H` # Q x} Hq\x 2005 _O|~ }oH O O xqOzOk. D
Hq\ 2009 x"kH =iOzOk. ~ + >O_~ ^iH w`# x~~ OK@ =xHQ == `
@, q^, P~QO =O\ JO# _ iQ}#H f<~.
 NSSO HiOK " \ Q$qxQ=O P^~OQ< ^iHx JOK< " e.
 P~O f< H s |^ cost of Living Index # L yOKe.
 ` = # URP H |^ MRP ^u x J=OaOKe.
nxH Urban Poverty Line Basket (PLB) # L yOKe.
D #`# J^ #O H~O MPCE Q= 446.68/#, @} 578.8/Q x~~ OK~.
 A.P. MPCE: Q= 433/, @} 563/Q x~~ OK~.
 >O_~ H~O ~` ^iHO 37.2% (NSSO JOK< HO> Wk 10% ~O@ Z=).
Q= ^iHO 41.8%, @} ^iHO 25.7%, ~` ^iHO 37.2%
 D x"kH H~O PO^ ^ ^iHO 29.9% : (Q= 32.3%, @} 23.4%)
 >O_~ x"kH J`kH ^iHO Q ~+O : 1. Xi (57%)
2. c~ (54%)
 ` = ^iHO Q ~+O :<QO_ (9%)
 200910 }oH O O JOK< H~O ~` ^iHO 37.2% #O_ 32%H `yO k
N.C. H <: Qg} O` BPL @O# QiOKO^ ~ # methodology x zOKO^H Qg}a=$k
=Ou`Y x} Q# (2008) U~@ K#. Wk 2009 PQ+ x"kH# =iOz#k.
 2002 BPL CENSUS x q^<xH a#"# q^<x zOK#.
Hx ~H Q$# Automatic Exclusion K x K#.
Ex: 1) l == @O| Q@ H=`xH ~ \O q L#"~
2) =_ KH "#OQ"~ (motor Vehicle)
3) Tractors =O\ O` Hey# @O
4) < 10,000/ r`O O^ = Q @O BPL #O_ q#~OKe.
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J^q^O Q Hx @O# Automatic Inclusion ^u K~x zOK#.
Ex: 1) Pk= yi[# Q#, 2) = ^o` Q#,
3) qHOQ ^ # P~ O^ _Q L# @O# K~e.
NSSO "~ ~# MPCE (356/ (R), 538/ (U)) ` ^~ (200405) P"k [ 1820 H s
Hx K P~O =`" O^Q ~h 2400/2100 H s O^O> Q= MPCE 700/, @}
1000/Q x~~ OKh ~<~.
+" Hq\: @}
S.R. O` BPL @O# QiOKO^ +" Hq\x U~@K~. Wk `#
x"kH# =iOK= LOk.
NSSO 66= ~O_:
200910 NSSO "i 66= ~O_ `i =O 1053/
@}
1984/
"`O =O 57% P~xH Y~ J=`O^<# .
^iHH=#^`:
1) Head Count Ratio:- ^iHx O K"O Q ~` # D ^u ^~< Q} < ~.
BPL [<
HCR 100
"`O [<
Wk ^iH `x Q} O k Hh, ^ L# f=`# `e* ^.
Ex: 300/ # ^iH w`Q x~~ 250/ =O K"ix, 50/ =O K"ih ^Q<
Qi O k. x*xH 250/ =O K"i HO> 50/ =O K"i ^iH f=` Z=Q LO@Ok.
J#Q Wk ^ Q P^ JO`~# zOK^ .
2) Poverty Gap:- ^iH f=`# ^ Q JO`~# `<O^ nx L y~ . Q~" ^`
~"e< nxx L yOK~.
^i^ ~ Y BPL [ Q@
P^O
^iH JO`~O ^i^ ~ Y
 ~ O_ ^ nx Q}O K@_ ^iH JO`~O ` = q= L# ^O JO`~ ` = L<h,
Z= q= L# ^O JO`~ =<h KK.
 Poverty Gap # `O =H i Poverty Gap Index =O k.
 *f ^i^~ Y, ~+O Q@ `i qxQ =xH =^ Q =`O |\ ~
^iH f=`# H OK=K.
3) Sen Index:- OH = PiH" ` J=~ =~ < nx Ja=$k K~.
 ^"i P^ Q JO`~# fHx ^iH w` Z= ^~O## "iH Z=~h,
^iH w` ^Q~ Q L#"iH ` = ~h ("~>r) WO k.
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 ECONOMY
 ^iH w` ^Q~ Q L#"ix H fHK HO> ^iH w` ^~OQ L#"ix H f~=_O
= =[ OH = O Z= ~Q`O^<# .
 J=~ < OH = J~ O H$+HQ # 1998 < |=u aOzOk. (1969 #O_ J~ O
< |=u W< ~).
 J=~ < QO^O : " Choice of Techniques"
4) Multi dimensional Poverty Index:- PH~ qq^O UNDP "~ nx Ja=$k K < ~.
P~ O, JH~ `, r=# =}O P^~OQ nx ~Ok< ~.
^iHO H~}:
 [< ~Q^,  Qg} O` J=#`,
 P^ J=#`,  J =$k~ @,
 == ~OQO L`^H` ` =Q LO_@O,  i_x Ja=$k =O,
 x~^y`,  O H ==~ H~}
 ^"}O
^iHO x"~} K~ :
^iH x"~} K~ # '3 ~HQ K =K.
1) HeH K~
2) =^HeH K~ (Self Help Groups ^~ ^iHO `yOK_O. |OQ^ ==^ # #=< =<)
3) n~H eH K~
 [< `yO K@  =$kx "Q= O`O K @O
 P^ J=#` `yO K@,  O~} J=
 JH~ ` OK@  Qg} iqHH~}
HeH K~ :
1970H ~O O K"O Q PiH" ` "Trickle down theory" qO LOK~. =$k [iy`
`i P^O iy Jk HOk ~H =Oz ^iHO ^#O`@ J^ `Q ` O^x `e^ "Trickle
down theory". 1970 <\H =$k [iyOk. Hh ^iHO `Q ^ . J#Q ^iHx `yO K_O Wk x
K ^ . JO^K ^iHx `yO KO^ ` HO Q Hx K~ fH"x PiH "` qOK~.
e `OQ 1970= ^H O #O_ Hx ^H " @|_~. Jq:
1. Qg} Lk ^H
2. @} Lk ^H
3. Jd~` ~ ^H
4. =lH ^` ^H
5. W`~ ^H
1. Qg} Lk ^H : Wq '2 ~H (a) "`# Lk ^H
(b) O Lk ^H
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 ECONOMY
(a) "`# Lk ^H: L^q` =~Ox, <}Ox = == # x HO
Lk#OkOK@O` @ Qg} O` t` ukH J=< H~ x~}xH
L^t OK|_#" '"`# Lk ^H .
FWP: 1977-78
NREP- 1980
RLEGP- 1983
JRY- 1989
EAS- 1993
JGSY- 1999
SGRY- 2001
NFFWP- 2004
NREGS- 2006
FWP-Food for Work Program: 197778 ~` `O nxx " \O k. == # x HO
Lk#OkOz ` ukH , Q= P # $+O KO^ nx ~OaOK~. 1980 HOQ
`O nx #~xiOz NREP Q ~ =~#.
NREP-National Rural Employment Programme: 1980 ~=# FWP x #iiOz NREP Q =~~.
nxH H O^, ~ 50:50 x+u x^ Ok~. L^q` H} x"iH Lkx JOkOK_O ,
=lH P # $+O K@ nx H O. `~ "u HO Wk JRY qb#"O k.
RLEGP-Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme: Qg} O` qx ^ 100~A
x HeOK< L^ O ` 1983 nx ~OaOK~. nxH x^ "`O H O^" i O k. `~ "`
HO Wk JRY qb#"O k.
JRY-Jawahar Rozgar Yojana: NREP + RLEGP H O XH q^O Q LO_@O` D ~ O_O\x qb#O K 1989
JRY Q U~@ K~. nxH H O^~ x^ # 80:20 x+u =~~. `~ "` nx ~#
JGSY Q =~~.
EAS-Employment Assurance Scheme: Z_i, HO_O`, H=_` O` 100 ~A ` = HO_
^ H" # Lk#OkOKO^ 1993 nx " \~ . `~ "` HO Wk SGRY qb#O J~Ok.
JGSY- [=~ Q" =$k [#: Q`O =# JRY # #~ xiOz 1999 JGSY # ~OaOK~.
SGRY- O~ Qg} ~*Q~ [#: JGSY + EAS # qb#O K 2001 SEP 25# SGRY Q ~O" O k.
nxH H O^, ~ x^ x+u 75:25. `~ "u HO Wk NREGS qb#O J~Ok.
NFFWP- *f xH P~ ^H O : 2004 #=O|~ }oH O OK QiOK|_ 150 "#H|_ l
nxx ~OaOK~. P~ ^`# JOkOK@, Q= =lH P $+O K@ nx H O. Wk
NREGS qb#O J~Ok.
NREGS-National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme:- JO` ~O Q NFFWP + SGRY # qb#OK
NREGS Act - 2005 ~OkOK~. nx P^~OQ 2006 Feb 2# AP (|O_ e J#O` ~O l) nx
~OaOK~. ~OO 200 l J=K# \H `~ "` O. 330 l, 200809 |_\
#O_ ^O x Jx Qg} l qi OK#. AP ^~^ q# qye# 22 l J=`Ok.
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 ECONOMY
=MO:
 u Qg} @OxH XH PiH O =`~O < }Ox # HhO 100~A xHeOK@.
(`^~ =# x~kOK_O ).
 15 ~AQ x HeOKH ` "^\ 30 ~A 1/4 =O`, qye# ~A 1/2=O`
("`< )# x~^Q $ uQ KeO Ke.
 NREGS <_ U*hQ Q=OK~f LO@Ok.
 5 H.g. ^\ x He 10% ~"} Y~ W"e.
 Hh"` # K@O 1948 HO^ Hh "`# O JOkOKe.
 , ~+ =#"`# O W"e.
 a^~ 1/3 =O` LO_e.
 Q= Social Audit K~.
 H O^, ~ 90:10 x+u x^ =~~.
 xK `Qh~, h_, O~H}
=O\ H~ HeOKe.
 2009 JH|~ 2 #O_ ''=`QOn *f Qg} Lk g ^H O Q ~ =~~.
 D ^H O HO^ K\ # # Z= # h\ O~H} O|OkOz#".
 2011 [#=i #Oz MGNREGS HO^ KeO K "`< CPI (AL) ` =_># .
 qq^ |_@ nxH H \~O.
200910 39,100/H@
201011 40,100/H@
201112 40,000/H@
 HeOz# Lk
200809 4.5 H@ @O
200910 4.34 H@ @O
2010 _O|~ (201011) 4.10 H@ @O D ^H O ^~ Lk#OkOK~.
 ` O ~` Qg} O`O J==`# UHH "`# Lk ^H O MGNREGS.
 MGNREGS ^~ 200910 Z= Lk#OkOz# ~: 1. ~[<
2. PO^ ^
 SC [< `xH JkHO Q Lk#OkOz#k : O*
 ST [< `xH JkHO Q Lk#OkOz#k : =^^
 = [< `xH JkHO Q Lk#OkOz#k : H ~
 NREGS H=OQ J=` :
 Qg} O` Q=O LO_@O = *=O |`=Q#.
 = x~kOK|_#.
 HIV "x x~kOK=K.
 = Q=O (SC, ST) ^~ Social and Financial Inclusions kOK=K.

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 ECONOMY
: J~` K\ # # <}` H~`, x~^Q $ u KeO KH =_O, ~ # iH~ x~OKH =_O,
` _ iH~ KOK_O =O\ H=.
 2011 [#=i NREGS HO^ 100 ~A x K# "iH =~ 25 ~A x HeOKx k#i
"`# O100/ #O_ 121/H OKh ~+ `O x~~ OzOk.
(b) O Lk ^H :
IRDP - Integrated Rural Development Programme (gH$` Qg}a=$k ^H O ): J\=~ L# SFDA,
MFAL =O\ ^H # XH Q_Q HO^ f~"x qOz 1978 79 2300 nx
~OaOK#. 1980 JH|~ 2 QOn[Ou O^~ O Q nx ^" O Q qi OK#. nxH H O^, ~+
x^ 50:50. H O^O#, ~+O # Qg} =Ou` Y... l DRDA nxx J=~ K#.
'5 L^ H ` He Wk 1999 SGSY qb#"# k.
Z)TRYSEM - (Training to Rural youth for self Employment) ^iH ~ Y kQ=## Qg} x~^Q =`
O LkH tH} WKO^ 1979 PQ 15# ~OaOK|_#.
a)DWCRA - (Development of Women and children in Rural Area) 1982
UNICEF H~O` 1982 Qg} , Ja=$kH nx ~OaOK#.
)MWS: 10 H =# fO^ (Open Irigation) 198889 " ># . (Million Wells Scheme)
_)SITRA: Supply of Improved tool Kits to Rural Articians (1992): Qg} O` OHuH < }O Q HH~
"~Q # iH~ JOkOK@ ^~ O Lk H# L^t OK|_Ok.
W)GKY - QOQH} [#: Q~ [# "eH fO^ 1997 " ># .
SGSY ~[ Ou Q=~*Q~ [# (1999): IRDP ^x J#|O^ ^H # TRYSEM + DWCRA + MWS
+ SITRA + GKY # qb#O K 1999 U 1 #O_ nx ~OaOK#. 200910 |_\ #Oz nx~#
''*f Qg} r=<k ^H O (NRLM) Q =~# @ PiH =Ou }=Ys H\ O K~.
2011 ~[< xQOn nxx ~OaOK#. 2010 December <\H 40H SHG U~_#q.
2. @} Lk ^H : @} OLk, "`< k ^H XH>.
SEPUP: Self Employment Programme for Urban Poor (1986): IRDP J=Hx 10,000 [< qOKx @}
O` nxx J= iK# `~` Wk NRY QO J~#k.
NRY < ~*Q~ [# (1989): @} ^ r=# i` "~QiKO^ nx ~OaOK#. Wk
O Lk =i "`< k ^H O .
UBSP - Urban Basic Services for Poor(1990-91): @} O`x =iH "_ =# [ r=# i`
"~QiKO^ Wk ~OaOK|_Ok.
PMIUPEP - Prime Minister Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (1995): @} O` ^iHxH
Q =H~}# ijeOz x~eOK@ L^t OK|_#k D H~H=O.
SJSRY - ~[ Ou i ~*Q~ [#: J\=~ J= =# @} ^H # NRY+UBSP+PMIUPEP
# qb#O K 1997 _O|~ 16# " ># . nxH H O^, ~+ x^ 75:25. 2009 U nx
#~ xiOK# / H # K#. nx 5 JO H=.
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 ECONOMY
Z)USEP - Urban Self Employment Programme: @} ^ a_ |}#OkOK@ ^~ O Lkx
U~@ K <O^ L^t OK|_Ok.
a)UWSP - Urban Women self Help Programme: @} ^= O LkH KOk#k.
)STEP-UP - Skilled Training for Employment Promotion amongest Urban Poor: @} ^ "i < }x
"~Q~ K<O^ `^~ Lk J=H OK<O^, JkH "`< x O^O^ tH} W=_xH
L^tOK|_#k.
_)UWEP - Urban Wage Employment Programme: @} O H, PiH aH Pe U~@ K @ ^~
^ "`< k JOkOKO^ L^t OK|_Ok.
W)UCDN Urban Comunity Development Network: ^iHx `yO KO^, ^ K` < x HeO KO^,
OQ x~OK|_ H=x\ x~}xH O|OkOz#k.
VAMBAY - Valmiki Ambedkar Aawas Yojana (2001): @} ^i^ ~ Y kQ=# LO_ =iH"_ rqOK"iH
Q$=u HeOK L^ O ` nxx ~OaOK~. @} =lH =~Q^_ xiOz P~QH~
"`=~}x U~iKO^ ''x~ ~` Ja <# _ nx QOQ U~iK~.
VAMBAY H~H=O, JNNURM XH JOO J~# IHSDP qb#O J~Ok.
JNNURM - Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: nxx 20052006 7OII J= LO_@
~OaOK#. nx 2 Q H=.
I) BSUP - Basic Services for Urban Poor: Wk ZOH K# 65 #Q~ Q$ x~}xH, J=<
H~ L^t OK|_#k.
II) IHSDP - Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme: BSUP HO^ ~x #Q~ Q$
x~}xH, =iH"_ Ja=$kH Wk L^t OK|_#k.
RAY - Rajiv Aawas Yojana (2009-10): Q= WOk~ P" [# L#> @} ^ =YOQ =iH
"_ x=OK"i WO_ x~}xH Wk L^t OK|_Ok.
3. All India Programmes:
1. SEEUY- Self Employment to Educated Unemployed Youth (1983): Jd ~` ~ q^=O`#
x~^Q O Lk#OkOK_xH nx ~OaOK~.
2. PMRY ^ #=Ou ~*Q~ [#: SEEUY x #~xiOz 1993 PMRY Q U~@ K#. Wk _
O Lk ^H " . `~` Wk PMEGP qb#"O k.
3. PMEGP - Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme: PMRY (1993), REGP (1995) ^H #
qb#O K 2008 O |~ PMEGP x ~OaOK#. Qg} @} O`, H i=
O KO^ Wk _# . Wk H O^ ` ^H O . nx Ministry of Micro Small Medium Enterprises
"~ =i Khadi Village Industries Commission "~ He J= K < ~.
Q=xH:Z) Khadi Village Industrial Act - 1956 H~O Khadi Village Industries Commission U~_Ok.
a) D Hg+< 1995 Rural Employment Generation Programme # (REGP) ~OaOzOk. Wk 2008
PMEGP qb#"O k.

z~Orq 11
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 ECONOMY
4. =lH ^` ^H :
1) NSAP - National Social Assistance Programme (*f =lH H ^H O ) (1995): Wk 100%
H O^ ` ^H O . nx 3 Q H=.
Z) NOAPS - National Old Age Pention Scheme: 2007 #O_ Wk ''WOk~ QOn NOAPS Q =|_`Ok.
nx ^iH ~ Y kQ=# =# =$^ < 200/ K# OK# Q W=|_`Ok. nx J~ `
= 201112 |_\ 60OII `yO K#. 80 OII ^\#"iH ~.500/ OK# W~ .
a) NFBS - National Family Benefit Scheme: @O ^ # P~ O^ _ =~} P @OxH
10,000~II =~ PiH O JOk~ .
Q=xH: =# ~+O ''P^ O^ ^H O HO^ PH H =~} 1,00,000~II WK"~. `~ "` nx
50,000~II `yO K~.
) National Maternity Benfit Scheme: 19 OII ^\# H W^~ =~ H# =O 500/
PiH O JOk~ .
2) J#~ (2000): Wk 100% H O^ ` ^H O . nx ^# =$^ 10 H r P~ ^<
Lz`OQ W=|_`~.
3) JO`^ J#[# ( AAY 2000 _O|~): ^ x~^# QiOz JkH a_ P~ ^<#
JOk~ . aO H r 3 ~II, Q^ = H r 2 ~II
4) ~+ c= [# ( RSBY ): 2007 JH|~ 1# Wk ~O" O k. J==H $ ` ~OQO L#,
a..Z @O HO " \# P~Q c= ^H O Wk. nx 30,000~II c= JOk~ .
H O^ ~ x^ # 75:25 x+u JOk~. D# ~ J~` 90:10
5) P" Pn c= [# ( AABY) : 2007 JH|~ 2 ~OaOK~.
 qx ^ @O Wk =i O k.
 [ =~}, =^=` =~}, HH ^ i JOQ"H O Ok#"iH =i O k. nx
[ =~}xH 30,000~II, =^O HH JOQ"H xH 37,500 ~II, =^=` Oq OK
=~}xH, i JOQ"H xH 75,000 ~II c= H~ O JOk~ . OII# KeO K qO H O^,
~ 50:50Q i ~.
6) L[: O yH =$u =# = #~"O HeOKO^ 2007 nx ~OaOK~.
7) J==H $ ` ~OQO xK "i ~H} H "Unorganised works Social Security Act - 2008" K _O [iyOk.
Wk 2009 #O_ J=H =zOk. nx H~O *f ~ *f O H ^` ~, ~+ ~
~+ O H ^` ~ U~_ J==H $ ` ~OQO xK q ~H} HeO k.
5. W`~ ^H :
1. CDP - Community Development Programme (=lH Ja=$k ^H O ): "^\ }oH 1952
._..x ~OaOK~.
2. SFDA - Small Farmers Development Agency (1969-70) z# ~ ` ~ u H~# JOkOKO^
Wk L^t OK|_Ok.
Q=xH: LO` ~ ` : 01 H~ qQ"~
z# ~ ` : 12 H~ qQ"~
3. EGS - Employment Guarantee Scheme (1972-73) x# Qi Lk q HeOz =~+
`O nx ~OaOzOk.
z~Orq 12
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 ECONOMY
4. MFAL - Marginal Farmers and Agriculture Labour (197374): a_ ^~ _, =`, H i=
U~@ Wk _ #.
5. DPAP - Drought Prone Area Programme (1973): H~ = O` Ja=$kHO
6. RWP - Rural Works Programme (1970-71): H= _` O` ~ ` Ja=$kHO
7. CADP - Command Area Development Programme (1974-75): s, =^ `~ * HO^ h\
~^ H~# =~= O`OQ qxyOK<O^ L^t OK|_Ok. ` O Wk Command Area
Development and water management Programme Q =~|_Ok.
8. MNP - Minimum Needs Programme (1974): Qg} O` [ Hh J=~# `Qh~, ~_
x~}O, P~Q ^, _<l == U~@, q^` H~ H# =O\q f~O^ Wk
L^t OK|_Ok.
9. Twenty Points Programme (TPP 20 ` ^H O ): ^iH x~#, [ r=# =}x
"~Q iKO^ 1975 WOk~QOn `eiQ nx " \~ . 1982, 1986, 2006 nxx
=iOK~.
10. DDP - Desert Development Programme (Z_i O` Ja=$k H~H=O: 197778) Z_iQ
=~`# O` Ja=$kH Wk L^t OK|_Ok.
11. JO`^ H~H=O (1977) : Qg} O` ^ x~^# QiOz "i Ja=$kH L^t OK|_#k.
Wk ~[< " @|_Ok.
12. CAPART - Counsil for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology (1986) Qg} O`
i^# _*x OQ OHuH i*# qQO xH nxx ~OaOK~.
13. IAY - WOk~ P" [# (198586) : RLEGP H L^ H O Q ~O" O k. `~` JRY QO
J~Ok. 1996#O_ `O` uu W=_O [iyOk. Q$x~}xH JOkOK PiH x 201011
|_\ "^ # O` 45,000 ~II HO_O` 48,500 ~II OK#.
14. PMGSY - ^ # =Ou Q= _H [# (2000 _O|~) : Qg} O` Jx H xHK
q^O Q ~_ x~OK_O nx ^ <^ O "^ # O` 500 [<Q x"# J#O^#O K
~_ xiOKQ, HO_O` 250 [<Q x"# J#O^#O K ~_ xi~ . _l
^~ =K P^O #O_ nxH x^ =~~ .
Q=xH: '~` x~} ^H O "^ # O` 1000 =Ok, yi[# O` 500 =Ok HO> Z=
LO> JH_ ~_ xi~ .
15. PMGY - ^ #=Ou Q"^ [# (2000) : 5 ~OQ =#" ^ x kOKO^ nx
~OaOK~. q^, P~QO, +H ~O, `Qh~, Q$x~}O, Qg} q^nH~} (`~` HO
6= JOx K~~.)
16. ~` x~} (200506) : Qg}, @} =^ JO`~# `y Q= 6 JO =eH
H~ H# Wk L^t OK|_Ok. 201011 |_\ nxH 48" H@ H \~OK#. 201112
58,000 H@ OK#.
z~Orq 13
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 ECONOMY
6 JO: `Qh~, h\~^, Qg} Q$=u, Qg} ~_, Qg} q^`, Qg} >e<.
17. BRGP - Backward Region Grant Fund (2007-08): xH J=< H~Q =`
`yOKO^, Of J=#` `yO KO^ nx ~OaOK#.
18. =O|<:
 201011 |_\ } =Ys nx H\ O K~.
 J==H $ ` ~OQO xK"iH ^# `OK< L^ O ` nxx ~OaOK~.
 nx ^~ a O^O> #`# OK# ^H O JHO\ Hey =O_e.
 O=`~xH Hx+O Q 1000 ~II Qi+O Q 12000~II ^ K e. giH `O OII# 1000
~ _l\ K O k.
19. PMAGA ^ #=Ou P^~ Q=[#:
 2009 10 |_\ } =Ys H\ O K~.
 Z.. [< JkHO QQ 1000 Q= Ja=$kH KOk#k.
qq^ }oH ^iH x~< ^H :
1= }oH (195156) : CDP
"^\ 3 OK=~ }oH ^iH x~# Z@=O\ ` H ^H
" @^ . H~}O \H _< ^O`x qOK_" .
4= }oH (196974) : SFDA, MFAL, EGS, RWP, DPAP, CSRE (Crash Scheme for Rural Employment)
5= }oH (197479/78) : FWP, DDP, JO`^ H~H=O (AY) CADP, MNP, TPP
6= }oH (198085) : IRDP, NREP, RLEGP, DWCRA (^iHO ` HO Q ^_ K# }oH)
7= }oH (198590) : JRY, NRY, SEPUP
8= }oH (199297) : PMRY, EAS, MPLADS, PMIUPEP
9= }oH (19972002) : SJSRY, SGRY, SGSY, VAMBAY, PMGSY, PMGY, AAY
10= }oH (200207) : NFFWP, NREGS, ~` x~}, PURA, JNNURM
11= }oH (200712) : RSBY, AABY, UJJAWALA, BRGF, =O|<, PMAGA

Note: 1) 200203 #O_ 20082009 =^ JkH =$kx H#|iz# ~+O : 1. Q[~`

2. c~
200203 #O_ 20082009 =^ ` = =$kx H#|iz# ~+O : =^ ^
2) yxQ}HO Z=Q Q ~+O : ~< (Qg} O`)
@}
Z= (yx Q}HO Z=) P^ J=#` Hey#k: =^ ^
3) IMR Z=Q Hey#k : =^ ^
IMR ` =Q Hey#k : H
~

z~Orq 14
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 ECONOMICS

}oH H= i}==
 ''Hx `O L^ ~HOQ#, n~ PK# `~ "` PiH ^#`# ZOH
K H#@ }oH~K# . N=u ~~ T@<
'' L`u H~H# XH H O^ JkH~ O #_@ }oH H (Hayek)
'' ==`# =#~# ZO`=~ O` g~` JO`=~ O`# L yOz Hx
+" # H# kOKx L^ ~HOQ# *Q`Q PzOz# `~ "` `O
fH< K~" }oH }oHO O.
 1929 OII ~O" # PiH= O^ O= O K PiH= = h J= O J~. XH
~ =`" }oH# PKiOz, PiH =O^ "xH QiHO_ x|_Qe yOk.
nO` O K ^^$+ }oH" =~# . ~ kOz# }oH|^ Qu ~`^ x
q`O KO k.
`O`xH ~O }oH HO [iy# H$+ :
 a\+ < HO `~O Q }oH |^" # H$+ [~Q ^ .
 HO^~ =Y PiH= = J=[~= e# }oH ~OQi `= PK#
=Hizi.
 "HQ O_O q~ 1934 `# ~zOz# '}oH|^" # PiH == ~`^ O
(Planned Economy for India) J< QO^O ~`^ PiHa=$kHO 10OII Hx
^$+ @Hx }oH# ~OkOK#.
 1938 ~` *f HOQ [=~ < J^H`# *f }oH Hq\x
xqOzOk. ~ O_= O K ^O = D Hq\ `# x"kH# ` ~K _O *O
[iyOk.
 =#^xH }oHO O J=~= x qOz# "@" ^\ *f <_ +
KO^.
 ~ ` [ r=# = }x OKO> ^ O L# =#~ # } oH|^ O Q
Ja=$k~ K x 1931 ~ J~~ ~ zOK#.
 1943 O}oH : O~H KOk# 8 =Ok iqH"` A plan for Economic
Development J< ~` }oH# ` ~K 1944 =kOK#. nx Bombay Plan
JO^~. nx 10,000H@ =O` 15 OII `i P^x ~ \O K x H OQ
@H<#. nx =oH i= ^#` WK#.

15
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 ECONOMICS

 1944 : QOn ^O`# ^$+ LOKHx N=<~} JQ~ 3,500 H@ =O`

QOn}oH# ~OkOK#. nx ==xH z# i= ^#` WK#.
 1944 : a\+ `O 1944 Department of planning and development # ~ Jn+~
^ P^ ~O U~@KO k. W`# O }oH x~` XH~ .
 1945 : WO_ < |~ _ ~ +<H KOk# M.N. Roy * }oH ~` (People Plan) XH
}oH# ~OkOK#. Wk 15,000H@ =O`, 10OII HxH KOk#k. Wk ==,
qxQ == i= ^#` WK#.
NOTE : O }oH @|_^s H} ` LO_Q, *}oH ="^ H} `
L#k.
 1946 : 1946 U~_# =^O`~ `O, }oH, Ja=$k =# J^ #O K @
High level Advisory Planning Board # U~@K#. Wk XH ~ }oH O x
U~@K x ~ K#.
`O`O `~ "` :
 1950 N [H+ <~} '~^ }oH# ~OkOK#.
}oH O O 1950 =i 15 : 1950 |=i +}QO \ `# |_\ O QO }oH
O O ~O Qi H\ O K#.
 1950 =i 15# < J^ H` # Q H O^ =Ou=O_e f~#O ^~ }oHO O
U~_Ok.
 Wk ~*OQ`~ O =i <` ~ O ( Extra - constitutional and non- statutory
body)
 Wk H O^ `xH O =`"
 }oH O xH J^ _ ^ #=Ou (Ex-officio chairman )
 H jHOQ xK "= H~x~}kHi L^ _
 }oHO , L^_ HO x~~OK|_^. ZO\ J~`
~#|_^ . OY, x=HO, `yO ` qKH} P^~_ #.
 "^\ }oH O J^ _ [=~<
 "^\ }oHO L^ _ Qs#O^ ( 195053)
 ` }oO J^ _ ^ #=Ou _II =<<O Q
 L^ _ (_ \ K~ <) _II =O>H OQ P" e
 }oHO O# P^tH `x 39= x|O^# J#Q}OQ U~@K _" O k (P^
` nxH KOk# =# H^)
16
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 ECONOMICS

 PiH }oH ~*OQOx L=_ *a` KOk# JOO.

1952 *fa=$k =O_e (National Development council - NDC)
 1952 PQ 6# U~_Ok. Wk _ (Non-statutory body ) ~*OQ`~ O .
Wk H O^ H~x~H=~O L`~ ^~ U~_Ok.
 ~, }oH O xH =^ H~x OOkOK@ nxx U~izi.
 }oH x~}O ~ Wk ux^O =OK#.
 *fa=$k=O_e, }oH# ijeOz, J"^ =^ "# `~ "` }oH J=Q#.
 nxH Q_ ^ #=Ou Ex-officio chairman (J^ _) Q ==iOK#.
 }oHO O H~^i, NDC H H~^iQ LO\_.
 NDC O^~ ^g s` Ex- officio . =O_eHO iQ xK iH
~ .
 ~OO ~+ =Y=O` =`" NDC Q LO_"~.
 1967 i< O~} O O K# ~ "~ nxx #~==H i Ozi. ~+
=Y=O`, H O^e` O` < O \ Q=~~, H O^ H a<\ =O`, }oHO O
, nx Q LO\~.
 }oHO O }oH# ` ~K # P }oH# ijeOz, P"kOKk NDC
 ~+ }oH ~ K~ < P ~+ =Y=Ou
 l }oH ~ K~ < l HH ~ .

}oH ~H
I. ``# |\ }oH
1) P^`H / x~ `H }oH (Planning by direction / Imperative planning)
 }oH ~K# , J=, Jx JkH~# XH H O^O KO k.
 PiH= = x =#~, PiH H~Hh ` k x~ O H~O [~Q#.
 ^~}OQ ~O\ ="^ PiH= = H#_#.
 qxQ^~_ PHOH K@ LO_^ .
2) K<`H }oH (Indicative planning / Facilitatory planning)
 `O JO# x~~ Oz, "\x kOK@ " @ ~OQxH Jx~H H~
HeOK#. Hx k x~ O K ^.
 nxx "^\ iQ 1947 50 < `O J=OaOzOk.
17
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 ECONOMICS

 8= }oH #O_ ~`^ O H OnH$` }oH<, K<`H }oH q^<x J=Oa# k.

 Wk q= PiH == i=#.  nx =~\ }oH JO^~
II. [ Q=O |\ }oH
1. H OnH$`}oH : }oH ~K# , J= XH H O^ JkH~ O`OQO=^ H OnH$`"
LO@Ok.
=r q\ ~O\ ="^ PiH= = H#_#.
2. qHOnH$` }oH : kQ= ~#Oz J#Q =O_, l, ~+~ }oH
~OkOz, H O^ }oH# ` ~K~ . Wk Of J=~# ^$+ @Hx
~zOK|_#.
=#~ H \~O |\ }oH
III.
1. uH }oH : "q H uH =#~# =_^ ~, =#=H O\ JO# ^$+ @Hx
` ~K^ uH }oH.
2. q` }oH : x~~ Oz# }oH H# kOK@ ^=~O =#~ ZO`H"
JOK< " H \~~ .
IV.HO P^~OQ }oH :
1. n~^ i }oH (Perspective Planning) :15,20 25 OII n~H x ^$+ @Hx ~zOK_| _
}oH.
2. HeH }oH : XH O=`~ H==k` ~zOKq HeH }oH.
=^ HeH }oH : 4,5, ^ 6 OII HxH ~zOKq
V. ~ ` O P^~OQ }oH :
1. x~O`~ }oH : #`#OQ L`#= i` # |\ }oH H# x~O`~O
=~@ J=HO HeOK }oH x~O`~ }oH. nx Q_z # O=`~x f"
#`# O=`~x K~ O \~.
 D }oH xs` H==k LO_^ . ~ ` O LO@Ok.
 H, =^H, n~H }oH J#O^#O K ~Ok~ .
 D =## Q<~ q~ iK O K#.
 =#^O 5= }oH# XH O=`~O =O^Q< ~^ K 1978 [#` `O 6=
}oHQ nx " ># .
 nxx _II H" ~OkOK#.

18
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 ECONOMICS

 WOk~QOn `O 1980 nx ~^ K #.
2. ~}oH : Hx O=`~ Hx ~ O Q x~~ Oz, H kOK@ }oH
~Ok~ . ^~}OQ 4,5,6 ^ 7 OII Q x~~ ~ . L^ : ~` OK=~}oH
(u 5 O=`~) J`=~ i` ` D Hx =~_xH gO_^ .
VI. == ~x =~|\
1. x~}`H }oH (Structural palnning) : ` = # PiH == ~x =~_xH
`OK }oH
2. H~`H }oH (Functional Planning) : ^q HOQ PiH= = x~}O =~O_,
` = # PiH == < }oH J= ~ g }oH.
HH }oH : PiH == Hx ~OQH }oH ~Ok HH }oH
^~} }oH : PiH == Jx ~OQ =iOK@@ ~OkOK }oH
"iH }oH : XH O=`~ H==k HeH H` ~OkOz# }oH "iH
}oH. g\x 'w }oH JO^~.
 =#^O "iH }oH HO 196669 199092
}oH q~=O : OK=~ }oH , OK=~ }oH =^Q Hx }oH q~=O
JO^~. L^ : 196669, 199092.
Principles of Planning - P.S. H<^

~` }oH H}
1. K<`H }oH : 8= }oH#Oz K<`H =O HeL Ok.
2. =Q }oH : }oH H Jx ~OQ =i O k.
3. *= qHOnH$` }oH : HOk ~ #Oz *= O }oH#
KiOK J=HO LO@Ok. Hx JOu= x~ O H O^~ K~ .
4. uH q` }oH : =#~ JOK<, H \~O uH ~O#, ^=~O# [~Q#.
5. n~ HeH =O _ HeL #k.
6. 1991 =~ `~OQxH ^#` WzOk. 1991 #`# PiH O~} `~ "` " @ ~OQ
Pk` O iyOk.
Self - Sufficiency :- XH ^O `# J=~" # Jx == # `< L`u K H#@# Self -
Sufficiency JO^~. ZO\ == # kQ=u K H^.

19
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 ECONOMICS

Self - Reliance :- nx kQ=` LO_#. Hx q^j kQ=` KeO

K@ i_ q^j=~H
^=O HeL O_#. J#Q kQ=` KeO K q^j=~H ^=O W`~ ^#O_ JK @^~
HH, ZQ=` K @ ^~ PiOK#. 4= }oH nxx HOQ x~~ OK#.
 ~` }oH ~t (Architect of Indian Planning) <
 The End of Laissez Faire ~K~ ` H#.
 ~K` q`_#
<, ="^ "x, @|_^s == x *= q=#
He Democratic Socialism # ~kOK#.

~` PiH }oH H
~` ~*OQOx P^tH `x 39= JkH~ }
Z) , ~+ =# r=# =}O O^x
a) =[ =#~ =#OQ O}[ ~Qx
) PiH H H OnH$`O HO_ K_x ~O@Ok.
}oH O O HOk n~H eH H# U~~zOk.
1. L`ux g# O` Qi+ ~H Oz`^~ *f, `i P^# OK@
2. O~ L^y`# kOK@
3. P^, O^ =` `yOK@
4. =#`x, O H <O` _# ="^ =[O U~_@@ K _O.
 "^\ OK=~ }oH _ Qi+ L`u, i L^y`, PiH =#`O kOK@,
O H <O J< n~H eH H# =H i Ok. Jx H =` ^#` W"<#.
 a..q< _ 'Planning and the poor' J< QO^O ~# H ` ~ =$k
kOK@, Lk q~}, P^ O^ =` `yO, PiH H HOnH~}#
`yO K@, =#` =[O q=, ^$ H^ $+O K@.
 H# PiH H, O H HQ ql OK=K.
1. PiHH Z) ` ~ PiHa=$k
a) Lk J=H OK@
Z) ` ~ PiHa=$k : ==O, i=, ~"}, H=xH+< O\ ~OQ Ja=$k
^~ ` ~=$k kOKe. *f `i P^ ~Q^^~ =$kx Q}O K=K.
 ~` }oH"` *f^O, `i P^O iy`, ^#O`@ J^ ^iHO `y,
r=# =}O ~Q#x qOzi.

20
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 ECONOMICS

 J~` *f^O iyOk Hx, ^iHO `Q ^ .

 e`OQ 4= }oH #Oz PiH=$k`@, r=# =}O O^ _ HOQ
qOzi.
 1970 ^H O ~OO Qsa\"(), <O` _# =$k (Growth with Justice) J<
x<^ W=|_#q.
 195051 #Oz 198081 =^ *f^=$k ~ @ 3.4%, `i P^O =$k~ @
1.2% H^. nx< II ~*H$ + O^ =$k~ @ JxeK#.
 198081 #O_ 199697 =^ 5.5% =$k~ @ kOK_O [iyOk.
 199697 #Oz 200102 =^ 6.2% =$k~ @ kOK#.
qq^ }oH =$k~ @ H O kOz#k
1= }oH (195156) 2.1 3.6
2= }oH (195661) 4.5 4.3
3= }oH (196166) 5.6 2.8
4= }oH (196974) 5.7 3.3
5= }oH (197479) 4.4 4.8
6= }oH (198085) 5.2 5.7
7= }oH (198590) 5.0 6.0
8= }oH (199297) 5.6 6.8
9= }oH (19972002) 6.5 5.4
10= }oH (200207) 8.0 7.8
 4= }oH =~ =$k~ @ X_^ _` _ L#q.
 2,3,4,9,= }oH H OHO> ` = kOK|_#q.
 1,5,6,7,8 }oH HOHO> Z= kOK|_#q.
 5= }oH#Oz <=kQ =$k~ @ ~QK#k. (9= }oH q#)
 6= }oH#Oz JkH= $k~ @ ^ (5%) KiOk.
 10= }oH J`kH =$k (7.8%) kOK_" # k.
 H OHO> JkH =$k kOz# }oH 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 J~#\H, `O` e JkH
=$k 1= }oH #"^ J~#k.
a. Lk J=H O :
 @|_iy`, J=OaOz# L`u ^`` O|O^O O_, Lk J=H,
*f^O ~Q#x }oHO O qOzOk.
 LkH # XHH OQ L#\H U }oH# nxH JkH ^#` W=^ . ` HOQ
Lk}oH# ` ~K ^ .
21
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 ECONOMICS

 "^\Q 197883 [#`s H 6= }oH LkH, PiH= $kH =^ "~ ^x

QiOK#. LkH ^#` WK#.
 uiy 1980 JkH~OH =z# HOQ `O O^ =$k ^$H^xH ^#`
WK#.
 J~< Hx ` H LkH < H~H= ~OaOK#.
 5= }oH Hh J=~ H~H=O
 6= }oH IRDP, NREP, RLEGP
 9= }oH SGSY, SGRY, PMGSY, SJSRY J=ii.
P^ hHH~ } J< H O 6= }oH H H\ O K#. Self-Reliance J<q _ PiH H.
=lH H Z) P^ J=#` `yO K@
a) ="^ =*x O K@
Z) P^ J=#` `yO K@ :
P^ J=#` `yO K@ Q= Q q_ ==# x~eOK uOK#.
=^ =~ # `yOK@, H=` Qi+ iqu qkOK@ O\ K~ fH<#.
 J~< D HxH _ }oH ` = ^#` HeOK|_Ok.
a) ="^ =*x O K@ :
q^, =$u O\ JO uXHiH =# J=H HeOK@
 Hk=Ok Ku PiH H H OnH$`O HO_ KK@.
 "^\ 3 }oH 'Socialist Pattern of Society x U~@K x qOK#.
 4= }oH 'O H =i PiH *O O K<#.
 PiH *=O J#Q q^, *~QO, i` , `Qh~ O\ JO J`k
J=H ` HeOK@.
 J~` 1991 #`# O~} `~ "` =~\ K@ Wz, O H H#
qiOK#.
}oH H =OH#O :
 "^\ ~ O_ P^O, LkH KOk# PiH H
 `~ "` ~ O_ P^O O}, ="^ =[# KOk# =lH H
 D~ O_ H XH^x HH\ "~ ^O HeL <~.
 JkH @|_ \, =^# O^` ^u x L yOz, ` ~=$k kOK=K, Hx
^x= PiH H Hk=Ok =^ H OnHiOK|_, P^ J=#` ~Q#.
 PiH H _ O ~}H#_#. ` ~ =$kH =^# O^` ^u x J=OaOK@=,
Lk J=H `Q # .
~` }oH J`kH ^#`# ` ~=$k J< HxHz, qye# H# (<\=@Q
Lip Service) qiOK#.
22
z~Orq : 9959513530
 ECONOMY

}oH =#~
}oH =#~: }oH =#~ 3 =~ ^~ =~#.
1) ^j =#~, 2) q^j O, 3) @ q`O
^j =#~: ^j =#~ 4 =~ =~#. nx< "Domestic Budget Resources" JO\~.
1. ` ~OQ O :
2. =~@ ~}, z# "` ^
Public Provident Funds ^~ JO`~` " \ @|_ H~}

3. ` ~OQ O L`` ^~ OK@ ^~, J^# # qkOK@ ^~
4. H~ O\ ~ "# #O_ x^ (Balance of Current Revenue - BCR);
 }oH Z_ ^j |_\ =#~ L`= "# =~O .
D =~O ^~ =#~ iH` q^j xH "e =O@Ok.
q^j O:
q^j O QO@, |} ~O LO@Ok.
q^j O = J, =_ KeO Ke ~=_O` =_ ~O ~Q#.
@ ^=O:
'2 =~ }oH =#~ =~Hx Z_ P~.a.S. #O_ J `K H=_O ^~ @
^=O# L yOKH= =O k. @ ^=O = ^= ~ ~ iy ^"} i` ~ _`~.
(~` JkH QO@ [<, a@< #O_ =# q.)
(`=)
}oH ^j |_\ =#~ (DBR) q^j O (EA) @ ^=O (DF)
1. 73 10 17
2. 56 24 20
3. 59 28 13
4. 74 13 13
5. 82 15 3
6. 78 8 14
7. 75 9 16
8. 86 5 9
9. 94 6
10. 100
 }oH =#~ J`kH "\ ^j |_\ =#~^.
 2nd plan ^j =#~ Ju ` =Q 56% =`" H=.
 q^j O 3rd plan J`kHO Q 28% O^_O [iyOk.
23
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 @ q`O 2nd plan J`kHO Q 20% =~_O [iyOk.
~|_ =#~ OK =~:
# ~|_x OK_O
PSUs qQ# OK_O
User Charges OK@
`^Q ~O `yO K@
= xO`}
}oH =
A) = <a =O:
 2nd plan #O_ ~` +" # =O HxO k. ~ O_= }oH ~teQ .. =<a#
~ . PiH =$k [~QO> iqHH~ } [~Qe. iqHH~ } H =oH i= O Ke.
J#Q s i= =x J=OaOKe. <\ ^x < _ s i= #`<
iqHH~ } kOK=K#x Ja_# . =<a ~OkOz# '4 ~OQ #=< ~ O_=
}oH P^~" O k.
1) K (@|_~O QO)
1

2) C H~Q~ qxQ == L`u

1

3) C z#, Q$ i= qxQ == L`u (== = L`u` )

2

4) C "~OQO
3

=<a =O :
 == ~OQx, z# \~ i= ~OQx qiOK@.
 P^ J=#`, ^iHO, x~^QO `QH =_O.
 ''== ~OQO# x~H O K _O ~`* uH }oH"` O Jx K~} O Q "MxOK#.
Note: "^\ }oH ~__=~ #=<# P^~OQ ~OkOzi.
^/@|_
~_ _=~ =$k~ @ COR (Capital Output Ratio)
nx =$k~ @H, ^/@|_H J#= O|O^O =O@Ok.
=$k~ @H =^# L`u x+uH =^ q= O|O^O =O@Ok.
 1978 JkH~OH =z# [#` `O N=<~} JQ~ ~OkOz# 'QOn }oH
P^~OQ z#, \~ i=, ==xH ^#`x }oH ~OkOK#. J~` 1980
HOQ `O =~ =<a =xH ^#qzOk.
 =H |#O^O ~OkOz# '"`# = =O# 7th plan HO` =~ J= K _xH
uOK~.
LPG: 8= }oH #O_ _II =<<O Q LPG #=<# J=izi. nx

24
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
` ~OQxH i[~ K# "\x " \ ~OQxH q_z @_O .
iqH ~OQO xO`} Zu" _O.
q^j @|_# J#=uOK_O =O\ JO D #=< H=.
LPG Q :
== ~OQx, z# \~ i=# x~H O K @
|*u O # (MNC) J#=uOK_O .
LkH ^#` H =_O.
=^# O^` ^u H JkH ^#`x=_O.
PURA:
J| HOQ~ @} O` H~# Qg} O` HeOK< L^ O` PURA # ~OkOK~.
nx 10#O_ 15 Q=# Clusters Q U~@ K P Q= =^ uH (~_ " _O), OHuH
(Internet ^ O` ), q^ O|O^ (Colleges, Universities ), PiH (=~\OQ ^ )
J#|O^ =O_e.
10= OK=~ }oH PURA H~ HO` =~ x^ H \~OK~.
J~` PURA # O~O Q J= K @ `O uOK^ .

25
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

"^\ OK=~ }oH (195156)

H:
~ O_= O K ^O =#, ^ q[ # =# z<a#O J~# i` #, ~} ~ =#
Z^~#@ ^"} Xu_ Ji@@ P~ ^< = x"iOK@ *f `i P^#
Oz r=# =}x OK@ J< H` ~O= #.
#=<:
=O: ~_ _=~ #=<
('H.D. #=< P^~OQ "HQ O_O q~ 1st plan ` ~ K @ _# .)
 }oH O O J^ _: [=~ <
L^ _: Qs #O^
^#`:
== ~OQxH JkH ^#uxK~. nx '== }oH JO^~.
=O:
D }oH "^@ JOK< "# k: 2069/ H@
"= OQ =O K# k: 1960/ H@
H \~O:
1. ==~OQO (h\~^` He) 600/ H@ (31%)
2. ~"} =K~O 520/ H@ (27%)
3. =lH = 460/ H@ (22%)
4. i=, Yx*, z# i= 120/ H@ (6%)
 D }oH J`kH H \~O ==O, h\ ~^ K _O = nx ''== h\ ~^
}oH Jx ~ .
H kOz#q:
 =$k ~ @ H O 2.1% kOz#k 3.6%
 P~ ^< L`u H O 61 qe< @# kOz#k 65.8 qe< @#
 `i P^ =$k~ @ 1.8%# kOK_" # k.
 ^~ `O `Q ^ 13%
 H$ u HiOK_O = "^\ }oH H HO> kOz#k Z=Q L#k.
#`# * :
 H#OQ, ~_, ^"^~" e, =O\ |~ ^H * ~OO .
 A.P. <Q~# Q~ *H, =KYO_ [q^` * ~OO .
 1952 Community Development Programme (H$+= Ki Hq\ K# =*a=$k H~H=O)
26
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
#`# i=:
 On Z~= H~Q~O (*~O _)
 z`~ O [< H"\" Hs (WB)
 ~f >e< i= (OQ~)
 qY@O O^< + ~
 ^~ ~ O^< H | i= (.OQ)
 ~O|^~ Integral coach Factory (`q<_)
 " ~ O^< "+<@
(H~@H)
=#~ gH~}
: ^j =#~ 73%, q^j O 10% HQ, @ ^=O 17%
D }oH O^ =Y"# H~H=:
1. 1951 IDRA (Industrial Development Regulation Act)
2. 1951 CSO (Central Statistical Organization); , ~|~ < K#
3. 1952 Community Development Programme (CDP)
4. 1952 NDC (National Development Council)
5. 1952 @O| xO`} H~H=O ~OO
6. 1952 *f J@g q^#O
7. 1953 *f q~ } = ^H O
8. 1953 SFC (State Finance Corporation)
9. 1953 Forward Marketing Commission (FMC Act - 1952)
10. 1954 SIDO (Small Industries Development Organisation)
11. 1955 SBI *f~H~}
12. 1955 x`=~ == K@O
13. 1955 NSIC (National Small Scale Industries Corporation)
14. 1955 ICICI (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India)
15. 1955 _O|~ <Q~# Q~ *H ~OO .
 "^\ }oH ~OO 268/Q =# `i P^O }oH JO`xH 299/ KiOk.
 *f^O 8850/ H@#O_ 10,480/ H@ KiOk.
 [qO^s q^#O ~^ K |_Ok.
 D }oH ICOR 2.95:1
" : i=# x~H O KO k, x~^QO iyOk.
gH: |OQ =# PiH == D }oH q[=O`OQ J= K|_ '}oHQO P~OO
H=_xH ^^_ O k.
27
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

~ O_= OK=~ }oH (195661)

H O: =oH, si= ^#` W ` ~ iqHH~ } *f^x 25% OK@. ="^su
PiH= = # ` PiH J=#` `yOK@.
=O: 2= }oH =<a =O P^~OQ ~OkOk.
(=<a 4 ~OQ #=< nxH P^~" O k.)
JkH ^#`: s i=
}oH O O L^ _: q.\.H$+= Ki
=O: JOK< =O 4800/ H@ HQ, "= =O: 4672/ H@
H \~O: 1. ~"}, =K~O (28%)
2. i=, Yx* (24%)
3. ==O, J#|O^ ~OQ (20.9%)
4. O H = (18%)
 D }oH J`kH =O ~"}~OQO, i= ~OQO K @=# nxx 'i= ~"}
}oH Jx ~ .
=$k~ @: H O 4.5% HQ kOz#k 4.3% (J#Q H O HO> ` =Q kOK_" # k)
^~ ~Q^: 30 `O
1956 * H= =" @ =# =# q^j "~O ^|ux q^j=~H x = U~_Ok.
#`# i=: ~~ L H~Q~O (Xi) t= *~h H~O
a L H~Q~O (Kf Q _ ) ~ H~O
^~ ~ L H~Q~O (.OQ) WOQO _ H~O
<" e eQ \ H~~+< (`q<_)
=i Heavy Engineering Plant (~Op)
s @|_ ^#q=_O =# nxx "Bold Plan" (^~ O` _# }oH) JO\~.
 =#~ H~} : ^j |_\ =#~ 56%
q^j O 24%
@ ^= q^#O 20%
 2nd plan s i= sQ @|_ \ Big Push ^O`xH ^#`xK#. nx s
i= JkH ^#`x=_O ^~ JO`e` =$k =xH ^#qK#. (~ JO`e`
=$k =O P^~OQ }oH ` ~ K |_ "QO Q Ja=$k kOK#)
 ~` Take-off H "t OzO^x D }oH qOK_" O k.
 D }oH ~` PiH= =# ="^ su =[# kQ fH O ^ _O k.
 = < #=<, = <a P^~" O k.

28
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
=Y O @#:
1. 1956 A.P. State Finance Corporation
2. 1956 2= iqH f~#O H@ #. n< 'PiH ~*OQO JO\~.
3. 1956 LIC *fO
4. 1956 Khaadi Village Industries Commission U~_Ok.
5. 1957 H O^ y_O Q O U~@ (~+ y_O Q O _)
6. 1957 RBI Hh x ^u J=KO k.
7. 1958 == =~\OQ HO NAFED U~_Ok.
8. 1958 APSRTC
9. 1959 SBI... 8 Oe `# J#|O^ OQ QiOzOk.
10. 1959 A.P. State Electricity Board (APSEB) U~@
11. 1960 A.P. Industrial Development Corporation U~@
12. 1960 P^ O} J=#` ijeOKO^ =<a J^ H` # Hq\ x=HO.
gH: Wk HH q Oz# }oH. D}oH J## Hx kOKH ~#\H =#^O iqH
<k U~@, ="^su =[ # ^^_ O k.

=_= OK=~ }oH (196166)

 ==, iqH ~OQ ^#q O`e` }oH# =_= }oH ~OaOK#.
#=<: 'JH "` #=< P^~OQ Wk ~OaOK|_Ok. `O|~ O` ~zOz# ^O`
P^~_ JH" ` `# #=< ~OkOK#.
=O: `~OQO K# =O: 8577/ H@ (JOK< =O: 7500/ H@)
H \~O: ~OQ"sQ H \~Oe ije
1. ~"} =K~O 25%
2. i= 23%
3. ==O, h\~^ 21%
H O:D }oH Self Reliance, Self Generating Economy J< H x~t OK~.
=$k~ @: H O 5.6% HQ, kOK|_ 2.8% (q O)
J~` ~"}, =K~O O H = =`O J## H kOK~.
 1962 K< ^O , 1965 H< ^O , z=i OII f= H~ = =#, HO q^j O
JO^H =_O =# D}oH J## H# kOKH ~Ok.
 `i P^O _ H =O 0.2% =$k =`" #"^K HOk.

29
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 ^~ ~Q^ 36`O.
=#~ gH~} : ^j |_\ =#~ 59%
q^j O 28%
@ ^= q^#O 13%
 D }oH n~^ i }oH =O (15OII J#Q}OQ H x~t OK_O ) HxO k.
 ~ O_ ^` ^, W^~ ^ # =~}O, }oH x^ ~H} `~e O =O\ ^ # O @#
D }oH HO< [iy#q.
 1964: ~ H~O` H~ W#=L H~Q~O (*~O _) # .
=Y O @#:
1. 1961 A.P. Small Industries Development Corporation
2. 1961 A.P. Mineral Development Corporation (APMDC)
3. 1961 A.P. Land Ceiling Act ("^\ iQ K |_Ok)
4. 1963 National Co-Operative Development Corporation
5. 1963 A.P. State Co-Operative Bank (APCOB)
6. 1963 Agriculture Refinance Development Corporation (`~ "` Wk NABARD qb#O J~Ok)
7. 1963 National Seeds Corporation (NSC)
8. 1964 IDBI, UTI U~@
9. 1965 O^ == O` H~H=O
(Wk 196061 7 l ~OaOK|_ O^== l ^H O H q~ }
)
10. 1964 H~ W#=L H~Q~O ~OO .
11. 1964-65 =Q Q}a=$k (Integrated Cattle Development Programme)
12. 1965 Food Corporation of India (FCI)
13. 1965 == ^~ Hg+< U~@.

"iH }oH (196669)

1962, 1965 ^ 3rd plan z=i O=`~= J<=$+ i` U~_@ =# "O@< 4th plan #
" > u ~` H =_O` 196669 =^ '}oH = # H\ O K#.
 n< "Plan Holiday" JO\~.
 D HO K# =O: 6625/ H@
 PiH= = U~_ J=`O# iK ^"} Xu_ `yO K_" H O. J#Q ^"}~ `
=$kx kOKe.
 g\x ''w}oH JO\~.

30
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 1966 E< ~~ =hH~} (Devaluation) K _O [iyOk.
(1949 `eiQ ~~ =hH~} K~)
 1966 Ys [< i` q= O ~O" O k.
 1968 = i = #~^~ }
H National Textile Corporation U~@.
 1969 <i=< Hq\ K#"~ Lead Bank Scheme ~OO .

4= OK=~ }oH (196974)

H:
== L``#, q^j O# J~`=# `yOz ~`x <HO^ nx
^#qK~. PL-480 HO^ kQ=u K < P~^ < kQ=`# 1971H xe"
x nx
x~t OK#.
^#`: ~ ` O _# =$k (Growth with Stability);
PiH =O|# (Economic Self-Reliance); J< '2 H` Wk ~OaOK|_Ok.
#=<: 4= }oH JH~ ^ =i Alan-S.Manne ` ~K# #=< P^~=~Ok.
}oH O O J^ : WOk~QOn
L^ _: _.P~. Q_
 4th plan =~^ ` ~KO k: _.P~. Q_
` ~OQ =O: 15,779/ H@ (H\~O 15,902 H@)
H \~O: 1. ==O, h\~^ 24%
2. i= 23%
3. ~"}, =K~O 20%
 =$k~ @ H O. 5.7% HQ, kOz#k 3.3% (q O)
 "^\ iQ D } oH< 197273 BOT (Balance of Trade) qQ H#|_Ok.
Note: ~` WO`=~ 2 O^~ BOT qQ HxOzOk.
1) 197273
2) 4 OII `~` 197677
=#~ gH~} : ^j |_\ =#~ 74%
q^j O 13%
@ ^= q^#O 13%
 1971H` ^O , |OQ^ HOkj ~O, 1973 K=~ ^~ ~Q_ O , } oH z=i 3
OII "`=~}O J#OQ H =_O, q^` H~`, iqH JOu =# J## Hx
kOKH#.
31
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 D }
oH HO< WOk~QOn Qsc ~" x<^xK~.
 D HO H O^, ~+ }
oH# "~ K~.
 1974 AP State Planning Board U~_Ok.
=Y"# H~H= :
1. *s Hq\ ~ 1969 E 14 "}[ O *fO.
2. 1969 UH= "~ x~^H K@=
3. 1970 MRTP K@O J=
4. 197071: Qg} # H~H=O (Rural Works Program)
5. 1971 D# ~ Ja=$kHO North East Council U~@.
6. 197273: Maharastra Employment Guarantee Scheme
7. 197273: j Qg} h\ ~ ~ ^H O Accelerated Rural water supply Programme)
8. 197273: Crash scheme for Rural Employment (CSRE)
9. SFDA, MFAL (Marginal Former Agriculture labour) =O\ ^H D }oH ~OO .
10. AP land Cealing Act -1961 # 1973 =iOK~.
11. 1972 qKH} `H =_~ @ (DIR) " @|_Ok.
12. 1972GIC *fO .1973FERA ~OkOK_O .
13. AP ~+ P^x Q}O KO^ 1971 DES U~_Ok.
14. M~ _ i= O KO^ 1971 IRCI (Industrial Re-Construction Corporation
of India) U~_Ok.
15.1970 ^H O ~OO < =s i< <`$ `O `q= O ~O" O k.

5= OK=~ }oH (197479/78)

^#`:-
^iH x~# (Removal of Poverty), PiH =O|# (Economic Self Reliance) J< H
^#q 1974 5= }
oH ~O" O k.
=~^ ~H~ :-
nx "^@ .|=}O ` ~ K# \H `~`HO Final Draft # _..^~ ~OkOK~.
 <\ } oH O O L^ _: P.N. H~
 XH O=`~O =O^Q< ~^~ # } oH 5= }
oH.

32
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
`~OQ =O: 39,426 H@
H\~O:- 1. i= : 26%
2. == J#|O^ ~OQ : 22%
3. WO^# = : 19%
=#~ gH~}
: ^j Budget =#~ 82%
q^ O 15%
@ ^= q^#O 3% (Ju ` = @ ^= O nxH qxyOK~)
=$k~ @:- H O 4.4% HQ, kOz#k 4.8% (q[O). JO> x~t Oz# H O HO> Z= =$k~ @
#"^~Ok.
 D } oH# "^iH }
oH" Q ~ .
 `i P^ =$k~ @ 2.7% kOKQe Q #.
=Y O @#:
 197475: Hh J=~ H~H= O (^iH x~#, Q= [ Hh J=~ J~# `Qh~,
q^, "^ O, ~ ^i ^ )
 1975 "20 ` H~H= O" (20 Points Program) WOk~QOn HO;
 1975 Of Qg} O (AP 2005 #O_ A.PQg} qH OH Jx < ~.)
 1975 Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA)
 1975 x~O^ @O| xO`}
 1975-76 : Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
 1975 - "^\ *f [< q^#O
 1976 =lH J_= H~H= O
 1976 Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act
 1977 78: " xH P~ ^H O "
 1977 78 : Desert Development Program (DDP)"^@ ~[<, J&K O\ 7 ~ ~OO .
D O` h\ ~^ Oz Z_i = q~ } # x~kOKe. ` O nxH
H O^, ~ x^ 75:25 x+u W< ~.(A.PJ#O` ~O l)
 1977 JO`^ H~H= O.~[< (^, x~^ aHO), `~` A.P J#O`~O qQ`
~ qi OK~.
 1977 National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
 1977 [#` `O z#, \~ i= ^#q iqH f~#O " \O k.
 1977 " \ ~OQO Q$x~}xH O|OkOz Housing Development Finance Corporation
(HDFC) <H|_Ok.

33
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 1977 J< = K@O P"kOK|_Ok. (Land Ceiling Act - 1973 H ~O qQ =#
`O n#O K Hx ^ JOkO k. P =# "~ J#q OK Qx H

qH K ~^)

x~O`~ }
oH (197883/80)
_< ^ _ Q<~ q~ 'x~O`~ } oH' J< =## " ># . nxx `eiQ <^~ O_
J=OaOz#k. 1978 [#` `O JkH~O LO_Q 5= } oH# 1 OII =O^Q ~^ K 197883
HxH Q# x~O`~ } oH# " \O k.
Note: [#` `O 197883 HxH 6= } oH# " @Q 1980 HOQ Govt JkH~OH =z
x~O`~ } oH# ~^ K 2= i 6= } oH# 198085 HxH ~OaOzOk.
 ~` x~O`~ } oH ~OkOz#k _.\ H"
 D } oH s i= =O H #\ z#, \~ i= ^#q QO^ } oH#
J=iK `O K#. D HO 197879 IRDP x 2300 H " ># .
Note: 1980 IRDPx 5011 H H J#Q ^" O Q qi OK~.
 1979 ^i^ ~ Y kQ=## 1835 OII =^ =` O Lk H~H tH} xKO^
TRYSEM (Training Rural Youth for Self Employment) # " \~ .
 1978: DIC (District Industrial Centres) ~OO .

6= OK=~ }
oH (198085)
[#` `O JkH~O LO_Q, ~OaOz# x~O`~ } oH# xe" H`Q 6= }
oH#
HOQ `O 198085 HxH Q# " \O k.
^#`: ^iH x~#, Lk H#, OHuH =O|# (Removal of Poverty, Employment generation,
Technical Self-Reliance) D } oH ^# qzOk.
 nx s i= ^#` `yO z, J=< ^ ^#`xK#.
 D } oH# "x~^Q x~< } oH" Q ~ .
} oH O O L^ : Z<._. u"i(198081), Z.a. K"< (198184)
 `~OQ =O: 1,09,290 H@.
 ~OQ"i =O:- H 28%
==O, h\~^ 24%
 "^\ iQ D } oH HH JkH ^#qK~.
 nx =$k~ @ H O 5.2% HQ, kOz#k 5.7%.
.~*H$ + ~# 'O^ =$k~ @' # JkQq Oz 5% Q `eiQ =$k #"^K Ok.
34
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
Q=xH: 6= } oH #O_ <\ = ~ ~` }
oH =$k~ @ 5% < #"^=` =Ok.
 D } oH `i P^O =$k~ @ 3.2% H iyOk.
 D }
oH P~^ < L`u H O HO> Z=Q ~Q_ O =#, == =$k~ @ 4% #"^
H=_O =# 198384 OII# '2 = i`q= O ~OO ' Q ~ .
=Y O @# :
 D }
oH J## =$k~ @ HO> Z= =$kx kOz q[=O`" O k.
D } oH ^iHO ` HO Q ^_ KO k.
 1980 IRDP ^" O Q qi OK_O (1999 Wk SGSY qb#O)
 1980 National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) ~OO . (Wk FWP # # xiOz
U~~ #. `~` RLEGP ` He JRY Q" O k).
 1980 6 "}[ O *fO (200 Cr # _l@ Hey#q)
 1981 Forest Survey of India ~OO .
 1982 DWCRA (Development of women and children in Rural Area) ~OO .
("^\ UNICEF 20% x^ OkOKk. ` O H O^, ~ 50:50 x+u i < ~.
IRDP ` He DWCRA+TRYSEM+GKY+MWS 1999 SGSY qb#=~).
 1982 t=~=< Hq\ ~ NABARD U~_Ok.
 1982 ZQ=u, kQ=` `xH EXIM BANK U~_Ok.
 1983 qx Qg} @O# HhO 100 ~A x HeOKO^H RLEGP (Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee Scheme) ~OaOK|_Ok.

 1983 @} q^=O` O Lkx HeOKO^H SEEUY ~OO .

SEEUY : Self Employment to the Educated Unemployed Youth.
 1983 A.P. a_ H 2% aO ^H O ~OO .
 1984 A.P. Mid-Day Meal (=^ [# ^H O ) ~OO .
(1995 H O^O _ ~OaOzOk)
 1985 M~_ i= O JOkOK IRCI `O` u u Ok IRBI Q U~@~Ok.
 1985 u"s Hq\ ~ SICA (M~ _ i= HOh K@O ) U~_Ok.

7= OK=~ }
oH (1985 90)
H O: =$k, P^ xHH~ } , =O|#, O H <O J< H` P~^ <, Lk J=H H#,
L`^H` # OK@, J=< ^ q~ }
^#qK~.

35
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

^#O: P~O, x, L`^H` (Food, Work, Productivity)

=O: =<a =x nx J#iOK^ .
 iqH ~OQxH ` = ^#qz, J=< H~ H# JkH ^#qK~.
 kQ=`# ~m HiOK_xH uOK#.
 # ~m H~}
[iyOk.
 nxx ~r" =O JO\~.
 =H |#O^ "`# = =O# HO`=~ J#iOK~.
}
oH O O J^ _ : ~r"QOn
L^ _ : _II =<< OQ
`~OQ =O: 2,18,730 H@
H \~O: H 28%
==O, h\~^ 22%
=$k~ @: H O 5% HQ, kOz#k 6%
(~` =$k~ @ `eiQ 6% H KiOk)
 7= } oH O^ J`kH H \~O H K _O = nx "H }oH" JO\~.
=#~ gH~}
: ^j |_\ =#~ 75%
q^j O 9%
@^= q^#O 16%
 nx `i P^ =$k~ @ 3.6 `OQ #"^O k.
gH : D }
oH J## HHO> JkH= $kx kOz#\H KeO = f=` iyOk. P^ xHH~ }

kQ, ~m H~}
kQ K~ K\ ~ .
H~H=:
 198586 : WOk~ P" [#.(IAY) Z., Z.\ , "\ K Hs #O_ q=H Ok#"iH,
BPL "iH WO\ =ux HeOK@ nx L^ O.
 1985 =Q O@ c= ^H O (CCI-Comprehensive Crop Insurance)
 1986 National Education Policy
 1986 SEPUP (Self Employment Program for Urban Poor) @} ^ O
Lk#OkOKO^ L^t OK|_Ok.
 1986 CAPART (Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology) # .
nx ^ # H O^O : #_b
Wk Qg}a=$kH PiH OHuH x JOkO k.
36
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 1986 Central Rural Sanitation Programme

 1986 Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) U~@.
 1987 TRIFED (Tribal co-operative Marketing development Federation) #
yi[# L`` # =~\OQ KO^H U~@K#.
 1987 National Equity Fund (z# i= |} =OkOKO^)
 1987 M~_ i= # ijeOKO^ BIFR (Board for Industrial Financial Reconstruction)
U~_Ok.
 198788 : Operation Black Board (OBB), ^q H q^H ;
 1988 qe< = ^H O (Million wells scheme); Qg} O` z#, LO` ~ `
Lz`OQ 10 H =# `qOK H~H= O MWS. nxH H O^, ~+ x^ 80:20 x+u
Y~K~ . Wk 1999 SGSY qb#=~Ok.
 1988 Share Market xO`} +~x Hq\ ~ SEBI (Security and Exchange Board
of India) U~@. 1992 SEBI O u ux Ok#k.
 1988 ^= =~\H O|OkOz DFHI (Discount Finance House of India) U~_Ok.
 1988 National Literacy Mission ~OO .
 1988 Q$x~}O tY~Q O J~# National Housing Bank # .
 1988 National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) U~@.
 1988 HOh <}`# `e* =K~#OkOKO^ CRISIL U~_Ok.
(Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd)

 1988 89 : BPL "iH "\~* u ^H O " (KJP).

 1988 89: Computerised Land Records (CLR) ^H O ~OO .
 1989 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Q`O =# NREP+RLEGP qb#O K |_ nx
~OaOK#. (1999 - JRY # JGSY Q ~=i 2001 SGRY qb#O K~.)
 1989 @} ^H NRY ~OO . nx 3 L ^H H=.
1. SUME (Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises)
2. SUME (Scheme of Urban wage Employment)
3. SHASU (Scheme of Housing and Shelter Upgradation)
D NRY x 1997 SJSRY (~[ Ou s ~*Q~ [#) qb#= K#.

37
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

"iH }
oH (199092)
~[H J~ ` , PiH OHO , q^j =~H x H~`, ^" }O =O\ = =# D ~ O_
OII HO "iH }oH# J=iK#. D HO q..OQ, KO^Y~, .q.#~O~=
^ #=O` Q xK~.
 D Hx "} oH J#kH~ =" Q Qi~ .
 D HO ~` #`# PiH O~} " @|_#q.
1. 1990 z# i= |}OkOKO^ SIDBI U~@.(tY~Q O )
SIDBI : Small Industries Development Bank of India

2. 199091: @} O` =iH"_ x=OK [ r=# u Q` # "~QiKO^

UBSP (Urban Basic Services for the Poor)~OaOK#.

3. 1991 Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission ~OO .

4. 1991 =<<O Q, .q. #~O ~" P^ ~O #`# PiH O~} ~OO .
5. 1991 #`# iqH f~# H @ # (n< Minor Revolution JO\~)
6. 1991 q`= = #~O O Hq\ x=HO.
7. 1991 # == ~*K Hq\ x=HO.

8= OK=~ }
oH (199297)
H: `a JO`xH O~ L^Q`# kOK@, [< ~Q^ xO`} , x~H~ ` `yO,
~uH ^q H q^, `Qh~, P~Q H~ H# J< H` 8= OK=~ }
oH ~OaOK|_Ok.
^#`: =#= =#~ Ja=$k (Human Development), Qg}a=$k, LkH #.
 #`# PiH O~} ~OaOK|_ `~` J=K |_ "^\ } oH.
 nx `~OQ ^#` `y, " @
~OQ ^#` iyOk.
 D } oH #O_ ~` Indicative Planning (K<`H } oH) J=~K | _Ok.
 } oH @|_ `~OQO "\ : 4,34,100 H@ ~
(`eiQ ` =O HO> " \ =O JkHO Q qOK|_ } oH Wk)
H \~O: H 26.6%
O H = 22%
#=<: LPG (.q. #~O ~", =<< OQ P^ ~O ~OkOK|_Ok)
}
oH O O J^ _ : .q. #~O ~=
L^ _ : }
=Ys (} oH =~^ ~H~ )
38
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
=$k~ @: H O 5.6% HQ, kOz#k 6.8%.
`i P^ =$k 4.6%, ICOR : 3.7 (Incremental Capital Output Ratio)
=#~ gH~}
: ^j Budget =#~ 86%
q^j O 5%
@ ^= O 9%
 199091 <\H ~` q^j =~H x 2.236 ae< _~. 1997 <\H 22.36 ae#
iQ#.
" O:- D }
oH ^, ^x H =~ =^ JO`~ iQ~.
Wk " \ ~OQxH JkH ^#qz `~OQx H}
O * O k.
gH: - ~` }
oH =O H OnH$`O #O_ K<`H } oQ =iOk.
 PiH =~x OKO^ =~\ == ^#qK#.
 =#= =#~ Ja=$kH JkH ^#` WK#.
 ~`. ...=~\ PiH ==Q =~ i}=xH Wk "^\ ^.
H~H=:
 1992 SITRA (Supply of Improved Tool kits to Rural Artisans)
Qg} O` Ku=$` "iH P^ xH x=@ O}K H~H= O.
 1993 SEEUY x #~ xiOz PMRY Q =~~. q^=O`~# x~^Q =` a_
|}eKO^ L^t OK|_#k.
 1993 EAS (Employment Assurance Scheme).100 ~A x HeOKe J< L^ O` Lk g
^H O # ^" O Q ~OaOK#. (197273; =~+ " \# Employment Guarantee
Scheme i` Wk ~OO )
 1993 = =$k [# ~OO . Wk Qg} = ^# `OK@ L^t OK|_Ok.
(2001 #O_ D ^H x '= O ^ [#' Q < ~)
 1993 MPLADS (MP Local Area Development Scheme). f ~" O\ _ `# x[H =~O #
Ja=$k K <O^ H\ ~. H \~~ .10 H qOKx # q+ O M.P K#
HH ~ =OE~ K #. (1998 nx 1 H\ #O_ 2 H@ ~., ` O 5 H@ OK~)
 1993 DRDA (District Rural Development Agency) U~_Ok.
 1993 @} h\ ~ ~ L^t OK|_# AUWSP (Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme)
~OO .
 1995 REGP (Rural Employment Generation Program) ~OO . nx Khadi Village Industries
Commission "~ x~OK#.
39
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 1994 DPEP ~OO .
Note: REGP ... PMRY ` He 2008 PMEGP (Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme)
Q =~|_Ok.
 1995 PMIUPEP (Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme) U~@.
 1995 *f =lH ^H O
 1995-96 : Qg} O` J=< H~ HeOK^ RIDF (Rural Infrastructure Development
Fund) U~@.

 199697 : ` ~ Qh\ a ^H O (Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme-AIBP)

 1997 GKY (QOQ H} [#) ( Q~ [ "eHf` a_` _# ~}OkOKO^)
nx H O^, ~+ x^ 80:20
1999 Wk SGSY qb#=~Ok.
 1997 iqH #i~} OH (IRBI)# iqH @|_ OH (IIBI)Q =~~.

9= OK=~ }
oH(19972002)
Focus: "Growth with Social Justice and Equality" ("O H <O` _# =$k =#`O")
 nx kOKO^ 4 JO ` H ^$+ kOKx ~<#.
1. r=# <}`
2. Lk J=H "~Q ~K @
3. Of J=#` `yO K@
4. O P^i`O( Self dependency)
^#`: L`^H` ` _# Lkx OK@, ^iHx `yO KO^, == Qg}a=$kH JkH
^#qK#.
} oH O O L^ _ =~^ ~H~ : N =^ ^O_=`
` ~OQ =O: 8,59,200 H@ ~
H \~O: 1. ~"} =K~O 25%
2. O H = 23.8%
=$k~ @: H O 6.5% (`` 7% Q x~~ OK~)
kOz#k 5.4%
`i P^ =$k ~ @ 3.4%
ICOR 4.5
== =$k ~ @ 2.1%
i= =$k ~ @ 4.5%
40
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
= =$k ~ @ 7.8%
GDP =$k ~ @ 5.4%
gH: - H ^# Wk q "# \H ^iHO 26% H `yO k. Xi =~^ ~=_O, Hi ^O
=O\ H~} = J## H O kOH O. J~#\H J<H ^iH x~<
H~H= nx K> # .
H~H= :-
 1997 SJSRY (~ [Ou s ~*Q~ [#) _O|~ ~OO .
Q`O L# NRY... =iHx @} ^H # qb#O K nx ~OaOK~.
 1998 H< H _\ H~ (KCC) q^<x ~ ` |}eKO^ " \~ .
 1999 [=~ Q" =$k [# ~OO (JGSY). Q`O L# JRY # #~xiOz JGSY Q
=~#.
 1999 IRDA (Insurance Regulatory Development Authority) U~@.
 1999 2000: *f == c=^H O (National Agriculture Insurance Scheme-NAIS)
 1999 ~[ Ou Q" ~*Q~ [# (SGSY). nx DRDA "~ ~ "H < ~.
Q`O =# IRDP, TRYSEM, SITRA, DWCRA, GKY, MWS qb#O` Wk ~O" O k.
` O nxx "*f Qg} r=<k q+<" Q < ~.
 200001: ^ #=Ou Q"^ [#
 2000 ^ #=Ou Q=_H [#. 500 [< ^\# Q= Jx H xH=K q^O Q ~_
xiOK@ nx L^ O.
 2000 JO`^ J# [# (AAY). Wk ^ x~^ JkH a_ aO, Q^ =
JOkOK#.
 2001 VAMBAY (Valmiki Ambedkar Aawaas Yojana) @} O` =iH"_ L#"iH Q$x~}O,
=H =~Q^_ x~}=# O|OkOz#k.
 2001, Sep - SGRY (O~ Qg} ~*Q~ [#). Wk Q`O JGSY, EAS # qb#O K =lH
P $+O KO^, P~ ^` HeOKO^ ~OaOK|_Ok. Wk 2006 NREGS qb#=~Ok.
 2000 '*f == q^#O' H @
#. (4% P # =$k kOK< H O`)
 2000 '*f [< q^#O' H @
#.
 2000 - ~OQ~[< J^ H` # National Statistical Commission U~_Ok.
 2001 TATA: ^iH x~# INSTEP (Integrated New Sustainable Technology for Eradication
of Poverty) ~OO .
 2001 _< O` ^q H q^H "HAOa+" H~H= O ~OO .
41
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 200102 : Agriculture Export Zones (AEZS) ~OO .
 2001 ~ tH Ja < (SSA) ~OO .
 200102: KTMBY (K<` Hi H f=AO^~ c=[#).

10 OK=~ }
oH (200207)
1990 ^H O |#`:
1990 ^H O " \# #`# PiH O~} Hx ~OQ JO`$x qye<~.
 t =~}~ @ (IMR) | O Q LO_~Ok.
 Lk J=H ` =Q $+O K|_~.
 60% Qg} @O,20% @} @O q^`# Hey=.
 @} O` 60% @O =`" ~H` =Ozh\x O^q.
Ja=$k =O:
` @|_# HH~O Q, O H ~OQ iq`O K " @ @|_# `OKe.
`O x~ kHi ` |^ `Hi, =~^ ~ H ` " @ @|_ =~O
KkQ LO_e.
H: *f^O =$k~ @ 8 `O kOKe.
~ 10 O=`~ `i P^O ~ \O K e.
MONITORABLE TARGETS:
1. ^iH x+ux 2007 <\H 5% ~O@, 2012 <\H 15% ~O@ `yO Ke.
2. 2007 <\H JH~ `# 75% H OKe.
3. 200111 =^ ^| [< =$k~ @# 16.2% `yO Ke.
4. f 1000 r= [#< IMR # 2007 <\H '45' , 2012 <\H '28' `yO Ke.
5. f 1000 r= [#< MMR # 2007 <\H '2' H, 2012 <\H '1' H `yO Ke.
6. =$H, J_= q~ O # 2007 <\H 25%, 2012 <\H 33% qi O* e.
7. 2007 <\H ~uH ^q H q^#OkOKe.
8. 2012 <\H Q=xO\H ~H` `Qh~ JOkOKe.
9. 2007 <\H H+`" # ^ # #^#, 2012 <\H QiOz# #^# O K e.
10. q \ Lk J=H HeOKe.
x~^Q=:-10= }oH ~OO <\H 35 qe# x~^Q L<~h, #`#OQ K~ "~ 35 qe#
LO\~h, "`O 70 qe# x~^QO\~h JOK< "~.
42
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 x~^y` xqOK|_ Z.. Q Hq\.. 10= }
oH O^ 8% =$k 30 qe# x~^Q
Lk#OkO ^h, ` H Lk ^H =~ 20 qe# =OkH Lkx JOkO ^h, 10= } oH
JO`xH 5% x~^y` LO@O^h JOK<"#.
PiH p:
1. ^j ^~ @ 26.8%
2. Current Account @ 1.57%
3. @|_ ~ @ 28.4%
4 ICOR 3.58
5. GDP =$k~ @ 7.93%
6. ZQ=` =$k~ @ 12.38%
7. kQ=` =$k~ @ 17.13%
 10= } oH 8% =$kx kOKO> ICOR 3.58 H `yO Ke.
 l._.. ^# 26.8% H, @|_x 28.4% H OKe.
 ~` ^ J`kH "\ Q$~OQx^.
"`O }
oH H \~O : 15,25,639 H@ ~II
"= =O : 16,18,460 H@ ~II
=#~ H \~O:
 10= } oH "^\ #O q^`(H) , Hh "= =O =`O "^\ #O Ok#k O H
= (27%).
 D } oH i= H =O 4% x^ =`" H \~OK#.nxHH~}O i= Ja=$k
" \ @|_ ^~ [~Q`O^x qOK_" .
~OQO H \~O =O
1. ==~OQO 20% 20.2%
2. H 26.5% 22.5%
3. i= , Q# 3.9% 4.0%
4. OHuH i*#O
=i ~=~}O 2.0% 1.8%
5. ~"} =K~O 21.3% 21.4%
6. ^~} PiH = 2.5% 1.9%
7. O H = 22.8% 27.0%
8. ^~} = 1.0% 1.2%
43
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 D } oH Of J=#` x~# HO ~+
=qH [# J< ^H x 200203
~OaOK~.
 # l._.. x+u (Tax GDP Ratio) 10.3% H OKx x~t OK#.
Qu: kOz# =$k~ @ 7.8%
`i P^ =$k~ @ 6.1%
== ~OQ =$k~ @ 2.1%
iqH ~OQ =$k~ @ 8.9%
"~OQ =$k~ @ 9.3%
ICOR 4.2
l._.. @|_ ~ @ 28.2%
Q@
"iH ^" } ~ @ 5.02%
 D }
oH z=i 2 OII 9% < =$k #"^~Ok.
200203 3.8%
200304 8.5%
200405 7.5%
200506 9.5%
200607 9.7%
q[:
 8% =$k~ @ qOKQ 7.8% =$kx kOK_" O k. (9= }
oH x 5.4% HO> Z=) J#Q
=~Q J## =$k kOz#>.
 ^, @|_ J## H# qOz#q.
 l._.. 28% ^Q HxOk.
 ICOR # 4.2 H `yO KHQeQO.(Wk 9= }
oH x 4.53 HO> ` =)
 } oH JO`xH q^j =~H x 185 ae# K~~.
":
 ^iHx J## HxH J#Q}OQ `yO KH O.
 x~^y`# 5% H `yO Ke Jx H OQ @ < NSSO "i 61= ~O_ 8.3% Q #"^O k.
 == ~OQO 4% =$k kOKH O (2.13% =`" kOz#k).
 Of J=#` `Q ^ .
 ^x H ~ ` " a_# `yO KH O.
 IMR # 45 H `yO K# H O <~" ~ ^ .
 *f @O| P~Q~ 200506 H ~O 46% =Ok J|~=` ^ _ `<~.
44
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
gH: -
 ^ @|_ ^#
#, =$k~ @# O`$H ~ e `#\H ^iHO, x~^QO, Of
J=#`, 46% J|~= "^Q q+ " O H#|_`#k.
 =$k =# K~ `O^ ^? qbx~abx~ K~ `O^? J<k Q< qyeOk.
Ja=$k H~H= :-
 2004 PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) ~OO .
 2005 "~` x~}" ~OO . Wk Qg} O` 6 ~OQ J=< H~ H# KOk#k.
1. Qg} W 4. Qg} ~ ^~
2. h\ ~^ 5. Qg} q^nH~ }

3. `Qh~ 6. Qg} >e<
 2005 JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) ~OO . Wk ZOH K#
#Q~ Q$=u J=< ^ HeOK@ L^t Oz#k.
 2006, |=i 2 # *f Qg} Lk g ^H O # 200 "#H|_ l ~OaOK~.`~` nx
^O x Jx l qi OK~. 2009 JH|~ #O_ nxx "=`QOn *f Qg}
Lk g ^H O " Q < ~.
W`~ O @#:
 2003 UTI.. UTI-1, UTI-2 Q q_~Ok.
 2003 eH q^HO(NREGEL- National Programme for Education of Girl at Elementary Level)
~OO .
 2004 *f ~ ` Hg+< U~@.
 2004 *f xH P~ ^H O ~O" O k.
 2005 National Rural Health Mission.

11= OK=~ }
oH (200712)
2007 U 1 #O_ ~O" O k. (2007 _O|~ *f Ja=$k =O_e P"kOzOk.)
q[<:
 ^iHO `yO z, Lk H## Oz ` ~ =$kx kOK@
 q^, P~QO O\ J=~" # = JOkOK@
 q^ < } OK@ ^~ kH~`# kOK@
 NREGS q~ }
^~ Lkx qi OK@
 ~=~} H#yO kOK@ (Environmental Sustainability)
 eOQ q=H` # `yO K@
45
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 # "~Q^ f~=_O
^#`: Faster and Inclusive growth (qo` ` ~ =$k) J#Q Z., Z.\, "< s,
=, "#H|_ =~ JO^s HHx =$k kOK@.
=$k~ @: 11= } oH =$k~ @ H# ije,
== ~OQO 4%
iqH ~OQO 10% 11%
"~OQO 9% 11%
 11= }
oH "iH =$k~ @ H O 9% HQ, z=i O=`~O 10% =$kx kOKe.

Note: Q` ~ O_ OII #O_ =O^ =O LO_@O =# D =$k~ @# 8.1 `O# =iOK~.z=i

O=`~O 9% =$kx kOKe.
 D }
oH #O^ 6 ~OQ O|OkOz 27 monitorable targets x~t OK#.
. P^O^iHO (6 JO):
I

1. l._. =$k~ @ 9%
2. == =$k~ @ 4%
3. q^=O` x~^y` 5% HO> ` = LO_@ K_e.
4. 58 qe# =OkH Lk HeOKe.
5. < }O x q "= "`< 20% ~Q^ LO_e.
6. } oH JO`xH ^iHO# 10% ~O@ `yO Ke.
II . q^ (5 JO):
7. ^q H ~ drop out Rates # 52% #O_ 20% H `yO Ke.
8. ^q H ~ q^ = } OKe.
9. 7 OII ^\# "i JH~ `# 85% H OKe.
10. 2012 <\H JH~ ` eOQ q=H` # 10% ~O@ `yO Ke.
11. L#` q^ "" i `O 2012 <\H 10% #O_ 15% ~O@ OKe.
III . P~QO (5 JO):
12. 2012 <\H t=~}~ @# '28' H, MMR # '1' H `yO Ke.
13. 2012 <\H O`<`u~ @# 2.1 `yO Ke.
14. 2009 <\H JO^iH ~H` =Ozh~ JOkOKe.
15. J+H ~O` ^ _ `# OY# ` ~ #O_ QxH `yO Ke.
16. ~H #`Q , eH `x QxH `yO Ke.

46
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
IV . =i (3 JO):
17. 6 OII [< , ~+ x+ux }
oH JO`xH 935 H, 2017 <\H 950 H OKe.
18. ` ^H a^~ HhO 33% =Ok , LO_e.
19. O^~ `= O# J#q OKQ Qe.
V. J=< ^ (4 JO):
20. 2009 <\H Jx Q=, BPL @O q^` H<H # JOkOKe.
21. 1000 HO> Z= [<Q Q= (HO_O`` 500 [<) Jx H xH =K
q^O Q ~_ xiOKe.
22. 2012 <\H Jx Q= >e< H~ O HeOKe.
23. 2012 <\H JO^iH WO_ HeOz 2017 <\H WO_ xiOKe.
. ~=~}O (4 JO):
VI

24. J_=#, K@# 5% ~O@ OKe.

25. 2012 <\H Jx ^ # #Q~ WHO x~t Oz# Qe <}`# kOKe.
26. Hx 20% ~O@ OKe.
27. Jx #^# i KO^H @} =iHh\x ~ K e.
 27 13 H# ~ x~t OK@ [iyOk.
 11= } oH #O^ `i P^O 7.6% =$kx kOKe. =i ~ 10 OII `i
P^O# ~ \O K x H O.
PiH p:
1. l._.. ^~ @ 34.8%
2. ` M` @ 1.88%
3. l._.. @|_ ~ @ 36.7%
4. ICOR 4.1
5. l._.. =$k~ @ 9%
}
oH =#~ H \~O:
 11= } oH `~OQ H \~O 36,44,718 H@ ~II
H O^O "\ 21,56,571 H@ ~II (59.2%)
~ "\ 14,88,147 H@ ~II (40.8%)
 11= } oH ~OQ"s H \~O;
1. O H = 30%
2. H 23.4%
3. ~"},=K~O 18.3%
47
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 qq^ ~OQ H \~O:
~OQO 10= }
oH(%) 11= }
oH (~IIH@) 11= }
oH(%)
1. ==O, J#|O^ ~OQ 3.8 1,36,381 3.7
2. Qg} Ja=$k 8.5 3,01,069 8.3
3. ` H O` H~H= O 1.0 26,329 0.7
4. h\~^, =~^ x"~} 6.9 2,10,326 5.8
== ~OQO (1 to 4) 20.2 6,74,105 18.5
5. H 22.4 8,54,123 23.4
6. i= , Q# 4.0 1,53,600 4.2
7. ~"} 16.3 5,72,413 15.7
8. =K~O 5.1 95,380 2.6
~"}=K~=(7 to 8) 21.4 6,67,793 18.3
9. OHuH i*#O, ~=~}O 1.8 87,933 2.4
10. ^~} PiH = 1.9 62,523 1.7
11. O H = 27.0 11,02,327 30.3
12. ^~} = 1.3 42,283 1.2
36,44,718
 i= , Q# H =O 4.2% H \~OK~.
 O H = 11,02,327 H@ (30.3%) nx
q^ 3,47,338 H@ (9.5%)
P~QO 1,75,000 H@ (5.0%)
h\ ~~, i^O
Q$x~}O
@}a=$k 1,54,000 H@ (4.2%)
W`~ O H= "II H=
 11= } oH J`kH H \~O O H = nx _ q^ (3,47,000 H@)
H \~OK@ = ^ x =<<O Q nx "q^} oH" Q ~<~.
 10= } oH` e 11= } oH H \~O 125% iy#q.
 10= } oH` e 11= } oH ==~OQO H \~O 20% #O_ 18.5% H `y# q.
 =YOQ ==a=$kH J=~" # h\~^ H \~O `Q # .
 58% (=~ 60%) P^~_ ==~OQO =$kx kOK<, qo` =$kx kOK<,
x~t Oz# ==~OQO 4% =$kx kOK< h\~^ H \~O `yO K_O iH^#k
q=~ JaO.
48
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 10= } oH` e 11= } oH ~"}, =K~O "\ _ `yO k. =YOQ =K~O "\
QO `yO k. =K~~O QO " \ @|_ ~A~AH ~Q` ~=_O = D `yO =~h "#x
} oH"` JaO.
 =#"a=$kH ^#qz O H = x^ H \~O J<k 27% #Oz 30% OK@ =Oz
i}=OQ K =K.
q^`:- 11= } oH 92,577 "Q"@ q^`# J^#OQ L`u K x ~<#.
10= } oH 41,110 "Q"@ J^#OQ L`u K x x~t OKQ 21,000 "Q"@ L`u
[iyOk.
W#~ +< >Hr (IT):- 2012 <\H 18 qe# =OkH Lk#OkOK<k H O.
L^y`:- 11= } oH 58 qe# =OkH Lk#OkOK<k H OQ x~t OK#.
(10= } oH 47 qe# =OkH Lkx JOkOK#)
Of J=#`:-
11= } oH Q" 12% =$k, Q[~` 11.2% =$k, PO^ ^ 9.5% =$kx kOKe.
(10= } oH *~O _ 11% =$kh, Q[~` 10% =$kh kOK#.)
 11= } oH =$k~ @;
"^\ O=`~O (200708) 9.3 %
~ O_= O=`~O (200809) 6.8 %
=_= O=`~O (200910) 8.0 %
<= O=`~O (201011) 8.5 % (=iOz# JOK<)
 D } oH 2007 JH|~ 1 # "~+ c=[#" (RSBY) ^H O ~OO .
Wk J==H $ ` ~OQO xK ^iH ~ Y kQ=## "iH L^t OK|_Ok.
 2007 JH|~ "P" Pn c= [#" (AABY) ~OO . Qg} qx @O c=~H}
HeOKO^ L^t OK|_Ok. nxH KeO K q O 200 ~II. nx x~} ^ ` LIC JyOK~.
x^ # H O^, ~ 50:50 Q i ~. 2010 E <\H 1.45 H@ =OkH nx =iO* ~.
 2007 _O|~ "L[ ^H O " ~OO . =aK~ =$u L#"iH #~"O HeOKO^ Wk
L^t OK|_Ok.
 2009 RMSA (~+ , =^qH, tH Ja <) ~OO .
 2010 RGSEAG (Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls) ~OO .
q=~:-
 ^iHO# 28% #O_ 18% H `yO K@, 58 qe# =OkH Lk#OkOK@, x~^y`# 5% H
`yO K@ D }
oH =O^# "Q ~#=K.
 ==~OQO 4% =$kx kOK@ _ H+" H=K.
49
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 W\H }
oH 2,3 OII J## =$kHO > ` =Q #"^~Ok. ~ OII 9% # =$k
#"^~`< =iOz# 8.1% =$k J~< kOKQ O.

qq^ }
oH=O
}
oH u k` =O(H@) " \ =O(H@) ` =O(H@) `~OQ
"= =O(H@)
I (195156) 3,870 1,800 2,070(54%) 1960
II (195661) 7,900 3,100 4,800(61%) 4600
III (196166) 11,600 4,100 7,500(65%) 8500
IV (196974) 24,880 8,980 15,900(64%) 15,900
V (197479) 53,410 16,160 37,250(70%) 39,430
IV (198085) 1,58,710 61,210 97,500(61%) 1,09,290
VII (198590) 3,48,150 1,68,150 1,80,000(52%) 2,18,730
VIII (199297) 8,71,000 4,37,000 4,34,100(49.8%) 4,85,460
IX (199702) 23,03,200 14,44,000 8,59,200(37%) 7,05,820
X (200207) 15,25,639 16,18,460
XI (200712) 36,44,718
 "^\ } oH O^ 3870 H@ HO>, ~ O_= } oH 7900 H@ ~II. WOKqOKQ ~ \O
J~Ok.
 J~` 3= } oH q^j =~H x H~`= Wk ~ \O HH ~Ok.
 =~ 6= } oH #O_ ~ \O =` =zOk.
 `~OQ u k` =O:
1= } oH 54% HQ,
5= } oH 70% Q LOk. Wk `Q ` =z,
8= } oH <\H 50% HO> ` = _ ~Ok.
8= } oH ` Pk` O `Q ` " \ ~O QO Pk` O HxOk.

50
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
qq^ } oH qq^ ~OQ"s =O (`):
}oH == ~OQO H i= ~"},=K~O O H=
I 31 13 6 27 22
II 20 10 24 28 18
III 21 14 23 25 17
IV 24 15 23 20 18
V 22 19 26 18 17
VI 24 28 16 16 16
VII 22 28 13 19 18
VIII 21 27 10 21 22
IX 21.4 23.3 6.4 25.1 23.8
X 20.2 22.4 4.0 21.4 27
XI 18.5 23.4 4.2 18.3 30.3
==O h\~^:-
I, IV } oH ^ = #O
 ==OJ#|O^ ~OQ, Qg}a=$k, ` H ^H H~H= O, h\~^ =~^ x"~}
W=h He ==O h\~^Q =|_`<~.
 1= } oH nxH 31% H \~OKQ, 10= } oH 20% H `yO k.
 11= } oH nxH 18.5 % H \~OK#.
H :-
 6= } oH #O_ q^` |^ 'H' J< ^O L y< ~.
 nx H, \eO, Q, eQ \, O^ `~ =#~ QQ L<~.
 "^\ 4 } oH 1015% =^ H \~O [iQ#. 6= } oH #O_ H \~O.
iQ#. 6,7,8 } oH H ^ = #O PHq OzOk.
~"} =K~O:-
 2,3,9 } oH ^ = #O ~"} =K~O
 11= } oH nx 18% =#~ H \~OK#.
 =K~ ~OQO " \ ~OQO =O^ ~=_" nxHH~}O.
i= , Q#:-
s, HH, =^ , z# `~ i= Q# nx Q.
 1= } oH nx 6% =`" H \~OK#.
 2= } oH Wk 24% H iyOk.
 5= } oH Wk ^ = #O OkOk.
 6= } oH #O_ `Q ` =Ok.
 10= } oH H =O 4% =`" =O [iyOk.
 11= } oH 4.2% =`" H \~OK#.
`~OQ ==O` si= < [iyOk. J#Q Q$, z# i= ^#q=^ . JO^K
QO^ PiH" ` q=iOK~.
51
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
O H =: q^, P~QO, Q$, @} a=$k, "#H|_# `~Q ` nx Q.
10,11= } oH Wk ^ = #O Ok#k.
 x~t Oz# HHO> Z= =$kx kOz# } oH: 1,5,6,7,8
x~t Oz# HHO> ` = =$kx kOz# } oH: 2,3,4,9,10
 Z=Q q[=O`O J~# } oH: 1,8
 Ju` = =$k~ @# kOz# } oH: 3= } oH
 W\ =~ J`kH =$k~ @ kOz#k: 10= } oH

}
oHq*, J[
q[:
1. *f, `i P^ iQ~:-
 1980 ^H xH ~O *f, `i P^ 3.4%, 1.2% KC# iQ~.
1980 `~` 5.5%, 3.4% KC# iQ~.
 JO> ~*H$ + ~# 'O^ =$k~ @' # JkQq OKQe QO.
 10= } oH =$k 7.8% #"^O k. J#Q *f, `i P^ PtOz# q^O Q iQ~.
2. == Ja=$k:-
1960 ^H O IADP, IAAP, HYVP, i`q= O ~OaOK|_~. e `OQ Z~=
qxQO 195051 0.7 qe< @#HQ, 200809 <\H 25 qe< @# iyOk.
 h\~^ Q q : 195051 23 qe< H~ HQ, 200809 <\H Wk 85 qe<
H~ iyOk (3 ~ @ Q iyOk).
 P~^ < L`u 195051 51 qe< @# HQ, 200809 <\H 234 qe< @#H
iyOk. 201011 241MT H KiOk.
==``(qII@#) 195051 200809 2010-11
P~ ^< 51 234 241.6
=i 21 99 95
Q^ = 7 81 80.8
|OQ^O 2 29 -
 58 OII HO |OQ^O L`u J`kH ~Q^ LOk.
 |OQ^O `~` Q^ = L`u JkH ~Q^ HxO k.
3. i= =$k:-
 s i= "q nH~} kOKQe QO.
 [#` `O 6= } oH# " _` ~` iqH =~ O qi OK@QH "q nH~}

KOk#^x ~<#. nxHH~}O - =<a s i= =".
52
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
iqH`` 195051 200809
Q (MT) 32 525
W#= (MT) 3 215
q^` KWH (B) 5 724
\eO (MT) 0.3 33
 qxQ == L`u _ }
oH HO iyOk.
4. PiH J=< H~ =$k KO^~:-
 ~_, ~"}, h\~^, [q^` *
, OHOQ O =$kKO ^~.
5. ZQ=`, kQ=` "q ^ O:-
 ~` ZQ=` =~ =zOk. ~OO =_~ ZQ=u [iQk.
<_ =^# , WO[hiOQ == # ZQ=u K < O.
 =# kQ=` _ =~ =zOk. qxQ == kQ=u `yO k. "\x =#" ` ~
K O@<O. J#Q kQ=` u # [iyOk.
 =^# == kQ=` P^~_ @
O `yO k.
6. Development of Science & Technology :-
 P^ xH i= # x~OKQe Q OHuH, x~} < }O# kOKQe QO.
 Middle East PH ^ =#" OHuH x}# O~H Z^QQ e QO.
JO`iHO H J_Q\# 6= ^O Q ~` QiO OkOk.
7. Development of Huge Educational System:-
 200405 <\H 112 `~Q ` =^ School Enrollment 21.9 H@ =Ok H~.
 O KO< WO` s#"^ Hey# ^ K< `~` ~` 2= #O LOk.
8. ^ @|_ ~Q^:-
 195051 ~` ^ l._. 9% LO_k. 200910 <\H Wk 33.7%H iyOk.
W^ HO @|_ _ 9% #O_ 36.5% H iyOk.
 } oH ~~ # 40OII `~` H" ~` }
oH q[O "Mx;
^, @|_ iQh;
P~^ < =O|# kOKQe Q=h;
~` iqH x~}O =~zO^h;
< }OQ =#=Hx =$kK HQeQ=h;
OHOQ == qi OzO^h;
`, H~ O qi OKh;
[ r=# <}` (Birth Rate, death Rate, IMR) =~ =zO^h ~<#.
53
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
" =:-
 M= KH= i "Development Planning the Indian Experience"QO ^O " # KiOK#.
Jq:
1. `~OQ O =~= O`OQ xK H=_O
2. =$` "s q[ # =~~O_@
3. ==~OQO =~ JO~O Q LO_@
Ex: O~} =~= O`OQ J=K H =_O.
 WqQH Hx ^~} " Hx< ~.
1. ^iH x~# " O:-
 197374 55% L# ^iHO 200405 <\H 27.5% H `yO k.
D HO ^ OY 32 H@ #O_ 30 H@ =`" `yO k.
 ~ + >O_~ x"kH 37% ^iHO JO> 40 H@ =Ok ^ H~.
 P.R. |#O^ "`# = #=< ^~ ^iHO ` HO Q ^_K _xH |^ ^iH x~<
^` J=OaOK# J<#.
2. x~^y`:-
 "^@Op =^# O^` L`u ^` ^#qK#. e `OQ x~^y` `Q ^ .
 1= } oH 5 qe# L# x~^Q 10= } oH ~OO <\H 35 qe# K~ #.
3. P^ J=#` `Q ^ .
4. #^# O# `yO KH # (l._.. 40% H^)
5. PiH H H OnH~}
# x~kOKH #.
6. O~} J= " O.

54
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

PiH O~}
(ECONOMIC REFORMS)

1991 <\H ~` PiH ==. . ` Pk` OQ PiH= =Q ~Ok#k. 1991 <\ PiH
= JH`Q Oq Oz#k H^. Wk Q`O x ` q^< e `" .
O~} ~O PiH= = H} :-
1. q= PiH ==: -
* 1948iqH f~#O q= PiH= = <k"O k.
* 1956iqH f~#O q= PiH= =# |`O KO k.
* 1955, 1969, 1980, 1956, 1972 qq^ O, c= O # *fO K @^~
`~OQO qi OzOk.
2. `~OQ q~ } :-
* 195152 5 `~OQ O LO_q (29 H@ @|_`),
* 199192 <\H Wq 237 O iQ# (118 " H@ iQ#).
3. " \ ~O QO J^H xO`} :-
* L,P,Q ( #, i\, H\) =O\ q^< ^~ " \ ~O Qx xOuOK#.
* 1951 Industrial Development and Regulation Act ^~ iqH xOQ q^#O#
" ># .
* 1969 MRTP x " \ i= # qi OK<, x =i_ K < =O^ J#=u
O^e...J< x|O^# ^~ xOuOK#.
4. q^j =^# O, @|_:
* 1991 H ~O q^j @|_ JkH POH O_q.
* q^ QO HO> ` = `O =`" @|_ \e. [=#O ~f K`
LO_k.
5. q^j "~ q^#O:

* 1991 H ~O kQ=` u # ^#qK#.

* z# i= _ ~H} HeOK#. e `OQ =# == JO`~f \H x|_H ~.
* 1956 State Trading Corporation O K@ ^~ q^j "~O H= |nHi OK|_Ok.
* 1963 Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation # O K@ ^~ "~O# `
n#O K #k.
* q^j =~H xO`} H 1973 Foreign Exchange Regulating Act (FERA) fHK~.
55
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

#`# PiH O~} P=H`: -

1. ` =, JO`$ =$k~ @ O~} ~O ~` =$k~ @ JOQ LOk =i JO`$H ~ O Q
LOk. nxH H~}O PSU J=~` , " \ ~O QO qs` xO`}
.
2. W`~ ^ J#= O
* K< " \ @|_ ^~ `iz =$k ^O xO k.
* L`~ Hi, `~ S~ ^ ` xO`} ==# Hey J =$k~ @` LO_Q, ^H}
Hi, t= S~ ^ =~\ PiH= = ^#qz JkH =$kx Hey L<~.
* =+ , ^~O_, OQ ~ =~\ PiH= =" xOz JkH =$k` =O^ `#q.
nx` ~` PiH= = PzOKe# ="zOk.
3. ` O J=~` :- `~OQ O (PSUs) J=~ [=#O, "i L`^H` ` O|O^O
O_ r`e=_O, L^Q x O $u H~=_@O =# ` O Z=Q # #_Kq .
4. ^" }O:- 199091 ^" }O ~ O_OH OY (=~ 16%) K~ Ok.
5. H@:- JO`~` |} ~Q@, } oH`~ =O, =_ KeO ~Q_ O =~" #~|_...=O
iy#O` "QO Q ~QH =_O = H@ U~_Ok. 1991 <\H H@ 6.6% H KiOk.
6. BOP OHO :-
* H@# s K <O^ q^ #O_ JkHO Q |} HiOK_O , kQ=` sQ ~Q_ O ,
^xH#Q}OQ ZQ=` ~QH =_O =# BOP #O^ OHO U~_Ok.
* q^j =~H x 15 ~A kQ=` _ i_Q =.
* 1991 ~` q^j =~H x 2.2 ae< _~.

* 1991 <\H ZQ=u P~# 30% |}=H `Ok.

* 1991 PiH OHxH ^ #H~}O BOP U~_# OH" .
* 1990 Q OHO _ =# BOP u =O KOk.
H
H@# `yO K@
*
*
`~OQ ikx `yO z, " \ ~OQxH JyOK@
* iqH # Zu"`
* q^j @|_# `OK@
* q^j "~O Tarriff , Quota Zu"` "^Q#q.
1991 <\H ~` PiH= = H#|_ H} :-
1. `~OQ Pk` O Z= i= LO_@O
56
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
2. xOQ q^#O
3. MRTPPOH
4. MNCs POH
5. O ` xO`}
6. Stock Exchange ` xO`}
7. kQ=` POH
8. JkH #.
1991 PiH O~} Q: 1980 = ^HO =^ ~r"QOn HO kQ=` ~mH~}
[iy#\H i~ O~} 1991 .q.#~O ~=, =<<O Q P^ ~O [iQ~. D
#`# PiH O~}# 2 ~HQ ~ .
1. Macro Economic Stabilisation Measures ( PiH s H~} K~ ) Wq HxH KOk#k. g\<
'Demand Management K~ JO\~.

2. Structural Adjustment Policy (SAP) /x~}`H ~ @ K~ . Wq n~H xH KOk#k. =i

" PiH= = KOk#k.
1. PiH s H~} K~ :- PiH == "O@< ~ @ KO^ L yOz#q. nx QOQ
Z) ^" }x `yO K@:- ^= # `yO K@ ^~ ^" }x `yO K `O K#.
a) H ~ @ K~ :- #~|_x OKO^ 1991 ~*K Hq\ xqOK~.
* } oH`~ =x `yO KO^ 2000 w`H$+< Hg+< xqOK~.
* < `~ ~|_x OKO^ h\ ~^, q^`, ~_ "^Q "\ [~ Ks qkOK#.

* H@# `yO KO^ 2003 FRBM K\x " ># .

) BOP ~ @:- BOP @# `yO KO^ ~~ =hH~} K#.
* 199293 LERMS # " ># .
2. Structural Adjustment Policy:-
nx QOQ LPG x " ># .
Z) ~m H~} (L- Liberalisation):- xOu` PiH= = K# kOK@ '~m H~} '. J#Q `
*HO `yO z =~\ Kx =_" .
* ~` 1991 18 i= q# qye# "\H # Zu" #. ` O ## 5
kOK#.
* q^j@|_ iqux OK#.

* Mining, Ports, Harbers, J=< ^ 100% q^j @|_# J#=uOK#.

57
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
a) " \ H ~ } (P- Privatisation):- nx QOQ `xH Reserve K# i= OY# '8' H
`yO K#. ` O '3' `yO K~. `~OQ O @|_# LO iOK#.
) O pH~} (G- Globalisation) : ~` PiH= =# O K PiH ==` J#O^#O K @
' O pH~} '. nx QOQ
* == , =, =^# O, OHuH i*#O # O K^ =^ `~e OK@_ ZO\ =O^
J#=` fH#H~ ^ .
* kQ=u ## ~m HiOK#.
* kQ=u OH# 97% #O_ `yO KO@ =z 10% H f=K#.
_) q^j =~H x~} O~}:-
* 199293 Budget LERMS (Liberatised Exchange Rate Management System) # " ># .
nx ZQ=u^~_ `# OkOz# q^j=~H ^= = 40% RBI H JkHiH ~ @=^ qx=O
K ~~H =~HQ qye# 60% |~OQ =~\ demand supply P^~OQ x~~ OK|_
qx=~ @ =i_K ~~H =~H##. J#Q ~~H HH =i_ HeOK#. D
^u x "^O^ qx= ~ @" JO\~.
* 199394 |_\ ~~H Trade Account i =i_ J=HO HeOK# (Full convertability
of Rupee on Trade Account).
* 1994 PQ+ (199495) Current Account ~~H i =i_ HeOK#. (Full Convertability
of Rupee on Current Account)

* =^#
M` ~~H i =i_ HeOK q+ O RBI =r DY. Q=~~ J~# S.S. `~~x
1997 xqOK#.
`~~ Hq\ H@# 3.5% `yO z, ^" }O# 3%5% =^ LOz, CRR # 3% H `yO z,
NPA # 5% H `yO z ~~H =^# M` i =i_x JOkOKx ~#k.
2006 `~~ Hq\x ~ O_=i xqOK#.
Wk 3 ^ Q ~~H i =i_ HeOKx ~#k.
"^\ ^ - 200607
~ O_= ^ 200709
=_= ^ - 2011 <\H =^# M` i=i_x HeOKe.
> PiH O~}# =~H q^O Q _ =sHi OK=K.
1. "^\ `~O O~}
2. ~ O_= `~O O~}

58
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
1. "^\ `~O O~}
Z) iqH ~OQ O~}:-
* # Zu"`
* `xH Reserve K# "\x `yO K@
* MRTP K@O =iOK@.
J#Q de- licensing, de-reservation, de-Regulation O\ K~ .
a) `~OQ O~}:-
* `~OQ `# kOK@
* Golden Shake hand

* qh~` , #=~` , =~` q^<

* National Renewal Fund (NRF) U~@

) H~ " # O~} :-
* #~@ `yO z #~|_x OK@
* a_ `yO K@
*
`^Q i=}x `yO K@
* User Charges qkOK@
_) OHOQ ~OQ O~} :-
* OHOQ ~OQO #~O O Hq\ ~ J=.
* SLR, CRR # `yO K@
* Computerisation of Banks
* CRAR/ CAR (Capital to Risk Assets Ratio) # Banks J#iOK@

* NPA (Non Performing Assets- x~~H

P ) # `yO KO^
Assets Reconstruction Company (ARC) U~@K @ (2002 )
* BSRB x ~^ K
_O,
W) q^j~OQ O~}:-
* 1991 ~~ q=# `yO K_O .
* Quantitative Restrictions Zu" @.
* ZQ=`# `OKO^ Exports Orient Units (EOU) # O K@
* kQ=u OH# `yO K@

59
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
* SEZ # U~@ K @
* ~~H i =i_ HeOK@.

2. ~ O_=`~O O~} :-
~ O_=`~O O~} '2' Q H=.
Z) "^\ `~O O~} H#yO
a) #`#OQ " \# O~}
#`#OQ " \# O~} :-
"^\ ` ~ O O~} qiOz# JO 2= `~O ^$+ iOzOk.
1. qH O~} :- nx Hi K\ ~ ` O# fHK~. J#Q Hi x=HO#,
`yO# [=xH K WK#.
2. ==~OQ O~} :- 2000 OII #`# == q^#O H \ O z == =$k~ @# 4%
kOKx x~t OK#.
* ==~OQOH " \ , Corporate @|_# `OK#.
* == == `~e O POH Zu" #.
* == == Future Trading H J=HO HeOK#.
* Agriculture Export Zones (AEZ) # `OK#.

3. ~ O~} qi O :-
* FRBM Act # ~ qi OK_O
* VAT # ~ qi OK@
4. Legal System:- #`# PiH O~} QOQ =# K\# `*~K _ O [iQ#.
Ex: MRTP K@O #O '\ K@O '.
SICA #O 'HOh =~} a K@O '.
` # #O H`Q 'GST K@O '.
5. O H ^` O~}
6. ~=~} H#yO O~}
7. q^OO^ O~}
gH: - * #`# PiH O~} = =$k~ @ iyOk. iqH ~OQO =$k "~Q O k.
* PSUs Q`O HO> "~Q xK < ~ (Public Sector Units).
* "~OQO...=YOQ IT ~OQO =$k KO^`Ok.
* q^j @|_ ~QK#q.
* q^j "~O iyOk.
J~` Hx u JO H=.
60
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
x~^y` ~Q`Ok.
=YOQ ==H $ ` ~OQO Lk `y, J==H $ ` ~OQO Lk ~Q`Ok.
Regular Employees `Q ` casual Labour ~Q`<~.
==~OQO @|_ H} O K_O =# OHO U~_`Ok.
Of J=#` ~Q`#q.
^ PiH ~=`O `Q= K J<k q=~ "^#.
^iH x~# x~^Q x~# ^H =Y O #
1. =lH Ja=$k ^H O (CDP) 1952
2. *f q~ } " ^H O (NES) 1953
3. z# i= Ja=$k O (SIDO) 1954
4. Mn Qg} i= H~H=O (KVIP) 1957
5. O^ == l H~H=O (IADP) 196061
6. O^ == O` H~H=O (IAAP) 1965
7. H_\ P^~*+< " (CAS) 1965
8. JkH kQ|_ =OQ_ H~H=O (HYVP) 196667
9. WO_ < @i[O _=" O\ H~~+< (ITDC) 1966
10. i`q=O 196667
11. | O@ H~H=O 196667
12. Qg} q^ nH~} H~~+< 1969
13. =~+ Lkg ^H O 197273
14. J<=$+ O` Ja=$k ^H O 197374
15. ZH~ @_ ~~ "@~ QO (ARWSP) 197273
16. H=O_ Ui _=" O\ QO 197475
17. 20 ` H~H=O 1975
18. <+# Wx@ \ ~ ~~ _=" O\ 1977
19. Z_i Ja=$k ^H O 197778
20. xH P~ ^H O 197778
21. JO`^ ^H O (~[< ~OO ) 197778
22. >x OQ ~~ ` ~ ZO~"O\ 1979
23. gH$` Qg} Ja=$k ^H O (197879 "^@ ~OO ) 1980
24. *f Qg} Lk ^H O (NREP) 1980
25. _H (DWCRA) 1982
26. Qg} O` q x"iH Lk g ^H O (RLEGP) 1983
27. ~ ` == " H O^ (FASC's) 198384
28. ~` iqH #i~} O (IRBI) 1985
29. =Q O@ c= ^H O 1985
61
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
30. CAPART Hx ~ Z_<"O\ P ZH< JO_ 1986
~~ >Hl
31. @} ^ O Lk ^H O (SEPUP) 1986
32. SEBI 1988
33. [=~ ~*Q~ [# (JRY) 1989
34. < ~*Q~ [# (NRY) 1989
35. " P J~< " H ZO@~ [ 1990
36. <+# i#= O _ 1992
37. SITRA (Qg} HH~ "~Q # iH~ ) 1992
38. ZO~"O\ Z~< " (EAS) 1993
39. MPLADS (~" O@ xH O` Ja=$k ^H O ) 1993
40. ^ #=Ou ~*Q~ [# 1993
41. DRDA l Qg} Ja=$k U*h 1993
42. = =$k [# 1993
43. PMIUPEP 1995
44. *f O H ^H O (NSAP) 1995
45. QOQ H} [# (GKY) 199798
46. ~` iqH @|_ O (IIBI) 1997
47. ~[ Ou i ~*Q~ [# (SJSRY) 1997 _O|~
48. ~[~* i = H} [# 1998
49. ~[ Ou Q= ~*Qs [# 1999 U
50. [=~ Q= =$k [# 1999
51. [#N c= [# 2000
52. ^ #=Ou Q"^ [# 2000
53. ^ #=Ou Q= _H [# (PMGSY) 2000
54. O~ Qg} ~*Q~ [# (SGRY) 2001 O |~ 25
55. "bH JO^ ~ P" [# 2001
56. PURA (Qg}O` @} H~ H#) 2003
57. *f xH P~ ^H O 2004 #=O|~
58. <+# ~~ q+< (NRHM) 2005
59. [=~< <+# J~< ~ #= q+< (JNNURM) 200506
60. ~` x~} 2005 _O|~
61. *f Qg} Lk g^H O (K@O 2005) 2006 |=i 2
62. ~+ c= [# 2007 JH|~ 1
63. P" Pn c= [# 2007 JH|~ 2
64. L[ ^H O 2007 _O|~
65. ~+ =^ qH tH Ja < 2009
@} ^H :
SEPUP, NRY, UBSP, PMIUPEP, SJSRY, VAMBAY, JNNURM "^#
q @}
O` ^H .
62
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
KEY POINTS
1. Planned Economy for India - "HQ O_O q~
2. Bombay plan O~ iqH"`
3. QOn }oH N=<~} JQ~
4. * }oH ".<.~
5. ~^ }oH [H+ <~}
6. }oH O O =O O, ~*OQ`~ O
7. }oH O O J^ _ ^#=Ou
8. }oH O O U~@ 1950
9. *fa=$k =O_e U~@ 1952
10. }oH# `kQ P"kOKk *fa=$k =O_e
11. ~+ }oH H O^ O 'Q_ ~
12. Q_ ~ =~} '=Ys ~
13. 8= }oH #O_ =#^O J= L# }oH K<`H }oH
14. x~O`~ }oH Q<~ q~
15. ~`^ O x~O`~ }oH H"
16. ~`^ O }oH q~=O 196669, 199092
17. Planning and the Poor a..q<
18. =$k [iy` kQ= =~ "iH qi Oz ^iHO
^#O`@ J^ `Q # \H _< k ~
19. O^ =$k~ @ ~ ~*H$ +
20. =$k~ @ q+ O Hx qOz kOz# }oH 1,5,6,7,8 }oH
21. H O HO> ` = =$k kOz# }oH 2,3,4,9,10 }oH
22. ~ O_= }oH =O =<a =O
23. "^\ OK=~ }oH #=< ~__=~
24. LPG #=< _II =<<O Q
25. PURA #=< Z..*.J| H"
26. "`# = #=< =H =i |#O^O
27. 4= }oH =$k #=< JH~ ^ =i =<
28. 4= }oH =~^ ~H~ _.P~.Q_
29. "^\ OK=~ }oH JkH ^#` Wz#~OQO ==~OQO
30. Community Development Programme 1= }oH
31. 2= }oH ^#` Wz# ~OQO iqH ~OQO
32. 3= }oH H O =O|#, O+H` O
63
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
33. 4= }oH H O ~ ` O` _# =$k,
PiH =O#
35. 5= OK=~ }oH H O ^iH x~#, PiH =O#
36. 6= OK=~ }oH H O Lk H#, ^iH x~#,
OHuH =O#
37. 7= }oH ^#` WzOk P~O, x, L`^H`
38. 8= }oH ^#` WzOk =#= =#~ Ja=$k
39. 9= }oH nx ^$+x H OnHiOzOk =#`O` _# =$k,
O H <O
40. 11= }oH ` ~, qo` =$k
41. i=-~"} }oH, }oH 2= }oH
42. ~~ , ^~ ~, a ~OO 2= }oH
43. 3= }oH =~^# ~OkOz#k JH "`
44. 1966 ~~ =hH~} (36.5) }oH q~= H=
45. ~ H~O` H~ L H~Q~O 4= }oH
46. Hh J=~ ^H O , 20 ` H~H=O 5= }oH
47. IRDP, NREP, DWCRA, RLEGP 6= }oH
48. Poverty in India ~`, =i ^O_H~
49. JRY, NRY, SEBI, CCI, *f JH~ ` q+< 7= }oH
50. PMRY, NSAP, RIDF, AIDP, EAS 8= }oH
51. H< H_\ H~ 1998
52. PMGY, PMGSY, AAY, SGSY, SGRY 9= }oH
53. 10= }oH =$k~ @ H O 8 `O
54. 10= }oH kOz# =$k~ @ 7.6 (7.8Q =iOK#)
55. ~+ = qH [# 10= }oH
56. 10= }oH U~OQO J`kH =O Ki O H =
57. NREGS, ~`x ~} JANNURM 10= }oH
58. 11= }oH =$k~ @ H O 9% (z=i OII 10%)
59. P" P^q c= [#, ~+ c= [# 11= }oH
60. 11= }oH `~OQ @|_ =O 36,44,718 H@
61. # ~OQO O~} ~* K
62. H~ O\ JHO\ ~~ i =i_ 1994 PQ+ (199495)
63. =^# M` ~~ =i_ `~~ Hq\ (1997 2006)
64. OHOQ ~OQ O~}, q`~ O Q O~} #iOO Hq\
64
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
65. ^= q^#O xf~ (1982) +=~ KH=i
66. M`^~xH "~Q # = Q~i
67. O ~ "H}
^<<
68. |# O #~ =H ~ }
=~ Hq\
69. O, Ja=$k q` O =#O M< =iOQ Q
70. c= i= O~} =`
71. OHOQ, iqH, =~H , q`~ O Q O~} "^\ ^ PiH O~}
72. qH, == O~} ~ O_= ^ #`# PiH
O~}
73. ` }oH`~ =O `yO w`H$+< Hg+<
74. H_" ~ ^iHO H=#O
75. =oH ^ ~ ~H "<
76. @|_ LO ~} ~OQ~[< Hq\
77. HOh K@O O~} W~x Hq\
78. XH O=`~O =O^Q ~^~ # }oH 5= }oH
79. 11= }oH J`kH H \~O K |_ ~OQO O H =
80. "#H|_ O`# QiOK@ O_ Hg+<
81. 1975 ..<H Hq\ K# U~_# O "#H|_# O` Ja=$k J^i\

65
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 PiH q^<

1. ` q`O (Public Finance) 66 112

2. == q^#O (Agriculture Policy) 113 146

3. iqH q^#O (Industrial Policy) 147 164

4. =~H q^#O (Trade Policy) 165 188

ZH#q 66 z~Orq
 ` q`= (Public Finance)
 ` q` O JO> `O ~|\# x^ # `O Y~ xq`O "_@.
 O^ PiH" ` ` ` ` =Q LO_x qOK~. *.a. ''}oH ` = Y~ Kk
L`= }oH Jh, # ` = # qkOKk =Oz # Jh Ja_# .
 1929 PiH= O^O` `= ^#` iyOk. =YOQ 1936 H< ~K# ` ` q` O
^#`# O`iOKOk.
Public Good:- (=lH == )
 " \ == |+~} `O LO@Ok. J#Q ^~ KeO z# "i #O_, KeO Kx "ix "~ K =K. Hx
Public good q+ O D |+~} `O LO_^ .

 qxQO \`` =<k " \ == LO@Ok.

Ex: XH =H XH H H `y#_ ^x [#O P =HH a O k. W`~ = aOK^ .
 Public goods # ql OK g^ .
` q` ik (Scope):
1. ` ~|_
2. ` =O
3. ` |}O
4. _~ q`O
5. q` x~}
1. ` ~|_:
` ~|_ =~ 2 ~H.
1. #~|_
2. < `~ ~|_
#~|_: '' `xH # qkOK_O ^~ =K ~|_.
 ''`# OHqOz# [#O` O|O^O O_ [O^i [#O HO `O K =xH = ,
O K x~O ^ KeO # eQ=<.
 # H} :
 # x~O^ KeO .
 [ W~` O|O^= O_^ .
 # KeO ` H u O ^ . (Quid Pro Quo LO_^ )
 [ =# [#O HO qkOK|_#.
 # KeO `QO Wq_ LOk.
 ` HO ux^ O O_ #^ .
< `~ ~|_:
 A
 [i=<, <b

ZH#q 67 z~Orq
 QO@, q~
 Ja=$k g / Betterment Levy
 ` H qkO (Special Assessment)
 `~OQ O
 =, ` P #O_ =K ~|_
 Z\ (Escheats)
 ` "}[ P^
Z) A : '' ` = ^~ ` H [#O O^"~ x~O^O Q KeO Kk
H} `=OkOz# = = Kk.
A KeO K"iH =# u O LO@Ok. J#Q Quid Pro Quo x=O =i O k.
=H =O |\ A x~~ ~ .
#H A H `_:
 # KeO =~ O P^~OQ#, A Jk JOkOK [#O |\ qkOK_O [~Q`Ok.
 A ` H H~ O HO, # =[ OH = O HO KeO K|_#.
 A P =# JO^* @ i_# O`Q LO@Ok. # q+ O J H=O.
a) [i=<, <b: = ` XO^# LO Oz#_ "i [i=< qkOK|_#. <~
JiH@_ " nx L^ O Hh ` ~|_x OKH=_O H^.
) QO@: ''XH `O =~ `xHOkOK ^= O
Ex: q^, P~Q ~OQ Ja=$kH H O^O ~HK QO@, q^ H O^xHK QO@.
_) Ja=$k #: '' `O U^< Ja=$k H~H=O K\ # _ ^x^~ [#O O^"i #O_ ^ "sQ
= Kk. Ex: Toll Tax
W) ` H qkO: `O `\# #= P q= iy` P [=x #O_ "~ Ok# xH
J#`O P xH J Y~# ~|@@Q# UH" `O Q `O = K^ ''` H qkO.
Ex: h\~^ *H xi ^xH~ " = q= ~Q= K. P P [=x #O_ nx =
K~ . nx _ 'Quid Pro Quo' x=O LO@Ok.
Z) `~OQ O ^~ =K O _ ~|_.
l) ` =, P bAHz#_ Qh, qH~Oz#_ Qh `xH ~|_ =K#.
K) Z\: K@| ^" # "~ O_ Z@=O\ g<= ~O_ = =~}O z#_ "i O^#
`O n#O K O@Ok. n< 'Z\ JO\~.
S) `O `# L``b , =b qH~Oz#_ O^ ~|_x ''^~ JO\~.
Ex: ~ ~"}, q^KH ~ ~ , `Ou`... Wq `xH "}[~ ~|_.

ZH#q 68 z~Orq
#~H:
`H #
~O |kb
~H #
~Qq #
# P^~O~@
J#` #
# u~Qq #
Degressive Tax
``eH #
HO
` #
qkO xi+ # (Specific Tax)
(Imposition) Advellorem Tax (q= P^i` #)
Single Taxation (UH#)
qkOK #O
Multiple Taxation (|#)

 ## qq^ ~HQ ql OK=K.

# ~x i OK"ix |\ # 2 ~H:
1. `H #
2. ~H #
 =H # KeO K_O = H ^=" ''^=~O. D ~O '2 ~H.
 # P~O ~O / `e ~O (Impact / Immediate Money Burden)
 `k~O / JOu= ~O (Incidence/ Ultimate Money Burden)
`O # qkOz#_ ^x "^\ Q KeO z# =H i OK ~" ''# `e~O
# z@z=iH Z=~ Ke ~ ^ Z=~ i ~ P ~" ''JOu= ~O
Ex: 1. ~+ `O J=HO# qk "^\ i == # J""~ ^x `e~O i OKQ, == e H#Q
K# qxQ^~_ `k~x i OK#.
2. q<^# H `e~x k @~ [=x, `k~x H _ i OK#.
3. "# H `e~x =OkOK"~, `k~x qxQ^~_ i OK#.
1. `H #
 # H `e, `k ~= XH =H i J#Q # ~x |kb K @ gH ` Jk ''` H #
Ex: P^ # O^ # =$u #
H~~\ # |=u # O _\
=_ # Z\ _\ Capital gain Tax
=O # P # Fringe Benefit Tax
 =~}Oz# =H H P "~ OHqO*#_ qkOK # ''Z\ _\ / =~}OHO /
"~` #.
 XH HOh `# L^QHOkOK H~ `O qkOK # "Fringe Benefit Tax"

ZH#q 69 z~Orq
2. ~H #
 # `e~O XHi# , JOu=~O =~Hi< _` J#Q # ~x |kbK gO> Jk ''~H #
Ex: H O^ ZH* OHO State Sales Tax

H" OH (ZQ=`, kQ=`) State Excise Duty

Central Service Tax "\~ "< #

q^KH # (q^`# L`u K O}K O qkOK#) q<^ #
PH # (=xe\, H~~+# H == "t Oz#_ qkOK# )
a) # ukH, # ~ @ =^ O|O^O |\ # 4 ~H:
Tax base ''# ^x (ukH) qkOK|_`O^ `e*k (^) ''# ^x P^~OQ qkOK|_`O^
`e*k
Tax Rate ''ZO` `O # qkOK|_`O^ `e*k

# ik ''ZO`=Ok # Ke < ~ `e*k

 # ~ @H, # ukH =^ O|O^O P^~OQ # 4 ~H:
1. J#` # (Proportional Tax):
# ukH J~# P^O iy<, #~@ =~ O_ ~ O Q LO> Jk ''J#` #
P^O ZO` iy< #~@ =~~^. Y

Ex: Tax Base Tax Rate Amount of tax PT (~Qq)

0 - 1,00,000/- 10% 10,000
Tax Base
1 Lakh - 2 Lakhs 10% 20,000 DT
2 Lakhs - 3 Lakhs 10% 30,000
Pr.T (J#`)
 ~` : J=H #, "#, ZH* OHO RT (u~Qq)
=O\ ~H # J#` #. O Tax Rate
X

 nx ` = P^O O^"~ H `QO HO> Z= P^O O^"~ H `QO ` =Q

LO@Ok.
2. ~Qq # (Progressive Tax):
 # ukH J~# P^O iQHn # ~@ iy` J#Q # ukHH, # ~@H J#=
O|O^O LO> Jk ''~Qq #.
Tax Base Tax Rate Amount of tax
0 - 1 Lakh 10% 10,000
1 Lakh - 2 Lakhs 20% 30,000
2 Lakhs - 3 Lakhs 30% 60,000
 ~` P^ # D =sH~ } KOk#^.
 ^x JkH #, ^ ` = ## Wk zO k. J#Q 'Ability to pay' (KeO =~ O) P^~OQ
D # qk~ .
 ~Qq # = P^ J=#` `Q @ HH O H <O [~Q#.
 P_O` ~# # x= =` x==# ~Qq # O`$ ~ O k.

ZH#q 70 z~Orq
 P_O` # x= '4
 =#`  qQ
 x`  H~ x=
3. u~Qq # (Regressive Tax):
 # ukH J# P^O iQHn #~@ `y` J#Q P^xH, # ~ @H q= O|O^O LO>
Jk ''u~Qq #
Tax Base Tax Rate Amount of tax
0 - 1Lakh 10% 10,000
1 - 2 Lakhs 7% 17,000
2 - 3 Lakhs 5% 22,000
 nx ^# =O`_ ` = # ~O. ^"_ Z= #~O _ `Ok.
 ~` D # =< Ke
4. Degressive Tax:-

 P^O iQHn #~@ <=kQ iy XH ^ `~` #~@ =~ ~H` Jk "Degressive Tax".

Ex: Tax Base Tax Rate Amount of tax
0 - 1 Lakh 10% 10,000
1 - 2 Lakhs 12% 22,000
2 - 3 Lakhs 13% 35,000
3 - 4 Lakhs 13% 48,000
nx ~Qq`O L#\H Jk H} O k. XH ^ `~` #~@ ~ O Q LO@Ok.
) # qkO HO |\ # 2 ~H:
1. ``eH #
2. ` #
``eH #:
 ^O H+ i` L#_ ``eH J=~ f~<O^H qkOK # ''``eH #
Ex: ^ =O qkOK ~K s. ^O =y# `~` nx ~^ K =K.
 1860 ~` P^ ## ``eH ukH 5OII HxH qkOK#.
` #:
 ` ukH qkOK # ''`#
Ex: J=H #

 1886 ~` P^ ## # " \# `~` x~=kHO Q qkOK#.

_) # qkO P^~OQ # 2 ~H:
1. xi+ # (Specific Tax):
 = |~=# |\Q h, OY# |\Q h, H`# |\Q h, |~` H`# |\ # qk ^xx ''xi+ #
JO\~.
Ex: q<^ #

ZH#q 71 z~Orq
2. J_~" # / =#Q` # / q= P^i` # (Advalorem Tax):
 = q=# |\ # qk Jk ''q= P^i` #.
 ^~}OQ = q= HO` `x #Q qk~ .
Ex: Sales Tax =#^O Z= # D ~Hx", H" OH q=# |\ qk~ .
 ^~ iQHn `xH P^O _ ~Q#.
W) # qkO #O |\ # 2 ~H:
1. Single Taxation (UH# #) L`u XH ^ < # qkOK_O .
2. Multiple Point Taxation. L`u qq^ ^ # qk~ . ` O ~` qkOK VAT D ~HxH KOk#^.
~` =Y"# #:
 ^~}OQ P^O=O, O^ P qkOK # '` H # Jh, = = qkOK #
'~H # Jx ~ .
Z) P^O=O qkOK #
1. Personal Income Tax:-
 XH xi+ iqux ^\# = P^O qkOK # 'P^ #
 P^# 'Ability of Pay' P^~OQ qkOK|_#.
 ~` P^# '~Qq ` H #.
 "@" ^@ 1798 WOQO_, 1864 J"iH " ># . ~` 1860 "^@Q *" q< ``eH
^u 5 OII HxH P^ # qkOK#. (1865 ~^ K #)
 1886 #O_ Wk x~=kHO Q J=K |_Ok. JO> ` #Q =iOk.
 1916 ~O J#` #Q L#\H 1916 #O_ ~Qq "x O`iOKHOk.
2011-12 Budget 2012-2013 Budget
1) Male Upto 1,80,000 - Nil Upto 2,00,000 - Nil
1,80,001 - 5,00,000 - 10% 2,00,001-5,00,000 - 10%
5,00,001 -8,00,000 - 20% 5,00,001-10,00,000 - 20%
8,00,001 - P#
- 30% 10,00,001-P# - 30%
2) Female Upto 1.90,000 - Nil Upto 2,00,000 - Nil
1,90,001 - 5,00,000 - 10% 2,00,001-5,00,000 - 10%
5,00,001 - 8,00,000 - 20% 5,00,001-10,00,000 - 20%
8,00,001 - P#
- 30% 10,00,001 P# - 30%
3) Sr.Citizens Upto 2,50,000 - Nil Upto 2,50,000 - Nil
2,50,001-5,00,000 - 10% 2,50,001-5,00,000 - 10%
(6080 OII) 5,00,001 - 8,00,000 - 20% 5,00,001-10,00,000 - 20%
8,00,001 - P#
- 30% 10,00,001-P# - 30%
4) Very Sr.Citizens Upto 5,00,000 - Nil Upto 5,00,000 - Nil
 201213 |_\ ^~} ~+ P^ # q#~O iqu 1.8 H #O_ 2.0 H OK#.
nx= ~. 2060 # H>" iH qyeOk. D |_\ # q#~O iqux 10,000/ Oz
2,00,000 K~ #. x~ \ [ # # q#~O iqu =~^ .
 Very Sr.Citizens H # q#~O iqu =~^ . g~ # Slabs 10% HOkH ~~.
ZH#q 72 z~Orq
 201213 |_\ ^~ } ~+, P^# iqux 2 H OK#. 20% # ~ @ # 58
H #Oz 510 H OK#.
 P^ # K@O 1961 H~O ` P^# qk < ~. nx #O Direct Tax Code (DTC) #
2008 April #O_ J=K uOK~. Hh "~^ _O k. 2012 April #O_ DTC# J= KO^
`O uOz#\H =~ "~^ _O k.
 ~` P^#~@ 1975 Qi+O Q 97% =~ LO_k. Wk O KO< J`kH #~@. #~@
JkHO Q LO_@K # P^O `Q ` =K#.
195051 33%
199091 9.3%
200809 17.5%
200910 19.6%
201011(P) 17.5%
201112 (B.E.) 17.6%
 195051: "`O #~|_ 33% P^# #O_ =zOk.
 1991 <\H `Q ` =z 9.3%H _ ~Ok.
 1991 ~* K Hq\ K# # ~ "~ ^O # #, # ~ @# `yO K~. e `OQ
1991 `~` P^ #`O ~Q` =z 200809 <\H 17.5%H, 200910 19.5% H iyOk.
JO> "`O ~|_ Corporate Tax `~ "` ~ O_=#O P^ #^.
~ =H~ Y:
 # ~ @H, # ~|_H =^ Q O|O^x `e* O k.
 #~@ iQHn #~|_ XH iqu =~ ~Q#. XH iqux ^\# `~` #~@ iy` #~|_
~Q_ xH |^ `Q ` Ok.
 JO> #~@H, # ~|_H "^@ ^< `H O|O^O , `~` |}`H O|O^O LOk. ~` D q+ O
+O Q H#|_`Ok.
 1973 #O_ P^ #~@ H OK@ == P^x ==`~ P^xH H`<~.
Note: ==`~ ~OQO L#"iH =K ==^O # qkOKx H .Z<.~* Hq\ zOzOk.
200405 #O_ P^# 2% q^# qk < ~.
200708 #O_ nx 3%H OK#. iy# 1%# L#` q^ L y< ~.
''XH ` H H~H=O H~ # # qkOK_" CESS
 10= PiH O O =~ S.\. HO``O ~HK "~. 10 F.C. ~ "~ H O^O `# P^#
th

~|_ 77.5%# ~ JOkOK#. (1 Finance Commission ~ 55%)

st

 11 F.C. #O_ q_q_Q HO_ H O^O "`O

th
# ~ HO`"\ JOk# k. nxH O|OkOz 2000
OII 80= ~*OQ =~} K~.
 11 F.C. ~ :
th
H O^O "`O # ~"\ 29.5%
12 F.C. ~ :
th
H O^O "`O # ~"\ 30.5%
13 F.C. ~ :
th
H O^O "`O # ~"\ 32%
ZH#q 73 z~Orq
2. Corporation Tax:-
 ~` HOh P^O '~\ H ~` # " \~ .
 196566 #Oz HOh P^ #, ~\ H He H~~+< #Q < ~.
 HOh xH~ P^O () qkOK # 'Corporation Tax'
 200506 |_\ ^j HOh Corparation Tax # 30%H `yO K~. Hi ^O #O_ ~K ~ 10%
qkOK~.
 201112 |_\ ~K ~# 7.5 #O_ 5%H `yO K~. (201011 |_\ 10 #O_ 7.5%H `yO K#)
 q^j HOh 40% Corporation Tax (nx _ ~K ~ ` O 2.5% #O_ 2%H `yO K~) qk < ~.
 ~* K Hq\ `# # O~} Corporation Tax ~ @# `yO Kh, ^jq^j HOh =^ #
=`O 10%H qOK~^x ~ KO k.
 MAT (Minimum Alternative Tax):

 `qz# `H, q#~O H~}OQ U # ikH ~x O KeO Ke# Hh # 'MAT'

 MAT # J"iH `eiQ " \O k.
 ~` 199697 .z^O|~O PiH= OuQ MAT# " \~ .
 201011 |_\ MAT # 15 #O_ 18%H OKQ 201112 |_\ 18 #O_ 18.5%H OK#.
 Q` PiH O=`~O Book Profit Advance Q MAT # KeO Ke. 5 OII@ Tax holiday =iOK SEZ
ikx O _ MAT =i O k.
 ~` 200506 =~ JkH #~|_ ZH* OHO #O_ ~Q 200607 #O_ D #O Corporation Tax
=iOk.
200809  "`O # ~|_ Corporation Tax "\  35.3%
200910  "`O #~|_ Corporation Tax "\  39.2%
201011(P)  "`O #~|_ Corporation Tax "\  37.7%
201112(B.E)  "`O #~|_ Corporation Tax "\  38.6%
 201213 |_\ _ Corporation Tax #O_ J`kH # ~|_x JOK< "~.
3. =_ #:
 =_ # K@O 1974 H~O "}[ O O^ =_ nx qk~ .
 O, ` q` O , q` HOh nx Ke ~.
 1985 nxx ~^ K# \H =~ " ># . 200001 #O_ D # ~^ K~.
4. =O #:
 H~ Hq\ ~ 1957 PiH= Ou \.\.H$+= Ki =O ## " ># . 1962 "~i
^~ PiH =OuQ L#_ ~^ K#.
Note: H~ zOz# #

 =O #  O^ #
 |=u #  Capital gain Tax

ZH#q 74 z~Orq
 =O # K@O 1987 H~O nx qk < ~. @ Q^ ~AH 400/ HO> Z= =OK nx
KeO Ke. ~@H ~OQO Ja=$kH 1993 #O_ nx ~^ K~.
a) O^ P H O^O qkOK #
1. O^ #:
 O^, P qkOK # P^, O^ =`# `yO KQ =. Wk ` H ~Qq #.
 H~ K# "~ 1957 nx " \~ .
 ~* K Hq\ ~ L`^H P # +~, O_ O^ # q#~OKx zOK#.
 199293 <\ PiH= Ou =<< OQ +~, O_# q#~OK#. Guest Houses, Residential Houses,
Jewellery O^ # qk~ .
 200910 #Oz 30 H q= ^\# J#`^H O^ 1% # qk < ~.
 n#Oz =K P^O ` " J~< "=H Xu_= D # H#y< ~.
 XH =H Hey L# ~ , K~ P 'P HO^ =~. O^ # K@O H~O == =, "\
O_ O@ PQ iQ}O K_xH g^ . @HO P q= #Oz KeO K=# ~} f" xH~ O^
=O k. nx # qk~ .
2. Estate Duty:-
 "~` OQ =z# Estate nx qk~ .
 =H =~}O z# `~ "` J`x P qkOK OHO =~} OHO ^ Z\ _\. =H Kx~# `~ "`
"~ OHqOz# Pq=# |\ "~ KeOz# # "~` OHO. OHqOz# P #Oz
~} f" xH~ q= qk~ .
 H O^O qkOz =K P "`x ~H O k.
 1953 nx " \, 1985 (q..OQ PiH= Ou) ~^ K~.
3. Gift Tax:-

 H~ K# 1958 " @_O [iyOk.

 "^\ nx |=u ^` qkOK"~. 199091 #O_ |=u Q ` qk < ~.
 P^O ` =Q LO_@O = O`< nx 199899 ~^ K# \H 200405 uiy " \~ .
~. 50,000/ q= ^\# |=u nx qk~ .
DTC (Direct Tax Code):-
 Jx `H ## (P^ #, _q_O_ #, O^ #) XH H_ HO^ f~"x, 1961
P^ # K@O #O #`# ` H # H_x " \x `O qO k. DTC =~^#
2010 PQ O` < J^ H` # Q ~" O@s ~ O xH OOK#. Wk s ~~f ukOz
2012 =i ~" O\ =iOK#.
#~@ 201112 DTC u^# 201213 |_\ O_OQ Hq\ ~
0% 1.8 H 2 H 2 H 3 H
10% 1.85 H 25 H 25 H 310 H
20% 58 H 510 H 510 H 1020 H
30% > 8 H
> 10 H > 10 H > 20 H
ZH#q 75 z~Orq
 STT (Securities Transation Tax) x Zu" e.
 LIC, P~Qc=, @+< A iqux 1H LOK` L#` q^HO 50,000 =~ # q#~O
W"e.
 WO\ ~} KeO K =_ aOK 1.5H =_ ~~fx H#yOKe.
 O^ # ` O 30 H ^\` 1% qk < ~. nxx DTC u^# 1H\H OKQ O_OQ Hg\
5H@ OK=#k.
 O^ ## _ 3 Q ql Oz 520 H@ =^ 0.5%
2050 H@ =^ 0.7%
50 H@# 1% # qkOKe.
) ==, = #
 P^O =O, O^ P qkOK # '` H #. == = qkOK #
'~H #
1. Custom Duties:-

 = ZQ=u, kQ=` qkOK # 'H" OH

 kQ=u #: ^j i= ~H} , BOP @ `yO KO^, JO`~f "~x H=|^O K @
`O nx qkOK#.
 ZQ=u #: ` ~|_x OKO^, ^O = ` HeOKO^ nx qk~ .
 195051 J`kH #~|_ n#O_ aOKk. <_ Wk 4= <xH KiOk.
2. H O^ ZH* OH:
 1894 " \~ . ^O =` u nx qk~ .
 nx^~ =K P^O 10 F.C. ~ "~ 47.5% ~ W~ . (1 F.C. ~ 40% 3OH)
th st

 11 F.C. #O_ D q^#O =~~. H

th
O^O ZH* OH MODVAT(1986-87), CENVAT(2000-01) #
" \~ .
 200506 =~ H O^O H O^ ZH* OH JkH # P^xKq. 200607 #O_ Wk "^\ <x
H~Ok. 201213 |_\ 3= <x JOK< "O k.
3. "#:
 ~* K Hq\ "## ~ KO k.
 =<< OQ PiH= OuQ 199495 3 = (Telecom, c=, Stock Brokerage) "# " ># .
 199495 '3 =#
200910 <\H 109 =
(Dec) 201011 <\H 117 =# "# qkOK~.
` O 119 = D # ik H=.

ZH#q 76 z~Orq
 = OY # ~ @ #~|_ `O
199495  3 5% 0.5%
200910(P)  109 10% 9.3%
201011  117 10% 9.1%
201112  119 10%
201213  12%
 "`O # ~|_ "# "\ 9% < LOk.
 200607 #O_ "# < 2% q^ " \~ . 200708 3%H OK#.
 "iH s q= 10 H ^\` "# qk~ .
 2012 APR 1 #O_ GST J=H = "# ^x Q=`Ok.
 200607 "# ~ @ 12% LO_k. PiH= O^O= 200910 nx 10%H `yO K~.
 201213 |_\ =~ 12%H OK#.
4. W`~ #:
a) O=< # (Presumptive Tax):-
 ~* K Hq\ nx ~ K# k.
 z~ "~ Hk "`O # qk ^ "`O `xH P^O =O ^x ~<#.
 nx 199293 " \ 3OII J= K~.
b) \a< \H: < Q ` \a< H~O JO`~f "^gxO\< # qk P ^xH # P^O
~Q#. Ex: UHH |kb # qkOKe.
C) FBT (Fringe Benefit Tax):-

 L^QHK H~# TA, DA, #, W`~ J"# qkOK # 'F.B.T'.

 200910 nx ~^ K~.
d) Cash Transaction Tax / Bank Cash Transaction Tax
 ~. 50,000 HO> Z= "`x OH #O_ q`_ K nxx qk~ .
 #^"x x~kOKO^ "
\# \H ` O ~^ K~.
e) Poll Tax:- O^, P^O` O|O^O O_ =[O JO^i< qkOK # 'Poll Tax'
f) STT (Securities Transaction Tax):- 2004 " ># . i\ "^g qk~ . 201213 |_\
0.125 #Oz 0.1%H STT x `yO K#.
VAT (Value Added Tax) :-
 == H qq^ L`u / J=H ^ iy# q= =`" # qkOK_x ''q= P^i` #(VAT)
JO^~. Wk J_~" \H =i ~H # Multiple Point Tax.
 VAT # `eiQ J=K# ^O : < (1954)
VAT # zOz#k: "< =<

 ~` VAT # `eiQ 1978 Z.H . ~ Hq\ zOK#. ~* K , =<< OQ _ VAT

P=H`# <H K#.
ZH#q 77 z~Orq
 ~ Hq\ K# "~ 198687 MODVAT " \~ . (nxH ~O Manufacturing ~OQO MANVAT
LO_k)
 1991 # O~} Hq\ J^ _# ~* K CENVAT J= ~K x zOK#.
 ZH* OH q+ O 200001 |_\ #O_ CENVAT " \~ . Q`O =# 8%, 16%, 24% #~@
#O XH #~@ 16%# J=iK~. (Wk MODVAT #O =zOk)
 201112 |_\ H O^ ZH* OHO 10%Q LOk. 201213 |_\ 10 #Oz 12%H OK#.
 VAT # Jx ~ J= iKO^, qkq^< x~iOKO^ VAT kH~ Hq\ qq^ ~ PiH= O``
U~_Ok. nxH t=OQ PiH= Ou PO^ Q Hh#~Q ==iOK~ (2000).
 VAT J= = =K #x H O^O i VAT J=H ~ JOwHiOK#.
 VAT J= ~+ P^O `y`
"^\ O=`~O 100%
~ O_= O=`~O  75%
=_ O=`~O  50% H O^O i OKO^ ^ _ O k.
 e `OQ 2005 APR 1 #O_ ^O Z= ~ VAT J=HzOk.
 ~` VAT # J=K# `e~+O : ~< (2003 APR 1 #O_) 2008 JAN 1 #O_ U.P. _ VAT #
J= ~K _ O ` (z=iQ P"kOzOk) ^O Jx ~ VAT ikH =K~.
` O VAT J= xk: O_K i
JO_=<xH~ n=, Hn = Sales Tax ^ H|\ JH_ _ VAT J= ^ .
PO^ ^ - 2005 APR 1 #O_ VAT # J= KO k.
 H O^O ZH* OH #O#, ~+O J=H # #O#, VAT # J= K < ~.
 2005 VAT O|OkOz H O^O *sK# ` `O
 5 H @~=~ Hey# "~ VAT #O_ q#~OxK~.
 540 H =^ @~=~Q "~ Turnover Tax ^ VAT # ZOKH=K.
 40H @~=~ ^\# "~ ` xiQ VAT H ~"e.
VAT # Q}O K q^#O:
 O KO#, ~` # VAT # Tax credit method / Invoice method Q} < ~.
Ex: J=H ~. 1,00,000
L`uH~H J~# =O ~. 60,000
"`O H\e# # ~. 12,000 (VAT 12%Q q)
less: L`u H~H H<@_ KeO z# # ~. 7,200 (60,000# )
xH~O Q H\e# # ~. 4,800 (q= Ki# 40,000# )
D ^u L`u H~H# H#Q K# Invoice Voucher KOz#_ Input Tax Credit q#~O LO@Ok.
J#Q =O^ ^ KeO z# # `~ "` ^ q#~OK|_`Ok. Input Tax Credit q#~O O^O>
` xiQ H x~OKe. H|\ # ZQ"` JiH@| _`Ok.

ZH#q 78 z~Orq
VAT = :
 Cascading Effect (# #) `y=#.
 # ZQ"` JiH@= K.
 `xH ~|_ ~Q#.
 # ~x `yO K=K.
 Cross Checking g=`Ok.
 JO`~f \H ^^_ #.
 ` O ~+O 46 ~H == VAT ik #O_ q#~OK|_~.
Ex: == x=@, O , LC, qHOQ iH~, ...
 |OQ~O, "O_, =*~ } O|OkOz# ` H VAT 1% qk < ~.
 270 ~H x`=~ == 4% VAT qk < ~. (2011 #Oz nxx 5%H OK#)
Ex: C , #<, =O@ `, WH, W@H, KH ~.
 280 ~H == 14.5% VAT =iO K < ~. (2009H ~O 12.5% LO_k)
Ex: "O\, =_, =~, Q<\.
 ~+ ` JkH P^xK P, Q L`` 70% \, _l L`` ` J=H
# H#Q`Ok. (32.5%, 21.3%)
 H O^OQ Central Sales Tax (CST) #
4% to 3%, 3% to 2%, 2% to 1%, 1% to 0% H f~"e. ` O 2% J= =Ok.
GST (Goods and Services Tax):-
` O == , = qq^ ~H # qk < ~. GST J=H = D ~ O_O\# XH # LO@Ok.
Wk 2 ~H.
1. Unified or Single GST: nx H O^O =`" qkOz, ~` OKO@Ok.
2. Dual GST: nx H O^, ~+ ~ qkOK|_#. ~` D q^#" " @#<~.
GST ~ @ iQ `k ~O ^e^ . J~< uk` ~ @ D q^O Q L#q.
A) Goods at lower rate
B) Goods at standard rate
C) Services
J~` 3 O=`~ XH ~ @# qkOKe. "^\ ~ O_ O=`~ == ~ O_ ~ @ LO\~. J=~
== Goods at lower rate, ^~} == Goods at standard rate# qk~ . = =`O XH ~ @
LO@Ok.
Year Categories CGST(%) SGST(%) Total
1st Year Goods at lower rate 6 6 12
Goods at standard rate 10 10 20
Services 8 8 16
2nd Year Goods at lower rate 6 6 12
Goods at standard rate 9 9 18
Services 8 8 16
3rd Year Goods at lower rate 8 8 16
Services 8 8 16
10 H HO> ` = @~=~ Q "~xH GST q#~O LO@Ok. Wk J=H = "# ~ @
~QQ ^.
ZH#q 79 z~Orq
 2012 APR #O_ Goods & Service Tax (GST) J=H = H O^O Central Excise, Additional Excise Duties,
Surcharges and CESS, CENVAT, Service Tax GST qb#O JQ#.

 ~ GST J=` ~+ ZH* OH, ~+ J=H #, " # , Lease Tax, Luxury Tax, Turnover
Tax, Tax on Lottery, PH #, q<^ #, CESS GST qb#=`~.

 GSTx `eiQ <(1954) J= KO k. ` O 140 ^ Q nxx qk # q. Wk = =

Uniform Q qkOK #.

GST ~ O_ ` (HO^O, ~+O ) " @_xH u< ~. nx=

 Wk =#OQ#, ~^~ HOQ# LO@Ok.
 H O^, ~+ ~ qq^ ~H ## `y O k.
 K == # ~ @ `y O k.
 # Q Cascading Effect # `y O k.
 # ~|_# OK`Ok.
Wk 2012 APR 1 #O_ J=H ~Q^x PiH= Ou } H\ O K~. 13 F.C. _ GST " \x zOK#.
th

H O^ ` ~|_ ^~}:
 H O^ ` ~ q# ~|_ 2 ~H.
1. # ~|_
2. < `~ ~|_
195051 200910 201011(A) 201112(R.E) 201213(B.E)
# 88% 80% 72% 84% 82%
<`~ 12% 20% 28% 16% 18%
 195051 H O^ ` ~ q# ~|_ #"\ 88%, 200910 <\H HkQ `y 80%H KiOk.
 201213(B.E.) 82% LO_Q ^x JOK< "#.
 ~OO #O_ <\ = ~ ~ q# ~|_ =~ 80%# # ~|_ =O k.
# ~|_ ^~}:
'Tax GDP Ratio':- O=`~ HO H O^ `xH # ^~ =K ~|_x ^ GDP `OQ =H i ^x
"Tax GDP Ratio" JO\~.

Year Tax GDP Ratio

1950-51 4%
1990-91 10.1%
2005-06 9.9%
2006-07 11.0%
2007-08 11.9%
2008-09 10.8%
2009-10 9.7%
2010-11(P) 10.4%
2011-12(B.E) 10.5%
 195051 H O^ ` Tax GDP Ratio 4%. Wk <=kQ ~Q` =z O~} HO <\H 10%H
KiOk.
ZH#q 80 z~Orq
 O~} `~` ^|HO 8% =^ | ` LO_~Ok. 2000 `~` <=kQ ~Q` =zOk.
 200708 Qi+O Q 12%H KiOk (11.9%)
 200809 #O_ =O^ =O = PiH ==# uiy =$k @ xO* O^ Hx #~@ `yO K@=
Tax GDP Ratio HO` `yO k. (200809  10.8% #"^)
 H O^ #, ~+ # L=_Q fO> GDP H "`O # x+u
195051  6%
200708  19.4%
200910(B.E)  17.6%
 Ja+} Tax GDP Ratio 25% LO_x PiH" ` JaO.
` H, ~H # x+u:
`H ~H
195051 43% 57%
199091 19% 81%
200607 49% 51%
200708 53% 47%
200809 55.5% 44.5%
200910 58.9% 39.5%
201011(P) 55.2% 43.5%
201112(B.E) 56.3% 42.6%
 195051 H O^O ` H # "\ 43`OQ LO_k.
 #~@ Z=Q LO_@O = ` H # #O_ =K ~|_ `Q ` =z O~} HO <\H 19%H
KiOk.
 =~" ~H # "\ ~Q` =z 80%Q "\# KiOk. JO> ~` Ja=$k ==O` ^,
=^ `~Q u =~" i Ok.
 1991 ~* K Hq\, `~` q[ H ~ ~ "~ #~@, `y ~=_O = ` H
# "\ ~Q` =z ~H # "\ `yO k.
 200708 `eiQ ` H # "\ ~` HKi ` ~H # "\# JkQq Oz#k.
 <_ ` H #^ JkH "\.
 O~} `~ "` ~Qq =OQ ` H #" ~` PiH= = =~ KOk#k.
=HQ ` O Q # ^~}:
Rank 2008-09 2009-10 Rank 2010-11(P) 2011-12(B.E)
1 35.3% H~~+< # 39.2% 1 37.7%(1) 38.6%(1)

3 17.5% P^ # 19.6% 2 17.5%(2) 17.6%(2)

52.8% ` H # 58.9% 55.2% 56.3%

2 17.9% ZH * OH 16.5% 3 17.4%(3) 17.5%(3)

4 16.5% H" OH 13.3% 4 17.1%(4) 16.3%(4)

5 10.1% " # 9.4% 5 9.0%(5) 8.8%(5)

ZH#q 81 z~Orq
 ` H # P^ H~~+< # =Y"# q. ~H # H" ZH* OH, "#
=Y"# q.
 195051 J`kH #~|_ H" OH #O_ =Kk. #`# PiH O~} " > i H JkH #~|_
H O^ ZH* OHO #O_ aOKk. JO> ~` ~H # Pk` O HxOk.
 =HQ ` O Q#, q+Q # ~H #^ Pk` O LO_k.
 O~} J#O`~O # ~|_, x~}O =~ =zOk. 200506 =~ H O^ ZH* OHO JkH #
~|_x JOkOz#\H 200607 #O_ H~~+< # JkH ~|_#OkOzOk.
 200708 `eiQ ` H #"\ 50% ^\ ~H # "\# JkQq OK#.
 200708, 200809 J`kH # ~|_xKk:
1. Corporation Tax
2. Central Excise duty
 2009-10, 2010-11(P), 2011-12(B.E) #~|_ H=O:

1. Corporation Tax
2. Income Tax
3. Central Excise duty
4. Customs duty
5. Service Tax
JO> H O^ ZH* OHO <x IT PHqOz 2= <xH KiOk.
(H@ ~)
2011-12(B.E) 2011-12(R) 2012-13(B.E)
Corporation Tax 3,59,990 3,27,680 3,73,227
Income Tax 1,72,026 1,71,879 1,95,786
Union Excise duties 1,64,116 1,50,696 1,94,350
Customs 1,51,700 1,53,000 1,86,694
Service Tax 82,000 95,000 1,24,000
Gross Tax Revenue 9,32,440 9,01,664 10,77,612
< `~ ~|_ ^~} (Non-Tax Revenue):
 < `~ ~|_ ^ <O '2
1. _q_O_, , 2. H O^xH =z# =_
 H O^O ~, H O^e` O`, `~OQ O WK |} = K =_x WH_ =_Q
K_"Ok.
 ~ O_ OII H`O =~ < `~ ~|_ JkH" \ JOkOKk D =_ . Hh <_ < `~ ~|_ JkH "\
_q_O_ k.
 `~OQ O D =^ HO =~= O`OQ xK ~=_O = _q_O_, "\ iyOk.
# xqOK|_ qq^ Hq\:
1. *<=` Hq\ (1953)  H~~+< #
2. H~ Hq\ (1956)  |=u, O^, =O, =^# P^O #
3. =g~ `yHq\ (1959)  ` H # ij#

ZH#q 82 z~Orq
4. KO^ Hq\ (1964)  # ZQ"` x~^xH K#
5. `eOQO Hq\ (1967)  # q^< P^ xHH~ }
6. u"s Hq\ (1967)  Custom Duties
7. "OK Hq\ (1970)  ` H #, # ZQ"` , =i #^# O
8. H .Z<. ~* (1972)  ==^O #
9. Z.H . ~ (197678)  ~H # (VAT # zOK#)
10. KH (1977)  ` H # ` ~ O `|nH~ }
(Rationalization)
11. ~* K (1991)  ` H, ~H # (" ## zOK#)
12. ~ v (1992)  ~H #
13. ~ ~k O (2001)  10th Plan # O~} O|OkOz
14. q[ H ~ (2002)  ` H, ~H #
L.K.Jha:- 1. JkH P^ "HK` O = Specific Taxes HO>, Advalorem Taxes "~Q # q.
2. ZH* OHO, J=H # #O Single Commodity Tax # uO Ke.
3. Jx ~H #HO> VAT L`= "# k.
L`u ~ VAT x MANVAT Q " @=x '~ Hq\ zOK#. 1986 Wk MODVAT Q =~#. nx
#O 2000 CENVAT x " ># .
~* K Hq\ ~ :
 1991 ~* K J^ H` # '# O~} Hq\ xqOK|_ 1992 x"kH =iOK|_Ok.
 H:
 # ZQ"` x"~}  # K\ H H~}
 # ~O `yO K_O  # O`OQ =~x OK@
 ~:
1. `H #
 # ~ @, Slabs # `yO Ke.
 Corporation Tax `yO z Surcharge # ~^ K , ^j, q^j HOh Q Corporation Tax =`x 10%
HO> qOK O_ K_e.
 z# "~ , Retailers O=< # (Presumptive Tax) = K e.
 Shares, bonds =O\ L`^H P Wealth Tax q#~OKe.
2. ~H #
 Custom duties ^ "sQ `yO Ke.
 Excise duties VAT " \e.
 =# # ikH f~"e.
 Specific duties HO>, Advalorem duties "~Q # =<#.
 == P^O 25,000 ^\` # qkOKe.

ZH#q 83 z~Orq
3. W`~ JO
 TIN (Tax Identification Number)H |^ PAN (Permanent Account Number)# "
\e.
 J=:
 IT ~
@, Corporation Tax ~ @ `yO K~.
 200001 CENVAT " \~ .
 199495 Service Tax " \~ .
H / # O~} q[ H ~ Hq\ ~ : (2002 x"kH =iOK#)
 q` H=tH} HO =O `yO K@ HO> # ~|_ OK =~ ^$+ iOKe.
 P^ # iqu 50,000 #O_ H~ OKe. =$^ , q`O`= 1.5H OKe.
 3 JOK |^ 2 JOKO_e. # Slabs ~ O_ LO_e. 1 Lakh - 4 Lakhs  20%
4 Lakhs and above 30%

 Corporation Tax # 35% #O_ 30%H `yO Ke. q^j HOh nx 40 #Oz 35% `yO Ke.
 MAT x `yOKe.
 *f~ Goods & Services Tax " \e. nxH#Q}OQ H O^, ~ K\ K e.
 Standard deduction =i Surcharge f" e.
 P^# Surcharge f" e.
 Q$~} =_ # i\ 1.5 H #O_ 50,000H `yO Ke.
 Share holders _q_O_ # `yOKe.
 Customs OH ~ @ `yO z, i= =^ \`` x Oz ASEAN \i (OHO) ~H f~"e.
 3 ~ H" OH# qkOKe. (5, 8, 10 `O)
Note:- P^O` O|O^O O_ CESS qkOK|_#. Surcharge XH xi+ P^O ^\#_ qkOK|_#.
~+ ` ~|_:
Stamps & Reg duty q"# `, P |kb qkOKk.
L`^H "HK` O # ~ @ Oz` ^#O_ =K ~|_ ~Q_ O .
 ~+ ` ~|_ 2 =~ =O k.
1. # ~|_ 2. < `~ ~|_
1. # ~|_:
 nx 2 ~HQ K =K.
1. O` # ~|_
2. H O^ # #O_ "\
2. < `~ ~|_:
1. ~+ O` < `~ ~|_
2. H O^O #O_ =K QO@

ZH#q 84 z~Orq
 ~+ # ~|_ H O^O #O_ =K # "\ ~A~AH ~Q`Ok. J~#\H ~+ # ~|_
JkH" \ ~+ O` #^.
=Y"# ~+ #:
a) ` H # b) ~H #

 qt  J=H #
 Stamps & Registration  ~+ ZH* OH
 Professional Tax  "\~ "< #
 q^` L`u #
 q<^ #
J=H #:
`eiQ [~h " \~ .
~` `eiQ =^ ^ (\ J=H) `~` =^ " \~ .
<_ ~ J`kH ~|_xKk: J=H #
~ J=H # #O VAT J=HzOk.
~ J=H # H=^# = =O\k.
~+ ZH* OHO:
=^O, #=O^, =` ^~ ` s ~+O qkOK # '~+ ZH * OHO.
<_ J=H # `~` Wk 2= #O LOk.
"\~ "< #:
"< |~=, @ OY, "#O PHqOK O, ~"} K |~= |\ qq^ ~ "~ ~Q qk < ~.
A.P. rq`HO # "\~ "< qk < ~.
Stamps & Registrations: P [=#O "\ |kb, W`~ XO^ D # qk~ .
q<^ #:
Wk =O qkOK|_k.
"^@ 1922 OQ, `~` =O qkOK~.
q<^ ^~ # \H @^~ nx Hi~ .
~+ ~|_ ^~}:
 H O^, ~+ "`O # ~|_ H O^ # "\ ~Q, ~ #"\ `Q ` Ok. J#Q ~+ # HO>
H O^ # JkH L`^H "HK =O Hey =<~.
Ex: 195354: "`O # ~|_ H O^ # "\ 48%
200506: "`O # ~|_ H O^ # "\ 60%H iyOk.
 ~+ # ~|_ H O^O #O_ =K"\ ~Q`Ok.
195152  19%
200809  24%

ZH#q 85 z~Orq
 ~+ # ~|_ ~H # "\ JkHO Q LO_@" HO_ ~Q` =Ok.
Ex: 195152 "`O # ~H #"\ 38% HQ 200809 <\H Wk 85%H KiOk.
 ~ Ju^ # ~|_ J=H #.
NOTE: ` O H O^O Z= # ~|_ ` H # #O_ ~Q, ~ JkH # ~|_ ` H # #O_
aOk. J~` H O^, ~ # HeK JkH #~|_ ~H # #O_ =Ok.
A.P. #~|_ =~:

 A.P. _ ~+ O`=#~ ^~ =K ~|_ `Q K O_Q, H O^O #O_ ~xHK |^~O ~Q`#q.

Wk ~+= , H O^O JkHO Q P^~_ \ x zOk.
 ~+ `xH qq^ # ^~ =z# ~|_ J=~} H=O (`Q K # H=O):
200910 201011
1. J=H #  67.2% 67.41%
2. ~+ ZH* OHO  16.6% 16.88%
3. Stamps & Registration  7.50% 7.75%
4. "\~ "< #  5.6% 5.24%
5. =$u #  1.2% 1.21%
 ~xH J`kH # ~|_xKk: J=H #, `~`
~ O_= #O: ~+ ZH* OH.
D ~ O_O\ #O_ =~ 84% # ~|_ aOk.
 ~+ ` H # JkH" \: Stamps & Registration Tax
 ~+O =~ 90% ~H # #O_, 10% ` H # #O_ aOk. JO> ~+O Z=Q #
~x ^, =^ `~Q u "~ i < ~.
 ~+O Land Revenue Tax #O_ 0.27% =`" a O k.
H O^ ` =O:
=O

}oH`~ }oH

~q# =^#O ~q# =^#O

 =_ KeO  ~H}
=O  H O^ } oH  H O^ }oH =O
 a_ (^HO) =O  H
O^O ~
 ~H} =O  ~ UTs  H O^O ~ K K }oH O
(Ou =O) H O^qK ~} }oH O
 L^Q r`  q^HK ~}
 i>~ OK#
 O HK ~}
 HO^O, ~

UTs JOkOK
QO@
ZH#q 86 z~Orq
 ~OO H O^ ` ==# ~ q#, =^# O =OQ ql OK~.
1. ~ q# =O:
 ^~} i# QOQ O H, PiH, =lH = K Y~. nx= #`# P $+ [~Q^ .
Ex: =_ KeO L^Q r`
~H}
~ q# =O O H =
a_
2. =^# =O:
 #`# P $+H [iQ =O '=^# =O.
Ex: * x~}O i= #
#`# O` # ~_, = < x~}O
 ` =O# =~ ~HO Q# ql OK=K.
1. Ja=$k =O: =lH, PiH = K =O.
Ex: Hs , * x~}O K =O
2. Ja=$^` ~ =O:
Ex: i>~ # "iHK OK# , =_ KeO , # =H
=O,~H} =O
198788 #O_ ` =x #`#OQ =sHi < ~.
1. }oH =O (}oH qOK|_ JO K =O '}oH =O.)
2. }oH`~ =O (}oH qOK|_x JO K =O '}oH`~ =O.)
}oH`~ ~ q# =O: }oH`~ =^# =O
 |} =_ KeO (1)  ~H} =O
 a_ (2)  `~OQ O
~}
 ~H} ~ q# =O (3)  ~, H O^e` O` ~}
 ~, UTs WK QO@  q^j ` ~}
 OK#
 b Y K =O
 *f q` H ~HOkOK O
 # =H =O
 Postal Department @
 q^ WK QO@
 PiH =H =O (==O, i=, q^, ~"})
 O H =H =O (q^, P~Q ~OQ)

ZH#q 87 z~Orq
^~}:
 `O`O `~` }oH, * OH = O = ` =O ~Q` =Ok.
 =^# =O HO> ~ q# =O Z= LO_@" HO_ "QO Q ~Q`Ok.
Ex: 195051 "`O =O ~ q# =`O 66 HQ 20102011 <\H 86 `xH
201112 |_\ 87`xH iyOk. (201213 |_\ JOK< _ 86%)
 Ja=$k =O HO> Ja=$^` ~ =O Z=Q LOk.
Ex: =_ KeO , ~H} , ^~} i#
 }oH =O HO> }oH`~ =O Z= LO_@" HO_ "QO Q ~Q`Ok.
Ex: 201112 |_\ }oH`~ =O 65% (201213 |_\ _ 65%)
 ~` ` =O Single largest item of expenditure: =_ KeO
201112 (B.E) 201213 (B.E)
Ex: 1. =_ KeO  2,67,986 H@ 3,19,759 H@
2. a_  1,34,210 H@
3. ~H}  95,216 H@
NOTE: ~H}H ~ q# =O 95,216 H@
=^# =O 69,199 H@ H \~OK~.
"`O 1,64,415 H@
 ~ q# =O =_ KeO "\ ~A~AH ~Q`Ok
Ex: 195051  11%
201112  24.4%
 ~H} =O ~Q`#\H ~H} =`O `Q ` Ok.
Ex: 195051: "`O =O ~H} =O  30%
201112: "`O =O ~H} =O  13%
~H}
=O ^~}OQ Ou =O ~ q# =OQ#, ^ =O =^# =OQ# LO@Ok.

ZH#q 88 z~Orq
 BUDGET
 'Budget' J<k 'Bougate' J< O z ^O #O_ L^q OzOk. nxH 'Oz (Bag) Jx J~O .
 ~` ~*OQOx 112= JkH~ }
'|_\ J< ^xH |^ 'Annual Financial Statement of Central Govt'
J< ^x "_~.
 Budget J<k xs` =xH K =x, ^xH~ =~ P^x zOK#.
 ^~}OQ |_\ # |=i< z=i~A# =i~ . ^xH =O^~A PiH ~ , ^x =O^~A ~ |_\
=i~ .
 ~` PiH O=`~O APR 1# ~O" MAR 31` =QO k.
 ~` `e|_\ # +}QO\ 1947 " \~ .
 O=`~xHHi ~OkOK|_ |_\ # '^~} |_\ Jh, ~[H J~ ` , J^~} i` ~OkOK
|_\ # ''``eH / =^ O`~ Budget Jx ~ . (Vote on Account = =`" LO\~.)
 =#^O ^~} |_\ #O_ ~ |_\ # "~ K =x JH~ Hq\ 1921 zOz#k. 1924 #O_ ~
|_\ # "~ K K < ~.
 Z=~ |_\ # " \# k : "~s ^
|_\ # " \# `e ^ x : <
|_\ # " \# = ^ x : WOk~ QOn
 |_\ 3 Q H=.
1. O \` xk
2. PQO`H xk
3. ` M`
 =# ~|_, |}# 'O \` xkH [=K~ . `O =xq`O _| fH"O> ~" O\
J#=u ` xi. O \` xkH KOk# D Q< '^~} |_\ JO\~.
 J`=~O Q J#Hx =O Z^~ # _ ~+ u Y~ KO^ L^t Oz#^ 'PQO`H xk
 z# "` ^, PF, `, rq` c= "^Q "\ ^~ =# "`x ` M` [=
K~ . n#Oz Y~ K@_ ~" O\ J#=u J=~O ^ .
 |_\ "`O ~|_, "`O =O =#OQ LO> Jk ''=` |_\ , ~|_ HO> =O JkH" ` Jk
''@ |_\ , =O HO> ~|_ JkH" ` Jk ''qQ |_\ .
|_\ x Q:
|_\ ~ O_ Q LO\~.
1. ~ q# |_\ (or) M`
2. =^# |_\ (or) M`
1. ~ q# |_\ :
 ~ "# ~|_, ~ "# =xH O|OkOz#^ '~"# |_\
2. =^# |_\ :
 =^# ~|_, =xH O|OkOz#^ '=^# |_\
ZH#q 89 z~Orq
 "`O ~|_ ~ "# ~|_ { =^# ~|_
"`O =O ~ "# =O { =^# =O (OR)
}oH =O { }oH`~ =O
~ "# ~|_:
 ~ "# ~|_: # ~|_, < ` ~|_
 g\ # #O_ JkH ~|_ =# k.
 # ` H #^ JkH ~|_.
< `~ ~|_ `~OQ O , _q_O_, `xHK =_ , "}[~ LO\~.
~ "# =O:
 ~ q# =O }oH }oH`~ =OQ LO@Ok. }oH`~ =" JkH QO.
 }oH`~ ~ "# =O =_ KeO , a_, ~H} , ^ # QQ LO\~.
}oH ~ "# =O H O^ }oH =O, ~, UTs K H O^ }oH O LO\~.
=^# ~|_:
 Wq 2 ~H: 1. =~\ #O_ f< |}, 2. |}`~ ~|_
 D ~ O_O\ =~\ #O_ f< |} JkHO Q LO\~.
 |}`~ ~|_ ` P qH O ^~, ` @|_ LO ~} ^~, Q`O `qz#
|}# "#H fH=_O ^~ ~|_x =~H##.
=^# =O:
 Wk }oH`~ =^# =O, }oH =^# =O Jx 2 ~H.
 }oH`~ =^# =O ~H} =^# =O =i ~, UTs WK |} LO\~.
@ |_\ :
 O^ PiH"` `= =O, `= # qkOK ` L`==x qOz qQ |_\
^#qK~.
 192933 =^ PiH =O^O, 1936 H< "General Theory" K ~}` @ |_\ ^#`# O`iOK#k.
 =O^HO @|_\ = ` =O iy [ P^, H#Q H iy <=kQ ^~ ~Q@
= " \ @|_^~ L`O` @|_ >O ^ =O^H~ . J#Q x~i` PiH == P[#H
"`=~}O $+O K|_#.
 |_\ P^xH qOz =O LO> @ U~_`Ok. Wk qq^ ~H:
1. ~ "# @ (R.D)
2. |_\ @ (B.D)
3. H@ (F.D)
4. ^gHiOK|_# @
5. ^q H @ (P.D)

ZH#q 90 z~Orq
ZH#q

|_\

~ q# |_\ / JHO\ =^# |_\ / JHO\

~ q# ~|_ ~ q# =O =^# ~|_ =^# =O

# ~|_ < `~ ~|_ }oH`~ }oH P q= `yO Kq |}}oH`~ }oH

(OR)
 , _q_O_  =_ KeO  H O^}oH =O  ~H}
|}`~ ~|_
91

`H ~H  `xHK =_  a_  ~, UTs  ~, UTs

 @|_ LO ~}
 ZH*
 H~~+< #  "}[~ ~|_ ~ .~H} =O H O^}oH O  ` P
J=HO ~}
 H"
 P^ #  i< ~|_ ~ ` ~}  PSU ~}
 ` |} =
 " #
 O^ #  ~HK QO@

 |=u #  OK#

|} ~|_

^j q^j
 Q$~OQO #O_ z# "` ^
 Govt. i\ J=H JkH~ (O ) ` #O_
z~Orq
1. ~ "# @: ~ "# M` ~ "# ~|_ H< ~ "# =O Z"` ~ "# @ U~_#.
~ "# @ ~ "# =O ~ "# ~|_
(OR)

(}oH { }oH`~ ~ "# =O) (# { < `~ ~|_)

2. |_\ @: "`O ~|_ HO> "`O =O Z"` |_\ @ U~_#.
|_\ @ "`O =O "`O ~|_
(OR)

(~"# =O { =^# =O) (~"# ~|_ { =^# ~|_)

|_\ @# "Overall Budget Deficit" JO\~.
Note: ~
"# @ =^# M` ^~ s K~ .
|_\ @# #`# H~ h <@ *s^~ s K~ .
3. H@:
 |_\ @ Q x `eiQ +<, `~` M= KH=i qOK~.
 |_\ @# Q}O KO^ =^# ~|_ =~\ |} He K_" O k.
 KH=i Hq\ D =~\ |}# =^# ~|_ K~^h, e `OQ |_\ @ =~\ |} ^~
s K H=_xH gH^h H\ O K#.
 H|\ =^# ~|_ #Oz =~\ |} q#~Oz H@# Q}O K=K.
H @ |_\ @ { =~\ |} (OR)
"`O =O (~"# ~|_ { |}`~ ~|_) (OR)
"`O =O |} Hx "`O ~|_
 ` O `O H =Q" # @ H=#O W^.
 199798 #O_ D H@# Q} < ~.
 H@# H` |} fH=_O ^~ ^ #`# H~ h =^} ^~ s K =K.
4. Monetised Deficit:
 #`# H~ hx =kOK@ ^~ s K |_ @# "Monetised Dificit" JO\~.
 nx= ^= iy, ^"}O iQ J=H=Ok.
5. ^q H @:
 H@H, =_ KeO H =^ =`" ''^q H @.
^q H @ H @ =_ KeO (OR)
H @ ^q H @ { =_ KeO
 ` |}O =_ KeO Q ZO` "`O ` =xH JO^@ LO@O^ `e* ^xx
''^q H @ JO\~.
 n~H eHOQ |_\ @ LO_@" ''@ |_\ q^#O.
 |_\ @ '0' J~` ''O`e` |_\
 |_\ @ '+ve' J~` ''@ |_\
 |_\ @ '-ve' J~` ''qQ |_\
ZH#q 92 z~Orq
 @ |_\ # s KO^
J^# H~ h =^}
|} H~}
J^# # qkOK@ =O\ K~ K_ ` ~.
 1997 ~O @# iOK<O^ `O RBI =^ F=~_ ^ O qxyOK<k. nx=
`O qKq_Q |}O "_k.
 1997 #O_ Ways and Means Advances (P~< ^ O) HO^ ``eH |} f< ^ O
" ># . nx H~O ` |}O fi#_ H` |}O W=_O [~Q#.
 ~` qq^ ~H @ D q^O Q L<~.
R.D. F.D. P.D. R.D. as a % of F.D.
2003-04 3.6 4.5 0.0 79.7
2007-08 1.1 2.5 -0.9 41
2008-09 4.5 6.0 2.6 75
2009-10 5.2 6.5 3.2 81
2010-11(P) 3.2 4.8 1.8 66.3
2011-12(B.E) 3.4 4.6 1.6 74.4
FRBMA (Fiscal Responsibility and Budgetary Management Act 2003):
 2003 K@O K Q 2004 J=H =zOk.
 ~ q#@# 0.5% KC# `y 200809 <\H iQ x~eOKe.
 H@# f OII 0.5% KC# `y 200809 <\H 3% HO> ` = LO_@ K_e.
 f 3 < PiH= Ou P^ =# gHO Ke.
 FRBMA J=iK ~ ` = =_` |} s+_ K _O`@ QO@ JOkOKe.
 200708 <\H FRBMA x~t Oz# H J#Q}OQ H O^O `# ~ q# @# 1.1%H, H@#
2.5%H f~QeyOk. J~` 200809 #O_ PiH =O^ =O = `O =x OKe ~=_O`,
=~" #~@ `yO Ke ~=_O` ~ "#, H@ =~ ~Q` =K~. `O FRBMA H#
"~^ "O k.
 13th F.C. H~O 201415 <\H g\x kOKe.
 FRBMA # J= K# `e ~+O : A.P.
201213 |_\
 "`O ~|_ ~ "# ~|_ "\ Z=. 201213 (63%)
 ~ q# ~|_ # ~|_ "\ Z=.
 =^# ~|_ =~\ |} "\ JkHO .
 }oH`~ =O }oH`~ ~ "# =O "\ JkHO .
 }oH`~ ~ "# =O =_ KeO "\ Z=.
 }oH =O _ ~ "# =O "\ Z=.
"`O =O }oH`~ ~ "# =O "\ JkHO .
 "`O =x ~ "#, =^# =Q ql ~ "# =O "\ JkHO . (201213 86%)
 ~ "# @ J<k ~ "# =O, ~ q# ~|_ =^ `_.
 D |_\ '"= ~ "# @ J< =# J^#OQ K~~.

ZH#q 93 z~Orq
 ~ q# @ #O_ =^# P H# HO "zOK QO@ f" "= ~ "# @ =O k.
 "`O =xH, ~ "# ~|_ { |}`~ =^# ~|_H =^ ## `_ 'H@.
 H@H, =_ KeO =^ ## `_ '^q H @.
201112 |_\ 201213 |_\
1. ~ "# ~|_ (2{3) ~. 7,89,892 H@ 9,35,685 H@
2. # ~. 6,64,457 H@ 7,71,071 H@
3. < `~ ~. 1,25,435 H@ 1,64,614 H@
4. =^# ~|_ (5{6{7) ~. 4,67,837 H@ 5,55,241 H@
5. ~} = ~. 15,020 H@ 11,650 H@
6. W`~ = ~. 40,000 H@ 30,000 H@
7. =~\ #O_ ~} ~. 4,12,817 H@ 5,13,590 H@
8. "`O ~|_ (1{4) ~.12,57,729 H@ 14,90,925 H@
9. }oH`~ =O (10{12) ~. 8,15,182 H@ 9,69,900 H@
10. ~ "# =O ~. 7,33,558H@ 8,65,596 H@
11. =_ KeO ~. 2,67,986 H@ 3,19,759 H@
12. =^# =O ~. 82,604 H@ 1,04,304 H@
13. }oH =O (14{15) ~. 4,41,547 H@ 5,21,025 H@
14. ~ "# ~. 3,63,604 H@ 4,20,513 H@
15. =^# ~. 77,943 H@ 1,00,512 H@
16. "`O =O (9{13) ~. 12,57,729 H@ 14,90,925 H@
17. ~ "# =O (10{14) ~. 10,97,162 H@ 12,86,109 H@
18. =^# P H#H
L yOK QO@ ~. 1,46,853 H@ 1,64,672 H@
19. =^# =O ~. 1,60,657 H@ 2,04,816 H@
20. ~ "# @ (171) ~. 3,07,270 H@ (3.4%) 3,50,424 H@
21. "= ~ "# @ (2018) ~. 1,60,417 H@ (1.8%) 1,85,752 H@ (1.8%)
22. H @ (16(1{5{6)) ~. 4,12,817 H@ (4.6%) 5,13,590 H@ (5.1%)
23. ^q H @ (2211) ~. 1,44,831 H@ (1.6%) 1,93,831 H@

ZH#q 94 z~Orq
|_\ =O
1. }oH`~ =O(A+B):
A) ~ "# =O
1. =_ KeO 7. *f H$ u " s ` xk #O_ JOkOK O
2. a_ 8. PiH = (==O, i=, H, ~"})
3. ~H} 9. ^~} = (#=, q^j ==~)
4. ~, UTs HK QO@ 10. O H = (q^, P~QO, K~O)
5. OK# 11. Postal Deficit
6. b 12. q^HK QO@
13. Amount Met from National calamity contingency fund
14. Expenditure of Union Territories without legislature
B) =^# =O
1. ~H}
2. ` ~OQ O HK |}
3. ~, UTs HK |}
4. q^j `HK |}
2. }oH =O (C+D):
C) ~ "# =O
1. H O^ }oH =O
2. ~, UTs HK }oH O
D) =^# =O
1. H O^ }oH =O
2. ~, UTs HK }oH O
|_\ ~|_
1. ~ "# ~|_ (A+B):
A) # ~|_

1. Corporation Tax 5. Service Tax

2. Income Tax 6. O^ #
3. Excise duty 7. H O^e` O` #
4. Customs Duty
B) < `~ ~|_

1. _q_O_, (2 Place)
nd

2. =_ = (3 Place)
rd

3. |~` QO@
4. W`~ < `~ ~|_ (1 Place)
st

ZH#q 95 z~Orq
2. =^# ~|_(E+F):
E) Non-Debt Receipts (|}`~ ~|_)
1. |} = (Q`O Wz# |})
2. W`~ ~|_ (@|_ LO ~} ^~)
F) Debt Receipts (|} ~|_)

1. =~\ |} (J`kH "\)

2. H |}
3. q^j O
4. z# ^ "` (Securities issued against small savings)
5. P.F. "`
|_\ ~H:
1. | |_\ :
 PiH == XH\ HO> Z= |_@ LO> Jk '| |_\ . ~` 1924 `~` ~ , ^~} |_@
#
"~ ~Q " _`<~. H|\ Wk | |_\ .
 H~@H == |_\ # ` HOQ " _`<~. (201112)
2. P^i` / O^ |_\ :
 Q_z # OII H \~O P^~OQ =~= # OII |_\ H \~O [iy` ^xx ''P^i` |_\ JO\~.
Ex: ~` x |_\
3. Zero Based Budget (ZBB):

 Q` OII H \~O` O|O^O O_ ` J=~ ^$ H \~O K^ 'Zero Based Budget'.

 J#Q f OII '0' #O_ H`Q PzOz H \~~ .
 1969 @~~ (J"iH) nx XH " \ i= " ># .
 ~r"QOn HO q.. OQ PiH= OuQ 198687 ~` Zero Based Budget " \~ . Wk H#Q^ .
 A.P. 200001 #= ~=H$+_ nx " \~ .
4. Performance Budget (=~ P^i` |_\ ):
 1948 =~ Hg+< ~ "~ J"iH `eiQ " \~ .
 1968 i< O~} O O ~ H O^O Hx =Ou`Y " \~ .
 q^ , ^H , H~H P^~OQ =O K^ "Performance Budget"
` |}O
 ` H~H ~A~AH ~Q_ O =, P^x qOz =O K _O = ` |}O _ ~Q`
=Ok.
 |}O qq^ ~HQ LO@Ok.
1. |}O K ^u x |\ KO ^, x~O^ |}.
 [ KO ^OQ |}q Jk 'KO ^ |}O.
ZH#q 96 z~Orq
  [ #O_ x~O^O Q |} Hi Jk 'x~O^ |}O
 1978 Compulsary Deposit Scheme # ~` `O " \ x~O^| }O HiOzOk.
2. |}O [#O |\ 2 ~H:
a) L`^H |}O ~ , i= Ja=$kH fH<q
b) J#`^H |}O ^ ~H} , ^O , H~ = x"~}H fH< ~}
3. |}O uiy KeO K q^#O ^ HO |\ 2 ~H:
a) xnH$ ` (Funded) |}O:
 |}x uiy KeO KO^ XH xkx U~@K `^~ |}x Ke Jk 'xnH$ ` |}O.
 Wk n~H xH KOk#k. nx H==k 2030 OII.
b) xnH$ `OHx |}O:
Wk HxH KOk#k. 1 OII HO uiy KeO Ke.
4. |}O f# O`O |\ 2 ~H.
a) ^j |}O:
 [, O , OH, RBI #O_ f< |}O ''^j / JO`~` |}O.
 nx ^j H~ h KeO K=K.
b) q^j |}O:
 q^j `, O #O_ f< |}. g\x q^j H~ h ^~ KeO Ke. nxH ZQ=` Oz
q^j =~H ^"x JiOKe. nx= =#~ XH ^O #O_ =~ ^xH `~e `~.
 J~` Hx ` H |}# ^j H~ h KeO K=K.
Ex: J"iH #O_ f# PL 480 (Public Law) |}O.
5. H |}x 3 ~HQ ql OK#.
a) Dead Weight |}O:
 q +` ZO\ [#O, P^O HeOKx , L`^H H OKx ` |}" 'Dead Weight Debt'
Ex: ^xH |}O.
b) Passive (x+ `H)Debt:
 ` H P^O ~QH ~< O H OH = O OKO^ ^^_ |}.
Ex: q^, P~QO, O H OH = O.
C) Active (H `H) Debt:
 `=O`@ `" OQ |}# KeO K * , i= K =O.
JO`~` |}O:
GDP `O
200607  24,35,000 H@ 56.7
200708  27,25,000 H@ 54.7
200809  30,36,000 H@ 53.9
200910  33,83,761 H@ 52.4
201011(RE)  37,74,758 H@ 49.2
201112(BE)  41,81,800 H@ 46.9
ZH#q 97 z~Orq
|~` |}O:
GDP `O
200607  1,02,2000 H@ 2.4
200708  1,12,000 H@ 2.2
200809  1,23,000 H@ 2.2
200910  1,34,000 H@ 2.1
201011(RE)  1,56,300 H@ 2.0
201112(BE)  1,70,800 H@ 1.9
"`O |}O (JO`~` { |~` ) :
GDP `O
200607  25,38,000 H@ 59.1
200708  28,37,000 H@ 56.9
200809  31,59,000 H@ 56.1
200910  35,17,000 H@ 54.5
201011(RE)  39,31,000 H@ 51.2
201112(BE)  43,52,000 H@ 48.8
 ~` JO`~` , |~` , "`O |} i=}O ~Q`#\H GDP "\ `O `Q ` =Ok.
 =# q^j |} JkH QO J"iH #O_ =z#".
 ~` |~` |}O 2010 =i <\H _~ 261 ae#.
 ^q [ # H<. .. ~` KeO Ke# |}O ~. 300 H@.
 201112 |_\ ` =_ KeO ~. 2,67,000 H@
(201011 |_\ ` =_ KeO ~. 2,48,000 H@)
 ~` `i JC f ~x 200809 <\H ~. 28,500.
|} =:
 ` |}O = =_ KeO ~O ~Q`Ok.
^"} Xu_ ~O ~Q#.
|}H#yO ~O ~Q#.
|} q"K# ^` :
1. |} i=~# :
 ` |}x H` |}OQ =~@. nx= =_ ~O `Q # .
2. qQ |_\ J=OaOK@
3. |}# "~^ ^` f~@
4. |}q"K# xk (Sinking Fund):- nxx "^@ Huge walpole (U.K) zOK#.
 |}x uiy KeO KO^ f OII HO` "`x nxH [= K~ .
ZH#q 98 z~Orq
5. Capital Levy:-

 |}~O JkH" # _ O^, P XHi ^ "`O ` H # qk~ .

6. |} x~H~} :
 ~[H J~ ` U~_#_, ^ Oq Oz#_ ` ` |}# KeO K@ x~Hi~.
Ex: 1917 ~ `O. x*xHk |}q"K# ^u H^. nx= P ^ |} fH< =~ O `Q # .
7. J^# # qkOK@
8. J# BOP x x~OK@
Bankrupt: When a person fails to repay the money borrowed, he is declared bankrupt.

H q^#O (Fiscal Policy):-

H< ^=q^#O HO> H q^<xH JkH ^#qK#. 192930 PiH= O^O, 1936 H< ~K# ` H
q^#O ^#` O`iOKHOk. PiH =O^HO ^=q^#O HO> Hq^#" =~= O`OQ xK #.
L`u, L^y` ` #, ` =O, ` |} =" ''H q^#O
'' `O `# ~|_, =O, |} O|OkOz# x~} q^#" H q^#O.
 ~` n~H eH H q^#O# 1985 H\ O K~. (7= }oH)
 ^=q^#O RBI (^= JkH~) H KOk#k HQ
H q^#O H O^ `xH KOk#k.
 H q^#O H:
 PiHa=$kx kOK@  =#~ gH~}
 ^, @|_# OOkOK@  =~= O`" # =#~ H \~O
 ^~ ~ ` x kOK@  P^ #O}
 Lk J=H# "~Q~K @
 Hq^#O ^< :
1. ` # (~|_)
2. ` =O
3. ` |}O
4. @ |_\
1. #
 O^ PiH" ` H~O # ~|_ ^< =`" .
 P^ xH H PiH" ` H~O # ~|_ ^< HH PiH == ~ ` # kOK ^< _.
 # ~|_x =~#.
J#=~ qxQx `yO z =#~ Ja+} ~OQ =~@ L Q_ #.
P^ J=#`e `yO K#.
2. ` =O
 ` =O J<k PiHa=$kH, * OH = xH, Qg}a=$kH, ~ PiHa=$kH ^^_ #.
ZH#q 99 z~Orq
3. ` |}O
 |}O J<k s i= # , PiH == J^#OQ L# ^=~tx HiOK@ ^~ ^"}O
`yO KO^ L Q_ #.
4. @ |_\
 =O^O PiH ~ ` @ |_\ L Q_ #.
 H ^< ^~ ^"}, u^"}# xOuOK=K.
H ^< ^"} HO u^"} HO
# `H # OK# ` H ## `yO K#
` =O `O =x `yO K# OK#
` ~}O [ #O_ ~} H~} `~ } [ KeO Ke
|_\ qQ |_\ J=OaOK@ @|_\ J=OaOK@
 'Qi+ O H [# `O # _<, Q Ja=$k K~.
H O^, ~ =^ q` O|O^ (Federal Finance)
 ~` ~*OQOx 7= +_ H~O H O^ ~ q^ qOK~.
H O^ #:
1. P^ # (==^O q#)
2. Customs Duties
3. Excise Duty (=^O, #=O^, =` ^ ~ q#)
4. Corporation Tax
5. Estate Duty (Except == =)
6. =^# P q= # (== = q#)
7. q` O|O^ ` Stamp duty
8. "~ uH H#Q, J=H, "\ H@ # #
9. ~ } Ks, = ~"} Ks
10. [, ", ~ ~"} ^~ =, } #
11. == JO`~ ~+ H#Q, J=H #
~+ #:
1. qt
2. == H#Q, J=H # ("~ uH q#)
3. ==^O #
4. Estate Duty (== q)
5. Excise Duty (=^O, =` ^~ )
6. xH O`H =K == " #
7. Yx[ #
ZH#q 100 z~Orq
 8. q^KH J=HO, qxQO #
9. "<, [O`=, _= ~"} #
10. Stamp Duty (q` O|O^ ` q#)
11. Toll Tax
12. =$u #
13. q<^O, O^=, E^O #
 ~+ *a`, L=_ *a` qOK|_x JO H O^O # qkOK=K.
 Hx # ~|_ iQQh, HH O Q Hh H O^O... ~HOkOK#.
1. H O^O qkOz, = K, H O^" J#q OKq
Ex: Corporation Tax
H" OH
O^ #
=_ #, |=u #
2. H O^O qkOz, = K, ~+O ` He OKH<q
Ex: P^ # (10th F.C. H~O 77.5%)
Excise Duty (10th F.C. H~O 47.5%)
Service Tax
Note: 11th F.C. #Oz q_q_Q HO_ O} K ^Q xH~ H O^ # HO`"\# ~H < ~.
 80= ~*OQ =~}K@O 2000H ~O H~~+< #, H" OH # P^O iQ H O^x^. Hx
D =~} `~ "` P^# H O^ZH * OHO " #`@, H~~+< #, H" OH,
O^ # "`O #Oz ~ "\ |kb J=`Ok.
3. H O^O qkOz, =K ~|_#O`\ h ~eHK k.
Ex: Estate Duty == } Terminal Tax
"` # ~ ~"} # (~ } )
Stock Exchange "^g # "~ uH J=HO, H#Q "\ H@ # #
4. H O^O qkOKQ ~ = K Hx, J#q OKq
Ex: Stamp duties and excise duties on Medical preparations containing alcohol or narcotics (=^O L yOK
=O^ ` s qkOK O, ZH* OH)
5. Mill made textiles, OK^~, Q J^# Excise duty # 1957 #O_ H O^" qkOk. ~+ J=H
# #O nx qk < ~. H|\ "`O P^O ~H KO^`Ok.
PiH O O:
 ~*OQOx 280= JkH~ } H~O ~` ~+ u f 5 OII XHi PiH O x xq~ .
PiH O O K~ < { 4Q~ LO\~.
 H O^, ~ =^ PiH =#~# (#, QO@, W`~ =#~) O} K ^ ` (Vertical Distribution)
=i ~ =^ =#~ O} (Horizontal Distribution) K ^ ` PiH O x^.
ZH#q 101 z~Orq
q` O O q^ :
1. # = =i# xH~ ~|_ H O^, ~+ ` =^ O}, JO^ ~ "\ x~~ OK_O .
2. H O^O ~ WK QO\ W< Z~_ =OE~ x=.
3. H O^, ~+ ` O|OkOz# PiH O|O^ KOk# W`~ JO q+ } .
 PiH O O ~*OQ|^" # k HQ, }oH O O ~*OQ`~ O.
 W\=~ 12 PiH O ~ J=~.
1. H .. xy (195257) 8. ". a. K"< (198489)
2. H . O`#O (195762) 9. Z<.H .. (198995)
3. Z.H. KO^ (196266) 10. H .. O` (19952000)
4. .q. ~[=<~ (196669) 11. Z.ZO. Y (20002005)
5. =g~ `y (196974) 12. . ~OQ~[< (200510)
6. H . |#O^~ _ (197479) 13. q[ Z. H ~ (201015)
7. *.ZO. +\ (197984)
 13th F.C. ~ # 2010 |=i ~" O\ =iOK~.
Wq 201015 HO J= LO\~.
 13th F.C. J^_  q[ H ~
H~^i  Nq`
 11th F.C: H O^, ~ OK< # ~ "\ 29.5%,
H O^O #O_ "`O |kb Qi+O Q 37.5% Q ~ K#.
 12th F.C: # ~"\ 30.5%
"`O |kb Qi+O Q 38%
 13th F.C: H O^, ~ OK< # ~"\ 32%H iyOk.
# W`~ ~|_ He Qi+O Q 39.5%H iq`O K~.
13th F.C. ~ =MO:

1. ukH: HOk JO ukH# ~ =^ x^ O} [~Qx K#.

JOO 12th F.C. 13th F.C.

a) [< (1971)  25% 25%

b) q~O  10% 10%
c) Income Distance (12th F.C.)  50%
q` =~ ^~O (13th F.C.)  47.5%
d) Fiscal Descipline  7.5% 17.5%
e) Tax Effort  7.5%
2. |} iqu: H O^, ~ |} iqu 68%H `yO Ke.

ZH#q 102 z~Orq

3. @: ~ "# @# '0' , H @# 3%H 201415 OII <\H f~"e. (201415 <\H ~ q#
qQ kOKe)
4. FRBM:

 nx J=iKO^ XH `O` gH O`OQx <He.

 "`# O O ~# `x P"kOz# ~A #OK KeO O_ K_e.
5. GST:

 J= ~ "\ #x 5 OII@ s K _xH 50" H@` xkx U~@ K e.

 ~+ PiH =O` kH~ Hq\x K@| ^" # =O_eQ =~ K e.
6. W`~ JO:
 q` xH 26,373 H@ QO@ ~ .
 '*f Calamity Contingency Fund' (NCCF), National Disaster Response Fund ` Hh J\Q Calamity
Relief Fund # O|Ok` ~ State Disaster Response Fund ` Hh ~<#.

 ~ |} fH< " @ H~ O `yO Ke.

 H O^ l` ^H OY# `yO Ke.
 @|_ LO ~} ^~ =z# "`x =lH~O Q H~H= QH =eH J=< ^
LyOKe.
 t=~}~ @ `yO KO^ 5000 H@, Unique Identification *sH 2989H@ QO@ H \~OKx ~ .
 f l =^# P =~x OKO^ f l H\~ xkx JO^@ LOKO^
District Innovation Fund x 6161 H@` U~@ K x ~ K#.
7. ~ K#:
 xK x ` ~OQ O # =e.
 OK~f, =xe\ xHO |`xH =~ 87" H@ W"e.
 13= PiH O O H~O ~ " #"\ 14,48,096 H@ (84.8%),
QO@ 2,58,571 H@ (15.2%)
 13th F.C. ~ H~O # JkH `O Ok#k: 1. L.^ (19.6%)
2. c~
3. OQ
4. =^ ^
5. PO^ ^ (6.937%)
 12th F.C. ~xH 7.356% "\ ~Q, 13th F.C. 0.419% ~O@ `yO k.
 12th F.C. #~|_ JkHO Q Ok# ~ AP 3rd Place 13th F.C. 5th Place H _ ~Ok.
 13th F.C. ~ Ju` = "\ O^ ~+O : 1. H O (0.239%)
2. Q" (0.266%)
 11th, 12th, 13th F.C. J`kH # "\: L`~ ^
Ju ` = # "\: HO
ZH#q 103 z~Orq
Q_ =Ys ~:
 H O^O ~HOkOK }oH O U ukH# JOkOKe? J< JOxH KOk#^ 'Q_ ~.
 Wk ~ =^ J=`O `yO KO^ ^^_ #.
 "^\ 3 }oH H O^O ~xHOkOK }oH xH O|OkOz Z@=O\ ukH ^ .
 Q_ ~ 1969 ~OkOK|_Ok. D ~ ukH# 4,5 OK=~ }oH }oH x
JOkOK#.
 nx =~ 1980 =iOK#. Wk 6,7 }oH P^~" O k.
 nx uiy 1990 =iOK#. Wk 199092 "iH }oH P^~" O k.
 Q_ ~# =iOKO^ =Ysx xqOK#.
 =iOz# D Q_ ~# ''Q_ =Ys ~ JO\~.
Q_ =Ys ~ (1991):
JOO Weightage 1969 Q_ ~
1. [< (1971)  60% 1. [< 60%
2. `i P^O  25% 2. h\~^ =~ * 10%
a) Deviation method 20% 3. `i P^O 10%
b) Distance method  5% 4. \H Z~ 10%
3. Performance (=~ O)  7.5% 5. `H = 10%
a) # =~ O

b) H x~}

c) *f H

4. ` H =  7.5%
#^=O (Black Money):
 Records K O_ # ZQ"` ^~ OkOz# ^# " ''#^=O. nx "Black Economy", "Parallel
Economy", "Unsanctioned Sector" Jh qq^ ~` ~ .
 Wk ^=, P ~O LO_=K.
 PiH= = XH" K@| ^ ^=O, =~" K@= u~H ^=O x Economy # xOuOK@ ''=O`~
PiH ==
 1985 National Institute of Public Finance & Policy (OH~K~ <`$ `O) J^ #O H~O ~` 40,000H@
#^# O H^. (GDP 20%)
 1992 "~H J^ #O H~O 1,50,000 H@ (GDP 50%) #^# O LOk.
 ~" O\ O_OQ Hq\ (q`O ) JOK< H~O ~` GDP HO> #^# " JkHO . 199495 GDP
2,50,000 H@ HQ, #^# O 3,00,000 H@.
 ~` GDP =$kHO > #^=O =$^ JkHO .

ZH#q 104 z~Orq

#^"xH H~}:
 JkH #~@.  qs` xO`}.
 ^ = U~_ H~` .  ` H~ Jqhu.
 # ZQ"` ^ ~ Hi# K~ O_@.  K@= u~H i Z\ "~O.
 ~[H <, "~ , L^Q =^ J<~Q O|O^.
#^=O =O:
 `xH #~|_ `Q_ O .
 P^ J=#` ~Q_ O .
 |OQ~O, P~ }
, i Z\ @|_ ~Q@.
 ^O ^=`O iy ^"}O Oq OK@.
#^=O xO`} K~ :
 #~@ `yO K@.  # ZQ"` ^ ~ Hi# K~ .
 i Z\ ==~ xO`}.  # KeO ^~ K` # O f~=_O.
 ZxH J ~ =O `" i OK@.
~` ` K~ :
 1981 10" ~ =Yq= Hey# Bond Scheme # J=K#. (10 OII `~` 12,000 uiy
W~)
 VDIS Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme
 `eiQ nx 1951, `~` 1968, 1975, z=~Q 1997 J= K~.
 1951 71 H@ KO ^OQ H\ O KQ, 11 H@ #~|_ aOzOk.
KO ^ P^ "_ ^H O (1997 z^O|~O):
 1997 E 1 _O|~ 31 HO VDIS J= LOk. VDIS ^~ 4.66 H =Ok P^x "_ O K~.
H\ O z# P^O 33,000 H@.
H\ O z# P^O = 30%, O 35% # qkOK~.
VDIS 97 ^~ `xH # ~|_ 10,050 H@.

nx AP "\ 500 H@.

''30% #, 100% =#Ou J<k VDIS 97 x<^O.
 201112 |_\ }=Ys 5 JOK =x H\ O K~.

ZH#q 105 z~Orq

 201213 |_\
~|_
1. ~ "# ~|_  9,35,685 H@ (62.75%)
2. =^# ~|_  5,55,240 H@ (37.24%)
"`O ~|_  14,90,925 H@ (100%)
=O
1. }oH`~ =O  9,69,900 H@ (65.05%)
2. }oH =O  5,21,025 H@ (34.94%)
"`O =O  14,90,925 H@
=x =~ ~HO Q ql
1. ~ "# =O  12,86,109 H@ (86.26%)
2. =^# =O  2,04,816 H@ (13.73%)
~~ ~H ~~ H
1. JC  29P 1. H O^ }oH  22P
2. H~~+< #  21P 2. =_ KeO  18P
3. P^ #  11P 3. ~ #"\  17P
4. H O^ZH * OH  11P 4. ~H}  11P
5. H" OH  10P 5. W`~ }oH`~ =O  11P
6. < `~ ~|_  9P 6. a_  10P
7. "#  7P 7. }oH O  7P
8. |}`~ =^# ~|_  2P 8. ~, UT }oH`~ O  4P
Note: ~H} ~ "#, =^# = He L<~.
201112 |_\ ` e, 201213 |_\ JOK< "# JC ^~ ~|_, < `~ ~|_ iyOk. H~~+<
#~|_ `yO k.
}oH`~ =O "^\ 3 <, }oH`~ ~ q# =O
1. =_ KeO 1. =_ KeO
2. ~H} 2. a_
3. a_ 3. ~H}
 H O^ PiH= Ou } =Ys 2012 =i 16# ~" O\ |_\ " ># . (5 ~ ZxH H~}OQ
15 ~A POQ " @_O [iyOk)
==O:
 ==xHK |} Hx H H@ ~II OK#. JO> 4,75,000 H@ #O_ 5,75,000 H@ OK#.
 z#, #H~ ~ ` Of Qg} O ^~ HeH |} O JOkOKO^ NABARDH
10,000 H@ H \~OK#.
ZH#q 106 z~Orq
 HeH |} 7% =_ ^H O H#yOK#. HO KeO z# "iH 4% =_H |}O H#yOk.
 Q^= (Godown) == L`` # LOKH< ~ ` 4% =_H 6 <@ |}.
 Z~= i= U~@# `OK "\H J=~" # =y kQ=u 3 O=`~ @ (2015 =i
31 =~ ) ^q H H" OH #Oz q#~O.
 ATM L yOK< q^O Q H< H_\ H~ =~. JO> KCC # ~ H~ JOk~ . ^O
9.5H@ KCC L<~. ~+O 1.20 H@ ~ ` O_Q 70 H KCC H=.
 ~+ H$+ qH [# (RKVY) 9,217 H@ H \~O.
 300 H@ =~+ x q^~ =Q h\~^ Ja=$k H~H=xH H \~O.
 == i^# # `OKO^ N.G. ~OQ == qq^xH 100 H@ H \~O.
Note: `O`xH ~O "iH == =$k~ @ 0.4 `O.
19492007 =^ Q@ # 2.57 `O =$k #"^~Ok.
19972004 =^ == =$k~ @ _ ~<, 20042010 =^ uiy iy#k. P~ ^< L`u
=$k~ @ HO> P~ `~, "}[ O@ L`u =$k~ @ Z=Q LO_@O KC H^Q JOO.
 aO^, H ^x `OKO^ '` ~ Qh\ [# ^H O HO^ 14,242 H@ H\ O K#.
 Food Processing ~OQx `OKO^ *f q+<# ~OaOK##@ H\ O K#.
a_: 2012-13 _\ GDP a_ ~x 2 `O H@_ K x } =Ys ~<#. `~ "` 3
O=`~ nxx 1.75 `xH `yO Kx ~<#.
=eH ~OQO :
 =eH ^ *H |} x^ ` OK L^ O ` P^ # q#~O Q Infrastructure O_
*s^~ 60,000 H@ gHiOK_xH g HeOK#.
 201213 8800 HIIgII _"# ~ ^i x~} HO\ W"x ukOK#.
~H}:
 D |_\ ~H} 1,93,407 H@ H \~OK# (=^# =O 79,579 H@)
 Q` |_\ (1,70,937 H@) HO> Wk 13% Z=.
 201011 GDP ~` ~H} =O =~ 2% H^.
` ~OQ O: `~OQ O, Qg} O, NABARD H He 15,888 H@ =^# x^
=~=x H O^O H\ O z#k.
K<` ~OQO:
 K<` Hi, K<` H~ O |}# ~^ KO^ gQ `* |_\ 3884 H@ Hr H\ O K#.
 PO^ ^ , *~O _# L QH~ O Q ~ O_ s K<` =# U~@ K #<~. ~+O HO,
QO@~ l i~ O` U~@ H##k.
i^# :
 D |_\ W 6715 H@ H \~OK#.
 JOQ~H Q ` ` HOQ 125 H@ H \~OK#.
 ~` f 1000 =Ok [< " ` OY 7.8
ZH#q 107 z~Orq
 ^ JO`iH H~H=O O KO< 5= ^k . LQ xiOz JO`iHO H " @Q =~ =# 6
^ ~` XH\.
q^`:
 ^O 1950= ^H O 51%Q L# ^~ q^` 2008 <\H 83 `xH iyOk. =~" [q^` 49%
#Oz 15% H `y ~Ok.
 ^O `e q^` L`u 1897 _ieOQx ^~ ~O" O k.
 2008 <\H 175 " "Q"@ q^` L`^< =~ O LO_Q, 2008 <\H 839 ae< H"@ q^`
L`u H^.
 ~` q^`# Z=`O (37%) i= qxyOKQ, ~ O_#O Q$k (24.7%). 201112 =iOz#
JOK< 62,292 H@ q^` H \~OKQ, D _\ 62,425 H@ H \~OK#.
Flagship Programmes:
1. NREGS:- D |_\ 33,000 H@ NREGSH H \~OK#. nxH =O^ |_\ 40,000 H@ H \~,
=iOz# JOK< 31,000 H@Q LOk.
2. PMGSY:-

 D |_\ nxH 24,000 H@ H \~OK#.

 nxx 2000 O=`~O NDA `O ~OaOz#\H, 2005 UPA `O '~` x~} Ki#k.
 ~_ q~ O O KO ~` 2= #O LOk. (^= #O J"iH)
 } ~"} 87%, ~ ~"} 65% ~_ ^~< [~QK#k.
 ~` ~_ *f ~ ^~ 2% (65,569 Km), Hh \H nx"\ 40 `O.
3. IAY :-

 D _\ 11,075 H@ H \~OK#.
 nxH H O^, ~+ x^ 75:25
 200914 =^ 1.20 H@ W xiOKx H O.
4. ~r"QOn Qg} q^nH~} [#:-
 D |_\ 4900 H@ H \~OK#.
 q^` H~ O x H Q= q^`#, 2.34 H@ BPL @O Lz` q^` H<H < W"< L^ O `
Wk 2005 ~O= ~Ok.
5. ~r"QOn `Qh\ q+<: -
 nx 10,500 H@ H \~OK#.
 `Qh\ H~ Ox Q= `Qh~ JOkOK@ nx H O.
6. AIBP (Qg} Qh\ ^H O ):-
 D |_\ 1081 H@ H \~OK#.
 Qh\ * # i K _O nx H O.

ZH#q 108 z~Orq

7. Qg} >e<:-
 nxH 3000 H@ H \~OK#.
 2014 <\H Q= f 100 =OkH HhO 40 =Okx >e< qxQ^~Q K <k H O.
q^~OQO:
 D |_\ q^~OQxH }oH H \~O 61,427 H@.
~ q^ 45,869 H@
L#` q^ 15,458 H@
 q^ K@O J=, ~ tH Ja < ^H He 25,555 H@.
 ~+ =^ qH tH Ja < 3124 H@.
 12= }oH H ~ 6000 "_ U~@ K=x } =Ys K~. WO^ 2500 #
`" @ Q=O (PPP)` K_ ` ~.
 *f < } Ja=$k H~~+< (NSDC)H 1000 H@ H \~OK~.
P~QO:-
 @} O` ^HO H`Q '*f @} P~Q q+< (NUHM)# ~OaOK#<~.
 *f Qg} P~Q q+< (NRHM) 20,822 H@ H \~OK#. HIV, AIDs H#~ =O\ }O`H "^
zH` L yOK 6 ` H =O^, \H H" OHO #Oz q#~O.
 ^ #=Ou ~H [# (PMSSY) HO^ =~ '7 ` "^ H P^ xHH~ }
.
 'ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) H~H~ +H~ x"~} ^ `# Jy~ .
 K< H`Q \H H O^O U~@ u^#.
 O KO +H ~ O` =# f =Q~ z<~ XH~ ~` < L<~. 2009 JOK< ~` ,
IMR '50, MMR '230', CMR '66', P~ O 65 OII.

@|_ LO ~}:
 201213 |_\ 30,000 H@ @|_# LO iOKx H OQ @H<#. (Q` |_\ 40,000 H@
x~t OKQ 14,000 H@ Y*< KiOk).
O H ^` OK# , =O|# :-
 NSAPH 8447 H@ H \~O.
 =, t OH = xH 18,584 H@ H \~O.
 ICDS 58% x^ "Oz 10,000 H@ #Oz 15,850 H@ OK#.
 ^i^~ Y kQ=## q`O`=, qHOQ WK OK< # ~.200 #Oz ~.300 OK#.
 ^# P~ O^_ =~} (1864 OII =^) WK UH"`x ~.10,000 #Oz ~.20,000
OK#.
 H= eH kH~` HO " \# '| ^H xH 750 H@ H \~O.
 OK# HO O ^# `OKO^ L^t Oz# '=O|< # [ =iO` K~ = KO^ LICx
#Q^ H~Q xqOK#.

ZH#q 109 z~Orq

*O} ==:
 *f P~ ^` a 2011 ~" O\ ~ O ij# LOk. nxx =~= O`OQ x~OKO^
P^~ P^i` *O} ==# U~@ K~ .
 xQOn <`$ `Ox *f =O_e ukOz# *f P~ ^` K@O H O^ H a<\ P"kOz
H " \O k. Wk P"kOK|_` P~^ < JO^H=_O K@| ^ J=`Ok.
 ^#` H @yi @O u =HH << 7 H KC# aO (3~), Q^ = (2~), =`H ^<
(1~) JO^H=_xH J~` LO@Ok.
P^~:
 ZOH K# l ` ^H =iOK a^~ K KeO 'P^~ P^~OQ <~ Q "i OH
M`H [= J=`~. NREGS, OK# , ~+ P^~ ukH# a^~ M`H [= J=`~.
 nxx Q`HOQ *~O _ NREGS ^H xH, H~@Hx " ~ LPG O}H J= ~ < ~.
 ~[< J~ l H~< a_x nx ^~ JOk< ~.
 P^~ *HH D |_\ 40 H@ J^#OQ H \~< ~.
 PDS ^~ P~^ <, x`=~ ~ ~ _ P^~# ukHQ K H"#O@<~.
 #O^< hHx 1000 ~II | _# ` KeO xO\H P^~< "kHQ K H"x ~ K#.
q=##O:
 D |_\ ~q=## Y 7293 H@ }oH H \~O.
 q=# O =iOQ H@ J=~ HO q^j "}[ |}# 100 H@ _~ =~ O^=K#.
 q=# q_ Q, >~ , >O Q iH~ H" _\ q#~O.
#^#O:
 = q^ L# P q=~ ` xiQ "_ K e.
 P^ # e OQ# 16 U ~xH _ =m ijeOKO^ x|O^# _e ~ .
 2 H qOz# |OQ~O, P~ } H#Q q+ O _ =O =^ #H` qk~ .
 \<~ h WO@~+#2010 JOK< H~O Jqhu q+ O 178 ^ ~` 87= #O LOk.
#:
1. ` H #:
 P^ # q#~O iqux 2 H OK#.
 20% #~@ Q # 58 H |^, 510 H OK#. D =~ = `xH 4500 H@
#+O ~Q^x qOK#.
 H =~\H @|_# `OK q^O Q '~["QOn DH\ qOQ "# ukOK#. nx \#
@|_ 50% =~ # q#~O a O k. J~` "iH^O 10H LO_e, K# @|_x
3OII@ H#yOKe.
 Z@=O\ "~ P^O x x~ \[ < WH#Oz =O^ # KeO K =# J=~O ^ .
 OH, _l@g^ ~.10,000 =~ aOK =_ # q#~~ .

ZH#q 110 z~Orq

2. ~H #:
 ` H # ~~f = 4500H@ #+O =O ^h, ~H # O= 45,940 H@ P^O ~Q^h
JOK< "#.
 "# ~ @# 10% #Oz 12%H OK#.
 201112 "# ~|_ 95,000 H@ JOK< " Q, 201213 1,24,000 H@ ~Q^x JOK< "#.

 2% # ~ @ OK_O = 18,660 H@ [ J^# ~O _Q ^.

 <Q \" e ~# '17 = ` qye# JxO\h "# ikH f=< ~.
(L^: ` =, g@~ \H, P~Q =, H~ iOQ K#z` ~OQxH KOk# H~ \ =,
== O=~H = "^Q#q <Q \" e KOk#q)
 nx= W\= # ik=# 119 = OY =iO` ~Q# Ok. LIC = O|OkOz KeO z#
qO iQ c= ~H} HO HH` P qO "^\ O=`~O 3%, `~` O=`~O 1.5%
# KeO Ke.
 ^j, JO`~f q=# } 12% # KeO Ke. J~` ZH#g H } # 60%
q#~O LO@Ok.
 =}H ZH * OH ~ @# 10% #Oz 12%H OK#.
 |OQ~O, \# O H" OHx 4%H OK#. K` ` =Q (Non-standard) LO_ |OQ~O H" OHx
5 #Oz 10%H OK#. "O_ H" OHO ZO\ =~ ^ . ("O_ q= 6% Ke i`Ok)
 D |_\ Security Transaction Tax (STT) # 0.125% #Oz 0.1%H `yO K#.
# PO^ ^ "\:
 D |_\ H O^ Y*< # ~O 10.77 H H@ = x JOK<. nx 3.01 H H@ ~
"\ HO^ O} K #<~.
 D O} PO^ ^ H 6.937% ^H #Ok.
 =# ~xH ~## # "\ J`kHO Q H~~+< # #Oz, J`OQ O^ # #Oz ~##k.
 =O^ |_\ ` e ~xH 126 H@ J^#OQ =# k.
 PO^ ^ H qq^ # ^~ =K "\:
1. H~~+< # 7667.85 H@
2. P^ # 4148.56 H@
3. H" OHO 3815.00 H@
4. ZH * OHO 2612.00 H@
5. " # 2713.00 H@
6. O^ # 27.00 H@
"`O 20,986.00 H@

ZH#q 111 z~Orq

|_\ JOK<:
 # ~|_ JOK< 10,77,612 H@ (Wk =iOz# =O^ |_\ HO> 19.5% Z=)
 H O^ xH~ # ~|_ 7,71,071 H@
 < `~ ~|_ JOK< 1,64,614 H@
 |}`~ =^# ~|_ 41,650 H@
 "`O =O 14,90,925 H@.
nx
}oH`~ =O 9,69,900 H@
}oH =O 5,21,025 H@
 201213 |_\ H@ 5.1%Q JOK<. =O^ |_\ 4.6% JOK< " Q # = ` =Q
LO_@O =, @|_ LO ~} H <~" ~ H =_O = H@ 5.9%H ~Q# Ok.
 D |_\ 4.79 H H@ `O |} HiOKe LOk.
 201213 "= ~ q# @ 1.8% LO_Q ^.

ZH#q 112 z~Orq

 == ~OQO == q^#O
==~OQO^#` :
1. GDP ==~OQO "\ :
 195051 GDP == ~OQO "\ 55%
 200910 GDP == ~OQO "\ 14.6%
201011(Q) GDP == ~OQO "\ 14.5%
201112(A) GDP == ~OQO "\ 13.9%
Note : ==~OQO J#Q ==O, J@g O^, =` O^.
 Ja=$k KOk# ^` e =# ==O "\ Z=Q< LOk. (WOQO_, J"iH 2%)
2. =$k~ @ :
 ~OQ~[<Q~ ~#@ == ~OQO 1% =$k k Jk iqH`ux 0.5% *f^ =$k~ @#
0.7% OK#.
 11= }oH =$k~ @ :
200708  5.8%
200809  0.1%
200910(P)  1%
201011(Q)  7% (Q` 6OII JkH =$k~ @)
201112(A)  2.5%
 200809 P~^ < L`u 234 M.T. Ki#\H Ve =$k #"^O k.
 1980= ^H O #O_ == =$kH, ==`~ ~OQ =$kH =`O ~Q`Ok.
 1996 #O_ D =`O =iO` Z"O k. nxH H~}O iqH, "~OQ =$k Z= LO_@O ==
~OQO ` @|_ `Q_ O .
3. LkH # == ~OQO "\ :
 195051 == ~OQO 72% =OkH Lk OkOKQ, 2001 <\H Jk 58% H `yO k.
 200405 NSSO "i 61= ~O_ 52%H `yO k. J~#\H <\ H QO HO> Z= =Ok ==O<
P^~_`<~.
 ~` Ju^ " \ ~OQO == ~OQO.
 J~` ==^~ `O `Q ` == q `O ~Q_ O PO^<OO.
4. JO`~f "~O == ~OQO "\ :
 ZQ=` == ZQ=` "\ :
200809  10.22%
200910  10.59%
 kQ=` == kQ=` "\ :
200809  2.7%
200910  4.38%
 == =_~ ` ` ~ # == ZQ=` 20% H=. e `OQ ==O, `` O|O^ ZQ=`
"`O ZQ=` 30% H=.

ZH#q 113 z~Orq

5. i= P^~O :
 =, [#<~, OK^~, =#u i= =_~ == ~OQ" JOkOk.
 K<` , xOQ, P~ q, ~ q =O\ \~, z# i= ==O< P^~_ ~.
 "`O *f iqH`` 40% ==^i` iqH`` .
6. P~^ < ~ ~ :
 iQ [< P~^ <# == ~OQ" JOkOk.
L^: 1951 P~^ < L`u  50.8 M.T.
200910 P~^ < L`u  218 (4 ~ @ Q iyOk)
201011 P~^ < L`u  241
7. }oH ~H # :
 }oH ~H # == ~OQxH JkH ` H^.
L^: 1st Plan ==O H \~O 31%. 11= }oH 18.5% H \~OK#.
11th Plan 9% =$k kOKO> == ~OQO 4% =$kx kOKx H O x~t OK#.
8. W`~ JO :
 ^O ~"} Ja=$kH OHOQ ~OQ Ja=$kH O^ Ja=$kH |_@ ~H # == ~OQO
^^_ #.
 ~` PiH == "< =H == ~OQO.
 <\ H ~` PiH ==# == ^ # PiH ==Q < ~ .
O@ H :
1. Ys : July - October (=i, u, K~ , "~ #Q)
2. ~c : October - Mar/Apr (Q^ =, s,...)
3. l^ : March - June (Ex:- Watermelon, Vegetables, Cucumber) '"q H O@ JO\~.
P~ ^< L`u :
MTs
195051  50.8
200001  196
200102  213
200405  198
200708  230.8
200809  234.4
200910  218
201011  241.5%
 P~^ < L`ux ije ~
` O Oz#@ HxOk. J#Q X_^ _ L#q.
 |`=< J#OQ =# OII P~^ < L`u JkHO Q#, =~ ` =Q =# OII L`u
` =Q HxOk.
 P~^ < 2 ~H :
1. H^< [Cereals]
2. C ^< [Pulses]
ZH#q 114 z~Orq
H^< : =i, Q^ =, =`H^ < (*#, "H*#, s)
C^< : HOk, ~, q#=...
qe< @#
P~^ < 200809 200910 201011(( 4th)
Z) H^<  219 204 223.31
1. =i 99 89 95.3
2. Q^ = 80.5 80.8 85.9
3. =`H^ < 39.4 33.5 42.3
a) C^<  14.6 14.6 18.09
"`O L`u  234.4 218 241.4
 P~ ^< L`u JkH L`u (=~ H=O) :
1. =i
2. Q^ =
3. =`H ^<
"}[ O@ :
 "}[ O@ O qxQxH QH, =~H xH, ^"x JiOK@ Q_ #.
 "}[ O@ '5 ~H:
1. #< yO[ : "~ #Q, P=^O, < = ~
2. Sugar Crops : K~ , c\
3. Fibre Crops : [#<~, u
4. Narcotic Crops : Q
5. Beverage Crops : Tea, Coffee
}oH ==O @|_ :
}oH ==O @|_ "`O }oH @|_ ==@|_ `O
1 600 Cr 1960 Cr 31%
2 950 Cr 4670 Cr 20%
3 21%
4 24%
5 22%
6 24%
7 23%
8 21%
9 20%
10 3,27,250 Cr 16,18,460 Cr 20%
11 6,74,105 Cr 36,44,720 Cr 18.5%
 1st Plan ==~OQO J`kHO Q 31% x^ H \~OK~.
 210= }oH =^ ==~OQO H \~O 2024% =^ H=.
 11th Plan 18.5% =`" x^ H \~OK~. (Ju ` = H \~O `O W^).

ZH#q 115 z~Orq

}oH ==~OQO H :
 }oH HO ==`uH O|OkOz Hx H# qOK~.
 ==`ux OK@.
 Lk J=H "~Q~ @.
 q [< Xu_x `yO K@.
 Qg} O` J=#` `yO K@.
 J~` }oH HO "^\ HxH ^#qz qye#"\x qiOK#.
qq^ }oH P~^ < H O kOz#k : (qe< @#)
}oH H O kOz#k
1 62 67
2 81 80
3 100 72
4 129 104
5 125 132
6 154 146
7 180 171
8 210 199
9 234 211
10 230 212
 1st Plan P~^ < H O 62 MTs HQ, kOz#k 67MTs.
 3rd Plan }oH ~OO <\ L`ux _ kOKH O.
 5th Plan H O 125 MTs HQ, kOz#k 132 MTs. JO> 1st & 5th Plans P~^ < H O HO>
Z=Q kOK_" O k.
 198384 152 qe< @# P~^ < L`u [iyOk. JO^K `O ^x ''~O_= i` q= O Q
~Ok.
 ''"^\ i`q= O 196768 Oq Oz O*, ~<, t= L`~ ^ iq`O HQ ''~O_= i`
q= O `~, =^ ~ `~ L`~ ^ , OQ, c~, Xi "OzOk.
}oH ==~OQ =$k~ @ :
Plan: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
=$k: 4.1 4.0 1.4 2.9 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.9 2.1 2.1
 }oH ==~OQ =$k~ @ ije :
1st Plan 4.1%
5th Plan 4.2% (J`kHO )
Ju ` =Q == =$k~ @ (1.4%) 3rd Plan #"^.
10th Plan == =$k~ @ H O 4% HQ, JO`HO > ` = kOK_" # k (2.1%).
~` ==~OQO H} :
 ~` ==O ~`=<` E^O =O\k. W\H 60% ^ q =~O< P^~_ LOk.
 "@ q ^O OiQ ^ .

ZH#q 116 z~Orq

 == ~OQO ` @|_ `Q ` =< ~.
 O~} " O.
 ''#`# == =O Hx O@H iq`O.
 H^~ ^_ `Q ^ .
 ==a=$k O`#O ^ .
 == ~OQO qH, == L`^H` ` =.
 ~` Ju^ J==H $ ` ~OQO == ~OQ" .
 2002 #O_ == ~OQx "Prime Moving Force" Q QiOK~.
~` == L`^H` :
 ~` PiH == == ~OQO "< =H J~#\H == ~OQO H~ kQ|_ ` =Q LOk.
1. P~^ < (HO\) 195051 200809
Z) =i 7.1 22
a) Q^ = 6.6 28.9
) =`H ^< 4.3 14.2
_) C^< 4.0 6.5
2. P~ `~ O@
Z) #< yO[ 5.2 10.2
a) K(@#) 34 62
) u (Hr) 95 419
_) |OQ^O (HO\) 66 180
 ~` P~^ < L`u Q@ kQ|_ H~ ~Q` =zOk.
 =i H~ kQ|_ 195051 #O_ 200809 =^ 7 #O_ 22 HO\ iyOk.
 Q^ = W^ HO 6.6 #O_ 29 HO\ iyOk. JO> =i L`^H` HO> Q^ = L`^H` Z=Q
#"^Ok.
 C ^< L`^H` 4 #O_ 6.5 HO\H iyOk. J#Q C ^< L`^H` ` =Q iyOk.
 P~ `~ O@ u L`^H` , |OQ^O L`^H` Z=Q iyOk.
 ~` H~H K kQ|_ iy#\H O KOx Q@ kQ|_` e<, Qi+ kQ|_ Q ^` e<
~` kQ|_ JOQ LOk.
L^: Dl =i kQ|_ H~ 94 HO\.
Dl =i kQ|_ ~` 1/4 =O` =`" L`u K Q`Ok. O KO =i, Q^ = L`u `e#O
Q K< ` e< ~` kQ|_ ` ".
 ~` qq^ O@ Potential Yielding (O=` kQ|_)` e "= kQ|_ ` =Q LOk. J#Q O=`
kQ|_ HO> "= kQ|_ ` =.
J L`^H` H H~}:
 == ~OQO L`^H` ` =Q LO_\xH H~} :
1. ==~ H~}
2. OHuH H~}
3. W`~ H~}

ZH#q 117 z~Orq

1. ==~ H~} :
Z) = ^` :
 ~` H^s q^#O JkHO Q LO_@O, H ^` H =_O = ==O ^ K^ .
Note: `O`#O`~O =^ =~e x~eOz#\H H^s q^<x x~eOK gH^ .
a) z# H=`:
 ~` Q@ H=`O K ` =.
 2001 <\H 1.32 H~ =`" H^.
 Pe 1990 H~ , J"iH 158 H~ H=.
 ~` z# H=`O_@K P^ xH ^` " @H =_O = L`^H` ` =Q LOk.
2. OHuH H~} :
Z) ~`# ^` :
 W\H =, KH<Q, H_= =O\ x=@`< ^O K@O = P^xH L`u ^`
L yOKH =_O = == L`^H` ` =Q LOk.
a) h\~^ H~ H~` :
 Z= ^ q =~O P^~_ @ O _ H~}".
3. W`~ H~} :
 [< iy H=` q[ #, q @# [~Q@.
 Qg} "`=~}O `H~O Q O_@.
 == = O.
 == ~OQO L`^H` # OKO^ ==~ " # =~ f~"x Q<~ q~, *Ha =O\"i
JaO. D ==~ " # =~ ' O~}.
 == L`^H`# OKO^ OHuH =~=~=x ~, OH< |~ JaO. D OHuH
=~< ''#`# == =O (i` q= O) JO\~.
O~} [Land Reforms]
 == ~OQO L`^H` OKO^ == J=~= ~# =~ f~=_" O~}
 UNO x~K#O: ''H^~, LO`~ ` , ==b [< ^$ qx # O} K _"
O~}.
 }oH O O : ''==a=$k HO q g^ K> U O~}< O~}.
 ''==a=$kx kOK L^ O ` =#`O, O H <O P^~OQ Qq} PiH ==# #iiOK_x
O~}Q ~#=K.
P :
 ==a=$kH Q P@OH# `yOz ^_x x~eOz O H <#OkOK@.
P=H` :
 ==a=$k, L`^H` # OK@.
 PiHa=$kx kOK@.
 O H < ^# O~} J=~O .

ZH#q 118 z~Orq

H :
 1949 =~ J^ H` # Jd~` HOQ == O~} Hq\x [=#Ox J=#`
J^ <xH xqOK#. nx P^~OQ Hx H x~t OK~.
^_ x~#.
^<"_H q HeOK@.
==`` # OK@.
O H <x HeOK@.
O~} ik :
=# ^O JkHiHOQ O~} K\ J=~.
1. =^ =~ `yO K@O
2. H^s K@O
3. H=` Qi+ iqu K@O
4. H=` gH~}
1. =^ =~ `yO :
Z) [qO^s/` t x~ ^u .
 1793 ~ H~<" b nx " ># .
 ~OO OQ, c~, Xi " \# \H `~` 57% ^ qH qi OK~.
a) =s ^u .
 =O O^H#Q}OQ PQ, J=^ O` qeO O\OH HO " \~ .
 Q= t = Hx @O =H=|_Ok.
 P @O| = ^ qt = K, `xH KeO z HO` Hq+< O^`_.
 5% ^ q D ^u HO^ LO_k.
) ~ ` s ^u
 1792 ^= =<, s_ =^, =O| O` nx " \~ .
 nx ~ ` `xH ` HO Q t Ke ~ .
 38% ^ q nx HO^ LO_k.
`O`#O`~O =^ =~ # `eyOK< L^ O ` 1948 =^ =~ `yO K@O K~. 1960 <\H
^= O`\ =^ =~ # `yOK@= 2 H@=Ok H^~ 17.5 H@ ZH~ qH [=#~.
[qO^~ `O 670 H@ ~II #+ i~O KeO zOk.
2. H O~} :
H^~ 3 ~H.
1. l~~f #"~/` H^~.
2. U x"~.
3. LH^~
 gi 2,3 =~ "iH ZO\ ~H} LO_^ .
 H^~ = i+iOKO^ 3 ~H O~} K\ ~ .

ZH#q 119 z~Orq

Z) H i=}O :
 "`O O@ L`u H i=}O 2025% qOz LO_~^x }oH O O K#. nxH#Q}OQ ~
K\ K~.
L^: H~: 1/4 = =O`
PO^^: 2530% ( O`)
2025% ("@ O`)
O@ L`u H LO_x K\ K~.
a) H ^` :
 H^~_ HO t Ke # O` HO `yOK g O_ K\ K~.
 J~` O` ^xH H^~ #O_ q fH=K.
) H^~ [=# HeOK@ :
 O~} ^ <^ O '^<"_H q#OkOK@.
 nx ^$+ @Hx H^~_ q [=# O^ K\ K~.
 t= OQ `O H^~ i [=# HeOzOk. J~` PO^ ^ Wk J=H^ .
 ^ "O Q 6.32 qe< H~ q 12.4 qe< H^~ [=# OHqOK~.
3. H=` Qi+ iqu K@O :
 ^O Qi+ iqu K@O J=K# `e ~+O H ~.
 PO^ ^ Qi+ iqu K@O 1973 K |_ 1975 [#=i 1# J=H =zOk.
=MO :
Z) Qi+ iqu =iOK x\ :
 XH @Ox x\Q fHx Qi+ iqu x~~ ~ . @O|=#Q ~, ~ , Jq"` O`#O.
 @O| 5 Qix qOz` f xH 1/5 =O` KC# iqu OK=K. Wk ^~} iquH
~ \O H_^ .
a) Qi+ iqu :
 h\~^ H~O_ OII ~ O_ O@ O_ qH Qi+ iqu 1018 ZH~.
OII XH O@ O_ qH Qi+ iqu 27 ZH~.
~O XH f~x "@ = Qi+ iqu 54 ZH~.
WH < q+ O "@ = Qi+ iqu 54 ZH~ qOK=K.
Note: ` h\~^ Q q 1 ZH~O " \ h\~^ q 11/4 ZH~O
PO^ ^ =Q} = q+ O Qi+ iqu 1027 ZH~.
"@ = q+ O Qi+ iqu 3554 ZH~.
 2004 <\H 7.32 MH qx qQ qx H\ O KQ, O} K# k 5.4 MH q.
 qQ q O} q+ O :
O` ==xH qx fH#O^# `yOK|_ H^~
\ H=` U~@H z# H=` "iH
#H~ ~ `
qx == b ^#q"e. nx SC,ST ^#q"e.

ZH#q 120 z~Orq

q#~O :
 ` , ~|~, H =O\ `@O@
 H~ == H `
 =`, q^ @ =
 OK^~ i= Jn#O =# K~ O_OK = q#~OxK~.
K@O J= = :
 K@O U~@, PK~} =^ H==k, JH= |^~O, q#~O =Q LO_@O, H~ *HO
"^# q.
4. H=` qH~} :
 z# H=` = U~_ = i~xH W^H =~O .
 XH =HH "~ ~ ^ =# qx UH YO_OQ XH ^Q~ gHiOK@ 'H=` gH~}
.
 nxx ~ ` KO ^OQ/ ` *HO` K =K.
 ~` H=` qH~} 195152 ~OO J~Ok.
M.P., U.P., =~+ H=` qH~} "QO Q [iyOk.
A.P. Wk J= H^ .
 200708 <\H 52% H=` gH~} H~H=O ~~ Ok.
O~} J= " xH Q H~} :
1. ~[H OHO H~`
2. ^=~O #O_ Xu_ H =_O
3. L^y |$O^O = HiOK@
4. H~ *HO
5. q iH~ H=OQ H =_O
6. i< O`OQO H~`
 ~` O~}xO\H =^ =~ `yO H~H=" HO` q[=O`" O k.
 ^O O~} J= =O^# ~:
Z) O* a) ~< ) =~+ _) L`~ ^ W) .OQ
''~ JkHiHOQ O~}# JOwHiOz< PK~} u~ iOz#q _< l< "M#O.
^<^=O :
 PK~ q<" 1951 KOe (#O_PO..) ^<^=O H~H=O ~OaOK~.
 qx ^#O K# `e=H : q. ~=KO^~_
 D L^=xH =^#O, Ou^ #O, |k^#O He ''~^ H~H=x q<" ~OaOK~.
i` q= O (^) #`# == =O
 `O`O =z# ~OO PL 480 HO^ J"iH #O_ P~^ < (Q^ =) ~` kQ=u K <k.
 J#Q P~^ <H q^ P^~_ k .
 "HH 1960 `e^H O i` q= O ~OO .
 J"iH< == " ` <~< ~Q ~H ~ O_+< ~+ H~O` "HH Q^ = =OQ_
i^# K~.

ZH#q 121 z~Orq

 e `OQ JkH kQ|_xK Q^ = =OQ_ ~OkOK~. JO^K ~Q# ''i` q= `=_Q ~ .
 ~` Wk q<^< P^ ~O [~Q_ O = q<^< # ''~` i` q= `=_Q ~ .
 ==`ux OKO^ 1966 Ys [< ~` HYVP (High Yield Variety Program) # ~OaOK~.
 1968[~h JO`~f Ja=$k ="O ==`u =z# D PH H ~Q^# z qeO
S. QO_ ''i` q= O J< ^x L yOK#.
x~K#O :
 == ~OQO L`ux OKO^ JkH kQ|_xK =OQ_#, W`~ == L`^H# L yOz,
~ ` #=K` < x HeOz r=<^~ ==x i=Q =~ =~ =~" ''i` q= O.
1. IADP :- (Intensive Agriculture Districts Programme):
196061 Ford foundation K# "~ nx ~OaOK~.
 "~H q`< , ~# Z~=, Hq O~H =O^, #`# O`, ~ u ^ # yOz
== ~OQO JkH L`u kOKO^ 7 l \ H~H=O ~OaOK~.
=i: t= Q^=i  A.P. Q^ =: k<  O*
^  c~ Jb ~  L`~^
~~  MP *#O@: b  ~[<
`O*=~  TN
 g\ Q^ = L`u JkH= $k HxOz#k.
 ==`uH ^^_ L`^HxO\h XH Package ~O JOkOK@ = nx "Package Programme"
Jx _ JO\~.
2. IAAP (Intensive Agriculture Area Programme 1965):
IADP q[=O`O H=_O` IAAP x 114 l qi OK~.
A.P. (L
Q^=i l, H$, QO@~, =~OQ, HsO#Q~, =|#Q~) 117 J=K~.
3. HYVP (High Yield Variety Programme):
JkH kQ|_xK q`< H~H=x 1966 Ys [< ~` " \~ .
"HH Ja=$k K# Q^ = q`< : q~H g\, ~~*, <~64, H}, PV-18
`" < Ja=$k K# =i =OQ_= : `K OQ <\ "
< Ja=$k K# =i q`# = : H-4
=+ Ja=$k K# =i q`# = : =i
JO`~f =i i^< O Ja=$k K# =i =OQ_: IR-8, IR-3, IR-67
Indian Research Institute Ja=$k K# =i =OQ_: [, ^ , 1001
# ~# qq^ ~H q`< ~` L yOK~.
4. ~# Z~=, Hq O~H:
[ Z~= |^ H$u= Z~=, Hq O~H L yOK~.
5. h\ ~^ ^ :
i` q= O J## e ` ~"O> O` h\=#~ HeOKH"e.
6. ~ u ^ , OfH~} :
i` q= O L`^H Ys^=_O = O ~ u x JOkOK~.
#`# O`# \H~ , ~ ~ , O>+< O`, O@, Sprayers =O\ iH~# yOK~.

ZH#q 122 z~Orq

 1963 National Seed Corporation # .
 1965 Agro Industries Corporation # .
i` q=
O " :
A) ^<
`H =O:
1. L`u ~Q@ :
Q^ =, =i, *#, "H*#, * O@ q+ O i` q= O =Oz =O KOk.
195051(q.@#) 200708(q.@#) iy#k (~@)
1. P~ ^< 51 230 4.5
Z) =i 21 96.7 4.6
a) Q^ = 6 78.6 13
2. #< yO[ 5 29 5.8
3. K~ 57 348 6
4. u 3 25.8 8.6
5. [#= 3 11.2 3.5
6. |OQ^O 3 24 8
 JxO\H Q^ = L`u ~Q^ JkHO Q 13 ~ @ HxOk.
 u, |OQ^O _ 8 ~ @Q HxOk.
 =i Q^ = `x ije :
196061=i L`u Q^ = L`u 31% HQ
200910 =i L`u Q^ = L`u 90%H iyOk.
 i` q= O C ^< ^Q =O K^ .
H^< C ^< "`O P~^ <
195051 84% 16% 100%
200708 94% 6% 100%.
"`O P~^ < H^< x+u ~QQ C ^< x+u `Q ` Ok.
2. L`^H` ~Q^ :
 i` q= O = L`^H iyOk.
 196061 H~ =i L`^H` 10 HO\.
200708 <\H H~ =i L`^H` 22 HO\ iyOk.
200910 =i L`^H` 21 HO\.
 W^ HO Q^ = L`^H` 8.5 HO\ #O_ 200910 <\H 28 HO\ iyOk. JO> =i L`^H`
HO> Q^ = L`^H` JkHO Q iyOk.
3. "}[ O@ L`u ~Q^:
 197374 =~ i` q= O "}[ O@ =O K^ . JO^K ^~ " <~} ''"}[ O@ H `OQ
=iOK#.
 197374 `~` "}[ O@ ~Q^ U~_Ok.
K 6 ~ @
u 8.6 ~ @
|OQ^ O 8 ~ @ L`u iyOk.
 "}[ O@ JkH ~Q^ |OQ^O u HxOk.

ZH#q 123 z~Orq

4. O@ f~ =~ :
 i` q= HO H^< x+u iy, C ^< x+u `yO k.
 H ^< =i "\ `QQ ,Q^ = "\ iyOk.
 =`H ^< "\ _ `yO k.
5. J#|O^:
 i` q" xH ~O ==xH "#H J#|O^O_q H=.
 i` q= O = ==xH L`^H JOk Z~= i=, HqO~H =O^ i=, q`<
== x=@ ` s i= Ja=$k KO^~.
6. Lk : i` q= O = OII# 23 O@ O_OK@ = Lk J=H iQ~.
7. ^iHO : i` q= O = [ P^ ~ iy ^iH ~ `yO k.
a) |}`H =O:-
1. ==O @|_^s ==OQ =iOk.
 == L`^H Ys^Q LO_@O = ^~ ` , =, iqH"` , "~ , i>~ L^Q
==O K _O ~OaOK_O ` ==O Ys^O k.
 e `OQ ^~ iQ~.
2. Hx O@H iq`O.
 i` q= O C ^< qi OK^ .
 H ^< _ =`H^ <# qiOK#. =YOQ Q^ =, =i, *#, "H*#, *H iq`" O k.
 ~H ~ O_+< "~ nx "Mx :
''Q^ = q=< O #O_ iQ ZyiO^h =i ZQ~_ xH ^O Q LO^h ~<#.
3. Hx O`H iq`O.
 O*, ~<, U.P, J & K, TN, AP Hx O` iq`" O k.
 `~ ~`" qi OK^ .
4. P^ J=#` iy#q.
5. ==~ " # =~ ^#` `yO ^x ~ ~k ~<#.
6. L^Q=H `y# q. r= O|O^, ~# =~ HO` =~ Lkx Oz< =# P^K OuH~
=~ x~^Qx OKx N"`= Qi JaO.
7. Qq} JOu iyOk.
 ^ =z# ~ ` ^ =H^~ =^ ^ === b =^ JO`~O
iyOk.
 '' = H^~# `iq" @ xe" H` i` q= O Z~Q =~Q ^ _< l<
8. i` q= O = HO` =~ q^j =^# O, OHuH i*#O P^~_ = =O k.
9. ~=~} =: H$u= Z~=, Hq O~H L yOK@ = ~=~} J=`O U~_@O`
@, =#O f< P~ ^~ u =O H#|_Ok.
10. C ^< ^ q~ O `Q @ K "\ ^~ iy ^"iH = \# i=}O `yO k.
O~} `~` ==~OQO =$k~@ :
O~} `~ "` GDP =$k~ @ ~Q`#\H == =$k~ @ `Q K #k.

ZH#q 124 z~Orq

`Q_ xH H~} :
 == ~OQO `O K @|_ `Q_ O .
 h\~^ H~ H~`
 ^ q 40% qH =`" h~ `
 ~ u H~ H~`
 L`^H "_HO J=`O.
L^: N,P,K # 4:2:1 x+u "_e. 200405 <\H nx 5.7: 2.3:1 x+u J#Q #`[x a_ JkHO Q
W=_O = #`[x "_HO Z=Q LOk.
*f == q^#O 1993 :
~` "^\ == q^<x 1993 H\ O K~.
=MO :
 H~ ~OQx |`O K _O.
 == =~\OQ ^ H#.
 Q~ [ # OOkOKO^ "@~ +_ x~}O.
 ``~ O Q=x OK@.
 ==`` "iH =$k~ @ 2.6% #O_ 3.5% H OK_O .
*f == q^#O 2000 :
 Wk WTO x|O^# J#Q}OQ LOk.
 ^j _=O_ fi# `~` ==`` ZQ=uH ^#qzi.
 == ~OQ =$k~ @# ~ 2 ^ 4% =$kx kOKe.
 O~} J= ^~ ^ q#OkOKe.
 Jx ~ H=` qH~} J=K e.
 ==~OQO " \ @|_e `OKe.
 O@ XH Q_Q HO^ c=# J= ~K e.
 Bio-Technology x `OKe.
 #`# =OQ_ $+H i^# # `OKe.
L^: h\ Z^_ x `@ <O^ 'xN x " @_O .
J^ q^O Q "SRI - System of Rice Intensification" =O\ q^< i^# K _O.
*f ~ `
Hq+< 2004 :
 ~ ` , == ~OQxH `y# H~K~} }oH ~OkOKO^ M.S. q<^< J^ H` # *f ==
Hq+< 2004 U~_Ok.
 Wk 2004, 2005 =^ O`~ x"kHe =iOzOk.
 == #~^~ } H 5 JO H~K~}
}oH# zOz#k.
1. ~x OOkOK@
2. h\ O~H} : '~` x~} 10 q.H~ h\~^ H~ HeOKe.
3. ~ u , c= ^ # HeOK@.
4. L`uH, L`u J#O`~ H~H# J#O^xOKe.
ZH#q 125 z~Orq
 5. L`u^~_ O^ ^~ H , qxQ^~_ KeO K ^~ H =^ JO`~x `yO Ke.
~ O_= i` q= O :
 ^ x =<<O Q 2006 2= i` q" xH xK~.
 "^\ i` q= O "@ O`, LO` z# ~ ` a K ~^ . H|\ 2= i` q= O "iH
qi OK<#.
 ~# Z~= #O r= Z~=#, Hq O~H #O Bio-Pesticides # L yOKe.
 q`< Ja=$k Bio-Technology "_Hx nx qOK~.
 == ~OQO< HO_ == J#|O^ ~OQ L`ux OKe. JO> "Rainbow Revolution" kOKe.
 Bio-Technology L yOz =x `yO Ke.
` q= O/ Operation Flood :-
 1970 = ^H O National Dairy Development Board nx K\ O k.
 =s i< P^ ~O ` q= O q[=O`" O k.
 196465 ICDP (Intensive Cattle Development Programme) "# =e JOkOK@K L`u 200910
<\H 112 qe< @# KiOk.
 O KO ~` Ju^ L`u^~.
 195051 17 q.@# L`u K Q 200910 <\H 112.5 q.@# KiOk.
 196869 `i ` 112gm HQ, 200910 <\H Wk 263 QII KiOk.
(O K Q@
` 265gm HO> HOKO ` =)
Yellow Revolution :-
 #<yO[ L`u O +H` x kOKO^ Wk L^t OK_" O k.
 198586 National Oilseed Development Project ~OO .
 1986 Technology Mission on Oilseed J<k #< yO[ L`u Processing HO ~OaOK|_Ok.
 ~r"QOn
^~ " \_ P^ ~O Wk ~OaOK|_Ok.
White Revolution L`u
Blue Revolution K L`u
Red Revolution =OO/\=\
Silver Revolution - Eggs
Grey Revolution Z~=
Golden Revolution O_/ P
Brown Revolution QO^ ^"
Round Revolution |OQ^ O
Black Revolution Crude Oil
Pink Revolution Shrimp (=^ ~)
 #`# == q^#O QOQ "Rainbow Revolution" kOKx ~<#.
s H~  L^#=#O
s H~  @ ~Q OHO

JHH~  ~ OHO
ZH~  `<\ Q OHO
Viticulture  ^H `@

ZH#q 126 z~Orq

 Floriculture  `@
Silviculture  HxK K@ OHO
~ `
*f q^#O 2007 :
 ~ ` xqOz# *f == Hq+< ~ #, ~+ `O` K# OkO ^$ '~`
*f q^#O2007# H\ O K~.
 ~ ` L`u, L`^H` ` @ "i PiH OH = O ^$+ \e.
 ~ ` L`^H P OKH=_O ^$+ \e.
 ~ ` Bio-Technology, Information & Communication Technology # L yOKH=_O ^$+ \e.
 ~ ` <}"# q`< # JOkOKe.
 ~ u , c= ^ #OkOKe.
 ~ ` O H ^` JOkOKe.
 == ~OQO xK H +H ~O, 'HK ^ O HeOKe.
 Hh =^` ^~ # J=~K e.
== ~ u , c= ^
== ~ u : ==^~xH JOkOK |}# ''== ~ u JO\~.
 ~ u ~H:
1. H ~ u : 15 < Q_ = Q |} 'HeH |}.
L^ : q`< , Z~=, HqO~H =O^, ==b "`< , QO =O\ J=~ HO
2. =^ H ~ u : 25 OII =^ uiy KeO K ~} '=^ HeH |}.
L^ : = H#Q, q ``eH Ja=$k HO.
3. n~H ~ u : 520 OII Hiqu Hey# |}.
L^ : q H#Q, q ` Ja=$k HO.
 ~ u x =~~HO Q# ql ~ .
==`uH f< |} 'L`^H |}.
Q$, =HQ ` =~ f< |} 'J#`^H |}.
~ u P^~ :
Z) OQ` O Hx ~ u
a) OQ` ~ u .
 =_ "~ , =, "~, Hq+< U*O@, |O^ = ` #O_ f< |} 'OQ` O
Hx ~ u Q.
195051 nx "\ 93% HQ 199596 <\H 25%H `yO k.
OQ` O Hx |} =_ "~ 70% "\ Hey=<~.
 ''O^< >" 2004 _\ P^~OQ Qg} ~ u 70% =_ "~ =i 10% `~OQ O
JOk#q.
 "}[ O, Of Qg} O (RRBs) H~ ~ u O , `O JOkOK |} ''OQ` ~ u .
 "`O ~ u nx "\ ~Q` =Ok.
 ` O == ~ u QO HO> Z= n#O_ =Ok.

ZH#q 127 z~Orq

 200607 200809 200910(JH|~)
"}[ O 69% 78% 68%
H~ ~ u O 21% 13% 20%
Of Qg} O 10% 9% 12%
 OQ` ~ u =~ 70% "}[ O JOk< ~.
 1980 ^H O OQ` ~ u JkH" \ H~ ~ u O JOkOKq. <_ Jq 2= <xH Ki#q.
`O: H~ = H@H, H$ u " s ` HO ~ ` `qK |}# ''`Hq |} JO\~. ` O
`O ` HO Q |}OkOK^ .
H~ ~ u O :
 "^\ H~ ~ u O K@O 1904 K~.
 1912 Jx ~H H~ O =iOK q^O Q =~ K@O K |_Ok.
 ~` H |}OkOKO^ XH ==, n~H |}OkOKO^ =~ == H=.
H~ ~ u

H ~ u n~H ~ u
 ~+ H~ OH  ~+ q Ja=$k OH
 l H O^ H~ OH  ^q H q Ja=$k OH
 ^q H == H~
~ u O
 H == 3 JOK#, n~H == 2 JOK# L<~.
 H~ ~ u tY~Q O: ~+ H~ OH.
 ` O ~` PACCS (^q H == H~ ~ u O ) 1 H Q LO_Q,
DCCB (l H O^ H~ OH) 369
SCB (~+ H~ OH) 31 L<~.
 n~H eH |}eK H~ Oe ' q `#M O J<"~.
 1986 #O_ ' q Ja=$k O Q < ~.
 2002 '== H~ Qq}a=$k O Q eK#.
JO> ~ ~ 'SCARDBs' (State Co-operative Agriculture Rural Development Banks)
l ~ 'PCARDBs' (Primary Co-operative Agriculture Rural Development Banks) L<~.
 A.P. 1987 #O_ , n~H eH |} XHK@ WKO^ "Single Window System" " \~ .
 ` O == ~ u "}[ O `~` H~ O JkH ~ u x JOk< ~.
"}[ O :
 1969 14 O, 1980 6 O *fO K# `~` ==~OQO ~ u ~Q` =zOk.
 1969 Lead Bank Scheme # ~OaOK#.
 1989 Service Area Approach # " \ Q=# ^`` # fHx ~ u x JOk< ~.
 e
`OQ <_ JkH ~ u #OkOKq "}[ O.
"}[ O > Co-operative Banks> Of Qg} O

ZH#q 128 z~Orq

Of Qg} O (RRBs) :
 1975, JH|~ 2# Of Qg} O ~O= #.
 ~ , #~O < Hq\ ~ WOk~QOn " \# ''20 JO H~H=O (1975) QOQ
RRBs # ~OaOK#.
 1976 Of Qg} O K@O ~OkOK#.
 nxH H O^O, ~+O , Sponsored Banks 50:15:35 x+u =^# O# =~~.
 LO` ~`, z#~`, Ku=$` "~, == b, z~ =~ ~ux JOkOKO^ Wq
L^t OK|_#q.
 g\ ik ^~}OQ XH l.
 RRBs # Y, O _s uOQ Hq\ (1997), " Hq\(2001), ~ ^ Hq\(2005) K# "~
Sponsored Banks ` qb#O K < ~.
2004 Of Qg} O OY 194HQ,
2007 95H, 2010 82H `y# q.
 A.P. "^\ Of Qg} OH: <Q~# Qq} OH (Y=O l)
== ~ u H RBI `_@ :
 Qg} ~ u ij< O O (195253) K# "~ 1956 RBI H J#|O^O Q == ~ u Y
U~_Ok.
 1956 Wk 2 x^ # U~@ KO k.
1. n~H eH H~H xk (n~H ~} s< < HO 100Cr `)
2. *f == s H~} xk (HeH |} s< < JOkOKO^)
 1963 ARDC (Agriculture Refinance & Development Corporation) # n~, =^ HeH |}# WKO^ O K~.
 1979 t=~=< Hq\ (CRAFICARD Committee to Review Arrangement for Institutional Credit in Agriculture
and Rural Development) K# 1982 E NABARD O K~.
 NABARD H H O^O, RBI 50:50 x+u x^ =~~.
 Q`O =# 3 x^ qb#O K |_ NABARD O K|_Ok.
 == Qg} ~ u Wk tY~Q O.
 ==^~ |}OkOK H~ ~ u O , RRBs, "}[ O NABARD Refinance JOkO k.
 ~+ ` _ Wk s< < JOkO k.
 Research & Development nx ` H xk LOk.
 NABARD "~ , ~ ` =HQ ` O Q |}e=^.
 NABARD ` K~< : H+ |H.
RIDF (Rural Infrastructure Development Fund):
Qq} O` J=< H~ H# NABARD nx O zOk.
199596 `eiQ RIDF1 2000Cr H \~OzOk.
201011 RIDF XVI 16000Cr H \~OzOk.
201112 RIDF XVII 18000Cr H \~OzOk.

ZH#q 129 z~Orq

KCC (Kisaan Credit Cards):
1998, PQ KCC ^H O ~OO .
NABARD nxH ~H # KO k.
` O "}[ O, RRBs, Co-operative Banks nxx J= K < ~.
nx ^~ HeH ~} JOkOK_O ` @ c= ^ O _ He< ~.
== |}# 3 OII K@ q^O Q *s K~ . nx Zx~~ < ~ u O^=K#.
2010, September <\H 970 H KCC # *sK~.
== c=
1. =Q O@ c= ^H O (Comprehensive Corp Insurance (CCI) Scheme) :
 1985 Ys [< P~^ < #< yO[ =iOK q^O Q nx " \~ .
 Wk O@ |}O f#"iH =i O k.
 c= Qi+O Q ~.10,000. qO 12% =^ LO@Ok.
 == =Ou`Y `~ # GIC nx J=K O k. 1997 nxx ~^ K~.
2. NAIS (National Agriculture Insurance Scheme) :-
 19992000 ~c [< *f == c= ^H O " \~ .
 nx ''~+ H$+ c= [#Q ~ .
 Wk Jx O@ =i O k.
 ZO\ Qi+ iqu O_ O ~} f#"iH ` xiQ#, W`~ KO
^OQ# Wk =i O k.
 qO 1.53.5% =^ LO@Ok.
 LO` z#~` KeO Ke# qO 10% a_ W~ .
 l# XH x\Q fHx J=K < ~.
 A.P. Q=x x\Q fHx 200506 \ *HQ J= K~.
 "^\ nx GIC x~OKk. J~` 2002 _O|~ AICI (Agriculture Insurance Company of India) O K|_@O`
2003 #O_ AICI D ^H x J=KOk.
 201011 ~c[< Modified NAIS # " ># .
3. FIIS (Farm Income Insurance Scheme) :-
 200304 ~c[< nx " ># .
 nx == =Ou`Y, Indian Agriculture Insurance Co. OHO Q " \~.
 H$ u " s ``@ =~\ X_^ _ Wk =i O k. J#Q nx Broader risk insurance LO@Ok. (Wk
Q^ =, =iH =i O k.)
 nx 75% qO LO` z#~` a_Q JOk< ~.
 Wk Q^ =, =iH =i O k.
4. WBCIS (Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme) :-
 200708 |_\ \ ^H O Q H~@H " \~ .
 O@ L`u JOQ JkHO Q _ =~` "xH Wk c=#OkO k.
 nx _ AICI J= ~ Ok (`~` nx 12 ~ qi OK~).
5. CPIS (Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme) :-
 200910 A.P., Q", H~@H, H ~, =~+, Xi, `q<_ =O\ ~ ~OaOK~.

ZH#q 130 z~Orq

 nx _ AICI ^~ Coconut Development Board J= ~ O k.
6. Live Stock Insurance # 199394 H O^ `O GIC ^~ J= KO k.
7. H$+ qH ~H [# :
 == ~OQO x K "iH c=` @ OK< ^ O HeOKO^ 2001 E nx ~OaOK#.
 == x"ix QiOK_O Q= OK~f <_ U*hQ ==iOK#.
== h\ ~^
 195051 ~` "`O ^ q 133 q.H~
nx Net Irrigated Area 21 q.H~ (15%).
Gross Irrigated Area 23 q.H~
JO> "`O ^ q Gross Irrigated Area 17%.
 200607 <\H Gross Irrigated Area ~Q` =zOk. Wk 44 `xH KiOk. JO> ~` 44% qH
=`" h\~^ aOk. qye# 56% q =~^ ~" # k.
h\ ~^^#` :
 == ~OQO L`^H` # OKO^
 | O@ O_OKO^
 #`# == =x J= iKO^
 ==`` J~ ` x `yOKO^
 ==^~ P^x OKO^
 1951 ... =#O K =O P^~OQ * # ql OK#)
1. z# `~ : below 10 Lakhs
2. =^ `~ : 10 Lakh - 5 Cr
3. s * : 5 Cr above
 #`# =sH~ }
:
1978 XH *H HeOK h\~^ q~ O |\ *H ql OK~.
1. z#`~ *H: CCA (Culturable Command Area) : below 2000 hectors
2. =^ `~ *H: CCA (Culturable Command Area): 2000-10000 hectors
3. s * : CCA (Culturable Command Area): 10,000 hectors above
 "^\ }oH h\~^ @|_ 455 H@ HQ, 10= }oH <\H 1,03,000 H@ KiOk.
CADP (Command Area Development Programme): 197475
 ^ <^ O : L yOK O_ L# h\~^ =~x, L yOKH#@.
 10th Plan nx #iiOz 2004 Apr CADWMP (CAD Water Management Programme) Q =~~.
 2006 `O "National Project for Repair Renovation and Restoration of Water Bodies" # \ ^H O Q
~OaOzOk.
AIBP (Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme) :- ` ~ (j ) h\~^ a ^H O (199697)
 L^ O : iHx h\~^ ^H # i KO^, H O^O x JOkOKO^
 nx s, =^ `~ *H JOiQ LO> "\x i KO^ H O^O ~ |}#OkO k.
 19992000 #O_ z#`~ * _ |}eOk.

ZH#q 131 z~Orq

 2000 XHi, 2004 =~i nx =iOK~.
 200405 QO\ Qx " \~ .
 2006 =iOz, ^~} ~ 30% QO@, ` H H @ys ~ 90% QO@, JOk< ~.
(D# yi[# ~, H O, L`~ YO_, =K ^ ) Xix KBK l (H~\, Ow~, HO_)
~` ==xH h\=#~ HOk =~ a < ~.
195051(q.) % 200506(q.) %
H= 8.3 40 15.5 25.8
= 6.0 29 55.4 58.8
K~ = 3.6 17 2.0 3.3
W`~= 3.0 14 7.3 12.1
20.9 60.2
 195051 21q.H~ qH h~ =k.
 200506 <\H 60q.H~ iyOk.
 195051 = h\ =#~ 40% H= #O_ aOKk.
 200506 <\H 59% J`kHO Q = #O_ aOk.
 H= `O `Q ` = `O iQ#. J#Q Li` h\~^ #O Q~ [ h\~^ KiOk. D
~H" # ^~} = Q~ [ ~A~AH J_QO@`<~.
 <_ h\ =#~ = > H= > K~ =

== =~\OQ
qH OHQ qQ: ~ ` O_Oz# O@ O qxQxH, q`< Q =~\ J=_xH ^OQ =#
L`ux 'qH O HQ qQ JO\~. ~` O\ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ qH O HQ qQ ` =Q
LO@Ok.
== =~\OQ ^ :
1. Assembling "~ ~ ~ ` O_Oz# O@# XH K@ K~ _O.
2. Grading O@ <}`# |\ "~ K _O.
3. =}H~} "~ K# L`ux =~ H=O J=~_O (Ranking)
4. Processing ==`` # qxQxH J#Q}OQ =~_O.
5. O} Processing K# O@# \, z~ "~ K~ _O.
6. Packing Processing K# O@# HO`HO x LOK@ Packing K~ .
 ~` == =~\OQ Q = D ^ iHO_< ==^~_ `# L`ux qH~OK@ =
=z` ^~ # O^H `<_.
:
=^ =~ , ^s JkHO Q LO_@O
Grading, =}H H~ H~`
H`, `xH
~"} H~ H~` ==^~ x~H~ `
y_O y H~ H~`, =~\ =K~O ~ ` `eH=_O
== ~ u ^ , =~\OQ ^ =^ =#O H =_O.
ZH#q 132 z~Orq
== =~\OQ x"~} f# K~ :
1. Q _OQ H~ U~@ :
 1937 Central Quality Control Laboratory x <Q ~ O K~. nx P^ ~O AGMARK W=|_`Ok.
== == <}`# `e*^ AGMARK.
 ~+O AGMARK H O^: QO@~, =~H @, ^@ ~, ^~^, q["_.
2. H = |^" # =~@ (Regulated Markets)
 == =~\OQx # ik^O ^ 1951< 280 Regulated Markets # U~@ K~. <_ Jq
7500 Q L<~.
 A.P. 1962 == =~\OQ Y U~_Ok.
 1966 PO^ ^ =~@ K@O (==`u, Q}) ~OkOK~.
D K@O L^ O : ==`` , = qH O q+ O ~ ` [< HeOK@ ~ # ^~
aOK K _O.
 ~+O 1969 == =~\OQ x|O^# fHK~. D x|O^# H~O x~OK" H=|^" #
=~@ ~+O Q Regulated Markets :889
 u =~\ Hq\ ~ ` , "~ =i `O #O_ ux^ O LO@Ok.
 ~ ` XHix =~\ Hq\ K~ <Q xq~ . ~+ ~ JkHi (Marketing Director) nx ~ "H ~ .
 ~ ` <}"# q`< , Z~=, Hq O~H ` = ^~ D =~\OQ Hq\ qH~~.
 =~\ ^~ =K =~# IVRS(Interactive Voice Responsive System) ^~ ~ ` `e*~ .
 '~` |O^ ^H O ^~ ~+O =~\ Hq\ J`=~ =O O@# `H@ @Hx O@ q=
75% =~ |} O K~. 90 ~A =~ nx =_ LO_^ .
 ==O #`# OHuH i*#O# ~ ` HOkOK L^ O ` N.G. ~OQ == qq^O H~O`
l =~\ Hq\ H O^ District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer Technology # '22' (Hyd q#) l
x~< ~.
 1999 A #O_ " \ "ix ` j` y_O Qe xi< ~. QO@~ J`kHO Q '10 j` y_O Q
H=.
 ~ ` , qxQ^~ [<# H_O^ 19992000 #O_ ~ ` |*~# ~OaOK~.
 ~+O '103 ~ ` |*~ H=. ^^, q["_ " ~ ` |*~ H=.
3. `xHH` :
 1958 #O_ Matric System of weights and measures # " \~ .
 `C _Q Hez#"iH Hi# tH qkOK_O [iyOk.
4. H~ =~@ :
 ~ ` H~ ukH =~\OQ O Q U~_ `= == # qH~OKH< q^#" '' H~ =~@.
 1912 ~ ` ` ~ ~OQ _ H~ O U~@ K H=_xH K@O K _O` H~@H `e H~
=~\OQ O O (1915) ~O" # k.
 1956 National Co-operation Development Warehousing Board O K~.
(1957 Central Warehousing Corporation U~@)
 1963 NCDC (National Co-operative Development Corporation) U~@ K~. H~ =~\# Ja=$k
~ == == Q_OQ, Processing, Storage H~ HeOK_" nx ^ <^ O.
ZH#q 133 z~Orq
 NAFED - National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of India (*f == =~\OQ =Y)
1958 O K~. Wk H~ =~\OQ Apex body. ==`` H~}
, O}, ZQ=u kQ=u
JO# Wk ijeOK#.
 TRIFED - Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India. Wk 1987 ~OO
. yi[# J@g,
==`` # " \ "~ #O_ ~HO KO^ nx O K~. =i, Q^ = H~}
FCI H Wk Agency
Q x K O k.
 A.P. H~ =~\OQ == 2 JOK LOk.
1) ~+ ~ APMARKFED (A.P. Co-operative Marketing Federation)
1957 q["_ H O^OQ O K|_<, 1965 nx H O^x ^^ =~~.
Wk H~ O q`< , Z~= O}` @ y_O Q# _ x~O k.
Wk HsO#Q~ =#u HOH (1972), #O^ #Ok_ (1976) # U~@ KO k.
2) l ~ ~+O 22 l District Marketing Co-operative Societies H=.
5. State Trading :- (JH" ` Hq\ ~ )
 P~`` # HiOz, J=~" ` ZQ=u kQ=` KO^ 1959 ~` `O P~^ < "~O
~OaOzOk.
 P~^ < xH 1965 FCI # O K~.
6. Future Trading :-
 200304 P~`` Future Trading x+kOK~.
 *f ~ Commodity Exchange (= qx=) # `O <HeOk.
 National Commodity & Derivative Exchange =O|
 Multi Commodity Exchange =O|
 National Multi Commodity Exchange J^^

== ^~ q^#O
 ''==^~xH =~ `~` ^ # `= ^~ x =~ ~. ~[~ ^=.
 == ^~ q^# H :
P~ == ^~ s H~}
.
==`ux JkHO K @.
^"} Xu_ # `yO K@.
==^~, qxQ^~ [< =^ =`O kOK@.
 193951 =^ 2nd World war, ^ q[ # = ^~ ~Q@K ^~ xO`} qkOK~.
 1st Plan P~^ < L`u iy ^~ `Q_ O K ^~ xO`} Zu" ~.
 1957 JH "` J^ H` # P~ ^< qK~} O O xqOK|_Ok. Wk H O^ `O P~ ^<
=~H x K\ x ~ KO k. JH "` ~ 1959 P~ ^< ` =~H O ~O" O k.
 1959 ~`H z# Ford Foundation |$O^O <@ " @ ~" Hh =^` ^~ H\ O Kx zOzOk.
 1964: L.K. ~ (P~ ^< O O) == ^~ Hq+< U~@# zOK#. D ~ 1965
'== ^~ Hq+< (APC) U~_Ok. Wk f OII =^` , H~} , *s ^~ # H\ O k. J~` g\x
PiH ==~ Ha<\ Hq\ P"kOKe.
 1985 ''== =, ^~ Hq+< (ACPC Agriculture Cost & Price Commission) Q ~ =~~.

ZH#q 134 z~Orq

 1990 Ch. #=O`~= <`$ `O Hq\ U~@ K~. nx ~ P^~OQ< == Y PiH
Q}OH qQO O@ =# JOK< " O k.
 2003 Y.K. J Hq\ CACP H K@| ^` HeOKx ~ K# \H `O u~ iOzOk.
 ` O == =, ^~ Hq+< K~ < : JH Q\.
Hh =^` ^~ :
 == q`< " H=O^ P O@ Hh ^~ # g W `=OkOK =^` < ''=^` ^~ (MSP)"
JO\~.
 nxx CACP (11 JO) ~ K O k.
 ZO` O@ O_#\H `O H#_xH ^O Q (H#E#) =# Hh ^~ ''=^` ^~ .
 `O H\ O z# Hh =^` ^~ H< ` = ^~ H#Q K# "~ K@s ` K~ f< gO>
Jk ''K@| ^" # =^` ^~ . ~` K O@ D ~H" # =^` ^~ H\ < ~.
 H O^O H\ O z# MSP H< ~+O Z= ^~ H\ Jk ''~+ ` =^` ^~ .
 L^ : HO^ H O^O 3000/ H\ ~+O 3500/ # H\ O zOk.
 H O^O H\ O z# Hh =^` ^~ H< Z= ^~ H#_xH ~+O ^ _ ` Jk ''~+ ` ^~ . Wk
_ K~ q+ O =i O k.
 ` O 26 O@ =^` ^~ # H\ < ~. 26= O@ : De-husked coconut.
 2011 Ys O@ O|OkOz MSP q=~ :
1. =i ^~} ~HO (H) 1080/
2. =i ZQ_ 1110/ {50/ #
3. *#/"H*#/[ 980/
4. #= 3400/
5. "~#Q 2700/
6. HO^ 3200/
7. q#= 3300/
8. Q^= 1285/
9. ~Q 1050/
10. Sunflower 2800/
11. ~ 3500/
12. u (_Q) 3300/
H~} ^~ :
 H ` *O} == J=~, Buffer Stock x=H P~^ <# Hi~ .
 P~^ <# q~ , ~ ` #O_ HiOK@ `O KeO K ^~ ''H~}
^~ .
 `O (FCI) HiOK@_ q~ ` xiQ `xH J==# P~^ <# LEVY Q ~ .
 JO^H nx 'LEVY ^~ Jx ~ .
 H~} ^~ =^` ^~ HO> Z=Q#, =~\ ^~ HO> ` =Q# LO@Ok.
 =^` ^~ x q`< " H ~O H\ , H~}
^~ # O@ O_# `~` O@ KuHK =O^ H\ ~ .
 H~} ^~ Hh~ =^` ^~ =#OQ LO@Ok.
aO H~} : O*, PO^ ^ , ~<, L`~ ^ =O^O[ L<~.
Q^ = H~} : O*, ~< #O_ 91% =Ok.

ZH#q 135 z~Orq

Buffer Stock :-
 _=O_ H#Q}OQ Supply x =~= O`OQ x~OKO^ `O Buffer Stock # U~@ K O k.
 Wk ^~ s H~}
^^_ #.
 P~ ^< Supply iy ^~ `y# _ P~^ <# HiOKQ, `y H~` U~_#_ D x #O_
P~ ^<# =~\H q_^K ^~ ~Q^# x"iOK#.
 2010 [#=i <\H ~` 47 q.@# P~ x Buffer Stock Q L<~. (LO_=# x:30 q.@#)
*s ^~ :
 * O} == ^~ P~ ^<# O} K @ H O^= ~+ ` U ^~ JO^* O ^ Jk
''HO^ *s ^~ .
 ^~}OQ H~} ^~ HO> ` = ^~ H H O^O ~ *s K O k. D ~ O_O\ =^ =`" H O^O i OK
a_.
 ` O Q` 5 OII #O_ *s^~ axH
APL 795/ (HO\ )
BPL 565/ (HO\ )
AAY 300/ (HO\ )
Q^=
APL 610/ (HO\ )
BPL 415/ (HO\ )
AAY 200/ (HO\ )

e`^~ (Administered) :-
 ` ~OQ O `= L`` x~~ OK ^~ ''e` ^~ .
 ^~
J~ ` x `yOKO^ nx J=Oa~ .
 Supply iy ^~ `Q K #_ `O H#Q K,
Supply `y ^~ ~Q`#_ `O `#=^ Q x# ~ ~ K O k.
D ~H" # ^~ xO`}< ''e` ^~ JO\~.
Food Management in India :-
 ~ ` =z`" # ^~ # JOkOKO^ |# =~ JO^@ LO_ ^~ x~~ OKO^ ~`
`O P~ x~} K O k.
 P~ ^< H~} , x, O} ~` `xH <_ U*hQ FCI ==iO k.
 1997 #O_ De-centralised Procurement Scheme (DCP) # ~OaOK#. nx P~^ < H~} , O}
~+ ` x~~.
DCP = HeQ [< :
* O} == =~ O ~Q#.
~"} =O `Q # .
xH Ja~ K J#Q}OQ P~^ <# HiOK=K.

ZH#q 136 z~Orq

== H=`O :
 ~ ` ^O K qx '== H=`O JO\~.
 H=` '5 ~H:
1. LO`
2. z#
3. z# =^ `~
4. =^ `~
5. ^ H=`
Size (H~ ) No.of holdings 0% Area operated(Mh)
Marginal 01 76 qe# 63 30.1
Small 12 22.8qe# 18.9 32.3
Semi-medium 24 14qe# 11.7 38.3
Medium 410 6.6qe# 5.4 38.1
Large 10 P# 1.2qe# 1 21.1
120.8qe# 100% 159.9 q..
 2001 <\H ~` Q@ H=`O i=}O 1.32 H~ .
 2001 <\H ~` H=` OY 120 qe#.
 "`O H=` LO` H=` "\ 63%.
 ~` LO` H=` OY, LO` H=` `O, LO` H=` HO^ x~OK|_ q ~Q`Ok.
 ~` 197071 2.28 H~ Q@ H=` i=}O HQ, Jk 1.32 H~ `yO k. J#Q ~` Q@

H=` i=}O `Q ` #k. nxH H~}O JkH [< ~Q^.
 LO` H=`x ^O K ~ ` ''LO` ~ ` .
1 H~ (1 H~ 2.5 ZH~) qQ~ ` LO` ~ ` Q =|_`_.
 12 H~ =^ qQ ~ ` ''z#~` .
10 H~ HO> Z= q Q ~ ` ''^ ~ ` .
 200001 <\H ~` Q@ H=` i=}O JkHO Q Q ~+O :
1. O* (4.03 H~ )
2. ~[<
` = Q@ H=` i=}O Q ~+O : H ~ (0.24 H~ )
1956 : A.P. Q@ H=` i=}O 2.43 H~
200001 : A.P Q@ H=` i=}O 1.25 H~
200506 : A.P Q@ H=` i=}O 1.20 H~
JO> ~+O H=` Q@ i=}O `Q ` Ok.
~` HO> A.P H=` Q@ i=}O ` =Q LOk.
200506 Size No.of holdings % H=` Q@ ()
Marginal 0 2.5 ZH~ 74.27Lakhs 61.59 0.44
Small 2.55 ZH~ 26.9Lakhs 21.91 4.41
Semi-medium 510 ZH~ 14.44Lakhs 11.9 2.66
Medium 10 25 ZH~ 4.87Lakhs 4.04 5.66
Large 25 ZH~ # 0.56Lakhs 0.47 15.66
120.45Lakhs 1.20 Q@ H=`O
ZH#q 137 z~Orq
 A.P U~_#@Op <\ = ~ LO`, z# H=` OY `O ~Q`Ok. ^ H=` OY `yO k.
 <_ LO`, z# H=` OY Z=.
 A.P 1956 H=` OY 42 H . 200506 <\H 120 H KiOk.
 ^O = A.P _ LO` H=` ^= #O L<~. "`O H=` 61.59% LO` H=`.
H=` q @# H~} :
[< ~Q^
L=_ @O qz#==_O.
"~` K\
q ==: qx PQ HO_ O H ^Q qOK_O .
\~ i= H} `.
=_ "~, ^iHO.
z# H=` = = :
^ q =$^ H=_O (HeQ@, He@ ~O 15%)
~ "H} =
P^ xH ^` ^xH g HH=_O
O@ =i_H gHH=_O.
x"~} K~ :
Z) \ H=` U~@.
XH @OxH, [` Z_ O=`~=O` x HeOz =z` r=# =}x JOkOKk '' \/@O|/
PiH/ Ja+} H=`O.
a) H=` qH~} .
"~ ~ O` =HQ=# H=`# UH YO_OQ =~ H ''H=` qH~} .
) H~ ==O.
Q=Ox ~ ` O^~ H~ O OQ U~_ `= q#O`\ x UH YO_OQ K H~ ukH x~OK
==O '' H~ ==O.
z# H=` =# i+iOKO^ H~ ==O L`= =x <Q ~ HOQ ="O , 192627
~ Hq+<, 1928 QOnr, 1949 == O~} Hq\ (*..=~ ) ~<~.
O KO [~h H~ ==O ~O" O k. JkH`ux kOK@, P^ xH ^` ^O K _O, ^
`~ P^ O^@, ~ u =~\OQ ^ O^_O =O\ [< nx ^~ O^=K.
5H H~ q 8,819 H~ O Jn#O D ^u ^=`Ok. "`O ^ q Wk 0.5%
=`".
H ~ H~ ==O ` e `xzOk.
PO^ ^ 200708 <\H 2295 H~ L=_ == O P^ ~O 2.67 H ZH~ q
^==`Ok.
* O} ==
 1943 #O_ (OQ H=O) x~^ ` = ^~ P~^ < O} [iQk.
 1955 x`=~ == K@O K |_Ok.
 1957 #O_ * O} == ~O" O ^x K =K.
 Food and Agriculture Organization "i x|O^# H~O P~^ < `i k#i qxQO 440g LO_e.
(HhO 1800 H s Hx "e)

ZH#q 138 z~Orq

 `$}^< C^< "`O
1950 334g 60g 394g
2008 394g 41.8g 436g
2009 407g 37g 444g
2010 407g 31.6g 438.6g
 ~` `i `$}^< ` ~QKO_Q, `i C ^< ` `Q ` #k.
 J~` "`O P~ ^< ` ~QK#k.
 C ^< ` `Q_ O HO` =~ PO^# HeyOK JOO.
 ''[O^iH Ke#O` i=}O Jx H P~ ^< JO^@ LO__" P~ ^` .
 * O} == ^~ Q^ =, aO, KH ~, =O@ #<, H~<, = =O\ Jx ~H == O}
K @ H O^O 2004 ''~ ^H O ~OaOzOk. nxx A.P. ''Q$q` Q < ~.
 R.P.D.S Revamped Public Distribution System (H# K# Public Distribution System): Public Distribution
System x # ikk H~ =, Z_i, yi[#, J@g O` qi 1992 [#=i #O_ R.P.D.S. #
~OaOK~.
 T.P.D.S. Targeted Public Distribution System (H ` * O} ==)
 1996 H\ O z<, 1997 J=iK#.
 nx '^O^ ^~ q^#O " \~ . J#Q BPL "iH H O^O *s K# ^~ HO> ` = ^~ , APL "iH
~+ `xH# PiH =xH P~ ^<# JOk~ .
 ^ <^ O : BPL "iH a_x JOkOK@.
 TPDS A.P. BPL @O "iH Rg 5.25/- (@O|O XHHiH 4kgs KC# 20H. =~ ), APL
"iH 9/ KC# @OxH 10 H r JOkOK~.
 2008 APR 9 # A.P. Govt ''H 2/ aO ^H O ~OaOz#k. (~+O 1983 NTR K Wk ~OO )
nx= BPL "iH H aO 5.25 ~. #O_ 2 ~II `yO k.
200809 nx a_H 1980 H@
200910 3500 H@
201011 3000 H@ H \~OK~.
 2011 #=O|~ 1 #Oz H aO ~.1/H W=_O H~} =~ ~ _ `O ~OaOz#k. 201112 |_\
~.2500 H@ a_H H \~OK#.
 ~+O APL, BPL ` @ J#~, AAY H~ _ H=.
 2000 Apr #O_ ''J#~ ^H O # H O^O ~OaOzOk. nx =$^ OK< ~x ^ =$^ 10 H r P~
^<# Lz`OQ JOk~ .
 2000 Dec ''JO`^ J#[# (AAY) ^H O ~OO . ^ x~^e QiOz JkH a_ < 25
H r JOk~ . 2002 #O_ @OxHK i=}x 35 H r OK~. nx aO 3/, Q^= 2/
JOk~ .
 2008 Apr 9 #O_ ''H aO 2/ ^H O ~OO ` AAY HO^ WK aO ^~ 3/ #O_ 2/ `yO K~.
2011 #=O|~ 1 #Oz ~.1/H `yO zi.
 1974 ~+O PDS H '~ ~ ~ H~~+< U~@ K~.
~+O Q ~ +< OY :
200910: 43,060
201011: 44,498
201112: 44,579

ZH#q 139 z~Orq

 200910 201011 201112 % (201112)
Qg} O` : 36,113 37,912 37, 832 85%
@}
O` : 6,947 6,586 6, 747 15%
43,060 44,498 44, 579
2011, #=O|~ 31 <\H ~+O 44,579 ~ +< O_Qgx 85 `O Q=#, 15% @} # L<~.
 P.D.S. x =~= O`OQ x~OK@, KH^~ ^H} JO^iH JO^@H `K O^
Q= : 400 - 450 white cards, 50 pink cards.
@} : 500 - 550 white cards, 250 pink cards.
H~~+< : 600 - 650 white cards, 250 pink cards. XH ~ +< ik LO_x x~iOK~.
 <_ A.P. Q@ # 535 H~ /@O XH ~ +< H^.
 H O^ ` K# H~O f 2000 =OkH XH KH^~ ^H}O LO_e. Hh A.P 1965 =OkH XH ~ +<
H^.
O` "sQ K :
`OQ} 37.2%
^H}
H 29.7%
L`~ H 11.7%
~= 21.4% ~ +< H=.
Note :-
 # ~# q^O Q O`# 4 q^Q ql `OQ} Z=Q#, L`~ H ` =Q# ~ +<
H=.
 =_ O` ql H (L`~ { ^H} ) Z= ~ +< , ~= ` =Q# H=.
 A.P. JkH ~ +< Q l : z`~ .
 A.P. ` = ~ +< Q l : ^~^.
 A.P. JkH ~ +< H~ Q l : `~ Q^=i l.
 A.P. ` = ~ +< H~ Q l : x*=^.
 1980= ^H O ''H 2/ aO ^H O ~OO ` ~ +< H~ *s iyOk. BPL "iH PK , APL "iH
K H~ OkOK"~. 1991 Q H~ Ui"`H g\ ~OQ =~~.
PK H~ #O ` H~ .
K H~ #O OH H~ .
 ` O ~+O White Card O^_xH
Q= "iH^O ~.60,000 HO> ` =Q#,
@} "iH^O ~.75,000 HO> ` =Q LO_e.
 Q H~ `yO, J~ [#O K ~@ 2005 #O_ Iris based ~ +< H~ # *s K _O
~OaOK~.
2006 Jan 2 #O_ l H O^# 2006 Jan 24 #O_ Q=# ~OaOK#.
(`` nx ~*O^#Q~ (~OQ~_) ~OaOK~).
2009 - 10 2010 - 11 2011 - 12
White cards 187.61 Lakhs 179.16 Lakhs (79.4%) 179.96 Lakhs (79.4%)
Pink cards 29.5 Lakhs 29.94 Lakhs (13.3%) 29.94 Lakhs (13.2%)
AAY 15.58 Lakhs 15.58 Lakhs (6.9%) 15.57 Lakhs (6.88%)
Annapurna 93,200 93,200 (0.4%) 93, 200 (0.41%)
233.62 Lakhs 225.62 Lakhs 2,26,41,674

ZH#q 140 z~Orq

 2009 August 4 ^ Q ~ +< H~e H=|nHi OK~.
 nx QOQ 17 H Q H~ # ~^ K~. J~# "iH 4.48 H H~ # *s K~. e `OQ
201011 <\H ~+O 225.62 H ~ +< H~ H=. (=O^ OII` e `y# q).
 g\ 80% (4/5 =O`) ` ~ +< H~ .
 O` "sQ K
`OQ} 39.5%
^H} H 32.4%
~= 16.4%
L`~ H 11.7% ~ +<H ~ H=.
 H~ q+ O _
4 O`Q ql 1st Place `OQ}.
3 O`Q ql 1st Place H.
 A.P. J`kH ~ +< H~ Q l : `~ Q^=i l.
 A.P. ` = ~ +< H~ Q l : x*=^.
 x`=~ == JH= O}x x~kOKO^ 199899 ~+O aO, H~< Bar Coded Coupons
*s K _O ~OaOK~.
 JKP ''[# H~< i[#:
 LPG H<H< x BPL @O H~<# O} KO^ "JKP ^H O 2005 #O_ J==`Ok.
 Hyd, HO q# 21 l 86 H~< \ O} H O^# x~< ~.
 43,152 H H~< u < BPL H~ ^~ K < ~.
 |~OQ =~\ x`=~ ~ ^~ iy#_ "Market Intervention Scheme" HO^ `O *HO
K Hx ~ +< , ~ ` |*~ ^~ =~\ ^~ H< ` = ^~ H ~ Ok< ~.
L^ : 201011 HOkC 1kg x 50/ H JOkOK~.
 P^~ H~ *sH "^\ ^ 7 l ^^, ~OQ~_, Pk^, `~ Q^=i, NHO, z`~ ,
J#O` ~ #"^ H~H=O ~OaOzi. P~ ~ ~ ~ Y UID Project J=# xqOK|_#.
 5.03 H@ =Ok #"^HQ 3.29 H@ UID <O|~ [#~\ J~#q.
 ~OQ~_ l =~O =O_O \ *H HO^ Aadhaar based smart card *s K#. nxx ~ +<,
NREGA Payments, ~ + , P~QN a, OK# , Z..l. O}H L y~ .
 =~O =O_O 12,675, z`~ l H` O 262 ~H ~ *sK#.
*f P~ ^
`
q+< : (National Food Security Mission)
 P~ ^` O|OkOz National Development Council f~#O == H~ Y P^ ~O 200708
~c [< nx ~OaOK~.
 11th Plan JO`xH =i 10 qe< @#,
Q^ = 8 qe< @#.
C ^< 2 qe< @#, J^# L`ux OKx nx x~t OK~.
 q~ } ~x OK@ ^~ nx kOK_xH ` K < ~.
 17 ~ Q 476 l ` O nx J= K < ~.
 201011 ISOPOM Q C ^< JOx NFSM qb#O K~.

ZH#q 141 z~Orq

 N.F.S.M. 201011 A3P (Accelerated Pulses Production Programme) J< L ^H x ~OaOK~.
 60,000 =~ = Q= C ^<, #< yO[ Ja=$kH 201011 |_\ 300 H@ H \~OK#.
 `~ ~`O 7 ~ (UP, JKP, BHR, WB, OS, ASM, Kf+ _) i` q= O kOKO^ H$+ K < ~.
 A.P. 200708 ~c [< #O_ Wk J=H =zOk.
 ~+O nx H O: =i 30Lakhs @#, C ^< 3.5Lakhs @#, J^#OQ L`u K e.
 NFSM J= HO =i L`uH 11 l, C ^< HO 22 l ( ^~^ q#) ZOH K~.
=i H~ ZOH K# l :
NHO "^H
q[#Q~O =|#Q~
qY #O_
H$ Y=O
QO@~ Pk^
<~
 H O^ `O +H x =iOKO^ Applied Nutrition Programme # 1963 ~OaOzOk. nx ^ <^ O
~Q, P~ =i O_ L`ux Oz Qi} , eK ` g\x qxyOK@ `OK_O .
 1970 Special Nutrition Program ~OO .
 ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme):- ~ O_ H~H= q ==_O` 1975 I.C.D.S. ~OO .
Qi} , eK `, +H` O x"~} nx H O.
JOQ<" _ H O^ nx HO^ x K < ~.
 1993 '*f +H` q^#O H\ O K~.
 2001 ^ x *f +H` q+<# U~@ K~.
q+ H$+ L* [# [VKUY] : (200409 q^j "~ q^#O)
200409 q^j "~ q^#O == ZQ=` ^#`# QiOK~.
O_, ~Q, H=, J@g L`` ZQ=`# `OKO^ VKUY # ~OaOK~.
AEZ (Agriculture Export Zone):-
 Exim Policy:- 200102 ==`` # `OKO^ A.E.Z. # ~OaOK#.
 == ZQ=`#, AEZ U~@# H O^xH APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Exports
Development Authority) <_ U*hQ xK #.
PSFS [Price Stabilization Fund Scheme] :-
\,H, ~|~, Q =O\ `@ O@ q+ O L`u =O HO> ^~ Q `y` ==^~# P^H<
L^ O ` 2003 " \~ .
CLR (Computerised Land Records) :-
CLR ^H
x 198889 100% H O^ x^ ` ~` 8 l " \~ . (A.P. ~OQ~_) .
`~ "` "`O l qi OK~.
ISOPOM (Integrated Scheme of Oil seeds Pulses Oil palm and Maize): -
== =Ou`Y #< yO[, C ^<, =~, "H*# Ja=$kH H O^ uk` Integrated
^H x " ># .
ISOPOM x 'P' JOx NFSM qb#O K~.

ZH#q 142 z~Orq

APMC Act :-
Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee Act [Development and Regulation Act] 2003 K~.
nx= == =~\OQ O~}K~.
HO\ ==O, `" \ Q=O Ja=$k [iyOk.
National Bamboo Mission (NBM) :-
== H~ qQO, == =Ou`Y He NBM# (200607 #O_ 201011 =^ J=)
~OaOK#.
1 H H~ "^ ~# qi OK_" L^ O.
Seed Bank :-
q`< L`uH, O}H J=< H~ HeOKO^ 19992000 Seed Bank ~OO .
H ^O : H ^ ^H O 2006 [#=i ~OO . `O~ ^O, aO^ ^O ^~ h\x =~= O`OQ
L yOK_" nx L^ O.
2010 E< NMMI [National Mission on Micro Irrigation] ~OO .
~|~ :
2009 <\H O K [ ~|~ 8.5% "\ Hey 4= Ju^ L`u^~Q ~` xezOk.
H :
O KO H L`u ~` 6= #O.
~` 2 ~H (J~aH, ~) "~ \ # L`u KOk.
\ :
~` O KO Ju^ \ L`u^~ qxQ^~ (H \).
O K L`u 27% ~` [~Q`Ok.
O^, K OHO :
GDP O^, K OHO "\ 200809 4.07%.
== J#|O^ H~H Wk 29.7% "\ Hey =Ok.
11th Plan nx 67% =$k kOKx H O.
18th Live Stock ( O^ Q}OH2007) H~O ^O 529 qe# O^ H^.
O K L`u ~` ^= #O.
200910 `i ` 263g/day.
(J~#\H FAO "i data H~O O K Q@ 279g HO> ` =Q LOk.)
~` 80% L`u J==H $ ` ~OQO [~Q`Ok.
NPCBB : [National Project for Cattle & Buffalo Breeding]
2002 JH|~ ~OaOK~.
Wk ^j ~HO L`ux OK\xH L^t Oz#k.
 ~` OII# 59.8 ae# Q_ L`u [~Q`Ok. OII# aOK `i Q_ 51.
 ~`
195051 K L`u 0.75 q. @#.
200910 <\H 7.85 q. @# iyOk. =~ 14 qe# =Ok K L`u P^~_ `<~.
K L`u O KO ~` #O 6.
Inland (^j~HO ) K L`u ~` 2= #O.
2004 'Marine Fishing Policy' H\ O K~.

ZH#q 143 z~Orq

Z~= :
O KO Z~= L`u qxQO ~` 3= #O LOk.
~` i L`u O =$kx kOzOk.
~` Q@ Z~= qxQO 116kgs/H.
Z~= J`kHO Q "_ ~+O : O* (212 H r)
J~}K ^ , <QO_ 5 H r =`" "_`<~.
Xix ~n \ Z~=e ~` `O L`u K O k.
 NRAA [National Raineefed Area Authority]: 2006 U~_Ok.
P~ a_ :
^ Hh +H~#OkOKO^, ^~ ~ ` x kOKO^ a_x W~ .
PiH =xH, *s ^~ H =^ `_ 'a_.
200910 P~ a_ 58,242 H@.
sH ~ :
O_, ~Q, QO^ ^", `@ O@ Ja=$kH KOk#^ 'sH ~.
M.S. q<^< Hq\ nx Z= Lk J=H HeOK ~OQOQ qOK#.
O_, ~Q L`u ~` 2= #O.
200506 <+# sH ~ q+<# ~OaOK~.
11= }oH == ~OQO :
11 }oH == ~OQO 4% =$k kOKx H O.
^ qx 5 qe< H~ OKx _ ~Ok.
RKVY ~+
H$+ qH [# :
~+ }oH ==O J#|O^ ~OQ ` @|_ Oz#_ ~# `OK L^ O`
25,000 H@` 2007 PQ nx ~OaOK~.
H O^, ~ QO@ ~O #Ok~ .
201011 nx Hx ` H H \~O K~.
 `~ O`xH i` q" x qi OKO^
 C ^<, #<yO[ L`ux "@ O` `OKO^
 J & K Saffron ~OQx `OKO^
200809 Q}OH 200910 Q}OH
=Y"# O@
1. =i :
1. t= OQ (15.16%) 1. t= OQ (16.10%)
2. PO^ ^ (14.36%) 2. O* (12.62%)
3. L`~ ^ (13%) 3. L`~ ^ (12.13%)
Q@
kQ|_ O* JkHO .
2. Q^ = :
1. L`~ ^ (35%) 1. L`~ ^ (34.06%)
2. O* (19%) 2. O* (18.77%)
3. ~< (13%) 3. ~< (13%)
kQ|_ O* JkHO .
ZH#q 144 z~Orq
3. "H*# :
1. PO^ ^ (21%) 1. H~@H (18%)
2. H~@H 2. PO^ ^ (16.51%)
3. ~[< 3. =~+ (10.94%)
kQ|_ PO^ ^ < JkHO .
4. "`O =`H ^< :
1. ~[< (18%) 1. =~+ (18.75%)
2. H~@H 2. H~@H (17.59%)
5. "`O C ^< :
1. =^ ^ (25%) 1. =^ ^ (29.33%)
2. L`~^ 2. =~+ (16.17%)
6. "`O P~^ < :
1. L`~ ^ (19%) 1. L`~ ^ (19.81%)
2. O* (11%) 2. O* (12.36%)
7. "~ #Q :
1. Q[~` (37%) 1. Q[~` (32.41%)
2. PO^ ^ (21%) 2. PO^ ^ (18.60%)
8. Rapeseed & Mustered (P") :
1. ~[< (48%) 1. ~[< (44.63%)
2. L`~^ 2. ~< (12.86%)
9. c< :
1. =^ ^ (59%) 1. =^ ^ (64.29%)
2. =~+ 2. =~+ (22.07%)
10. <=~ :
1. H~@H (43%) 1. H~@H (35.29%)
2. PO^^ 2. PO^ ^ (31.76%)
11. "`O #<yO[:
1. =^ ^ (25%) 1. =^ ^ (30.71%)
2. ~[< 2. ~[< (17.73%)
12. K :
1. L`~ ^ (31%) kQ|_ ^= #O. 1. L`~ ^ (40.08%)
2. =~+ (17%) 2. =~+ (21.95%)
13. u :
1. Q[~` (31%) 1. Q[~` (33.26%)
2. =~+ (21%) 2. =~+ (24.40%)
14. Jute & Mesta :-
1. t=OQ (76%) 1. t=OQ (79.53%)
2. c~ (11%) 2. c~ (10.83%)

ZH#q 145 z~Orq

15. |OQ^O :
1. L`~ ^ (31%) 1. t=OQ (33.32%)
2. t=OQ (28%) 2. L`~ ^ (32.94%)
16. Le :
1. =~+ (28%) 1. =~+ (25.87%)
2. H~@H (22%) 2. H~@H (18.63%)
17. Q PO^ ^
18. ` JO
19. H H~@H
20. ~|~ H ~
21. =q_ =~+
22. qi H ~
23. q~ PO^ ^
24. JO H ~
25. PO^ ^
26. :
1. HO
2. H~
27. J~\ Q[~`
28. =OQ H ~
29. O== J & K
 ~` =i ^= q 196061 #O_ <=kQ ~Q Q^ = ^= q "QO Q iyOk (~\O
HO> JkHO ).
 *# ^= q QxH `y ~Ok.
 "H*# ^= q ~ \O ~Ok.
 [ ^= q `yO k.
 #< yO[ ^= q ~ \O ~Ok.
 "~ #Q ^= q HOKO `yO k.
 u ^= q iyOk.
 |OQ^O ^= q iyOk.
J#Q =i, Q^ =, "H*#, #< yO[, u, |OQ^ O ^ q ~QQ *#, [, "~ #Q ^=
q `yO k.

ZH#q 146 z~Orq

 iqH q^#O
`O`
O <\ iu
:
 `O`O <\H ^O HkQ s i=, Z=Q z#`~ i=<~. =^ `~ i= =.
J#Q i= =^ J=`O LOk.
 L`^H = i= HO> qxQ = i= JkHO . Wq _ Z=Q =O^`` _Hx L#q.
 `O`#O`~O iqHa=$k f~# 4 ^ Q ql OK=K.
"^\ ^ (195165) :
 Wk |"# iqH <k ^.
 D ^ =eH, L`^H i= Ja=$k KO^~. =<a =O = Wk ^ "O k.
~ O_= ^ (196580) : ''=O^ ^
 D ^ iqHa=$k =O^yOz#k.
 ^# =O` qxyOK =xHQ == =$k Z=Q [iyOk.
=_= ^ (198091) : "Recovery Stage"
 D HO iqHa=$k ~^ K~ Ok.
<= ^ (1991 `~`) :
 # ~^ , q^j @|_ J#=u, ` @|_ LO ~} =O\ K~ K> # .
 D HO =xH Q == , ` s i=# O K_O [iyOk.
iqH f~<
1. iqH f~#O 1948 :
 i= =Ou O^ =Ys 1948 U 6# `e iqH f~#O H\ O K~.
 D f~#O q= PiH ==# ~OkOKh, `, " @
~OQ H~O` iqH Qu [~Qh,
PtOzOk.
 nx i=# 4 ~HQ =sHi OK~.
Z) ` UH= :
^ ~H} , `` O|O^ i= ` Jn#O LO\~.
L^: P^P^ =y, J}H =i ~ (3 ~OQ).
a) q= ~OQO Q i= :
>e<, >bQ "~ W#=L, Q, q=< L`u, <H x~}O q#~ P~ (6 i=).
g\x 10 OII=~ " \ = x~~ . 10 OII `~` *fO K q+ x `O ijeO k.
g\ H` i= `" O k.
) `~OQ J[=~+ Q i= :
s ~<, s O`, O` iH~, Z~=, OK^~, " O\, Hy`O, P\" "II# 18
i= " @ ~OQx J#=uOz#\H, ` J[=~+ LO@Ok.
_) W`~ i= :
Wq " \ ~OQO LO\~. ( 3 =sH~ } xq nx HO^ =~)
 D f~#O z# i= P=H`# , q^j =^# O P=H`# , Hi[=#O =^ ` O|O^#
QiOzOk.

ZH#q 147 z~Orq

gH :
 Wk q= PiH == <k "O k. q^j =^# ^#`# QiOzOk.
 J~` 10 OII `~` '*fO K =K J< "Y = P i= ^ K^ .
 i= q+ O `O `# "Y ix `e*O ^ Qh, +O Q, xi+O Q i=# ql OK^ .
2. iqH f~#O 1956 :
 s i= ^#q 2nd Plan ^= =_O, `O ="^ su =[O " J_Q " @,
~*OQ ~K# ~~ P^tH ` ^#q=@O = 2 OII =O^Q< 'iqH f~#O 1956 #
H\ O Ke =zOk.
 =$k ~ @#, iqHH~ }
# ` O K @, ` ~OQx qi OK@, s ` si= Ja=$k, P^
O^ J=#` `yO K@ H O` 1956 f~#O H\ O K|_#.
 nx i=# '3 ~HQ =sHi OK~.
1. *a` 'Z:
nx 17 i= H=.
Wq ` Jn#O< LO\~.
L^: P^, P^ =y, ~H} iH~, ~ , `Ou `, >e<, >bQ, q=##O, <H#O,
W#= L, Q, J}H "II#q.
2. *a` 'a:
12 i= H=. Wk q= ~OQO.
L^: JqxO, ~# i=, PO\|\H , Z~=, ~_ =^ ~"} "IIq.
4. *a` ':
~ O_ *a` x JO nx H=.
Wk iQ " \ ~OQxH q_z@|_#.
D f~#O _ z# i= ^#`#, Of J=#` `yO K_x Hi [=#O Q=O
HeOK_x, Hi OHuH i*#O tH} x=_x QiOz#k.
^#` :
 nxx ''PiH ~*OQO Q "Mx~ .
 Wk i=# +O Q#, xi+O Q# ql OzOk.
 `~OQ q~ }
^~ ="^ su =[# ^^_ O k.
 nx '*fO J< =# ^ .
 O K _O `, " \ ~OQ =^ qKH}
K^ .
q=~ :
 ^==#~ KbKx u =# ~` PiH == Wk =iO` ~O "Q ^x l< H ~<_.
 D f~#O `~OQx Sr. "\^~Q#, " \ ~OQx Jr. "\^~Q# ~#k.
 `O ZC_<
, U *a`x i=<< O K=K# J< u^## " \ = QuOK^ .
3. iqH f~#O1973 : Wk Joint Sector H ^#qzOk. (^` Hg\ ~)
4. iqH f~#O 1977 :
 <\ i= =Ou *i ~ O_* 1977 _O|~ D f~#O H\ O K~.

ZH#q 148 z~Orq

 HOQ q^< = ^iHO, x~^y` iQh qOz nx z# `~ i= ^#qK~.
 Tiny Industries :- 50,000 [< HO> ` = [< Q @}
~.1 H @|_ iqu Q i= "Tiny
Industries".
 z# i= @|_ iqux 10 H ~II, J#|O^ i= @|_x 15 H OK~.
 Reservation :- z# i= H \~Oz# *a`# 180 #O_ 807H OK~.
 D f~#O z# i= JkH ^#qK#.
 DIC (District Industrial Centres) :- z# i= U~@ H=e# Jx ~H J#=` XHK@ WKO^ DIC
(l iqH H O^) # O Kx f~xOK#.
 ^ i= : P^ xH OHuH i*#O J=~= ~OQH, z# i= Reserve K |_x ~OQH
^` ~ i= [=# "t OK=K. J~` giH H=e# q` ^ # g~ =~H"e.
gH :
 z# i= @|_ iquh, i[~+<# Oz DIC # ^^_ # \H ^ O `= q`x `"
=~H"e J< x|O^# ^ i= =$kH P@OHOQ xezOk.
5. iqH f~#O 1980 :
 1956 f~<xH |_ nx H\ O K~.
 ''PiH _ ~ e [O, ''#H
O\ =O\ =## " \~ .
 Tiny i= @|_ 1 H #O_ 2 H , z# i= @|_x 10 #O_ 20 H , J#|O^ i=
@|_x 15 #O_ 25 H ~II OK~.
 O < Ok# L`u HO> Jk L`u K# "`O Z= L# _ Jk K@q ~^= Q#. Hh D f~#O
OIIxH 5% KC# 5 OII 25% JkH`u K <O^ J#=uK~.
6. iqH f~#O 1985 :
 MRTP (Monopoly Restrictions on Trade Practices) K@ ikQ P ikx 20 #O_ 100 H@ OK~.
 `eiQ Broad Band ^ O HeOK~.
 kQ=`# ~m HiOK~ (~r"QOn O)
7. iqH f~#O 1990 :
 <\ "}[ =Ou Jl`O Q nx H\ O K~.
 Wk 1977 [#` ` f~<x e =Ok.
 1990SIDBI U~@ K~.
8. #`# iqH f~#O 1991 :
H :
 ~` iqH ==# 'J#=~ JkH~ xO`} J< Q _ #O_ ` Oz K# HeOK_O .
 O K PiH ==` ~` PiH ==# J#O^#O K @.
 q^j @|_ Q POH # `yOK_O `@ ^j @|_^~# MRTP (Monopolies and Restrictive
Trade Practices) K@O #O_ q=H HeOK@.
 #` #_# ` O x f~# gHO z @ xO* @.
 .q. #~O ~=, =<<O Q (O~} ~te) P^ ~O '#`# iqH f~#O H\ O K|_Ok.
 1991 A s i= O|OkOz, PQ+ z# i= O|OkOz iqH H@ ## K~.

ZH#q 149 z~Orq

  ~` PiH Ki` W^H " ~~ =O\k.
 O~} J< #`# q= O iqH O~}<q 'Minor Revolution' =O\q.
 1991 ~` 'U' turn fHOk.
=MO :
xOQ q^#O ~^ :
1951 IDR (Industrial Development & Regulation)Act H~O i= O KO> < ` xi.
~H} =y, xH~" # == , q== e ` ~K '18 ~H i= q# qye# i=
ZO\ < O^ O_< O K=K.
JO`~f =~\ \H x|_ Hx O^O^ i= Q xO`} `yOK|_~.
D # `~` HO 18 #O_ `y =z '5 K~ #.
1) =^O ` s
2) K@, Q~ @, W`~ Q == .
3) ZHxH U~, ~H} =y
4) iqH _ ^~
5) =^H~ ~<
`~OQ kO (De-reserved) :-
1956 iqH f~#O '17 ~H i=e i[~ K~.
D f~#O "\x '8H `yO K~. ` O '3 kOK~.
J}H, ~ ~"}, J}H K@O ~# Yx*. L^: ~ xO, ^iO.
`~OQ ` :
D f~#O `~OQO. " \ ~OQO "t OKx O H =, J=< ^ H "t Oz @|_
K x qOK#.
M~_ i
= :
M~_ i=e `O BIFR (Board for Industrial Financial Reconstruction) x"kOK#.
BIFR g\ uiy @|_ Kn? ^ =" n? `O x~~ O k.
O H ^
`
O`OQO :
M~_ ` O xK Hi #+O "\ O_ LO_O^ O H ^` O`OQx U~@
K~ .
1992 nxH NRF (National Reneual Fund for Social Security) # U~@ K~. (2000 ~^ K~).

`~OQO "\ :
` ~OQO =#~# OKH=_xH, [ Q=x OKO^ `~OQ O "\# Mutual
funds H, q` O , Hi, [ qH~OK_O [~Q#. J#Q Dis-Investment H~H=O ~O= Q#.
MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) :-
`~OQ O [=<xH x~} Z= `O`O, K WKO^ ["|^s`#O OKO^
=Ou` Y MOU # " ># .
Professionals x=HO :
`~OQ O ~ JkH~# Oz P Board Professionals #O HeOK_O [~Q`Ok.
ZH#q 150 z~Orq

x~ O :
10 H [< HO> ` = [< Q #Q~ i= O K=K.
10 H [< ^\` 25H.g. ^\ i= O Ke.
Note:- `~ "` HO "`=~} H+O HeyOKx Software i=# 25 H.g. _ O K< g
HeOK~.
MRTP (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices) K@ =~} :
D f~#O 100Cr J< Qi+ iqu Zu" ~. J#Q 100 Cr iqux ^\# i= _ q~ } , OQxH,
qb<xH, =i_H ZO\ =O^ J#=u O^e#=~O ^ .
q^j @|_ J#=u :
JkH ^#` Qey# (34 JO) iqH O H q^j =^# O# 51% =~ J#=uOKK.
Note: `~ "` HO Hx ~OQ 100% J#=uOK~.
L^: ` `@, Q$ x~}O, "}[ = O` x~}O
Hotels, Roads, Bridge =O\ J=< ^
SEZ, Airports, Tourism, Hi~ =, Q#, Power Generation, Real Estate "IIq.
c= ~OQO 26%
>eHO 74%
" \ OHOQ 74%
~H} iH~ 26%
O\ g_ 26%
q^j @|_# J#=uOK~.
FIPB (Foreign Investment Promotion Board) :-
q^j @|_ u^# ijeOz J#=` WKO^ n<~@ K~.
2004 #O_ Internet ^~ _ q^j @|_ J#=u< ~.
JO> `O ` xO`}kH~O #O_ `HiQ, =~^ i Q =iOk.
q^j OHuH XO^ :
q^j OHuH q*#O |kb K <O^ =O^ ~# J`O` ^#` Qey# 34 i=H J#=u=_O
[iyOk.
=^# == # kQ=u K H#@# ~m HiOK~.
Equity x|O^# :
q` O , Banks i= |}ez#_ HO`HO `~ "` Wz# |} HO` `O =~ DH\
(+~)Q =~< J=H=Ok. D f~#O D x|O^# `yOK~.
z# i
= :
nx Tiny i= @|_x 5 H , z# i= 60 H , J#+OyH i= 75 H OK~.
i= x~K#O# ` s i=H QH "~ O qi OK~.
gH : iqH ~OQx POH xO`} #O_ D f~#O q=H KO k.
 q^j =^# O#, Technology # KQ J#=uOzOk.
 J~` =O|#, *f = i~H} =O\ JO# qiOzOk.

ZH#q 151 z~Orq

 =$kH ^#qz O H <x H # \ O k.
 nx= PiH ~=`O H= =O ^< q=~ _ LOk.
iqH xOQ q^#O
 }oH H J#Q}OQ i=# xOuOKO^ IDR (Industrial Development and Regulation) Act #
1951 " \~ . nx H:
 }oH H J#Q}OQ iqH @|_#, L`ux H=|nHi OK@.
 Of J=#`#, PiH H H OnH$`O H=_x x~kOK@.
 ^ i= #O_ z# i= ~H} HeOK_O .
 H` O
O K<, J^ O H` L`u ~OaOK<, =i_ K < < ` xi.
*s Hq\ :
 IDRA (Industrial Development and Regulation Act) 1951 xf~ *s Hq\x xqOKQ 1967 x"kH#
JOkOzOk.
 Wk iqH xOQ q^#O Q # |~` O KO k.
 ^ iqH O XH == L`uH J<H ^~M O Q`k ` O O^x, Of J=#`#
`yO KH x ~Ok.
^` Hq\1967 :
 R.K. ~O
l, "< =~ =OQO Q ^` J^ H` # Industrial Licensing Policy Enquiry Committee x
1967 xqOKQ, Hq\ x"kH# 1969 =iOzOk.
 ^ iqH O =$k KO^h, XH O J<H <# OkO^h =~+, Q[~`, `q<_,
.OQ =O\ Ja=$k KOk# ~H i= `~e h iqH q` O ^ O H |}
W< h Hq\ ~Ok.
 ^` Hq\ ~ MRTP Act 1969 (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices), 1970 MRTP Hq+<,
1970 iqH xOQ q^#O ~OkOK|_Ok.
 1970 iqH xOQ q^#O ^` Hq\ ~ 'Joint Sector' J< =# " @|_Ok.
MRTP (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices) :-
 nx L^ :
PiH H Hk=Ok K` H OnH$`O HO_ x~kOK@.
J<~QH~ "}[ q^<# xOuOK@.
 nx H~O 20H@ P q= ^\# iqH "}[ O MRTP Hg+< J#=u O^e.
 MRTPA H~O 1970 MRTP Hq+< U~_Ok.
 1985 MRTPA HOkHK O Qi+ iqux 20Cr #O_ 100 Cr OK~.
 1991 Qi+ P iqux Zu "~.
 1977 MRTP K@O J= K~ Hq\x xqOK~.
\ K@O 2002 :
 S.V.S. ~ =<Hq\ ~ MRTPA # ~^ K \ K@O 2002# fHK~.
 MRTP Hq+< #O 2002 Competition Commission of India (CCI) U~_Ok.
#`# PiH O~} <^ O Q`k ` O ^$+ > HO> \`` x OOkOK_O < ^$+ iOKe
LO^< "" x Q Oz ~ =< Hq\x xqOKQ ^x ~ '\K@ O # fHK~.
ZH#q 152 z~Orq
=MO :
\ =u~H XO^ x~kOK@.
HOh `= Pk` <x ^ixQO K _O x+^O .
Takeover K @ x+kOK_O .
CCI - 2002 :-
 Competition Commission of India 2002 U~@ K~.
 =~\ \x Oz qxQ^~ [<# i~HO K@, K "}*x ~HO K@" nx qk.
 MRTP Hq+<` e CCI Z= `O` uu Hey=Ok.
 1960 PiH =` H OnH~} # ijeOKO^ =<a Hq\ U~@.
 1964 K.C. ^ Q J^ H`
# UH= ij< O O x=HO.
 1970 Managing Agency x ~^ K#.
FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulating Act) :-
 ~` 1947 K |_ q^j =~H K@O # =i i~ 1973 FERA # ~OkOK~.
 PiH O~} <^ O FERA # =iOz 1998 FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) # K~.
nx 1999 P"kOKQ 2000 " \~ . J~` 2002 #O_ Wk iQ J=H =zOk.
` ~OQO
 1929 PiH =O^O, 1936 H< ~K# ` `~OQ ^#` ~Q` =zOk.
 U O J~< `xH 51% JO`HO > Z= `O "\# Hey=O> ^x `~OQ OQ iQ}O K=K.
=sH~ }
:
1. `Y Jn#O x~OK|_q: g\H @|_ iQ `" =~O k. Wq ~" O\H ^ `
=~.
L^: ~ , Postal & Telegram, All India Radio....
2. Public Corporations.
`O ` H K@O ^~ g\x O k. i "\ `x^.
Ex:- LIC, Damodar Valley Corporation, RBI,...
3. ` HOh.
1956, HOh K@O ^~ U~> LO\~.
nxH `O UHH "\^~Q Qh, J`kH "\^~Q Qh LO@Ok.
L^: HMT, BHEL, ONGC, BEL
`~OQ O ` :
 GDP "\#OkOKO^, L^y` "\#OkOKO^, |"#
iqH <k U~@, Of J=#`
`yO #, =O|# ^# , J=< H~ H#, PiH H H OnH$`O HO_ K_\xH.
Z^~ = :
 JkH #  J=~ x~}
 ~[H Xu_  L`^H H J qxQO
 * x~}O *O  JkH |Ok
 ^~ q^#O  Over Capitalization.

ZH#q 153 z~Orq

H O^ ` O : 1951 `~OQ O '5 LO_q. g\ @|_ 29 H@ ~., 2010 =iH '249 H
iy#q. g\ @|_ ~.5,79,920 H@. D O JiOK q^j=~H ^=O ~.77,740 H@.
 MOU J~< < Q Hq\ ~ "~ 1986 MOU # " ># . nx `~OQ O
H# x~t Oz "\ ^# `y#O` O uu He~ (Operational Autonomy). `~OQ O ,
Y =O` =^ MOU [~Q#. 198788 '4 O nx O`HO K~. 1991 `~` H O^ `
Oe MOU q^#OH fHK~. 201011 <\H 202 Central Public Sector Enterprises nx O`HO
K# q.
''#=~` : 1997 " ># .
 '#=~` ^ O^O^ Q J~` :
 =~Q 3 OII #O_ <i XH OII 1000 H@ O ~"e.
 |} =_ KeO " O KOk LO_~^.
 x~} Y~ HO |_\ H \~O P^~_ ~ ^.
 `O zOz# 6 p Q 100 =~ 60 =~ ~"e.
'#=~` HOh HeQ :
 #=~` ^ Ok` "\H Financial & Operational Autonomy He~ .
 =^# O =O K @O#, Joint Venture H "t OK@O# K LO@Ok.
 Board Level ~ HO> ` = ~ $+O K@, ~^ K @ K LO@Ok.
 ^j, q^j =~\ =^# O =~H=_O# K Hey LO\~.
 Wq ~.1000 H@ =~ ` J#=u O_ @|_ K =K.
Note:- '#=~` ^ O^_xH Jk 'qh~` ^ Ok LO_e.
~` Q ''#=~` HOh :
1. BHEL 11. HAL
2. BPCL 12. PFC - Power Finance Corporation
3. HPCL 13. NMDC
4. IOCL 14. PGCIL - Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.
5. MTNL 15. REC - Rural Electrification Corporation.
6. ONGC 16. NALCO - National Alluminium Corporation.
7. NTPC 17. Shipping Corporation of India Ltd.
8. SAIL 18. CIL - Coal India Ltd.
9. GAIL 19. RINL - ~+
W` xQ" e. ("* Q O\)
10. BEL 20. OIL - Oil India Ltd.
21. <" b eQ \ eq>_
"\ ONGC, NTPC, SAIL, CIL, IOCL '=~` ^ W=_O` ` O Q #=~` :16
''=~` : nx 2009 " \~ .
 J~` :
 3 OII O O^` XH OII xH~ O 5000 Cr LO_e.
 xH~ P 15,000 Cr LO_e.
 Annual Turnover 25,000 Cr LO_e.
 Stock Market #"^ +~ Trading J=` LO_e.
 s i=, ` O =Ou D ^ W=_O x~ O fO\~.
 @|_ x~ O (5000 H@ =~ ` J#=u O_ @|_ @=K) Kx KO^, JO`~f
O Q ZkQO^, JkH ` #_# O D ^x~ .
ZH#q 154 z~Orq
 `
O (2010 U
) '5 O
=~` :
1. ONGC 4. IOCL
2. NTPC 5. CIL
3. SAIL

''qh~` :
 1997 'qh~` ^# $+O K~.
 =~Q 3 OII O^` O 30Cr ^\` ''qh~` I, 30 Cr HO> ` = LO> ''qh~` II"
^x~ . |} KeO " O KO^~^. x~} Y~H |_\ H \~O P^~_ ~ ^. xH~
P ^< `HOQ LO_e.
 D ^# Ok` ''qh~` I" 500 Cr =~ , @|_ x~ K Hey =O\~. ''qh~` II" 300 Cr =~
@|_ K Hey=O\~. Wq _ =^# =O K _O#, Joint Venture H "t OK@#, OHuH
=`H XO^ K H=_O#, =#= =#~ Ja=$k# K# Hey=O\~.
` O qh~` I : 48 (category I)
` O qh~` II : 15 (category II)
= 63

200809 <\H JkH O^ '5

`~OQ O
:
2008 09 2009 10
1. ONGC 1. ONGC
2. NTPC 2. IOCL
3. SAIL 3. NTPC
4. NMDC 4. SAIL
5. CIL 5. BHEL
200809 J`kH # L# '3 O
:
2008 09 2009 10
1. National Aviation Company of India Ltd. 1. Air India
2. Eastern Coal Field Ltd. 2. MTNL
3. Hindustan Photo Film manufacture Company Ltd. 3. BSNL
4. Hindustan Photo Film Manf Comp Ltd.
BRPSE (Board for Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises):-
 nx H O^ ` O #~"O, #~r=#O eKO^H 2004 U~@ K~.
M~_ i
= (Sick Industries)
 HOh =~} K@O x~K#O H~O, |}^` Hi# 9 < |}x uiy KeO KH ` Jk ''M~_
i=.
 SBI J^ # |$O^O H~O ''XH O x~O`~OQ qQ# $+O
K_O q O KOk, `# LxHH |~`
x^ P^~_ ` Jk M~_ i=.
 ~` M~_ i= z# `~ i= JkHO (97%).
M~ 2 H~} :
1. JO`~` H~} :
x~} }oH ==< =~ O H =_O
~+" # Plant O` "<[~ f< x~

PiH = HiH =
ZH#q 155 z~Orq
2. |~` H~} :
q^` H~` ~ u H~`
L`uH~H H~` ` ~m H~}
q^<
== _=O_ H~`
M~ i}= :
 L`u ^| uO@Ok.  Investors K_ =O
 iqH JOu  Banks, q` O #
 =#~ =$^  ` ~|_ `Q #

M~ =
` K~ :
1. IRCI 1971 (Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India):- M~ i= q` x
JOkOKO^ ~` iqH #i~} H~~+<# U~@ K#. 1985 nxH K@| ^` HeOz IRBI
(Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India) Q U~@ K#. 1997 nxx IIBI (Industrial Investment Bank of
India) Q ~ =~#.
2. SICA :- Sick Industries Companies Act.
M~_ i=# P^<O^ u"s Hq\ ~ 1985 SICA # fHK~. nx QOQ<
i= M~# JiH>O ^ 1987 BIFR (Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction) U~@.
3. Golden Shakehand :- ~" # L^Q# `yO KO^ VRS (Voluntary Retirement Scheme-1998) " \~ .
n< 'Golden Shakehand ^H O JO\~.
4. Exit Policy :- #~"O, #~r=#O Hx i=# =" O^ 1999 JH|~ nx " \~ .
5. National Reneual Fund (NRF) :-
M~_ `~OQ O L^Q tH}
xz, #~"O HeOKO^ H O^ `O 1992 NRF #
U~@ KO k. Wk L^Q HO` tH} xz, #~"xH ^^_ `Ok. nx 2000 OII ~^ K~.
6. HOh =~} K@O 2002 : M~_ `~OQ O O|OkOz Q`O =# SICA #O W~_ <
~ HOh K@O 2002 K~.
7. NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal) :- BIFR # ~^ K ^x #O NCLT # 2002 U~@
K~. nxH BIFR HO> Z=kH~ H=. HOh P #q" P P^O# \|# H@ > JkH~O
_ nxOk.
8. BRPSE (Board for Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises) :- H O^ ` O #i~}O,
#~r=#O eKO^ 2004 UPA `O n<~@ KO k.
@|_ LO ~} (Dis - Investment)
 L`^H H~H# `O #O_ " @ ~OQxH |kb K q^#" ''" \ H ~ }

 `~OQ O # " \ H i OK XH H ''@|_ LO ~}.
Dis- Investment # =iOK "^# :
 " @ = ^$+` x~ fO\~.
 " \ ~OQO ^ ` x~~ OK|_`~.
 ~[H *HO LO_^ .
 =~ "`=~}O x~ "QO Q fO\~.
 qxQ^~x O`$ P^~_ #.

ZH#q 156 z~Orq

 1980 ^H O WOQO _ `eiQ s Z`# =~~ \ ^K~ P^ ~O ~ , ~_ ~"}, q=# ~"}
@|_ LO ~} H~H=O [iyOk.
H :
 =`HOHx `~OQ O =^ sQ ~~# ` =#~ O H ~OQO" =~eOK@.
 qug~`# ` |}~x `yO K@.
~OQ~[< Hq\ :
 `O J#iOK ~ # @|_ LO ~}# zOK=x ~OQ~[< J^ H` # 1992 Hq\ x=HO.
 Wk Q, Yx[ #<, P^, J}H, ~ ~"} =O\ HH~O Q 49% =~ @|_ qH~OK=Kx
zOzOk. qye# ~OQ 74% =~ qH~OK=Kx ~#k.
 1991 _O|~ "^\ q_` Dis-Investment H~H=O ~` ~O" O k.
Dis-Investment Hg+< :
 n~H O Dis-Investment ijeOz L`= "# Dis-Investment H~H=x zOKO^ G.V. ~=H$+<
J^ H` # 1996 OII Hq+<# xqOK~. (~=H$+< J#O`~O Dis-Investment Hq+<# #~==H i Oz
R.H. > J^ H` # Hq+<# xqOK~.)
 `~OQ O # Core, Non-core QQ ql Oz Core Group `~OQ Pk` O LO_h H|\
49% =~ =`" nx `O Dis-Investment K h ~Ok. qye# Q iqu ^ .
=`H qH O : 19992000 `~OQ O # '2 ~HQ =sHi OK#.
Z) P^, =O^QO_, ~H} , ^ q=<, J}H, ~ ~"} "^Q O # =`H" # qQ =sHi OK#.
a) qye# "\x =`HO HxqQ =sHi OK#.
 =`H O 49% =~ , qye#"\ 49 #O_ 74% =~ Dis-Investment K =K.
 1999 #O_ `O XH =`H Qqx ZOH K Hx P QqH @|_# qH~OK_O ~OaOzOk.
L^: VSNL # TATA "iH qH~OK~.
 NDA Govt. Dis-Investment H =Ou`Y<~@ K#. nxH J~}i ("^\ z=i =Ou W`<) =OuQ
L<~.
 UPA ` q^#O : 2004 UPA JkH~OH =z# `~` Dis-Investment `# q^#O H\ O zOk.
 Dis-Investment ~^~ H`` [~Q#.
 <iOK O =YOQ #=~` Dis-Investment [~Q^ .
 Dis-Investment ^~ =K "`O # [= KO^ National Investment Fund (NIF) U~@ K |_`Ok.
 2005 UPA `O NIF # U~@ KO k. LO ~} ^~ =K x^ # nxH [=K nx 75% O H
=# , 25% #_K `~OQ O @|_Q _`=x `O g WzOk.
 199495 Dis-investment H~H=O <O ^ NRI K< WK~.
 19992000 #O_ 200004 =^ =`H qH ^~ Dis-investment K# "\ =Y"# q.
1. Modern Foods India Ltd. 6. ITDC - Indian Tourism Development Corporation
2. VSNL q^j OK~ xQ" eq>_ 7. HCL - Hotels Corporation of India Ltd.
3. IPCL - Indian Petro Chemicals Ltd. 8. PPL - Paradeep Phosphate Ltd.
4. BALCO - Bharat Alluminium Corporation 9. HZL - Hindustan Zinc Ltd.
5. CMC - Computer Maintenance Corporation 10.MUL - Maruti Udyoga Ltd.
( kO\ 100% Dis-investment [iyOk.)
 199192 Dis-investment H O 2500 H@ HQ, "=
OQ LO iOz#k 3038 H@.

ZH#q 157 z~Orq

 UPA `O
JkH~OH =z# `~` Dis-investment Hx x~t OK^ .
 200910 Dis-investment ^~ 4260 H@ LO iOK|_#.
 199192 #O_ 2009 March <\H Dis-Investment H O 98,000 H@ HQ, "=OQ LOiOzOk 57,680 H@.
 201112 |_\ 40,000 H@ @|_e LO iOKx H O. (201213 30,000 H@)
z#`~ i=
 z#`~ i= J#|O^ i=, ZQ=u x@, z#`~ " ZO@~ * QQ LO\~.
 z#`~ i= @|_ iqux HH" } OK` =K~.
1977 1991 2000
Tiny 1H 5 H 25 H
Smallscale 10 H 60 H 1 H\
J#|O^ 15 H 75 H 1 H\
 1997 Ja^ < Hq\x xqOKQ, D Hq\ z#`~ i= @|_ iqux 3 H@ OzOk.
J~` `~` ~` `O 2000 nx 1Cr `yO zOk.
 2006 Micro,small,medium enterprises development K@O # K z#`~ i= @|_ iqux 5 H@
OK~. `eiQ =^ `~ i=# D =sH~ } O K~~.
 i=# Manufacturing sector, service sector Jx 2 ~HQ =sHi OK~.
 Plant O` K ~ @|_ P^~OQ Manufacturing ~OQO#, ZH" O\ K @|_ P^~OQ
"~OQO# i=# ql OK~.
MSMED (Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises Development) K@O 2006
Manufacturing Service
Micro 25 H 10 H
Small 25 H 5H@ 10 H 2H@
Medium 5H@10H@ 2 H@5 H@
 MSMED Act - 2006 H~O Manufacturing ~OQO 25 H @|_ iqu Hey#q Juz# i=.
"~OQO J~` 10 H @|_ iqu Hey#q Juz# i=.
 Manufacturing ~OQO 25L-5Cr =^ @|_ Hey#"\x 'z# i= Jh, "~OQO 10 H 2 H@
=^ @|_ iqu Hey# "\x 'z# i= Jh ~ .
 Manufacturing ~OQO 5H@ 10 H@ =^ @|_ iqu Q i=, "~OQO 2 H@ 5 H@
=^ @|_ iqu Hey#q ''=^ `~ i=.
 197374 z#`~ i= O|OkOz "^\ Census x~OK~. ~ O_=k 199091#, =_=k
200203#, 4=k 200607# x~OK~. 4th Census #O^ =^ `~ i=e _ K~ #. nx
H~O Regd. O '20 H , Un-Regd. 108 H , "`O 128 H O H=. Wq 60 qe# =OkH
Lk#Ok#q.
GDP g\ "\ 8`O.
Manufacturing L`u g\"\ 45 `O.
ZQ=` g\"\ 40 `O.
 200708 "`O z#`~ i= OY 133 H . z#`~ i=OkOK Lk 32 qe#.
Note:- 200607 MSME 60 qe# =OkH Lk#OkOKQ, 200708 H =O z#`~ i=
=`" 32 qe# =OkH Lkx JOk< ~.

ZH#q 158 z~Orq

z#`~ i
= ^#` :
 ^ L`uH ^^_ #.
 Lkx JOkOK#.
 P^ = O}H ^^_ #.
 =^# =#~ H~} ^^_ #.
 ==< < }O# OK#.
 Of J=#`# `yO K#.
 ZQ=` ^^_ #.
 ` = =^# O` O K=K.
 iqH q"^ ` =Q LO\~.
Z^~< = :
 =_~ H~`
 ~`# O`
 =~\OQ =
 =^# O H~`
 ~ u H~ H~`
 ==< =~ O H~`
 ^ i=` \
 ~m H~}
q^< =# q^j kQ=`` \
x"~} K~ :
 1947 Cottage Industries Board U~@ K#.
 "^\ }oH nx 3 q^Q q_n#.
1. All India Handloom Board
2. All India Handicraft Board
3. All India Khadi Village Industries Board.
 "^\ }oH#O^ =~ 3 ~ U~@.
1. z#i= ~
2. K ~
3. ~
==~ K~ :
 1954 SIDO [Small Industries Development Organisation] U~@. ` O nx MSME Development Organisation
Q < ~.
 1955 National Small scale Industries Corporation (NSIC) U~@.
 1955 iqH Z@ # (Industrial Estates)
 1978 DICs # . (^" O Q 422 DICs H=).
q` ~" # K~ :
 1986 Small Industries Development Fund U~@.
ZH#q 159 z~Orq
 1987 National Equity Fund U~@.
 1988 Single window scheme " ># .
 1990SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) U~@.
 H~
" # K~ QOQ 200506 <\H ZH * OHO q#~O ^H x 4Cr @~=~ =~ OK#.
De - Reservation :-
 1989 836 JO z#`~ i= i[~ K |_~.
 Q`O Ja^ < Hq\ z#`~ i= i[~+<# ^ "iQ Zu"
x zOzOk.
 2007 <\H z#`~ i= i[~ K |_q '114,
2008 |=i <\H '35 `y# q.
2009 z=i <\H g\x '14 `yO K#.
Hx ^
# i
= :
1. W#=L H~Q~O :
 1870 Bengal Iron Works Company e (.OQ) =^ "^\ L H~Q~x O zOk. Wk Caste Iron
(^ W#=) # =`" L`u Kk.
 ^` ~ W#=L L`uH 1907 [O+_ ~ (c~) TISCO (Tata Iron & Steel Company) # .
 `~OQO `e W#=L H~Q~O ^=u (H~@H) =^ 1923 VISCO (Visweswarayya Iron & Steel
Company) O K|_Ok. Wk `e `~OQ W#= L H~Q~=.
 `O`#O`~O `~OQO W#=L H~Q~ Ja=$kH Hindustan Steel Ltd.(1954), Bokaro Steel
Ltd (1964) # U~@ K#.
 2= }oH #O^
~~ (Xi) .[~h H~O`
a (Kf ~) ~ H~O`
^~ ~ (.OQ) WOQO _ H~O` O K|_~.
 3rd Plan Bokaro Steel Ltd. P^ ~O aH~ (*~O _) =^ ~ H~O` L H~Q~O 1964 O K~.
 4th Plan
qY PO^^
O `q<_
q[#Q~ H~@H =^ 3 L H~Q~ O K#.
=_O\H ~ H~x JOkOzOk.
Note:- H~ W#=L H~Q~O ` qye#=h Hindustan Steel Ltd. P^ ~O O K|_~.
 ` ~OQO L# L H~Q~ x~} 1974 Q`O =# HSL, BSL # He SAIL Q U~@ K#.
 ~~ , a, ^~ ~, H~,qY, O, q[#Q~ H~Q~ SAIL Jn#O L<~. 1989 VISCO
_ SAIL Jn#OH =zOk.
 `~OQO Ju^ W#=L H~Q~O : Bokaro Steel Plant.
 " \ ~OQO Ju^ W#=L H~Q~O : TISCO
 `, " \ ~OQ He K Ju^k : Bokaro
 J`O` <}"# W#=L# L`u Kk : qY (RINL)

ZH#q 160 z~Orq

 =O@ ` L yOK Stainless Steel # L`u K `~OQ O : O .
 W#= L Ja=$kH n~H eH H ^$ . "National Steel Policy - 2005" H\ O K~.
2. = i
= :
 "^\ ~f = i= 1818 .OQ ~ Q~ =^ O K|_Ok. J~` Wk q[=O`O H^ .
 2= = i=# Bombay Spinning & Weaving Company ~` K.G.N. _|~ O~ O K# (1854).
~` P^ xH = i= Wk <k "O k.
 ~` Ju~`# i= : K<` i=.
 1947 ^q [ # = Z= q ~` ~Q, u O_OK q Z= QO H "oO k. e `OQ =
i= "^\ u =O _O k.
 ~` = i= JkHO Q =~+ Q[~`, `q<_ H OnH$`" O k.
 iqH`u 14%, GDP 4%, ZQ=` 16% = i= JOkOk.
 =~ 35 qe# =OkH Lk#OkOk.
 ==O `~` Z= =OkH Lk#OkOKk = i=.
 O KO u L`u K< `~` ~`k 2= #O.
 ~` =O|# kOz# UHH ^ i= : = i=.
 1993 = i=# De-Licensing K#.
 M~_ =q e n#O K Hx Ja=$k KO^ National Textile Corporation # 1968 U~@
K~.
 = i= Ja=$kH ` O Hq\ ~ 2000 OII "National Textile Policy" H\ O K~.
 K<` ~OQO = i~xH g~^ Hq\x (1997) xqOK~.
 1999 Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFs) # ~OaOK~.
 2000 Technology Mission on Cotton ~OO .
 2005 Scheme for Integrated Textile Park ~OO .
 1986 Textile Mill Moderation Fund U~@.
 "^\ Apparel Park : u~~ (`q<_)
 ~` u Q q~ O JkHO : 1. =~+ 2. Q[~`.
 ~` u kQ|_ JkHO : 1. Q[~` 2. `q<_ 3. O*.
3. [#<~ i
= :
 =# ^O "^\ [#<~ q 1859 OQx i =^ O K~. Wk q^jK q^j "~O H~
O K|_#. D i= JkHO Q OQ H OnH$`" O k.
 ^ q[ # = 75% Jute O_OK O`O |OQ^ H "o =_O =# JkHO Q #+ ~# i= W^.
 M~_ q JkHO Q Q i= [#<~ i=.
 H$u=OQ bk< OK, H "\i `~ H=_O = [#<~ i= P i=` \x
Z^~H ~Ok.
 Jute Packing Material Act - 1987 K _O [iyOk. nx H~O KH ~ i= `= L`` 50%, P~
^~ L`u K O `= L`` 60% [#<~ OK "_e.
 [#<~ L`u ~Q^, <}` ~Q^, ~ ` ~ " # ^~ JOkOK@ "IIQ JO ^$+ @Hx
"@" ^\ "National Jute Policy" # 2005 H\ O K~.
 O K [#= L`u "^\ #O#, O K [#= ZQ=` ~ O_= #O# ~` L#k.

ZH#q 161 z~Orq

4. OK^~ i
= :
 ==^~ i= = i= `~` ~ O_= Ju^ i= Wk.
 OK^~ i= Z= i= H~ ~OQO L<~.
 "^\ OK^~ Hs 1903c~ U~_Ok.
 OK^~ i= L`~ ^ , =~+, `q<_, H~@H, PO^ ^ H OnH$`" LOk.
 1998 OK^~ i=# De - License K~.
 O KO Ju^ OK^~ qxQ^~ ~`^ O .
 O K OK^~ L`u ~` 15 `x JOk ~ O_= #O LOk.
 1979 #O_ OK^~ q+ O `O ^O^ ^~ q^<x J= K O k. nx H~O OK^~ q
[=x `# L`u 40%# `O x~tOz# ^~ qH~Oz qye# ^x |~OQ =~\
qH~OKH=K. 2002 D 40 `=# 10 `xH `yO K~.
 1982 Hs P^ xHH~ } "Sugar Development Fund" # U~@ K~.
 Indian Institute of Sugar Technology # H#~ O K~.
iqH q` O
i= `= H=# =^< x =~H#@ qq^ =~# Hey L<~.
1. =~\H "\# *s K @.
2. Debentures *sK @ (Debenture g W=|_# |}`O.)
3. HOh `#Hz# x #@|_ K @.
4. `= HeH |} J=~H "}[ O #O_ |} fH#@.
5. [ #O_ _l@ HiOK@.
6. iqH q` O #O_ n~H eH |} HiOK@.
A) Jd~` Ja=$k O :
1. IFCI - Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd:
 RBI ZOH~s Hq\ ~ P^~OQ 1948 IFCI U~_Ok.
 Wk ^O x qq^ iqH O =^ HeH, n~H eH |}# JOkO k.
 1993 Wk HOhQ =~_O = eq>_ ^ Ok#k. JO^K nxx "IFCI Ltd" Q ~ .
 Ltd ^ Ok# `~` nx ^~} [ _ "\^~Q J#=uOK|_#.
 IFCI # O* <+#
OH qb#O K _xH _~ H~ P"kOK~. (WOH qb#O H^ ).
2. IDBI - Industrial Development Bank of India:
 RBI H J#|O^O Q 1964 U~_Ok. 1976 `O` uux Ok#k.
 iqH q`O Wk tY~Q O O\k. W`~ iqH q` Oe Wk =#O K O k.
 Wk i= ` H, ~H n~H eH x JOkO k.
 2004 IDBI Ltd Q =iOk. J#Q Bank Company Act HO^ #"^O k. JO^K` nx IDBI Ltd Q < ~.
 IDBI `
O universal bank Q LOk.
 IDBI, HOhK@O 1956 HO^, RBI K@O 1934 HO^ #"^~Ok.
3. ICICI - Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India :-
 " \ ~OQO Q z#, =^ `~ i= Ja=$kH |} JOkOKO^ 1955 eq>_ HOhQ U~_Ok.

ZH#q 162 z~Orq

 Wk ^, q^j H~ h |}# JOkO k.
 1973 #O_ ICICI JO`~f =^# =~\H "t OzOk. (q^j H~ h ~O |} O^O^)
 2002 ICICI Ltd., ^x '2 J#|O^ O ge#O H=_O =# ICICI Bank Q U~_Ok.
 ICICI Bank ~` `e Universal Bank.
4. SIDBI - Small Industries Development Bank of India :-
 SIDBI Act -1989 HO^ IDBI H J#|O^O Q 1990 SIDBI U~_Ok.
 z# i= |}eK q` O # Wk =#O K O k.
 SIDBI ^ # H
O^O: H
 XHC _ IDBI H Q z# i=# ~ "HO K qk SIDBI H |kb J~Ok.
 z# i= |}eK State Finance Corporation (SFC), "}[ O, State Industrial Development
Corporation =O\ O SIDBI q` x JOkOK#.
 Wk Single Window Service HO^ ^, q^j H~ h |}# JOkO k.
 SIDBI Ju^ Share holder : IDBI.
5. IIBIL - Industrial Investment Bank of India Ltd :-
 1971 O K|_ Industrial Re-construction Corporation of India (M~_ i= |} JOkOKO^)
H ~=i 1985 `O` uu HeOz IRBI Q U~@ K#.
 1997 IRBI x Industrial Investment Bank of India Ltd (IIBIL) Q #~ xiOK~. Wk HOh K@O 1956 HO^
#"^~Ok.
 Wk iQ ~` ` Jn#O Q O.
 IIBIL ^ # H
O^O : HH`
 `O IIBIL _ XH `O` Ja=$k q` O. (IDBI, IFCI, ICICI =)
6. SFC - State Finance Corporation :-
 SFC z#, =^ `~ i= Ja=$kH U~_Ok.
 SFC Act-1951 HO^ Wk U~_Ok.
 ~` "^\ SFC O* 1953 U~_Ok.
 1956 A.P.S.F.C U~_Ok.
 ` O '18 SFC H=.
7. S.I.D.C. - State Industrial Development Corporation :-
 1960 A.P., c~ O K|_Ok.
 ` O 26 SIDC H=.
B) @|_ O
:
1. LIC - Life Insurance Corporation of India :-
 ~` rq` c= O # a\+" ~ ~OaOK~.
 1818 HH` Oriental Life Insurance Company O K|_Ok.
 1823 O~ Bombay Life Insurance Company O K|_Ok.
 1829 =^ Madras Equitable Life Insurance Society O K|_Ok.
 1871 O~ Mutual Life Assurance Society O K|_Ok.
 1912 c= O #, "\ "~x xOuOKO^ Indian Insurance Act ~OkOK~.

ZH#q 163 z~Orq

 `O`O `~` 1956 J\=~ L# 245 ~f, q^j c= HOh# *fO K~.
 LIC O~} zOKO^ 1993 =` Hq\ x=HO. Wk 1994 `# x"kH# JOkOzOk.
=` Hq\ c= ~OQOH " \ HOh# `OKh, c= ~OQO LIC UH=x JO`O K h
~#k. nxH J#Q}OQ `O 1999 IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority) # U~@
KO k. nx ^~ LIC H UH=O JO`" O k.
 LIC q^j @|_# 26% =~ J#=u~ .
 ~` 2000 OII ~O '6 Insurance HOh LO_q.
Jq: 1 LIC
4 `~OQ [#~ W#~< HOh
1 General Insurance Corporation.
 2010 =i <\H rq` c= O #, ^~} c= O # " \ c= O "t OK~. 47 c=
O U~_~.
2. GIC - General Insurance Corporation :-
 GIC "~x 1973 [#=i *fO K~. (GIC *f K@O 1972 H~O)
 ~` `e ^~} c= O TRITAN General Insurance Company Ltd. HH` 1950 O K|_Ok.
 1973 GIC x *fO K<\H =~ 100 ^~} c= O O_q.
 "\x 4 Groups Q ql ~ .
i) National Insurance Company Ltd Culcutta
ii) New India Assurance Company Ltd Mumbai
iii) The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd New Delhi
iv) United India Insurance Company Ltd Chennai.
 4 HOh GIC, 'Holding Company' Q ==iO k.
 2000 D 4 HOh GIC #O_ "~ _q .
 D 4 HOh GIPSA (General Insurers Public Sector Association of India) Q U~_q
.
 nx ^ # H O^O : #_b.
3. UTI - Unit Trust of India :-
 UTI # 1964 U~@ K~.
 J^ =~"i ^# `Oz P ^# ^ i= @|_ \ # [ JOkOK<
L^ O ` nxx U~@ K~.
 UTI 2003 UTI-1, UTI-2 Q q_~Ok.
 UTI-1 `O Jn#O LOk. nxx Administrative of the specified undertaking of the unit trust of India Q
<~.
 UTI-2 \ OH P WO_ , O* <+# OH, Bank of Baroda, LIC Jn#O LOk.
C) `H q` O :
1. Exim Bank :-
 ZQ=u, kQ=` "~xH ~ u x JOkOKO^ 1982 Exim Bank # O K~.
 ZQ=u, kQ=` "~xH |}xK qq^ O # Wk O^#~ O k.
2. IVCF (1988)- IFCI Venture Capital Fund

ZH#q 164 z~Orq

 TRADE POLICY
 XH ^O q^` [i "~x ''JO`~f "~O / q^j "~O ^ |~` "~O JO\~.
XH ^O x [, O , `O, q^Q [, O , `O` [i "~" ''JO`~f
"~O.
 XH ^ i^ x~OK "~O ''^j / JO`~` / ^j "~O.
 O K ^ =^ [=#~ `_=, =^# ` `_ =, j`+ u `_=, q < }O
`_= JO`~f "~O [~Q= K.
 XH ^O q^` "~O K O_ XO@iQ LO_` ^x ''J\s JO\~. Wk "Closed Economy"
LO@Ok. nx ''W#`~ PiH == JO\~.
 Merchantalists XH ^O JkH |OQ~x Hey LO_@= ^x H ^O Q LO_Q ^x qOz, q^j"~O `
Jn#O< LO_x, ZQ=`# Oz |OQ~x OkOKh, kQ=`# iq`O K x qOK#.
 `~ "` HO<\ "}["^ D Jax YO_OK~. XH ^O H =~ O P ^O Q |OQ~O#
HO_, P ^O x = = _ P^~_ LO@O^h, H|\ K"~O ^~ XH ^ OH = x
OK=Kx ~O@ JO`~f "~xH ^#qK#. P_O` JO`~f "~x |OQ =iOK#.
^O`: JO`~f "~xH O|OkOz =Y ^O`.
1. x~H = ^O`O (Absolute Cost Theory) P_O`
2. `<`H = ^O`O _q_ iH~
3. P^ xH JO`~f "~ ^O`O H~, F<
x~H = ^O`O:
 P_O` H~O JO`~f "~xH H~}O x~H [#".
 XH ^O W`~ ^` e#_ ` = =O` L`u K == L`u ` HH~ } kOz, ZQ=uK
Z= =O` K L`` # W`~ ^#O_ kQ=u K H"e.
 nx= ~ O_ ^ OH = O ~Q#.
`<`H = ^O`O (Comparative Advantage Theory):
 ` H~O XH ^O ~ O_ == L`u# JkH =x Hey=O> P ^O ~ O_ == # kQ=u
K H"e. "= O Wk ^ O H^.
 _q_ iH~ H~O XH ^O ~ O_ == L`u# ` = =O` L`u K # \H `<`H [#O
Z=Q Hey# == # JkHO Q L`uK ZQ=u K e. XH ^O ~ O_ == L`u# `<`H
#+O He= #\H ` = `<`H #+O Hey# == # JkHO Q L`u K ZQ=u K e.
P^ xH JO`~f "~ ^O`O:
 Hx ^ = L`uH~HO JkHO Q LO_=K. =iHx ^ =^# L`u H~HO JkHO Q LO_=K.
 = JkHO Q Hey# ^O =O^` ^` #, J=~= =` ux K\ W`~ ^ ZQ=u K
=i `#=^ H~`Q =# L`u H~HO JkHO Q J=~= == # kQ=u K O> ~ O_ ^ a
O^`~.
 `<`H =^O`x ^=~O =HO K# k: \Q
 J=H = ^O`x ~#k: |~~
ZH#q 165 z~Orq
 ''JO`~f "~O O K OuH @x H@ =O\k *.Z. q
q^j "~ KeO +O (BOP)
 XH ^O OII HO W`~ O K ^` [i Jx ~H PiH H~H# XH H=^u ~ \ H
''q^j "~ KeO +O .
 BOP #O^ '2 M` H=. Z) ` M`
a) =^# M`
Z) Current A / C ( ` M`) :
 Wk Flow Concept. nx 3 JO H=.
1. ^$O: == ZQ=u, kQ=` O|OkOz# JO ^$O. == ZQ=u, kQ=`
#"^# `e*k 'BOT'. ("~ +O ). nx == =`" K|_`~.
Balance of Payments \ H
~|_ KeO
Current A/C
1. == ZQ=` 1. == kQ=`
(^$O ZQ=`) ^ (^$O kQ=`)
(Merchandised goods)
2. = ZQ=` 2. = kQ=`
(J^$O ZQ=`) (J^$O kQ=`)
a) OHOQ, c= a) OHOQ, c=
b) ~"} b) ~"}
c) ~@H ~OQO c) ~@H ~OQO
d) q^j q^~ ~H d) ~f q^~ q^ O^~ #
e) ^`H~ |Ok e) ^`H~ |Ok
f) =_ O , _q_O_ f) =_, _q_O_
g) Software = ~|_ g) Software = KeO
h) W`~ = ~|_ h) W`~ = KeO
3. UHH |kb (=z#q) 3. UHH |kb (q^Hz#q)
Capital A/C
4. |} (f#q) 4. |} (q^Hz#q)
a) HeH a) HeH
b) n~HeH b) n~HeH
5. @|_ (q^ #O_) 5. @|_ (q^ \# q)
a) FDI a) FDI
b) FII b) FII
6. q^j P J=HO 6. q^ #O_ P H#@
7. q^j i\ J=HO 7. q^j i\ H#Q
8. |OQ~O ZQ=` (Jq#q) 8. |OQ~O kQ=` (H#Q)

ZH#q 166 z~Orq

BOT '3 ~HQ LO_K.
a) == ZQ=`, kQ=` =#"` ''=~H +O =`O (X = M)
b) kQ=` HO> ZQ=` Z=Q =O> ''=~H +O qQ (X > M)
=~H qQ< 'J# =~H +O JO\~.
c) ZQ=` HO> kQ=` Z"` ''=~H +O @ (X < M)
=~H @< 'u =~H +O JO\~.
ZQ=` q= #O_ kQ=` q= f" 'xH~ ZQ=` =K#.
xH~ ZQ=` q= #O (X = M) J~` "BOT =`O.
xH~ ZQ=` q= +ve (X > M) J~` ''BOT qQ
xH~ ZQ=` q= ve (X < M) J~` ''BOT @
2. J^$ JO: ''XH ^O =~ ^xH JOkOK, HiOK = J^$ JO
Ex: OHOQ, c=, ~"}, u =, q^ K^ =`# q^~ , ^`H~ =O,
=_ , _q_O_.
 XH ^O =~ ^xH =Ok ~|_Q#, W`~ ^ #O_ Ok` KeO Q# #"^ K~ .
3. UHH |kb: XH ^O #O_ =~ ^xH UHH |kbO\~.
Ex: H#H, QO@, q~, #+ i ~, ^<.
g\x q^#Oz = ~|_Q#, W`~ ^ W KeO Q# K`~. Wq '2 ~H.
a) " \ |kb b) ` |kb
 XH ^j q^ LO@ `= ^xH OOKq ''" \ |kb.
Ex: J"iH =O@# ~f `= @Oc OOK ^=O. (Remitences Received From Abroad)

 XH `O =~ `xH QO@, |=`, #+ i ~ W==K. g\x '' ` |kb JO\~.

 == , =, UHH |kb ZQ=` kQ=` KOk#^ Current A/C.
 D 3 JO ZQ=` q= kQ=` HO> Z=~` Current A/C qQ LO^x J~O .
 9th Plan z=i O=`~O, 10th Plan `e 2 OII Current A/C qQ H#|_Ok.
Note: BOT J<k Current A/C XH QO. J#Q Current A/C == ZQ=u, kQ=` KOk#k.
a) =^# M` (Capital A/C):
 Capital A/C HeH, n~H eH |}, q^j @|_, |OQ~O H qH , q^j i\ H#Q
J=H, q^j =~H ^= K< "^Q JO QQ LO\~.
Note: n~H eH =^# " O^K# ^O =^# M` qQ U~_#. J~` "\ =_ , _q_O_,
uiy KeO K@_ H~ O\ M` =" KeO KOK_O = Current A/C @ U~_#.
BOP JHO\OQ ^$ =`O:

 Current A/C #O^ @ U~_` =^# M` qQ K_O ^~, Current A/C qQ U~_` =^#
M` @ K_O ^~ BOP ZC _ Accounting ^$ =`O LO@Ok. JO^K Wk ^ PiH
"= u x `e* ^.

ZH#q 167 z~Orq

 JO^= BOP @ J#Q Current A/C @< ~O\~.
BOP @H Q H~}:

1. [< ~Q^: [< iQHn qxQO ~Q@= ZQ=` `y, kQ=` ~Q#.
2. "~ KH: ^O ^"} i` ~ _#_ ^~ iy, ZQ=` `y BOP @ U~_#.
3. ~[H J~ ` : XH ^O ~[H J~ ` U~_#_ Jk L`u K_ =O K ZQ=` `Q # .
4. H$ u " s `: H$ u " s `~ _#_ L`u `y, ZQ=` _ =#.
5. JO`~f ^~ < "xH #Q@= kQ=` ~QK.
6. =O^O U~_# ^ == ZQ=u K ^ ZQ=` `y @ U~_=K.
@# ik^ K~ :
1. De-Valuation:
 XH^ H~ h |~` q=# q^j H~ h ~OQh, |OQ~O ~OQh `yO K_" "De-Valuation".
 ~~ |~` q=# |~OQOQ q^j H~ h ~O `yO K@ "De-Valuation"
Ex: US $ 1 = Rs. 45 Q L#_

US $ 1 = Rs. 60 Q x~~ ~~ q= `y# @.

(OR)
Rs.45 = US $ 1 Q L#_
Rs.45 = US $ 0.75 Q x~~ Devaluation
 ~~ De-Valuation K @O = q^j == ~` Ys^Q LO\~. e `OQ kQ=` `Q ` ~.
 ~~ q= `yO K@O = q^j Q`O "~ KeO K "`xH WC_ Z= == ~Q=. e `OQ
q^j =# ^O #O_ == e HO\~. J#Q ~` ZQ=` ~Q`~.
e `=:
~~ q= `yO K@ = ~` ZQ=` ~Q#.
~~ q= `yO K@ = ~` kQ=` `Q ` ~.
BOP x @ `Q # .
De-Valuation q[=O`O H=_xH i` :
a) ZQ=u, kQ=` _=O_ "HK` O JkHO Q (1 HO> Z=) LO_e. ^ H "HK` O LO_e.
Note:  =~ ~ ~ H~O ZQ=u, kQ=` _=O_ "HK` O 1 HO> Z"` BOP J# =O
K#.
 ZQ=u, kQ=` _=O_ "HK` O '1 HO> ` "` BOP u =O LO@Ok.
 ZQ=u, kQ=` _=O_ "HK` O '1 J~` BOP =O LO_^ .
b) W`~ ^ H~O LO_e.
c) De-Valuation K# `~` iy# _=O_ J#Q}OQ = supply K QeQ u ^xO_e.
d) De-Valuation K# `~` ^j ^~ De-Valuation H =#OQ Qh, Z=Q Qh ~Q~ ^.
e) ^O ^=H q^< =^` LO_e.

ZH#q 168 z~Orq

 XH ^O n~H eHOQ BOP @` `= `=`#_ De-Valuation K~ . ~` W\=~ 3 OII
De-Valuation K~.

 1949 O |~: <\ PiH= Ou *<=` ~~ q= `yO K~ (30.5%)

 1966 E<: PiH =Ou KO^ K^i ~~ q= `yO K~.
~~x Qi+O Q De-Valuation (36.5%) K# OII W^.
 1991: ~ O_~ (E 1, E 3) De-Valuation K~.
~ O_~ He 22% (13% { 9%) `yO K~.
2. Depreciation (=HO):
 XH ^ H~ h |~` q= =~\ Q _=O_, Supply =# `y ` ^xx ''=H O JO\~.
(Under the floating exchange rate)

Note: De-Valuation ~~ q= `O L^ ~HOQ `yO KQ, Depreciation =~\ = ^#O`@

J^ `Q ` Ok. (Under floating exchange rate system)
 =~\ = ~~ q= iy` Jk "Appreciation". (Under the floating exchange rate system)
Note:  `O L^ ~HOQ ~~ q= Oz` Jk "Over Valuation" / "Revaluation" (Under fixed exchange
rate system)
 De-Valuation H opposite 'Over Valuation'
Depreciation H opposite 'Appreciation'
 De-Valuation =# Hey# e `" Depreciation = _ HQ#. J#Q ZQ=` iy, kQ=` `y
"~@ `Q # .
3. u^"} i` :
 BOP @# `yO KO^ `O H"x u^"} i` # $+O K=K.
 nx= kQ=` `y, ZQ=` ~Q#.
4. ZQ=`# `OK@:
 ZQ=u OH# `yO K@, ZQ=u K == a_x JOkOK@
5. kQ=` xO`}:
 kQ=u OH, kQ=u H\, kQ=u POH qkOK@ ^~ kQ=`# `yO K=K.
~` q^j "~ OQO k (Composition and Direction of Trade)
kQ=`:
 198788 #O_ ~` kQ=`# #`# ^` =sHi < ~.
1. Bulk Imports nx =~ '3 ~HQ ql ~ .
 D =_O\ Petroleum Oil & Lubricants L`` kQ=` JQ#O H=.
2. Non-Bulk Imports Wq =~ '3 ~H.
 D =_O\ =^# == kQ=`k JQ#O.
 198485 #O_ ~r"QOn ~m H~} q^< = kQ=` Q ~Q`<~.
 1980= ^H O kQ=` =$k 13% HQ,

ZH#q 169 z~Orq

 1990= ^H O kQ=` =$k 18%
2000 `~` kQ=` =$k 23% Q LOk.
 ^O \eO x ` =Q LO_@O = JO`~f =~\ 197374 #O_ \eO ^~
~Q` ~=_O =# kQ=` a Petroleum Oil & Lubricants q+ O Q ~Q` =zOk.
 <_ ~` kQ=` J`kH kQ=` Petroleum Oil & Lubricants H O|OkOz#".
200809 30.6 `O HQ, 200910 30.2 `O.
198081 200809
1. Bulk Imports 69.6% 45.7%
a) POL L``
42% 30.6%
b) Bulk qxQ == 7.2% 1.7%
H^<, C k#
=O@#<
c) Other Bulk goods 20.5% 16.2%
Z~=
Non Ferrus Metals
W#=, L
^`=
Hy`O ==
2. Non-Bulk Imports 30% 54.3%
a) =^# == 15% 24.0%
O`
ZHH , ZHxH ==
~"} ZH" O\
Project ==
b) ZQ=u O|O^ == 9.2% 10.7%
q"# ~, =`
Organic, In organic ~<
Textile Yarn (^~O)
r_C
c) W`~= 5.9% 19.6%
Note: kQ=` J`kH "\^~ Petroleum Oil & Lubricants J~#\H nx "\ =`O `Q `
Ok.
 P~ == kQ=` `e 3 }oH Z=Q LO_q.
PL - 480 HO^ J"iH #O_ P~^ < kQ=u [iQk.
4= }oH #O_ nx "\ `Q ` =zOk. ` O Wk <==`OQ LOk.
nxH H~}O P~^ < L`u O =$kx kOK@.
 Other Bulk goods Z~=, Iron & Steel ^ <OQ L<~.
 Non-Bulk Imports "\ ~A~AH ~Q` =Ok. nx Ju^ "\^~: =^# == .
ZH#q 170 z~Orq
 \eO `~` ~ O_= #O =^# == kQ=`.
=^# == Ju^ "\^~: Machinery (ZHH , O` iH~ q#)
 Other Non-bulk JO Ju^ "\^~: |OQ~O, "O_
 "`g ^ ije: kQ=` (201011)
1. WO^# = (31.3%) (\eO 28.6%, Q 2.7%)
2. =^# == 13.1%
3. |OQ~=, "O_ 11.5%
ZQ=`: ZQ=` '5 ~H.
1. ==O ^x J#|O^ L``
Ex: H, ` , Q, OK^~, aO, QO^ ^".
2. Yx* ^`= (Minerals & Ores)
Ex: "H , W#=
3. Manufactured Goods
Ex: Engineering goods, Ready made Garments, Gems & Jewellery, Leather ==, ~# O|O^
== , Handicrafts "^Q#q.
4. Yx[ WO^<
Ex: Q, \eO L``

5. W`~=
197071 200809 201011
1. ==O, J#|O^ == 31.7% 9.6% 9.9%
2. Yx* ^`= 10.7% 4.3% 4.0%
3. Manufactured Goods 50.3% 67.4% 68.0%
4. Yx[ WO^< 0.8% 14.7% 16.8%
5. W`~= 6.5% 4.1% 1.2%
 `O ~` ZQ=` QO HO> Z= "\# Hey =O_ ^= <x PHqOz#k: Manufactured Goods
Manufactured Goods JkH "\: Engineering Goods
 ~` ZQ=` ==`` "\ `Q ` Ok.
Yx* ZQ=` "\ _ `Q ` Ok. D ~ O_O\ "\ `Q_ O =Oz i}=O.
ZQ=` H}
:
1. ~` ZQ=` "q nH~}
Oq OzOk.
2. O^`~ ZQ=` iy#q.
Ex: Engineering, Gems & Jewellery, Chemical Products, Readymade Garments "^Q#q.
 "`g ^ ije 200910 <\H
Manufactured Goods "\ 68% nx
Engineering Goods : 23.8%
Gems & Jewellery : 14.7%
Petrolleum Goods : 16.8%
^q H L`` : 13.9%
ZH#q 171 z~Orq
Direction of Trade:
(ZQ=`) (kQ=`)
198788 200910 198788 200910
1. OECD 58.9% 36.9% 59.9% 32.4%
a) EU 25.1% 20.2% 33.3% 13.3%
<, e
O, [~h,
WOQO_, W@b
b) North America 19.7% 11.6% 10.3% 0.6%
H #_, J"iH
c) Other OECD 14.1% 3.1% 16.2% 12.4%
P, [<,
2. OPEC 6.1% 21.1% 13.3% 30.9%
W~H, WO_<+ ,
n J~a, UAE
3. `~ S~ (~) 1.7% 1.0% 9.6% 2.3%
4. Developing Countries 14.2% 39.3% 17.3% 32.6%
a) P, 11.9% 29.9% 12% 25.7%
K< , OHOQ, ^.Hi,
=+ , OQ ~, ~ ^
b) PH 5.8% 7.2%
c) \< J"iH 3.6% 3.6%
5. W`~ ^ 4.2% 2.6% 1.8%
 195152 ZQ=` JkHO Q WOQO_, J"iH "q .
195152 kQ=` JkHO Q J"iH, WOQO_ #O_ =Kq.
J#Q q^j "~O H~ J"iH, WOQO_ JkHO Q P^~_ "O .
 1971 |OQ ^ U~_#_ H` ^O H~}OQ J"iH` "~O |O^ HO` ^|u<~.
 ~ qz#O `~` J"iH` "~ O|O^ =$k KOk#q.
 201011 <\H ~` q^j "~O Ju^ Q= =~Q
201011 200910 200809
1. U.A.E. 10.81% 9.3% 9.9%
2. K< 10.16% 9.1% 8.6%
3. J"iH 7.35% 7.8% 8.1%
4. n J~a 4.13% 4.5% 5.1%
5. [~h 3.00% 3.4% 3.8%
6. @~O_ 4.10% 3.3% 2.6%
ZH#q 172 z~Orq
 XH _ ~` ZQ=` J`kHO Q J"iH "q . J"iH `# #O H~ P <x U.A.E. PHqOzOk.
 kQ=`# ije 200809 <\H J`kHO Q K< #O_ =< ~.
~ O_= #O: J"iH
 O`"sQ ije (ZQ=`):1. P YO_O
2. ~ < x<
 kQ=` _ ^= #O: P YO_O
 ` H Q "sQ ije 200910 <\H ZQ=`, kQ=`#
"^\ #O: Ja=$k KO^`# ^
 200708 =~ , 200809 =~ ZQ=u, kQ=` "^\ #O: OECD ^.
(OECD: Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development)

<_ OECD ^ <x Ja=$k KO^`# ^ PHqOK~.

OECD: g\ "\ ~`` ~A~AH `Q ` Ok.
OECD Q'3 ^: 1. E.U.

2. North J"iH
3. Other OECD ^
 D =_O\ ~` q^j "~O J`kHO Q E.U. ` [~Q`Ok.
E.U. ^ # ^O : WOQO_
=# ZQ=`, kQ=` "\ WOQO _` `Q ` Ok.
 <~ J"iH ^ # ^O : J"iH. nx"\ _ ~ O_O\# `Q ` Ok.
 W`~ OECD ^ # ^O : [<. nx"\ _ ~ O_O\# `Q ` Ok.
OPEC: ~` ZQ=`, kQ=` ~ O_ _ g\` ~Q`<~.
 <_ kQ=` ~O Q K J`kHO Q: OPEC #O_ =< ~.
 OPEC ^ # ^O : U.A.E.
=# ZQ=` _ U.A.E. ` ~Q`<~.
 kQ=`# ije K< `~` J`kHO Q U.A.E. #O_ =< ~.
`~ S~: `~ S~ "\ ZQ=`#, kQ=`# `Q ` Ok.
 nx ^ # Qq J~# ~ "\ `Q ` #k.
Developing Countries:

 g\` "~O ~A~AH ~Q`Ok. nx 3 Q:

a) P
b) PH
c) \< J"iH
 =_O\ J`kH "~O P ` [~Q`Ok.
P K< ` "~O ~A~AH ~QK#k.
<_ kQ=` J`kH "\: K<
ZH#q 173 z~Orq
 SAARC ^`# ~` "~O ~Q`Ok.
 PH ^` XHC _ "~O LO_k H^. <_ PH ` "~O ~O" ~A~AH iQ ^~} H#|~Ok.
Note: J`kH ZQ=` (201011 <\H) U.A.E.
J`kH kQ=` (201011) K< (11.7%)
 \< J"iH "\ ` xH ` =Q L#\H q +` "~O OK<O^ J=H=Ok.
 P , ASEAN ^` ZQ=` 56%H ~QQ , ~, U.S.A. 30.8%H `Q # .
 ~` q^j "~O "q nH~} Oq OzOk.
 OECD JuQ P^~_ @ O `yO k. =YOQ Ja=$k KO^`# ^` "~O iyOk. Wk =# q^j
"~O =Oz ^~}x ``Ok.
 200809 #Oz 201011 =~ ZQ=`, kQ=` ~` "~ Q=:
1. U.A.E.
2. China
3. U.S.A
4. n J~a
 200910: ~` ZQ=` JkHO Q 201011
1. U.A.E. (13.5%) 1. U.A.E.
2. U.S.A. (11.1%) 2. U.S.A.
3. China (5.3%) 3. China
 200910: ~` kQ=` 201011
1. China (11.9%) 1. China (11.7%)
2. U.A.E. (7.5%) 2. U.A.E. (7.6%)
3. n J~a (6.0%) 3. @~O_ (6.6%)
4. U.S.A. (5.9%) 4. n J~a (6%)
 ~`` "~O K ^ 200809 <\H Trade Surplus JkHO Q Q ^:
1. U.A.E.
2. U.S.A.
3. OQ~
 201011 Trade Deficit Q ^: 1. K< (O` kQ=u)
2. @~O_ (|OQ~O)
 a +, OQ~, q~ JaO H~O Ja=$k KOk#, KO^`# ^ =^ "~O [iy` Ja=$k KOk#
^ a O^`~.
J#Q Terms of Trade "#H|_ ^ uOQ LO\~.
~` BOP:
 1945 ~O ~` =_~ , ^q H == # ZQ=u K q^j "~O qQ Kk.
 `O`O `~` W#= L, [q^` * J=~= =^# == # sQ kQ=u K H=_O
(Developmental Imports) =#, "\ x~} =^ O`~ == kQ=u =# (Maintenance Imports), ^"}O

ZH#q 174 z~Orq

 ~Q O_ qxQ == # _ kQ=u K H=_O = (Anti Inflationary Imports) ~` q^j "~@
~Q` =zOk.
 195051 ~` ZQ=` 647 H@ HQ kQ=` 650 H@. e `OQ 3 H@ (BOT ) @ H#|_Ok.
 BOT, Current A/C ~ O_ K#_ ^~} HOk q^O Q LOk.
}oH BOT @ xH~ J^$O BOP
I 542 Cr + 500 Cr 42 Cr
IV 1564 Cr + 1664 Cr + 100 Cr
V 3179 Cr + 6221 Cr + 3082 Cr
X 7,76,474 Cr + 7,70,823 Cr 5,651 Cr
 ~` 1st Plan #O_ =~H M` (BOT) @< LOk.
 2 OII q#~Oz qye# Jx OII BOT @ Hey =Ok.
1. 197273 (104 H@ qQ)
2. 197677 (69 H@ qQ)
 ~` J^$ JO "^@O_ qQ# K < ~.
 1950 `~` 40 OII HxH JO> 199091 `eiQ J^$ JO / = |}`H` H#|_Ok.
(4.33H@ @)
 D =^ HO J^$ JO Q qQ ^$O @# _ s K Qey, Current A/C qQ
O^@ =~x ^i Ok.
 `eiQ 4th Plan Current A/C ^ BOP qQ H#|_Ok. J~` Wk 100 H@ =`" . ~ O_=i 5th
Plan J^$ JO qQ sQ LO_@O = Current A/C 3,000H@ qQ H#_O k.
 200102
200203
200304 OII Current A/C qQ H#_O k.
 1993 BOP @# ik^O ^ ~OQ~[< <# xqOK~.
~` = "~=:
 ~`, K< = "~O =Oz Qu x H#|~# q.
 ~` q^j "~O BOT @ H#|_#\H = qQ LO_@O= Hx~ Current A/C qQ
H#|_`#k.
 J^$ JO 3 QO\~.
1. =
2. |kb
3. P^O
Note: UHH |kb J#Q q^x ~f ~` x `= @O O P^=.
200809
A. =  55.4%
1. Travel 1.62%
2. Transport 1.7%
3. Software 55.8%
4. Others 0.1%

ZH#q 175 z~Orq

 B. |kb  49.8%
C. Income  5.0%
 J^$ JO# =, |kb, P^OQ ql J`kH "\ = ZQ=`^.
 =HQ ` O Q K J`kH "\ Software =k.
Software `~ "` J`kH P^O |kb ^~ =Ok. n< Remitences JO\~.

~"}, }O ^~ Hk "`O P^O aOk.

 ~` J^$ JO 199091 q#~Oz f OII qQ KOk.
 200910 <\H ~` = ZQ=`: 201011
1. Software  51.9% 41.7%
2. Travel  12.4% 11.5%
3. Non-Software =
Q "~ =  11.9% 18.1%
4. Transportation  11.7% 10.7%
5. c=  1.7% 1.5%
 200910 <\H ~` = kQ=`: 201011
1. Non-Software = Q
"~ =  30.1% 33.0%
2. Transportation  19.9% 16.5%
3. Travel  15.6% 13.2%
4. c=  2.1% 1.7%
~` ZQ=` qq^ ~ "\:
200910: 1. =~+ (24.3%) 201011: 1. Q[~`(24.6%)
2. Q[~` (21.7%) 2. =~+ (21.4%)
3. `q<_ (9.0%) 3. `q<_ (9.3%)
4. H~@H (5.1%) 4. H~@H (5.4%)
5. A.P. (4.8%) 5. PO^ ^ (5.0%)
O K "}[O ~` "\:
 a\+" ~ ~`H K<\H ~` "\ 18%
195051 <\H Wk 1.78%H _ ~Ok.
 kQ=` u# , Inward looking policy x J#iOK@= 1990 <\H Wk 0.5%H _ ~Ok.
 1991 #`# PiH O~} =, q^j "~O POH `yOK@= O KO ~` "~ "\
=~ HOKO iyOk. 2006 <\H 1 `xH KiOk.
 ''200409: q^j "~ q^#O O K "}[O ~` "\# 1.5%H K~x H OQ x~t OK~.
 ''200914: q^j "~ q^#O O K "}[O ~` "\# ` = # u #O_ ~ \O K x
H OQ x~t OK~.

ZH#q 176 z~Orq

 2008 <\H WTO JOK< H~O ~` "\ 1.64%
1950  1.78%
1990  0.59%
2006  1.0%
2008  1.64% (WTO JOK<)
 WTO JOK< H~O ZQ=` ~` "\ 1.4%
kQ=` ~` "\ 2.1%
O K "~O ~` ZQ=` "\:
2000  0.7%
2008  1.2%
2009  1.3%
2010 <\H O K Merchandise ZQ=` ~` ZQ=` "\ 1.5 `O.
 O K kQ=` ~` "\ 2010 <\H 2.2%.
ZQ=` =$k: (== )
200506  23.4%
200607  22.6%
200708  28.9%
200809  13.6%
200910  3.5%
201011  37.5%
 Q` Hx OIIQ ~` == ZQ=` =$k~ @ ~Q`#\H 200809 `yO k.
 200910 O K =O^ =O = ZQ=` =$k ve Q #"^O k.
 J~` 201011 uiy ZQ=` =$k Q}hOQ (37.5%) iyOk.
 200405 #O_ 200809 =^ ~` ZQ=` =$k~ @ 22% #"^O k. (nxH =O^ 5 OII H =O
14% #"^)
kQ=` =$k~ @:
200506  32%
200607  21%
200708  35%
200809  19%
200910  ()5%
201011  21.5%
200910 kQ=` ve Growth Rate #"^~Ok.
201011 =~ kQ=` =$k iy 21.5% #"^O k.

ZH#q 177 z~Orq

Note: Merchandise (==
Exports & Imports ) =~H O == ZQ=` ~` #O:
2007  26th Place
2008  27th Place
2009  21st Place
2010  20th Place kQ=` 13= ~OH Ok#k.
GDP ZQ=` "\:
200506  12.6%
200607  13.6%
200708  13.4%
200809  15.4%
200910  13.2%
200910 O K "O Q =O^ =O LO_@O = GDP ZQ=` "\ 15.4% #O_ 13.2%H `yO k.
GDP kQ=` "\:

200506  18.8%
200607  20.1%
200708  20.8%
200809  25.2%
200910  21.7%
GDP ZQ=` HO> kQ=` "\ Z=.

ZQ=` H O ^# (ae# _~ ):
Target Achieved

200405  75 83
200809  200(175) 168.7
200910  H O x~t OK^
201011  200 245.9
Note: 201011 ZQ=`#, kQ=`# =Oz =$k H#|_Ok. D O=`~O kQ=` 350 a._~.

=~H / "~ q^#O (Foreign Trade Policy)

 XH ^ q^j "~xH O|OkOz `O J=OaOK x= x|O^# # `e*^ ''=~H q^#O.
 ` "~ q^< O^ ~O Q '2 ~H.
1. K "~ q^#O
2. ~H} q^#O
1. K "~ q^#O:
 XH ^O W`~ ^ #O_ =K kQ=`# ZO\ OH, H\, HO\ O_ =i ZQ=`
ZO\ `H, OH O_ "~O x~ Jk ''K "~ q^#O.

ZH#q 178 z~Orq

2. ~H}
q^#O:
 K "~ q^<xH Wk =u~H" # k.
 kQ=` POH qkOK@ ^~ Qh, ^j i= a_xz `OK@ ^~Qh ^j i=
~H} He Jk ''~H} q^#O.
 JQO_~ q<, _ i H e ([~h) =O\ PiH" ` ~H} q^<x =iOK~. = ^ =# i=#
~HO KO^, ^ ~H} Lk J=H H# ^$ ~H} q^#O "# k.
 kQ=` 2 ~H POH qkOK=K.
1. Tariff (OH)
2. Non-Tariff (OH`~ J=~^)
 kQ=` JkH # " Jk ''Tariff J=~^.
kQ=` # ~O HO_ kQ=` i=}O POH qk Jk ''OH`~ J=~^ / i=}`H
POH / H\.
 K "~ q^#O = O K "~O qi OKQ, ~H} q^#O = O K "~O OHzOK#.
 ` O O K ^ ~H} q^<x <==`OQ<< J= K < ~. D <^ O Hx ^ =^ <<
K "~O [iQO^ 'K "~ O` U~_`<~.
(~H} q^#O ^ # OKQ, K"~ q^#O O K # OK#)
1. Free Trade Area:

 ~ O_ ^ JO`HO > Z= ^ XH @qQ U~_ "\ =^ Z@=O\ Customs Duty, POH O_

K"~O K H=_" 'FTA'.
Ex: SAFTA (2006 #O_ J= LOk) South Asia Free Trade Area

NAFTA (1994 #O_ J= LOk) North American Free Trade Agreement

NAFTA Ju^ K "~ O`O.

2. Customs Union: K "~ O`OQ U~_# ^ W`~ ^ XH q^" # OH# qk P @qx

"Customs Union" JO\~.

3. Common Market: Customs Union =# ^ =^ == ` @ L`u H~H _ Z@=O\ POH

O_ Q=#j`# Hey=O> ^xx "Common Market" JO\~.
4. Economic Union: L=_ =~\ H} Q @q ^ =^ XH q^" # ^=, H q^<O> P =~\
"Economic Union"JO\~. Wq g` XH ~H" # H~ hx J= K~. Ex: ~ < x<
5. Total Economic Integration: Economic Union H} # ^ `= XH J`#` *f O< ~ @
K Hx ^x P^ ~O K"~O x~ Jk ''i PiH =#O.
Ja+} OHO (Optimum Tariff): ''XH ^ # Qi+O K \i ~ Ja+} OHO.
 ~` q^j "~O 1966 #O_ kQ=` xO`} H#yOk. =YOQ ~` kQ=` `=
q^<x JOaOzOk. J#Q 1991 =~ ~` Inward Looking Policy x J=OaOzOk.
 1962 ~` =~H q^<x gHO K@ "^e~ Hq\x xqOK~.
 198586 #O_ ~r"QOn HO kQ=` ~m H~} ~O= ~Ok.

ZH#q 179 z~Orq

 1985 Ja^ < Hq\ ZQ=` `H, kQ=` u# =^ =#O LO_x ~#k.
 1991 #`# PiH O~} QOQ q^j "~ q^#O ~m HiOK|_Ok.
Foreign Trade Policy (200409):

 <\ "}[ M=Ou H=<^ nx H\ O K~.

 ^~}OQ f 5 OII q^j "~ q^#O H\ ~ .
2009 <\H O K "~O ~` "~ "\# 1.5%H OKh =i ~` ZQ=`# 200
a._~ K~< H O` nx H\ O K~.
 D "~ q^#O Hx JO ` H ^$+x iOKx ~<~. ==`` , Ku=$` , Handlooms,
Leather & Footwear, Gems & Jewellery "^Q#q.

 nx q^j "~x `OKO^ '3 `H ^H "\, # q#~Oxz `= =_H

|}Ok< ~.
1. Target Plus Scheme: f OII ZQ=`# 20% ^ JO`HO > Z= ZQ=` =$k K < ZQ=u^~
# q#~O aOK#.
2. VKUY(q+ H$+ L* [#): ==``# `OKO^ =YOQ O_, ~Q, ,
J@g L`` "^Q "\ ZQ=` `OKO^ L^t OK|_Ok. 200708 nx ~ KUGUY (H$+
L* Q" L^Q [#)Q =~~.
3. Served from India: "~OQO ZQ=`# `OKO^ nxx `OK~. 10H ~ q=
HO> Z= q= Hey# = ZQ=u K"iH Wk L^t OK|_Ok. "~OQ Ja=$kH New Service Export
Promotion Council # U~@ K#.

 <}"# y_O Q x~}xH Free Trade and Warehousing Zones # U~@ K~ . nx 100`O q^j
@|_e J#=u~ .
Q`O =# DEPB (Duty Entitlement Pass Book) ^H x nx H#y~ .
XH =H ZQ=u, kQ=` K@_ 2~ OHO KeO #O_ q#~O O^O^ Wk L Q_ `Ok.
nx ZQ=u =~ O |\ Export Houses # 5 ~HQ ql OK~.
 Export House  25H@ # (Export House 20 H@)
 Export House  100H@ # (Star Export House 100 H@)
 Export House  500 H@ # (Trading House 500 H@)
 Export House  1500 H@ # (Star Trading House 2500 H@)
 Export House  5000 H@ # (Premier Trading House 10,000H@)
 200409 q^j "~ q^#O ZQ=u ~x |\ 25 H@ ^\` XH ', 100H@ ^\` 2 ', 500
H@ ^\` 3 ' , 1500 H@ ^\` 4 ', 5000 H@ ^\` 5 ' W=_O [iyOk.
 D q^#O `~` xs` H kOz#"iH ` H Titles # W '200607 "iH =~H q^#O QiOxK~.
XH OII 20 H@ ZQ=` k, "Export House" Jh,
100 H@ ZQ=` k, "Star Export House" Jh,
500 H@ ZQ=` k, "Trading House" Jh,

ZH#q 180 z~Orq

 2500 H@ ZQ=` k, "Star Trading House" Jh,
10,000 H@ ZQ=` k, "Premier Trading House" Jh QiOK~.
''q^j "~ q^#O (200914): <\ "}[ =Ou P#O^~ H\ O K~.
 2011 =i <\H ~` ZQ=`# 200 a. _~ K~e.
 O K "}[O ~` "\ ` = # ~H (2020 <\H) ~ \O K e.
 DEPB ^H x 2010 =~ H#yOKe.
 Q`O =# Target Plus Scheme, KUGUY ^H H#Q`~.
 ~ 2 OII 15% =$kh, qye# 3 OII 25% =$kh kOKe.
q <:
2008 =^# M` ~~ =i_ ^^# ijeOKO^ q < xqOK|_Ok.
q < _ 18 #O_ 24 < =^# M` ~~ =i_H J=Hq==x XOy#k.
=~H ~ @ (Exchange Rates):
XH ^ H~ h =~ ^ H~ h` U ~ @=^ =~HO K |_`O^ ^xx ''q^j =~H ~ @ JO\~.
q^j =~H ~ @ 2 ~H:
1. ~ =~H ~ @ (Fixed Exchange Rate)
2. J~ / ~ =~H ~ @ (Flexible / Floating Exchange Rate)
1. ~ =~H ~ @:
 XH H~ h =~H ~ @# W`~ H~ h / |OQ~O ~O x~~ Oz HO`HO @ ~ O Q LOz` P =~H
~ @# ''~ =~H ~ @ JO\~.
"Gold Standard System" Z=Q LO_k.

2. ~ =~H ~ @:
 nx XH ^ H~ h H =~H ~ @ O K =~\ ^xH Q Demand, Supply P^~_ LOk.
 Demand, Supply =~ = =~H ~ @ =~`Ok.
Ex: ~f J"iH _~# Z=Q _=O_ K J"iH _~ Q`O HO> Z= ~ KeO Ke
=O k. US1 $ = Rs. 40H |^ US 1 $ = Rs.40 HO> Z=
 q^j H~ hH _=O_ iy` ~` =~H ~ @ ~Q#
_=O_ `y` ~` =~H ~ @`Q # .
 q^j H~h Supply iy` =~H ~@ `Q#. J#Q =~H ~@ =~ Demand, Supply |\
Oq<~.
JO^K nx ''J~ / K# / =# / Floating =~\ ~ @ Jx ~ .
 1971 #O_ Gold Standard System qO H=_O` ~ =~H ~@# q_z\ ~ =~H ~@#
O K^ J#i# q. ` O O K ^, =# ^O _ H O^ OH *HO K < "Managed
Floating Exchange Rate" # J#i# q.

ZH#q 181 z~Orq

BOP @ Exchange Rates:
 BOP @ U~_#_ ^#O`@ J^ ~ @=`O^x O^ PiH" ` JaO. Wk ~ O_ =~H
~ @# [~Q`Ok.
1) ~ =}O / ~ =~H ~ @: XH ^O Gold Standard # J#i# _ P ^xH BOP @
U~_` P "~ |OQ~ x q^ `~e `~. P ^O ~ =}x J#iOK@ = `# ^= x
`yO Ke LO@Ok. e `OQ =_ ~ @ iy @|_, L`u, L^y`, P^O `Q # . nx= ^j ==
Demand `y ^~ `Q # . ^~ `Q @
K ZQ=` iy, kQ=` `y, BOP @ `y=#. J~`
BOP =`O HO "`O PiH == ~ ` x }OQ \e =O k. H|\ Gold Standard # Jx
^ q_z\~.
2) ~ =~H ~ @: BOP @ U~_O^O> q^j H~ hH Demand iy#@. nx= q^j H~ hH
Q`O HO> Z= ~II KeO Ke =O k (q^j H~ h Demand iy` =~H ~ @ ~Q# H|\) . e `OQ
P ^ ZQ=` KH~, kQ=` Ys^=`~. BOP @ `y=#.
Note: "^\ ^u |~` ~ ` O LO_, JO`~` ~ ` O ^|uO@Ok.
~ O_= ^u JO`~` ~ ` O LO_ |~` O Q =~H ~ @ =~#.
JO`~f ^= xk (I.M.F.)
 1930= ^H O =O^ i` = JO`~f "~O u =O _O k.
 P ^ PiH == ~H} H f ^O kQ=u OH qkOKk. e `OQ JO`~f "~O H} O zOk.
 JO`~f ^=` = x"~}, JO`~f "~x `OKO^ Hx ` H O J=~= x
qOz O K ^ 1944 Bretton Woods ="= ~. D ="O JO`~f ^= x
OOkOKO^ XH O# (IMF), O K ^O = z<a#"# PiH == #i~}xH =~H O#
(IBRD), JO`~f "~O Q POH `yOz JO`~f "~ q~ } WOH O (ITO) # O Kx
x~~ OK#.
 J~` J"iH< HOQ ITO # # P"kOKH =_O` IMF, IBRD =`" U~_~. D ~ O_O\h
'Bretton Woods H= JO\~.
 I.M.F. J<k O K^ HeH |}OkOKQ, IBRD J<k n~H eH |} JOkO k.
 I.M.F. H:

 JO`~f ^= H~x OOkOK@

 BOP J=`x ik^O ^ H~=OkOK@
 Exchange Rates ~ ` x kOKO^ HiOK@
 JO`~f "~ =`xH HiOK@
 1945 _O|~ 27# "+OQ< ^ # H~OQ IMF ~OaOK|_Ok.
J~` 1947 #O_ I.M.F. xKOk.
 I.M.F. PiH O=`~O: " 1 U 30

 ` O I.M.F. "<lOQ _~H~: H< Q~

ZH#q 182 z~Orq

 I.M.F. U~_#_ ^: 41
2010 <\H ^: 187
185= ^O : =O>hQ
186= ^O : H"
187= ^O : `"
I.M.F. x~}O `O:

 f ^O XH Q=~~# `= uxkQ I.M.F. H xqO k. D Q=~~ 21 =Ok ` Board of

Governance U~_#. Wk I.M.F. # x~OK#. 16=Ok Q=~~ ^ ux^ K Z#H|_Q, qye#
5Qix JkH H\Q ^ <q<\ K~.
 XH ^ *f^O, q^j "~ ~, P ^ |OQ~O x# |\ P ^xH H\# x~~ Oz, H\
KeO z# ^xH `O He~ . D H\ HO` QO |OQ~O ~O#, qyeOk P ^ H~ h ~O#
KeO Ke. J~` 1976 #O_ |OQ~O ` xi H^.
 ^ uxk # f Q=~~ HhO 250 F@ `# ` ukHQ LO@Ok.
250 { ^ H\ i=}O |\ f 1 H SDRs XH J^# F@
Ex: ~` F\OQ 250 { 30,555 30,805

ZO^H#Q ~` H\ 30,555 H SDRs.

 1971 =~ H\ x~ O J"iH _~ Pk` O LO_k. 1971 #O_ H\ SDRs x~~ < ~.
SDR (Special Drawing Rights):
 JO`~f ^=` = x"~} 1969 SDRs # " ># .
 "}[ O ~ u ^"x $+O z#> IMF... SDRs # *sK O k.
g\< (SDRs) " Paper Gold" JO\~.
 ` O SDR J<k I.M.F. H Unit of Account =O\k.
 1971  1 S.D.R. = 1 J"iH _~
2011  1 S.D.R. = 1.484 J"iH _~
 1981 #O_ S.D.R.s # 5 ^ H~ hK x~~ < ~.
(J"iH '_~ _K '=~ [< '< a\+ 'O_ < 'OH)
 I.M.F. f 5 OII XHi ^ H\# =~O k.
` O ~` H\: 582.15 H@ S.D.R.s
IMF General Quota ~` #O: 11 ("`O H\ 2.44% "\ Hey LOk)
1. J"iH 17.09% 5. < 9. H#_
2. [< 6.13% 6. K< 10. ~
3. [~h 5.99% 7. W@b 11. ~`
4. U.K. 4.94% 8. n J~a
IMF ` = H\ Hey# ^O : `"
 IMF "World Economic Outlook" ~` qq^ ^ Ja=$k f OII x"kH K iOk.

ZH#q 183 z~Orq

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
 Bretton Woods H= IMF ` @ ~ O_=k IBRD
 IMFIBRD # ''Bretton Woods H= Jx ~ .
 ~ O_ O K ^O = z<a#"# PiH= =# #~==H i OKO^ IBRD L^t OK|_Ok.
 1945 "+OQ< ^ # H O^OQ IBRD ~O" O k. 1946 #O_ x KOk. nx< World Bank Jx ~ .
 f O=`~O World Development Report # O K OH K iO k.
 World Bank XHH +~ H _~ LO@Ok.
JkH +~ Q ^: 1. J"iH 4. [~h
2. [< 5. WOQO_
3. < 6. ~`
 IMF ^x IBRD ^. IMF `O ~^~ ` IBRD # `O ~#>.
 IBRD PiH #i~}O, Ja=$kH O|OkOz n~H eH |}OkOK#.
 ` O IBRD K~ <: ~|~ *eH
 IBRD '4 J#|O^ O :
1. International Development Association (IDA 1960): "#H|_ ^ ^ =_ x n~H eH |}OkO k.
D |} 3540 OII uiy KeO Ke (Grace 10 Yrs Period ` He). D |} J=~" ` P
^ `= O` H~ h# KeO K=K. JO^K IDA # "Soft loan window" Jx ~ .
IDA #O_ JkH |}O Ok# ^: 1. India

2. q`O
3. \O*x
2. International Financial Corporation (IFC 1956):
Ja=$k KO^`# ^ " \ ~O Q i= |} =OkO k.
3. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA 1988): Ja=$k KO^`# ^ q^j ` H @|_e
`O k.
4. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID 1966): 1986 nx #~ xiOK~.
Wk O K ^ @|_ q"^# i+iO k.
 IBRD ^x J#|O^ O # (4) He 'World Bank Group' JO\~. D J~kO\ "^\ <yO\
~` `O LOk. z=i ^x (ICSID) ~` `O ^.
 ~` |~` |} QxH Q World Bank Group #O_ Ok#".
 World Bank Group H Ju^ |}Q `: ~`
J~` XH IBRD < fO> ~` '4= #O LOk. (1st Place K< )
 O KO J`O` |}Q ^ ~` '5= #O LOk.
JO`~f PiH O :
1. OPEC #: 1960

HO^O: q<
ZH#q 184 z~Orq
2. IMF, IBRD #: 1945
HO^O: "+OQ< D.C
3. OAPEC (Organisation of Arab Petroleum Export Countries)

HO^O: "\
4. APEC Asia Pasific Economic Co-operation

#: 1989
HO^O: OQ~
5. E.U. European Union
#: 1957
HO^O: |
6. SAARC South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation (1985)

HO^O: M@O_
7. SAFTA 2006
8. NAFTA 1994
9. ASEAN Association of South East Asia Nations (1967)
HO^O: [H~
10. OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961)
HO^O: i
11. WTO World Trade Organisation (1995)
HO^O: *h"
12. UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (1964)
HO^O: *h"
13. ADB Asian Development Bank (1966)
H O^O: =h
14. BRICS 2008
D ^x `eiQ Goldman Satch J< q` O zOzOk.
15. World Economic Forum 1971
W.T.O.
G.A.T.T (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade) "~ OH ^~} X_O|_H:
 1930 PiH =O^ i` = JO`~f "~O u =O _O k. P ^ PiH ==
~H} H kQ=u OH qkOK#. nx= JO`~f "~O `yO k.
 Bretton Woods ="O IMF, IBRD U~_#\H ITO Pq~q OK^ . J~#\H "~a=$kH Hx
^ XO^O K H=_xH ^= ~. nx< 'GATT' JO^~.
 1947 JH|~ 23 ^ GATT O`H K~. nx ~` ~O ^O .
 1948 [#=i #O_ GATT J=H =zOk. GATT J<k '|H X_O|_H (Multilateral Agreement)
 "~O Q J=~^# `yOz "~x `OKO^ nx ~OaOK~.
 K< GATT ~O ^" < GATT #O_ "^ y WTO U~_ `~` 2001 `O OkOk.
ZH#q 185 z~Orq
 ^ =^ "~ Ja=$k HO GATT XH x~O`~ K~ "kH<~ @ KO k.
 ^ Z\H _ 'GATT Rounds' ~` ="= q.
 GATT O|OkOz =Y x|O^# :
1. OH `yO K@
2. i=}`H POH # Zu" @ (Q.Rs)
3. MFN (Most Favoured Nations) ^# Jx ^H=_O
4. `Q^ i~=
Note: ^ =^ q=H` ~ `OQ =iOKe Jx `ek 'MFN'. J#Q XH ^O =~ ^xH J# f~<
K P f~< GATT Jx ^ =iOK#. D f~#O GATT x ^ =iOK^ .
 GATT O|OkOz 8 Rounds =" [iQ~.
1. 1947  *h" (\~O_)
2. 1949  J< (<)
3. 195051  \~H (WOQO_)
4. 1956  *h"
5. 196061  *h"
6. 196467  *h"
7. 197379  \H ([<)
8. 198694  O\_ Z (L~Q )
 1986 8th Round L~Q ~O" *h" 1994 =yOk.
 nx Q '15 JOx '14 JO == KOk#q, XH JOO = KOk#k. D = KOk# JOO
q"^^OQ =iOk.
 = "~=, TRIPS, TRIMS, =, ==O, Multilateral Trade Agreements, a_ "^Q '15
JO nx KiOK~. D 15 JO Part - 2 Q = =`O q"^^OQ =i#q.
 nO` J\ GATT _~ H~ [#~ P~~ _ O H D =" [iy# K~ ~Ox ''_OH _ Q ~OkOK#.
~`` 117 ^ 1994 U "~Hx =~H #Q~O O`H K~. e `OQ 1994 _O|~
12# GATT ~^ K |_Ok. nx #O WTO J< `, K@| ^" # O 1995 [#=i 1 #O_ J=H
=zOk.
 GATT = W.T.O ^ # H O^O *h" H^.
 W.T.O J<k XH `O` O.
 W.T.O ~O ^ 121HQ ` O 153H Ki#q. (153= ^O : H =~ )
 ` W.T.O _~ H~ [#~: g (<)
 W.T.O ''JO`~f "~ H^~ (Watch Dog of the World Trade) Q xK O k.
 "~ Ja=$kH ^` f 2 OIIHHi ="O (HhO 2 OII) x~Ok.
 W.T.O Highest Decision making Body =O` ="O .

ZH#q 186 z~Orq

 W.T.O U~_ `~ "` '7 =O` ~ =" [iQ~.
1. OQ~  1996
2. *h"  1998
3. > (U.S.A )  1999
4. ^ (Y`~)  2001
5. H<< ("HH)  2003
6. OHOQ  2005
7. *h"  2008 E (2129)
(nxx ^~O_ K~ H#yOQ x~OK~)
 ` O O pH~} QOQ ^h J=~^ x "~x ~OaOz Global Village Q U~_`<~.
 W.T.O O K "~x O~HO K_O `@ O KO Global Village Q =~_xH H$+ K O k.
 O pH~} QOQ == , =^# O, Technology, q XH ^O #O_ =~H ^xH KQ
`~ e. J~` q K Q=# j`# Deveolped Countries =u~H < ~.
W.T.O. XO^:
1. *o, = "~ XO^O (Multi Fibre Agreement):
 nx H~O *o, = =# kQ=u H\, OH ^ "sQ 10 OII `yO Ke.
 2005 [#=i 1 <\H Wk iQ `yOK|_e.
 D XO^O = ~` JkHO Q _ O k.
2. == XO^O: == L`` OH `yO Ke. Ja=$k KOk# ^ 6 OII Q@ # 36%
=~ , Ja=$k KO^`# ^ 10 OII Q@ # 24% =~ OH `yO Ke. JO`QH == a_x
`yO Ke. g\ 3 ~H a_ H=.
a) JO|~ H a_: == L`^H J~# q`< , Z~=, ~Q =O^, == iH~
"^Q "\HK a_ `yO Ke.
b) Blue Box a_: == L`` # iq`O K _xH, O@ q~=O =O\q H\ O z#C_ ~ ` HK
i~O 'Blue Box a_.
c) Green Box a_: Ja=$k KOk# ^ == i^# K @|_ WK a_ 'Green
Box a_ JO\~.
 "#H|_ ^ JO|~ H, Blue Box a_ Z=Q LO_Q Ja=$k KOk# ^ Green Box a_
Z=Q H=.
 Ja=$k KOk# ^ JkH a_# W# Ja=$k KO^`# ^ a_# `yO K=x H~K#q.
 2005 OHOQ ="O W.T.O ^h 2013<\H == a_# `yOKO^ JOwHiOK~.
3. =~\ `: ^ == iqH == Q@ # 37% OH# `yO Ke.
4. TRIMS Trade Related Investment Measures:
WTO ^ XH ^O @|_ >@ _ "\x ^j @|_Q qOz POH `yOKe. J~`
nx= ~`^ O H PiH ~=`O ^|u#=K#< q=~ L#k.
5. TRIPS Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights: nx H~O ^ #`# =` ` =i
H Hx\# _ H `@ L`uH _ ~H} HeOKe.
Ex: Copy Rights, Trade mark, Patent rights etc.

ZH#q 187 z~Orq

 "^ O, P~O, Drugs, ~xH L`` Product Patent rights 20 OII =~ i~HO K|_#q.
 ~` 1970 >O\ K@O K |_Ok. Wk 7 #O_ 14 OII =~ L`u H =`" ~H}
HeOk.
 TRIPS x|O^# H~O 2004 Patent Rights =iOz L`uH _ Patent # HeOK~. H==kx
20OII _yOK~.
 D x|O^# = q +` == ~OQO, Pharmaceutical ~OQO u =O _= K.
 W.T.O. x|O^# J`O` u"# k TRIPS x|O^# .
6. = XO^O (GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services):
 Banking, c=, }O, h\ ~"}, q Q=#j` _ J#=uOKe J<k GATS.
 nx= q Z=Q Q ~`^ xH Z= [#O LO@Ok.
 Hh Ja=$k KOk# ^ nxx =u~H # q.
7. q"^ i~ qQO (Disputes Settlement body): ^ =^ q"^ U~_#_ "\x i+iOKO^
q"^ i~ qQO LO@Ok. nx x~ Jx ^ H@|_e.
8. Most Favoured Nations (MFN): W.T.O ^ XH^xHH\ qye# ^ 'J`O` Ja=# ^O ^
W"e. XH ^O =~ ^xH ZO\ [<x HeOz< P [#O qye# ^ _ Automatic Q
=i O k.
9. Anti Dumping Duty (ADD):
XH ^O `# L`` # L`u =O HO> ` = ^~ q^ qH~ ^xx 'Dumping' JO\~. J#Q XH
^O ^O Z= ^~ , q^ ` = ^~ == # qH~ ^xx 'Dumping' JO\~.
 D Dumping # x~kOKO^ dumping Ok# ^ kQ=` qkOK OHx 'Anti - dumping duty'
JO\~.
 W.T.O x|O^# H~O Anti-dumping duty qkOK~^. J~` dumping == i=}O 1%H qOz`<
Anti-dumping duty qkOKe.
10. Q.Rs (Quantitative Restrictions):
 nx H~O W.T.O ^ = ZQ=`, kQ=` i=}`H POH / H\ qkOK~^.
J#Q K"~xH J#=uOKe.
 XH ^O =~ ^O #O_ ZO` i=}O == # kQ=u K H" `e* ^xx ''H\ ^
i=}`H POH JO\~.
 J~` n~H OQ BOP @# Z^~O@# ~` O\ 7 ^ nx #O_ q#~OxK~.
~` D x|O^# H#Q}OQ 2000 714 == , 2001 715 == QRs Zu" #.
11. ZQ=u a_# `yOKe.
12. O H ~" # JO: W.T.O ^ ~=~} =`=#, HiH == x~# H$+K e.
 W.T.O x|O^# = O K ^ q^j "~O Q POH # `yOK@ = ~` ZQ=` "\ 0.5%
#O_ 1.3%H iyOk.
 M.F.A. # (Multi Fibre Agreement) ~^ K _O = ~` = ZQ=` iQ~. MFA ~^ J< x|O^#
~` J`O` J#"# k.
 == ZQ=` POH `yOK@ = ~` == L`` ZQ=` iQ~.
ZH#q 188 z~Orq
 [<
 PiHa=$k J<k [=#~< HH =#= =#~ _ P^~_ #.
 =#= =#~ K @|_ (q^, P~QO, < }O)x '=#= @|_ ^ =#= =^# O JO^~.
 '' q > ua_ PiH #~Hx OOkOz#"_`_. \.P~. =
 '' q > ua_ Ja=$k H~ _`_ Z_< H#<
 ''@O|O f [##O XH _ . Hh D [#< JkH" ` @O|O, ^O i OK^ =eh
OQO
[< i}= ^O`O :
 [##, =~} ~ @ =i PiHa=$kH =^ Q O|O^x `e*k [< i}= ^O`O.
 nx ^=<, <>< "^@Q ~<~.
 H =i =~ "Economic Development in Low Income countries" QO^O nxx KiOK~.
 D ^O`O H~O u ^O 3 ^ QO_ xO k.
"^\ ^ :
 [## =~}~ @ JkHO Q LO_@O = [< ~Q^ ~ O Q LO@Ok.
 D ^ PiHa=$k ` =Q LO@Ok. == JkH `, ` = `i P^O, Jr=# =}O, +H ~
H~`, P~Q ^ H~`, }O`H "^ x"~} O_@, JkH t=~} ~ @ "IIQ H~} =
=~}~ @ JkHO Q LO@Ok.
 q", x~H~ `, @O| xO`} ^< J=Q# O_@ =O\ H~} = [#< _
JkHO Q LO\~.
 1921H ~O ~` D ^ LOk.
~ O_= ^ :
 D ^ PiHa=$k <=kQ Q_O = `i P^O, r=# =}O, +H ~ ` ~Q#. e `OQ
=~}~ @ "QO Q `Q # . JO@"^ x"~}, "^ ^ q~ } =~}~ @ `Q O ^ ^^_ #.
 J~` JH~ ` kQ= =~ K~H =_O =, O H i` , =_# =H = [ PK< q^#O
=~ ~H=_O` [##~@ <=kQ `Q # .
 e `OQ [##, =~} =^ J=`O U~_ ''[< q[$O} ^ ''[< q@#O Oq OK#. JO>
D ^ JkH [##~@, J=~}~ @ LO@Ok.
 1921 #O_ ~` D ^ H "t OzOk.
 D ^ [##~@ 3540 =^ LO@Ok =i =~}~ @ 1520 =^ LO@Ok.
 "iH =$k~ @ 2% < #"^=`Ok.
=_ ^ :
 D ^ [##, =~}~ @ ~ O_ JOQ LO__O = [< ~Q^ = LO_^ .
 == PiH == iqH PiH ==Q =~@, iqH ~OQO Lk J=H iq`OQ LO_@O,
Q= @} Q =~_O , @} h\ Q$ =~ __O , JH~ ` kQ= =~xH K~_ O , Lk
#_O = JkH O`<x ~OQ qOK_O =O\ H~} = D ^ [##~@ _ `Q ` Ok.
 1= ^ [< O|OkOz JkH X_^ _, 3= ^ J X_^ _ LO\~.
 [< i}=O J#Q JkH [##, =~} ~ @ #O_ J [##, =~} ~ @ =~@.
Max 4 ^ Q ql OK#.

1= ^: JkH [##, =~} ~ @, ` = [< =$k~ @

2= ^: JkH =i, xH_ [##~@, "QO Q `Q =~}~ @ ` ~ [< =$k
3= ^: `Q K # [##~@, ` = xH_ =~}~ @ "QO Q iQ [<
4= ^: ` = [## =~}~ @ J~ xH_ [<

ZH#q 189 z~Orq

 C.P. H~
[< i}= ^O`x 5 ^ Q ql OK#.
O K [< ~O :
O K [< 1= ae< 1830 ^H O
2= ae< 1930 ^H O
3= ae< 1960 ^H O KiOk
4= ae< 1975
5= ae< 1987 KiOk.
H =O 12 OII 1 ae< [< iy 1987, A 11 <\H 5= ae< KiOk. JO^K A 11# ''O K
[< k<`=O Q H\ O K~.
 1999 JH|~ 12 <\H 6= ae< K~@ OK` JH|~ 12# ''Day of 6 Billion Q ~ .
th

 O K q~ O 2.4% "\ Hey ~` O K [< 16.7% "\# Hey=Ok. J#Q O K [< f

6Qi XH~ ~f_.
 2011 [< H ~` [< O KO 17.5% "\ Hey LOk.
 1 ae< [< ^\# ^ K< `~` ~` ~ O_=k.
 [< 3= ^^ " # J"iH [<HO> ~` [< 4 ~ @ (2011 <\H) JkHO .
 q~ O Ju^ ^" # ~ [< HO> ~` XH ~+" # L`~ ^ [< JkHO .
 UNO JOK<: O K [< =$k~ @ 1.23%
K< [< =$k~ @ 0.53%
~` [< =$k~ @ 1.64%
 Population Reference Beaurau "i JOK<: 2030 <\H K< [<# ~` JkQq O k.
 UNO JOK< : 2045 <\H K< # JkQq OKQ ^.
 American Population Beaurau JOK< : 2025 <\H ~` K< # JkQq O k.
 ~` `eiQ ~" HO 1872 [< H H~} ~OO J~Ok. J~` i~ [<
H , Series of Census =`O 1881,~i < HO ~OO J~#k.
 ~` f 10 OII XHi [< H H~} H~H=O [~Q#.
 Census - 2011 15=k HQ `O`O `~ "` 7=k.
~` [< i=}O:
1891 ~` [< 23.6 H@.
`a (1901) ~OO 23.8 H@.
`a =^ (1951) <\H 36.1 H@.
`a JO`= (2001)# 102.8 H@.
2011 (P) <\H ~` [< 121.02 H@.
 ~` `e 50 OII (190151) [< ~Q^HO> `~` 50 OII(19512001) [< ~Q^
JkHO Q L#k.
 "`O 100 OII 4~@ HO> Z=Q [< iyOk.
 ~ O_ J~ ` |O 21/2 ~ @ HO> Z=Q iyOk.
1891  23.6 H@
1911  25.2 H@
1921  25.1 H@
1891-1921  1.5 H@ ("iH =$k~ @ 0.19%)
1931 
1941 
1951  36.1H@
1921-1951 11H@ ("iH =$k~ @ 1.22%)
ZH#q 190 z~Orq
 1961 
1971 
1981  68.3 H@
1951-1981 32.2 H@ ("iH =$k~ @ 2.14%)
1991  84.4 H@
2001  102.8 H@
1981-2001 34 H@ ("iH =$k~ @ 2.05%)
1891-1921  Stagnant Population (|
` ` _# [<)
1921-1951  Steady Growth (H==$k)
1951-1981  Rapid high Growth (` ~ JkH= $k)
1981-2001  High Growth with definite signals of slowing down (`Q `
O^< OH `` _# JkH= $k)
"^\ ^ (18911921):
 D 30 OII ~` [< 1.5H@ =`" iyOk.
 D HO "iH =$k~ @ 0.19`O.
 D HO [##, =~}~ @ ~ O_ JkHO Q LO_@O = [< ^Q ~Q ^ . JO^K D ^# "Stagnant
Population Period" JO\~. (| ` ` _# [<)
 1911` e 1921 [< `yO k. J#Q 1921 |}`H =$k #"^. (1918 W< O* HOk)
 1921H ~O [< ~Q^x X_^ _ JO`" , 1921 `~` [< x~O`~O ~Q` =zOk.
JO^H 1921# "Great Divide Year" JO\~.
~ O_= ^ (192151):
 D ^ ~` [< 11H@ iyOk. "iH =$k~ @ 1.22 `O.
 D ^ [< <=kQ ~Q_ O ` nx ''H==$k JO\~.
 [< i}= ^O`O ~` 2= ^ H "t OzOk.
=_= ^ (195181):
 D ^ ~` [< 32H@ iyOk.
 [##~@x `Q ^ HO> =~}~ @x `Q ^ JkHO Q LO_@OK` [< iyOk. J#Q '[< q@#O
OqOzOk.
 [< "QO Q iQ D ^# ''` ~ JkH= $k JO^~.
 1951 #O_ [< ^| ~Q^ ~ @ 20%# #"^=_OK` 1951# "Small Divide Year" JO^~.
 1981 #O_ [< ~Q^ ~ @ `Q_ O K` 1981 # "Divide Year" JO^~.
<Q ^ (19812001):
 198191 =^ [< 16H@ iy, "iH =$k~ @ 2.11%Q #"^~Ok.
19912001 =^ 18.3H@ [< iy, "iH =$k~ @ 1.9%Q #"^~Ok.
 D 20OII 34H@ [< iyOk. "iH =$k~ @ 2.05%
 2011 18.1H@ [< iyOk. "iH =$k~ @ 1.6%
D 30 OII [< 52.8H@ iyOk. "iH =$k~ @ 1.89%
 D ^ [< ~Q^ L#\H [< ~Q^ ~ @ `yO k. JO^H D ^# ''`Q ` O^< OH ``
_# JkH= $k JO\~.
 2001 <\H ~` [< ~+  53.2H@
 49.6H@
"`O  102.8H@
 ~` 19912001 =^ iy# [< O K [< 5= ^^ " # l [< =#O. ~`
"iHO Q iQ [< Pe [< =#O.
ZH#q 191 z~Orq
 JkH [<Q ~+O : 2001 2011
1. L`~ ^ (16.6H@, ^ [< 16.1%) 1. L`~ ^
2. =~+ (9.67H@, 9.42%) 2. =~+
3. c~ 3. c~
4. t= OQ 4. t=OQ
5. PO^ ^ 5. PO^ ^
 J [<Q ~+O : 2001 2011
1. H O (5.4H ) 1. H O
2. q*~O 2. q*~O
 JkH [<Q H O^e` O`O: 2001 2011
1. _b (1.38H@, 1.35%) 1. _b
2. O_K i 2. O_K i
 J[< Q H O^e` O`O: 2001 2011
1. Hn = (60 ") 1. Hn =
2. _=<_ 2. _=<_
 JkH [< Q l: q_~ (" OQ)
 J [< Q l: <O (O_K i)
 CENSUS - 2001, ^O Q l: 593
2011 <\H: 640
 19912001 ^O iy# [< 18.23H@
20012011 ^O iy# [< 18.14H@
J#Q 19912001 =^ iy# [< HO>
20012011 =^ iy# [< ` =Q LO_@O KC H^Q JOO.
[< =$k~ @:
 XH xi+ ^ O ~ O_ H iQ [<# ''[<=$k JO\~.
Ex: 19912001 =^ iy# [<# `O =H i [< =$k ~ @ =O k.
18.3
84 100 21.54 `O
 D [<=$kx 10 OII Q} Jk ''^| =$k~ @. O=`~xH Q} Jk ''"iH =$k~ @.
 [ =$k~ @: [< ~Q^ 2 JO ^^_ ` ~.
1. [ JO ([##, =~} ~ @)
2. = (=z# =, ~# =)
 =# q#~Oz [##~@H, =~}~ @H =^ =`x `ek '' [ =$k~ @.
[ =$k~ @ [##~@ =~}~ @
 = =$k~ @: '' [ JO# q#~Oz eH = =z# "iH, |@ =~#"iH =^ `_.
= =$k~ @ eH = |\H =
 "= =$k~ @: [ JO#, = JO# He fO> "= =$k~ @ =O k.
"= =$k~ @ ([##~@ =~}~ @) { (=z# = ~# =)

ZH#q 192 z~Orq

 ~ O_ H =^ [< iy` Jk ''^< `H [< =$k~ @. [< `y` Jk ''|}`H [< =$k~ @.
 ~` 1921 =`" |}`H =$k #"^ J~Ok. qye# Jx O^~# +Ve Growth #"^ J~Ok.
OII ^| =$k~ @ "iH =$k~ @
1911 5.75 0.56
1921 0.31 0.03
1931 11.00 1.04
1941 14.22 1.33
1951 13.31 1.26
1961 21.64 1.96
1971 24.8 2.20
1981 24.6 2.22
1991 23.87 2.16
2001 21.54 1.97
2011(P) 17.64 1.64
 ~` 1921 (Ve Growth Rate) ~}`H =$k~ @ #"^.
 W\=~ J`kH [<=$k~ @ 1971 #"^~Ok.
 1951 `~` [< =$k~ @ "QO Q iyOk. JO^H 1951# "Small Divide Year" JO\~.
 1981 #O_ ~` [< =$k~ @ `Q ` Ok.
 19912001 =^ ~` [< =$k~ @ 21.54%
19912001: "iH [< =$k~ @  1.97%
19912001: ~+ [< =$k~ @  20.9%
[< =$k~ @  21.79%
^ =$k~ @  21.54%
 Qg}, @} O` =$kx ije Q= HO> @} [< =$k~ @ JkHO .
Qg} =$k~ @  17.97%
@} =$k~ @  31.13%
^ =$k~ @  21.54%
CENSUS 2001:
JkH =$k~ @ Q ~+O : Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. <QO_ (64.5%) 1. " (27.8%)
2. H O (33.6%) 2. J~}K ^ (25.9%)
J =$k~ @ Q ~+O : Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. H ~ (9.43%) 1. <QO_ ( 0.47%)
2. `q<_ (11.72%) 2. H ~ (4.86%)
3. PO^ ^ (14.59%) 3. Q" (8.17%)
4. Q" (15.21%) 4. PO^ ^ (11.10%)
JkH =$k~ @ Q H O^e` O`O: Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. ^^ #Q~ "b (59%) 1. ^^#Q~ "b (55%)
2. _=< _ (55%) 2. _=<_ (53.5%)
J =$k~ @ Q H O^e` O`O: Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
Hn = (17.3%) 1. Hn = (6.23%)
O_K i (20.62%) 2. JO_=< (6.68%)
NOTE: L`~
~` ^O HO> ^H}
k ~ [< ~Q^# xOuOKQe Q~.
 2001 H [< 5= #O## Z.., ` = [< =$k~ @ Q ~ 3= #O LO_@O q+O .
ZH#q 193 z~Orq
 JkH [< =$k~ @ Q l: "M (<QO_: 95%)
J [< =$k~ @ Q l: =q` (q*~O: 3.5%)
 W\ =~ ~` JkH [< =$k~ @: KO _ ~ (195161 =^ 394%)
 2001 H JkH l Q ~+O : L`~ ^ (70 l)
` = l Q ~+O : Q" (2 l)
[#O^`:
 XH K.H.g. x=OK [<# ''[#O^` JO\~.
[#O^` "`O [<
"`O q~ O
 L`~ ~`^ O QOQ#k i"H O`O=, ~=O`" # == JkH [#O^` HxOk.
Ex: t= OQ, c~, L`~ ^ , O*
 = ~ ` O`, yi[# Z_i O` x" QxH gQ H =_O` ` = [#O^`#
Hey=<~.
Ex: J~}K ^ . q*~O, H O, =} ~
 1901  77 ([#O^`)
1951  117
1991  267
2001  324
2011(P)  382
 "^\ 50 OII XH K.H.g. 40 =Ok ~Q z=i 10 OII< 50H Q [< iyOk.
"^\ 50OII HO> z=i 50 OII< Q}hOQ iQ#.
1
 JkH [#O^` Q ~+O : Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. t= OQ (904) 1. c~ (1102)
2. c~ (850) 2. t= OQ (1029)
3. H ~ (819) 3. H ~ (859)
4. L`~ ^ 4. L`~ ^ (825)
5. O*
NOTE: JkH [#O^` Q 5 ~ H ~ ` qye# ~h L`~ ~`^ O x".
 ` = [#O^` Q ~+O : Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. J~}K ^ (13) 1. J~}K ^ (17)
2. q*~O 2. q*~O (52)
3. H O
4. =} ~
NOTE: ` = [#O^` Q ~x D# ~`^ O , = ~ ` O`< H=.
 JkH [#O^` Q H O^e` O`O :
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. _b (9294) 1. _b (11,297)
2. KO _ ~ 2. KO_ ~ (9,252)
 ` = [#O^` Q H O^e` O`O :
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. JO_=< xH~ n= (43) 1. JO_=<xH~n=(46)
2. ^^#Q~ "e 2. ^^#Q~ "e (698)

ZH#q 194 z~Orq

 Z..[#O^` 19= #O (275) LOk. Wk ~` [#O^` HO> ` =.
 Z.. [#O^`: 308 (#O '35 20 ~ J~` 14)
 l "sQ ije (2001)
J`kHO : North East Delhi
J`O: \ (H.P.): (2)
, ~+ x+u: (Sex Ratio)
 u 1000 =Ok ~+ Q OY# `ek "Sex Ratio".
 ~+ =#`xH Wk =lH zH.
Sex Ratio = No.of Females
X 1000
No. of Males

 ^O Sex Ratio 1901 #O_ 1991 =~ (1951, 1981 q#) `Q ` =zOk.

2001 2011 HO` ~Q^ HxOk.
1901  972
1951  946
1991  927
2001  933
2011(P)  940
1991` e 2001 Sex Ratio HO` iy 933H KiOk. CENSUS 2011 <\H Wk 940H KiOk. J~<
`O`O <\ Sex Ratio ` b <\ H =# Sex Ratio ` =Q< LOk.
 [<, J"iHO\ Ja=$k KOk# ^ ~+ HO> OY JkHO . Hh ~` OY ` =Q
LOk. Wk @ q=H` , =lH "#H@`<xH fH.
 ~` `Q`# # J=~< "Missing Women in India" Jx "MxOK#.
 Sex Ratio `Q_ xH H~}:
 JkH ^iHO  H# =O =~}
 P_ e ~OQ qOK@  eH IMR Z=
 H=~^ == =~}  eOQx~~} sH ^~ } `
 bqi ~` ~+ HO> Medical Care ` =Q LO^x, JO^H Sex Ratio _ `O^x ~<~.
 1971 Medical Termination of Pregnency Act (Q~ =H K@O )# ~OkOK~.
 ^" O Q K L`~ ~` HO> ^H} ~` < Sex Ratio JkHO .
 JkH Sex Ratio Q ~+O : Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. H ~ (1058) 1. H ~ (1084)
2. Kf _ (989) 2. `q<_ (995)
3. `q<_ (987) 3. PO^ ^ (992)
4. PO^ ^ (978) 4. Kf _ (991)
Kf _ q#~ qye# ~h ^H} k ~.
 J Sex Ratio Q ~+O : Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. ~< (861) 1. ~< (877)
2. H O (875) 2. J & K (883)
3. O* (876) 3. H O (889)
4. J & K (892) 4. O* (893)

ZH#q 195 z~Orq

 JkH Sex Ratio Q H O^ e` O`O :
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. O_K i (1001) 1. O_K i (1038)
2. Hn = (948) 2. Hn = (946)
 J Sex Ratio Q H O^ e` O`O:
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. _=< _ (710) 1. _=< _ (618)
2. KO _ _ 2. ^^#Q~ (775)
 ~` Sex Ratio (933) HO> A.P. Sex Ratio (978) Z=.
 H ~ JkH Sex Ratio H H~}O:
JkH JH~ `
Z= O` =`$= @O
 PiHO Q =O^O[## O*, ~< == ~ H=_O= ==O xKO^ HO>
~+< Z=Q H~H#@= Sex Ratio ` = LOk.
 'BIMARU' ~# (c~, =^ ^ , ~[<, L`~ ^ ) Sex Ratio ` =Q LOk.
 Z.H. < Sex Ratio# |\ ~`# 2 q^Q ql OK~.
Southern & Eastern India Sex Ratio Z=.
Northern & Western India Sex Ratio ` =.
 l "sQ ije (Census 2001)
J`kHO : = (1148 O_K i)
J`O: _=< (591)
 Child Sex Ratio: ''06 OII =^ Q eH x+u
1991  945
2001  927
2011  914 `Q ` =zOk.
 CENSUS 2001: Ju` = Child Sex Ratio(State): 1. O* (723)
2. ~< (820)
 ~` @}
` e Q=< Child Sex Ratio "~Q LOk.
Age Composition (="s q[ #):
 "`O [< qH [< J#`x `e*k "Age Composition"
 [< 15 OII ## 60 OII# # =$^ L`^H H~H #~ .
H|\ D ~ O_ =~"ih 'J#`^H [< JO^~.
O=`~O 014 1559 60 P#
1911 38.8% 60.2% 1%
1971 41.4% 53.4% 5.2%
1991 36.5% 57.1% 6.4%
2001 35.4% 58.2% 6.3%
 ^O 15OII Q `x ije "^@ ~Q` =z `~` `yO k. nx ~ Mz`O K` ''u~Q" #
'U' PH~O =O k.
 2001 <\H ^O `O 35.5%
 1560 OII =^ Q [<# 'L`^H [< JO\~. gi `O "^@ `Q ` =z `~` iQ#. nx
~ Mz`O K 'U' PH~O =O k.
 [< =$^ `O ~Q` =Ok.
ZH#q 196 z~Orq
Demographic Dividend: 1564 OII =^ L`^H [< ~Q` ~=_x 'Demographic Dividend' JO^~.
 2001 gi `O 60.1
2006 gi `O 62.9
2026 <\H 68.4%H ~QQ ^x JOK<.
 Demographic Dividend, PiH= $k =^ O|O^O @ a<a H=.
 P^~_ " i `O `Q_ O = ^~ @ ~Q#.
 L`^H [< ~Q_ O = *f^O ~Q#.
 [##~@ `Q_ O = @O P^O iy L`^H` ~Q#.
 HO`=Ok PiH" ` iQ D L`^H [< PiH= $kH =#O TOz#O`Q ^^_ H =Kx Ja_~ .
 x~^y` ~Q#.
 iQ qHH x <}"# HQ =~_O H+O .
 Lk HeOK@ H+O .
 CENSUS 2001: L`^H [< JkHO (~+O ): 1. `q<_ (64%), 2. H ~, 3. H~@H, 4. PO^ ^
D '4 ^H} k ~.
P^~_ " i ~O:
 ^O , =$^ iQHk L`^H [< P^~_ " i ~O ~Q#.
 nx= qxQO iy, ^ `y =^# H# `Q # .
 ~` Hx OIIQ P^~_ " i x+u `Q ` Ok.
1971  0.9
2001  0.73
[##, =~}~ @:
CBR Crude Birth Rate (
[##~@):
 f 1000 =Ok [< Q [#< OY# `e*k ''[##~@
CBR = OII r= [#<
1000
OII =^ [<
CDR Crude Death Rate ( =~}~ @):
 f 1000 =Ok [< Q =~} OY# `e*k ''=~}~ @
=~
} OY
CDR = 1000
OII =^ [<
OII [##~@ =~}~ @
1921 48.1 47.2
1951 39.9 27.4
1981 36.0 14.8
2001 25.8 8.5
2009 22.5 7.3
 1921H ~O [##, =~}~ @ ~ O_ JkHO . JO^H [# ~Q ^ . ~` D HO [< i}= ^O`O
"^\ ^ LOk.
 1921 `~` [##~@ HO> =~}~ @ Z=Q `yO k. e `OQ [< ~Q` =zOk. JO^H ~` [<
i}= ^O`O 2= ^ H "t OzOk.
 1951 `~` [##, =~}~ @ =^ =`O Z=Q LO_@O` ~` 1951 #O_ [< q[$O} ^ LOk.
 1981 `~` [##~@ =O^HO` e Z=Q `yO k. JO^H 1981 `~` ~` [< ~Q^ ~ @
`yO k.
 2001 <\H [##~@ 25.8 HQ, =~}~ @ 8.5.
2009 Sample Survey [##~@ 22.5HQ =~}~ @ 7.3
ZH#q 197 z~Orq
 15 ^ # ~ Q}OH fO>
2008 <\H 2009 <\H
 `= [##~@ H~ H~
Z= [##~@ L`~ ^ L`~ ^
 ` = =~}~ @ H~ t=OQ
Z= =~}~ @ X_ X_
t=~}~ @ (Infant Mortality Rate) :
 f 1000 r= [#< "^\ \# ~A _ K_ O_ (OII) Kx t= OY# `ek
''t=~}~ @.
 2008: ~` IMR  53 2009: ~` IMR  50
AP IMR  52 AP IMR  49
J`kH IMR State: =^ ^ (70) J`kH IMR State: =^ ^ (67)
J IMR State: 1. Q" (10) J IMR State: 1. H ~ (12)
2. H ~ (12)
MMR (Maternity Mortality Rate):
 f1,00,000 r= [#< Kx ` OY# `ek 'MMR'
2008: ~` MMR  254
TFR (Total Fertility Rate):
 #~`^H =Q H Q@ # [xOK OY 'TFR'
 2007: ~` TFR  2.7
2008: ~` TFR  2.6
 q" x~^H K@O / ~^ K@O 1929 ~OkOK_O [iyOk.
 1921 Q@ q" =:  13.7 OII
~+  20.7 OII
2001 <\H  18.3 OII
~+  22.6 OII
JO> ~+ HO> ~Q^ JkHO Q LOk.
 Q@ q" = Z=Q Q =`O: H = O
200709 O=`~xH KOk# O ~ il+ < e `# 2011 E q_^ K#.
 ~` MMR 212 (Q`O 254)H `Q # .
IMR 50 (Q`O 53)H `Q # .
U5MR 64 (Q`O 69)H `Q # .
TFR 2.6 (Q`O 2.6) =^ LOk.
 H ~ MMR 81. JO> MDG H KL, TN, MR kOz#q. (2015 <\H 109H `yO Kx H O)
 U5MR J`kHO =^ ^ , J`O H ~.
 TFR c~ 3.9HQ, KL, TN 1.7 H^. Z.. 1.9
JH~`:
 U +<< J=Q#` K^= _O, ~_O K QeQ =~ =# ''JH~ ` JO\~.
 1981H ~O 5OII P# # "ix JH~ ` Q}# iQ}O K"~. `~` x~K#O =~K 7OII. P
# # "ix JH~ ` iQ} < ~.
JH~ ` ~ @ 7OII # [<JH~ OY 100
7OII P # # [<

ZH#q 198 z~Orq

 O=`~O ~+ ^O
1901 0.69 9.8 5.5
1951 8.9 27.2 18.3
1991 39.3 64.1 52.2
2001 53.67 75.2 64.83
2011(P) 82.14 65.46 74.04
 1901 ~` JH~ ` 5.5% =`" . <_ JH~ ` 1% HO> ` =.
 1951 <\H ~` JH~ ` 18%H iyOk.
1991 52%
2001 64.8% H KiOk.
 2001, ~` ~+ JH~ `  75.2%
JH~`  53.6%
 19912001 =^ ~` JH~ ` 12.6% ~O@ ~Q,
~+ JH~ ` 11.1% ~O@
JH~ ` 14.4% ~O@ iyOk.
J#Q ~+ JH~ ` ~Q^ ~ @ HO> JH~ ` ~Q^ ~ @ Z=Q LOk. e `OQ , ~+
JH~ ` JO`~ (25% #O_ 22%H `yO k) `Q # .
 CENSUS 2001 CENSUS 2011
~+ JH~  33.65 H@ 44.42 H@
JH~  22.41 H@ 33.42 H@
"`O JH~  56.07 H@ 77.84 H@
J`kH JH~ ` Q ~+O :
CENSUS 2001 CENSUS 2011
1. H ~ (90.86%) 1. H ~ (93.91%)
2. q*~O (88.8%) 2. q*~O (91.58%)
3. Q" (82.01%) 3. u~ (87.75%)
4. =~+ (76.88%) 4. Q" (87.40%)
Ju ` = JH~ ` Q ~+O :
CENSUS 2001 CENSUS 2011
1. c~ (47%) 1. c~ (63.8%)
2. *~O _ (53.5%) 2. J~}K^ (66.9%)
3. J~}K^ (54.3%) 3. ~[< (67.6%)
JkH JH~ ` Q UT
CENSUS 2001 CENSUS 2011
1. Hn = (86.7%) 1. Hn = (92.28%)
2. KO_ _ (81.9%) 2. _=< _ (87.07%)
Ju` = JH~ ` Q UT
CENSUS 2001 CENSUS 2011
1. ^^#Q~ "b (57.6%) 1. ^^#Q~ (77.6%)
2. _=< _ (78.2%) 2. JO_=< (86.2%)
J`kH JH~ ` Q ~+O : H ~
` = JH~ ` Q ~+O : c~
~+ JH~ ` ^ O JkHO Q ~+O : c~
~+ JH~ ` ^ O ` =Q Q ~+O : q*~O
ZH#q 199 z~Orq
l"sQ ije:
 J`kHO: S* (q*~O 96%)
 J`O: ^O`"_ (Kf Q _ 30%)
 ~*OQOx Art 45: x~O^ ^q H q^#OkOKe Jx `e* O k.
 200910 |_\ = JH~ `# OKO^ "National Family Literacy Mission" ~OaOK#.
 Z.. JH~ ` *f JH~ ` HO> ` =Q LOk.
P~O:
 XH ^O "~Q # P~Q ^ , +H ~ `, ` = IMR =O\ JO P~ x x~~ ~.
 1951 ~` Q@ P~ O 32OII HQ, 200206 <\H
~+ P~ O  62.6 OII
P~ O  64.2 OII
^ Q @
P~ O  63.5 OII
JO> ~+ HO> P~ O JkHO Q LOk.
JkH P~ O Q ~+O : H ~ (73.96 OII)
J P~ O Q ~+O : =^ ^ (57.7 OII)
@}H~}:
 1901 @} [< `O 11 HQ,
1951 <\H Wk 17.3% H iyOk.
2001 <\H 27.8 `xH iQ#.
 ~` @} [< `O ~Q`#\H, Ja=$k KOk# ^` (Pe 91%, WOQO_ 89%)
e ` =Q< L#k.
O=`~O Qg} [< @} [< @} [< @} , Qg} @} OY
`O `O ~Q^ ~ @ [< x+u
1901 89% 11% 1:8.1 1827
1951 82.7% 17.3% 43.2%
1981 76.7% 23.3% 46.8%
1991 74.3% 25.7% 35.6%
2001 72.2% 27.8% 31.2% 1:2.6 5161
 2001 <\H ~` Qg} @} [< x+u 72:28 (72.2:27.8)
 ~` @} [< `O ~Q`#\H, @} [< ~Q^ ~ @ 1981 `~` `Q ` Ok.
 @} [< ~Q^ ~ @ Z=Q #"^# OII 1981 (46.8%)
 @} , Qg} [< x+u `Q ` =Ok.
@} OY ~Q` 2001 <\H 5161H KiOk.
 2001 J`kH @} Q ~+O : 1. `q<_ (832)
2. L`~ ^ (704)
Z.. (210)
J`kH Q= Q ~+O : L`~ ^ (1,07,000)
J`kH Q= Q@ [< Q ~+O : H ~
 XH O`x @} OQ "O> Jk H~~+< / =xe\ / HO\<\ ~ J~ LO_e.
(^) HOk H} O_e:
 HhO 5000 [< LO_e.
 xK"i HhO 75% =Ok ~+ ==`~ ~OQ xK O _e.
 K.H.g. 400 =Ok x=tL O_e.

ZH#q 200 z~Orq

 ~` @}
6 ~H:
1= `~Q u @} : 1 H HO> Z= [< Hey L#q.
2= `~Q u @} : 50,0001,00,000 =^ [< L#q.
3= `~Q u @} : 20,00050,000 [< L#q.
4= `~Q u @} : 10,00020,000 [< L#q.
5= `~Q u @} : 5,00010,000 [< L#q.
6= `~Q u @} : 5,000 [< Hey L#q.
 ^O "^\ `~Q u @} : 423
Wq "`O @} 8% =`" qi Oz, "`O @} [< 62%# Hey L<~. J#Q ~` Z=
@} [< 1= `~Q u < H OnH$`" L#k.
@} O : 1 H HO> ` = [<
#Q~O : 1 HH O > JkH [<
"\ #Q~O : 10 H 50 H =^ [<
"Q #Q~O : 50 H # [<
U.N. "Q#Q~O : 1H\ [< #
H #Q~O : qq^ ^ [ XH #Q~O x=t Jk "Cosmopolitan City" (New Delhi)
"\ #Q~:
 1901 HH` XH> "\#Q~O .
 1991 <\H 23 "\ #Q~.
2001 <\H 35 "\ #Q~ ^O H=.
1. Greater Mumbai (1.63Cr)
2. Kolkatta (1.32Cr)
3. New Delhi (1.28Cr)
4. Chennai (64 Lakhs)
5. Bengaluru (56 Lakhs)
6. Hyderabad (55 Lakhs)
21. Visakhapatnam (13.3 Lakhs)
34. Vijayawada (10.11 Lakhs)
35. Rajkot (10.02 Lakhs)
 35 #Q~ `e 6 Mega Cities.
 "`O @} [< D 35 #Q~< 38% [< x=tOk.
 Z.. Q "\ #Q~ '3
1. ^~^, 2. qY, 3. q["_.
@}
H ~ }
( Urbanisation):
 "`O [< @} x=tOK [< `" ''@} H ~ } . Q" ~+O QO =Ok [ @} < x=t< ~.
JO^K "Most Urbanised State in India" Q Q"# ==K.
 J`kH @} H ~ }
Q ~+O :
1. Q" (49.8%)
2. q*~O (49.6%)
3. `q<_ (44.0%)
4. =~+ (42.4%)
5. Z.. (27.3%)
NOTE: ^~ JkH @} H ~ }
`q<_ [iyOk.
 ` = @} H ~ } Q ~+O : 1. =K ^ (9.8%)
2. c~ (10.5%)

ZH#q 201 z~Orq

 JkH @}
H ~ }
Q H O^e` O`: 1. _b (93%)
2. KO _Q_
 ` = @}
H ~ }
Q H O^e` O`O: 1. ^^#Q~ "b
@}
[<:
 2001: Qg} [< 74.2 H@, @} [< 28.6 H@.
 19912001 =^ Q= iy# [< 11.3 H@. @} iy# [< 6.8 H@
 2001 <\H JkH @} [< Q ~+O : =~+
` = @} [< Q ~+O : HO
JkH @} [< Q H O^e` O`O : _b
` = @} [< Q H O^e` O`O : Hn =
 2001 <\H "`O @} [< QO [< 5 ~< H OnH$`" LOk.
1. =~+
2. L`~ ^
3. `q<_
4. t= OQ
5. PO^ ^
=iH"_ [<:
 `eiQ 2001 [< H =iH"_ =K~O HiOK~. nx 22 ~, 4 H O^e` O`#
He 607 @} =iH"_ L#@ x~~} J~Ok.
 Z= =iH"_ @} (Largest No of Slum Towns) Q ~+O : PO^ ^ (76)
 ^O
"`g ^ 4 H@=Ok =iH"_ x=t< ~.
J`kH =iH"_ [<Q ~+O : =~+ (1% of Indian Pop)
 @} [< =iH"_ [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : " (41%)
=`"s [<:
 J`kH [< Q =`O: O^ =`O (82.75 H@: 81.4%)
=O (13.81 H@: 12.4%)
H= (2.40 H@: 2.3%)
(1.92 H@: 1.9%)
^ (79 H : 0.8%)
 J`kH Sex Ratio: H = O (1009)
` = Sex Ratio: (893)
 JkH Child Sex Ratio H = (964), (W`~ q#)
` = Child Sex Ratio t (796)
 J`kH JH~ `: *# O (94%)
` = JH~ `: WO 59% (W`~ =` q#~Oz)
 JkH JH~ `: *# (90.6%)
J JH~ `: =O (50%)
 JkH [< =$k~ @: WO 29.3% (W`~ =` q#)
` = [< =$k~ @: (16.9%)
 Female work participation Rate Z= Qk: ^ (31.7%) (W`~ q#)
` = Qk: *# (9.2%)

ZH#q 202 z~Orq

 qq^ =` [< `O:
Z) O^=:
 1941 "`O [< O^= 66%.
 1951 <\H 84%# iyOk. `~` 2001H O^ [< `O HkQ `Q ` =zOk.
 <QO_, q*~O, Hn = O^= "< s.
O^ [< JkHO Q Q ~+O : L`~ ^
` =Q Q ~+O : q*~O
O^ [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : =K ^ (95%)
` =Q Q ~+O : q*~O (3.6%)
a) =O:
 =O [< JkHO Q Q ~+O : L`~ ^
` =Q Q ~+O : HO
 =O [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : [= Hj~ (67%)
` =Q Q ~+O : q*~O (1.1%)
) H=:
 H = [< JkHO Q Q ~+O : H~
` =Q Q ~+O : =K ^
 H = [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : <QO_ (90%)
` =Q Q ~+O : =K ^ (0.1%)
_) :
 [< JkHO Q Q ~+O : O*
 [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : O*
 O*, ~< "*s [.
W) ^ :
 [< JkHO Q Q ~+O : =~+
` =Q Q ~+O : Q"
 ^ [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : HO
Z) *#:
 [< JkHO Q Q ~+O : =~+
 [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : =~+
JO> *# [< `O#, OY# =~+^ ^= #O.
NOTE: ^ , *# ^O U ~+O # "*s H~.
SC [<:
 CENSUS 2001: SC [< : 16.6 H@ (^ [< 16.2 `O)
SC x ~+O : <QO_
SC x H O^e` O` : Hn =, JO_=< xH~ n=.
Z) SC [#OY:
SC [< JkHO Q ~+O : .. (3.51H@)
` = Q ~+O : q*~O (272 =Ok)
SC [< JkHO Q Q H O^e` O`O: _b
` = Q H O^e` O`O : ^^#Q~ "b
a) SC [< `O:
SC [< `O JkHO Q Q ~+O : O* (28.9%)
` =Q Q ~+O : q*~O
ZH#q 203 z~Orq
 [< `O JkHO Q H O^e` O`O: KO_ ~
SC
` = Q H O^e` O`O : ^^#Q~ "b
ST [<:
 CENSUS 2001: ST [< 8.4 H@ (^ [< 8.2%)
ST x ~+O : O*, ~<
ST x H
O^e` O`O : KO_ ~, _b , O_K i
q*~O, Hn = 94% < ST H~.
Z) ST [#OY:
ST [< JkHO Q ~+O : =^ ^
` = Q ~+O : Q"
ST [< JkHO Q H O^e` O`O : ^^#Q~ "b
` = Q H O^e` O`O : _=< _
a) ST [< `O:
ST [< `O JkHO Q ~+O : q*~O (94.5%)
` = Q ~+O : L`~ ^ (0.1%)
ST [< `O JkHO Q H O^e` O`O : Hn =
` = Q H O^e` O`O : JO_=< xH~ n=
PO^ ^ [<
 [<
 7.62 H@ [<` A.P. ^ [< 7.4% "\ Hey =Ok. (2001 <\H)
 JkH [<Q ~ A.P. 5= #O LOk.
 QoHOQ K ^ q~ O 8.4% "\` 4= #O LOk.
 A.P. [<:
~+  3.85H@
 3.76 H@
"`O [<  7.62 H@
O=`~O [< [< =$k~ @
1901 1.9H@
1951 3.1H@ 15.02%
1991 6.65H@ 24.20%
2001 7.62H@ 14.59% (13.86%)
2011(P) 8.46 H@ 11.10
 1901 #O_ 2001 <\H ~+ [< 4 ~ @ iyOk. (~` [< 4 ~ @ HO> HOKO Z=Q iyOk)
 ~+O
# "^\ 50OII [< ~Q^ HO> `~` 50OIIx [< ~Q^ JkHO .
 O` "sQ
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. H (41.60%) 1. `OQ} (41.68%)
2. `OQ} (40.66%) 2. H (40.38%)
3. ~= (17.73%) 3. ~= (17.93%)
 l"sQ ije
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
JkH [<: 1. `~ Q^=i (49 H ) 1. ~OQ~_ (52.9 H )
2. QO@~ (44 H ) 2. `~ Q^=i (51.5 H )
3. H$ (41 H ) 3. QO@~ (48.89 H )
ZH#q 204 z~Orq
 Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
` = [<: 1. q[#Q~O (22.4 H ) 1. q[#Q~O (23.42 H )
2. x*=^ (23.4 H ) 2. x*=^ (25.5 H )
3. Pk^ (24.8 H ) 3. NHO (26.99 H )
[< =$k~ @:
 ~+O J`kH [< =$k~ @ (24.20 `O) 1991 #"^ J~Ok. (^O 1971 24.8%)
 ~+O 1991` e 2001 [< ~Q^ ~ @ Q}hOQ (=~ 40%) `yO k.
 2001, ~+ [< =$k~ @: 13.86% (PiH ~ H~O 14.59%)
*f =$k~ @ (21.54%) HO> ~+ =$k~ @ ` =Q LOk.
 ^, ~+ [< =$k~ @:
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
^ "iH =$k~ @  1.95% 1.64%
~+ "iH =$k~ @  1.3% 1%
 O` "sQ (=$k~ @) 1. `OQ} (J`kHO ), 2. ~=, 3. H (J`O)
NOTE: ^~^, ~OQ~_, "^H l iqHOQ, "*
xHOQ Ja=$k KO^` ~=_O = `OQ} JkH[ <
=$k~ @ #"^ J=`#k.
 l "sQ =$k~ @
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
JkHO: 1. ~OQ~_ (40%) 1. ~OQ~_ (48.15%)
2. ^~^ (21.7%) 2. =|#Q~ (17.5%)
`=: 1. q[#Q~O (6.55%) 1. t=Q^=i (3.45%)
2. `~ Q^=i (7.93%) 2. q[#Q~O (4.16%)
 ~+O ~+ [< =$k~ @ HO>, [< =$k~ @ JkHO Q L#k.
NOTE: ^~}OQ JH~ ` JkHO Q#, t=~}~ @ ` =Q# L# l / ~ [< ~Q^~ @
` =Q LO@Ok. Hh D ~ O_ i` Z.. O_< [< ~Q^ ~ @ ` =Q LOk. J#Q O^
[< ^O`O A.P..H =iOK^ .
[#O^`:
 "^\ #O_ *f [#O^` HO> ~+ [#O^` ` =Q< LO@ =zOk.
~` Z..
1951 117 113
1991 273 242
2001 324 277
2011 382 308
 D 50 OII HO ~` iy# [#O^` HO> ~+O iy# [#O^` ` =Q LOk.
 ^, ~+ [#O^` :
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
~` [#O^`  324 HQ (382)
Z.. [#O^`  275 =`" (Survey H~O 277) (308)
 O`"sQ K
JkH [#O^`: 1. H, 2. `OQ}, 3. ~=
 l"sQ ije
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
JkH [#O^`: 1. ^~^ (17649) 1. ^~^ (18,480)
2. t= Q^=i (491) 2. ~OQ~_ (707)

ZH#q 205 z~Orq

 J [#O^`: 1. Pk^ (154) 1. Pk^ (170)
2. Y=O (161) 2. Y=O (175)
Sex Ratio:
 "^\ #Oz ~` Sex Ratio HO> ~+ Sex Ratio J#OQ LO@ =zOk.
 2001 <\H *f Sex Ratio HO> ~+ Sex Ratio JkHO Q LOk.
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
*f Sex Ratio  933 940 (7 iyOk)
~+ Sex Ratio  978 992 (14 iyOk)
~+O ` Sex Ratio 1951<\ Sex Ratio HO> Z=Q LO_@O KC H^Q JOO.
 O`"sQ K (2001 <\H)
JkH Sex Ratio: 1. H, 2. `OQ}, 3. ~=
 l"sQ ije
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
JkH Sex Ratio: 1. x*=^ (1017) 1. x*=^ (1038)
2. NHO (1014) 2. q[#Q~O (1016)
3. q[#Q~O (1009) 3. NHO (1014)
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
` = Sex Ratio: 1. ^~^ (933) 1. ^~^ (943)
2. ~OQ~_ (944) 2. ~OQ~_ (955)
NOTE: 19912001 =^ ~+O
Sex Ratio ~Q_ xH H~}O O`<`u ~ @ `Q @
.
Ex: 1970  TFR  14.6 HQ
2001  TFR  1.99Q #"^~Ok.
@}H~}:
 CENSUS 2001 H~O
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
Qg} [<  5.54 H@
@}
[<  2.08 H@
"`O  7.62 H@
@} Qg}
1951 17% 83%
1991 27% 73%
2001 27.3% 72.7%
2011(P) 33.49% 66.5%
 2001 <\H ~+ @} [< `O:27.30% (2011 ~+ @} H ~ }
33.49%)
*f @} H ~ }
(27.8%) HO> ~+ @}
H ~ }
HOKO ` =. (2011 ~+O @}
H ~ }
Z=)
JkH @}
[< `O Q l:
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. ^^ (100%) 1. ^~^ (100%)
2. ~OQ~_ (54%) 2. ~OQ~_ (70%)
` = @}
[< `O:
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. =|#Q~ (10.5%) 1. =|#Q~ (15%)
2. NHO (10.9%) 2. NHO (16%)
NOTE: Z.. J`O` Qg}H~
}
Q l: =|#Q~.
ZH#q 206 z~Orq
 Z) @} [<: 2001 H~O
JkHO Q Q l: 1. ^^ (38 H ), 2. ~OQ~_ (19 H ), 3. qY (15 H )
` =Q Q l: 1. NHO (2.78 H ), 2. =|#Q~ (3.71 H )
NOTE: ^^ l [< 38 H J~#\H ^^ #Q~ [< 55H . H~}O ^^ "Q\
^^, ~OQ~_, "^H l qi OK@.
 ~+O @}
[<`O ~Q`#\H @} [< ~Q^ ~ @ `Q ` Ok (^O # W^ ^~}) .
Ex: 1991  @}
[< ~Q^ ~ @ 43.24%HQ
2001  14.63%Q #"^~Ok.
 2001 <\H ~+O "\#Q~ '3:
1. ^^, 2. qY, 3. q["_
JH~`:
 ^ JH~ `` e ~+ JH~ ` "^@Op ` =Q< LOk.
 2001 <\H ~+O 3.99 H@=Ok JH~ H~.
 =[# JH~ ` 28 ~ A.P. #O: 22 (2011 24= #O)
A.P. HO> ` = JH~ ` Q ~ 6 =`" . (2011 4 ~ *~O _, ~[<, AUP, c~)
1. c~, 2. [~O_, 3. J~}K ^ , 4. [= Hj~, 5. L`~ ^ , 6. ~[<
A.P. HO> ` = JH~ ` Q H O^e` O`O: ^^#Q~ "b. (2011 XH\ _ ^ )
~, H O^e` O` He K ~+ JH~ ` #O: 28 (2011 31= #O)
Z.. ~+
1991  44.08 55.12 32.72
2001  61.11 70.85 51.17
60.47 70.32 50.43 (Z.. ZH<qH ~ H~O)
2011  67.66 75.56 59.74
 CENSUS 2001 <\H ~+ JH~`: 60.47% 2011 67.66%
~+ JH~`: 70.32% 75.56%
JH~`: 50.43% 59.74%
~+O JH~ ` HO> ~+ JH~ ` JkHO Q L#k.
 19912001 =^ ^ JH~ ` ~Q^ HO> ~+ JH~ ` ~Q^ Z=Q LOk. JO^K *f, ~+
JH~ ` JO`~ `y# q. (2011 *f JH~ ` ~ @ ~Q^ Z= LOk.)
 ~+O ~+ HO> JH~ ` Z=Q ~Q@K , ~+ JH~ ` JO`~ `y# q.
 ~` JH~ ` ~Q^ ~ @ HO>, ~+O JH~ ` ~Q^ ~ @ JkHO Q LOk. (2011 A.P.
` = LOk.)
 H JkH JH~ `, `OQ} J JH~ ` H^. (2011 `OQ# =O^O[ LOk.)
 JkH JH~ ` Q l:
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. ^^ (78.8%) 1. ^^ (80.9%)
2. .Q (73.5%) 2. ~OQ~_ (78%)
 J JH~ `:
Census 2001 Census 2011(P)
1. =|#Q~ (44%) 1. =|#Q~ (56%)
2. q[#Q~O (51%) 2. q[#Q~O (59.5%)
 JH~ ` JkHO : ^^
JO : =|#Q~

ZH#q 207 z~Orq

 S.C. [<:
 ~+ [< 1.23 H@ [<` Z.. 16.2% [<# Hey=<~.
 J`kH S.C. [<`O Q l: 1. <~ (22%)
2. HO (21%)
` = S.C. [< `O Q l: 1. qY (7.6%)
2. ^^ (8%)
 J`kH S.C. [< Q l: 1. `.Q. (8.81H )
2. QO@~ (8.18 H )
` = S.C. [< Q l: 1. NHO (2.29 H )
2. q[#Q~O (2.38 H )
S.T. [<:
 ~+O S.T. [<  50.24 H (6.6%)
S.T. [< `O JkHO : 1. Y=O (26%)
2. Pk^ (16.7%)
S.T. [< `O ` =: 1. ^^ (0.9%)
2. H~ (1.97%)
S.T. JkHO : 1. Y=O (6.82H )
2. qY (5.57 H )
S.T. ` =: 1. ^^ (34")
2. H_ (61 ")
2011 [< H
186572 =^ WO_ "^\ [< H x~OK~. J~` g\x UHHO x~OK^ .
First systematic census conducted all over India (non syncronous) 1865-1872
UHHO [< H 1881 #O_ x~< ~. (First synchrous census 1881)
`O`O `~` Census Act 1948 x ~" O\ P"kOz#k. nx Census Hg+#~ # ~OkOK#.
[< H H O^*a` (PiH 246) KOk#k. (7= +_)
Office of the registrar General and census commissioner J<k O=Ou`Y HO^ =O k.
Registrar General & Census commissioner of India Dr. C. KO^=o
First census of Independent India 1951
2011 census: The 15th (since 1872), 7th since Independence.
Ja=$k KO^`# ^ H=O ` O_ 10OII XHi =O`# 15~ Census x~Oz# ^O WO_
XH>.
[<: 2011 [< H ~ O_ ^ Q [iQ#.
2010 APR Housing Census ~OaOKQ, 2011 |=i 9 #O_ 28 =^ (Population Enumeration) [<
[iQ#. nxH Reference Period - =O 00.00 =i 1, 2011
H H~}
~` [<:
~+ 62.37 H@ (51.5%)
58.64 H@ (48.5%)
"`O [< 121.02 H@ (121,01,93,422)
O K [< 17.5% [< WO_ Hey=Ok (q~ O 2.4% QO)
2011 WO_ [<, JkH [<Q 10 Countries 6 ^ [< =#O. (J"iH, WO_<+ , l,
H, |OQ^ , [<)

ZH#q 208 z~Orq

 Top 10 Countries [< (H@):-
1. China 134.01
2. India 121.02
3. America 30.87
4. Indonesia 23.76
5. Brezil 19.07
6. Pak 18.48
7. Bangladesh 16.44
8. Nizeria 15.83
9. Russia 14.04
10. Japan 12.81
O KO [< Ju^ ^O K< . Juz# ^O "\H< \ .
[< "^\ 10 ^ JkH [#O^` Hey#k |OQ^ .
"^\ 10 ^ JkH [< =$k~ @ <r i (26.8%) H^. J[< =$k~ @ ~ (4.29) Q^.
20012011 =^ ~` J^#OQ iy# [< 18.14 H@. (Wk l [< HO> HOKO ` =)
O KO u P~Qi XH~ ~f_ (Little more than one out of every six persons in the world is from
India)
2030 <\H K< [<# ~` JkQq OKQ ^x JOK<.
1950 O K [< K< [< "\ 22%. WO_ [< "\ 14% (14.2%)
<_ Jq K< 19.5%, WO_ 17.5%Q H=.
J#Q K< , WO_ =^ [< JO`~O `Q K O_Q WO_ J"iH =^ [< JO`~O ~QK#k.
J"iH [<H WO_ [< 4 ~ @ H^.
2011 XH U.P. [< l [< HO> Z=.
2011 [< "^\ ~ O_ ~# U.P.{ =~+ He` J"iH [< HO> Z=. ([< 3=
^^O)
2011 [< H 100 qe< (10H@) [< ^\# ~3. 1. U.P., 2. =~+, 3. c~.
2001` e 2011 7= #O L# =^ ^ 6= <xH ZQHOk.
[< ^ ~
1. U.P. 19.96H@ (16.49%)
2. =~+ 11.24H@ (9.29%)
3. c~ 10.38H@ (8.58%)
4. " OQ 9.13H@ (7.55%)
5. PO^ ^ 8.47H@ (7.0%)
6. =^ ^ 7.26H@ (6%)
7. `q<_ 7.21H@ (5.96%)
NOTE: 2001 [< H 7.41% Hey# A.P. 2011 <\H 7.0%H `y# k.
u 10=Ok 6Q~ HO> Z=Q 7 ~< x=t< ~.
Ju ` = [< Q ~+O 1. H O (6,07,000)
2. q*~O (10,91,000.)
JkH [< Q H O^e` O`O 1. _b (1.67H@.)
2. O_K i (12 H )
J [< Q H O^e` O`O 1. Hn = (64,000 =Ok =`" .)
2. _=< _ (2.40 H )
H ~, `q<_, H~@H, A.P.` _# ^H} ~`^ O 1991 [< H ^[ < 22.5% "@# Hey
=O_q. 2011 <\H g\ `= 20.8%H `Q # .

ZH#q 209 z~Orq

 PiH == D `Q ^ =Oz i}=" J~#\H ~" O@s *= == ^H}
k "i ux^ O
`y =^=Ok.
[< =$k~ @
OII [<(H@) iy# [< ^| =$k~ @ "iH =$k~ @
2001 102.87 18.23 21.54% 1.97%
2011 121.02 18.14 17.64% 1.64%
1921 `~ "` 2011 [< H =`" =O^ OII [< H ` e J^#OQ iy# [< `y# k.
J#Q 19912001 =^ 18.23H@ J^#OQ ~QQ 20012011 =^ 18.14H@ iQ#. =~ 8 H
[< `Q # .
2011 [< H JkH [< =$k~ @Q ~:
1. " 27.82%
2. J~}K ^ 25.92%
3. c~ 25.07
4. [= Hj~ 23.71
NOTE: ^ ~ c~ Ju "QO Q [< ~Q^ ~ @ #"^~Ok.
` = =$k~ @ Q ~1. <QO_ (0.47%), 2. H ~ (4.86%), 3. Q" (8.15%), 4. Z.. (11.11%)
JkH [< =$k~ @Q H O^e` O` 1. ^^#Q~ "b (55.5%), 2. _=<_ (53.5%)
` = =$k~ @ Q H O^e` O` 1. Hn = (6.23%), 2. JO_=< xH~ n=(6.68%)
NOTE: ^H} ~` i^ ^\ ` = =$k~ @ D [< H #"^~Ok.
[#O^`
OII [#O^`
1991 267
2001 325
2011 382
2001` e 2011 KIIHIIg iy# [#OY 58 #Oz 57 `Q # .
2011 ~` [#O^` 382.
JkH [#O^` Q ~+O
1. c~ 1102 (Q`O " O Q),
2. " OQ 1029,
3. H~ 859,
4. U.P. 828,
20. A.P. 308 (U.T. f" 14=k, U.T.` He 20=k)
` = [#O^` Q ~+O 1. J~}K ^ (17)
2. q*~O (52).
Z= [#O^` Q U.T. 1. _b (11.297)
2. KO _Q_ (9252)
` = [#O^` Q U.T. 1. JO_=< xH~ n= (46).
O` "sQ K JkH [#O^` `~~` ^O H^ (625)
J [#O^` D# ~`^ O H^ (176)

ZH#q 210 z~Orq

SEX RATIO:
O K Sex-Ratio x ije 200111 =^ `Q K # ^~} Hx O k.
~ 1167 (J`kHO)
[< 1055
J"iH 1025
O K Q@
984 =Ok (2001 986)
India Sex-Ratio
OII Sex-Ratio Child Sex-Ratio
1901 972
1951 946
1991 927 945
2001 933 927
2011 940 914
WO_ 1991#O_ Sex-Ratio "~Q__ O (~Q_ O ) i }=O.
1991 #Oz Wk 927, 933, 940Q ~Q` =K# J~` O KOx J<H W`~ ^` e Wk ` =Q<
=Ok. ~` ~Q^ =<~, NOH, <, H<, |OQ^ Sex-Ratio Z=Ok.
J`kH Sex-Ratio Q ~+O 1. H ~ (1084)
2. `q<_ (995)
3. A.P. (992)
4. Kf Q _ (991).
` = Sex-Ratio Q ~+O 1. ~< (877)
2. [= Hj~ (883)
JkH Sex-Ratio Q U.T. O_K i (1038) 35 fO> 2= #O
` = Sex-Ratio Q U.T. _=<_ (618) (35= #O)
Sex Ratio A.P. 4= #O (XH ~ fO> 3= #O)
Child Sex-Ratio:-
06 =^ =Q H ~ + ije WO_ `O`O =z#\ #O_ `Q ` =O k. Wk
Z=Q PO^# HeyOK JO=.
1991 945Q =# K H ~ + , 2001 <\H 927H, 2011 <\H 914H `Q # .
11= }oH K H ~ + x 935, 12= }oH z=i<\H 950H K~x H =. J~` WO_
2011 <\H Wk ~QH Q `y# k. nxH ^ # H~}= Q~ O =#_ P_t=# QiOz }
` _`<~.
J`kH K H ~ + Q ~+= 1. q*~O (971), 2. " (970)
Ju ` = K H ~ + Q ~+= 1. ~< (830), 2. O* (846).
J`kH K H ~ + Q .\. JO_=<xH~ n= (966)
Ju ` = K H ~ + Q .\. # _b (866)
=K ^ x \ l J`kH K H ~ + (1013) Q^.
~<x [[~ K H ~ + 774 =`" H^.
}` x~kOKO^ H O^ `O Pre Natal Diagnostic Technique (PNDT) & Prevention of Misuse Act,
1994 f =zOk. nxx 2003 =iOz =iO` H= O`O K#.
Literacy:- Number of literate persons
 Crude literacy Rate = 100
Total Population
 Effective literacy Rate = Number of literate persons aged 7 & above
100
Population aged 7 & above

ZH#q 211 z~Orq

 2011 <\ ~` [< 121.02H@
7OII# =# [< 105.14H@
06 =^ =# [< 15.88H@. (JH~ ` Q}# 7OII # =#"i< fO\~.)
JH~ OY 77.84H@ (74%)
x~H~ OY 27.29H@ (26%)
"`O 105.14
~` JH~ ` 74.04% (3/4= =O`)
~+ JH~ ` 82.14% (4/5= =O`)
JH~ ` 65.46% (2/3= =O`)
`O`O =z# `~ "` x~Oz# "^\ Census 18% =`" JH~ HQ 2011 <\H 74%H
iQ#.
x~H~ OY _ Q}hOQ `Q # (3 H@)
=YOQ JH~ ` 1951 u 10 =Ok = 1 HO> ` = =Ok JH~ HQ <_ u =Q~
= W^~ JH~ Q #"^ #.
, ~+ JH~ ` JO`~= Q}hOQ `y `O`O `~` [< H Ju ` = JH~ ` JO`~=
#"^Ok.
OII JH~` ~+ ~+/ JO`~=
1991 52.21 64.13 39.29 24.84
2001 64.83 75.26 53.67 21.59
2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 16.68
iy# ~O@ 9.21 6.88 11.79
2011 ~+ JH~ ` HO> JH~ ` Z=Q iyOk. e `OQ , ~+ JH~ ` JO`~= `yO k.
}oH O O x~t Oz# 11= }oH H O 85% JH~ ` ^# ~` WOH ^~OQ< =Ok.
}oH O O x~t Oz# 85% JH~ ` 10 O` (~, .\.) kOK~.
J`kH JH~ ` Q ~+O 1. H ~ (93.91%),
2. q*~O (91.58%)
3. u~ (87.75%.)
Ju ` = JH~ ` Q ~+O 1. c~ (63.82%) (35= #O),
2. J~}K ^ (66.95) (34),
3. ~[< (67.06) (33),
4. *~O _ (67.63) (32),
5. PO^ ^ (67.66) (31)
Z= JH~ ` Q U.T. 1. Hn = (92.82%),
2. _=< _ (87.7%)
` = JH~ ` Q U.T. ^^#Q~ "b (77.65%)
JkH = JH~ ` Q ~+O H ~ (91.98%)
` = = JH~ ` Q ~+O ~[< (52.66%)
= JH~ ` Z.. #O 29. (59.74%)
~+ JH~ ` "^\ #O Hn = (96.11%), ~ O_= #O H ~ (96.02%)
NOTE: ~ K H ~
~+ JH~ ` "^\ #O.
` = ~+ JH~ ` Q ~+O c~ (73.39%)
2011 = JH~` Z=Q ~Q_xH 200102 "\# ~tH Ja< _ HO`=~
H~}=~Ok.

ZH#q 212 z~Orq

 EAG ~ (Empowered Action Group) ` e Non EAG ~< JH~ ` JkHO .
Child Population:- (0-6Yrs)
2001 Child Population 16.38H@ ("`O [< 15.9%)
2011 15.88H@ (13.1%)
2011 OY#, `=# `Q ^ HxOzOk.
2011 Q ~` Child Population 8= ^ ^" # <r i HO> HOKO Z=.
J`kH Child Population Q ~+O 1. L`~ ^ (29.7qe#), 2. c~ (18.6 qe<).
L`~ ^ , c~, =~+, =^ ^ , ~[< ~< 52% [< H OnH$`" # k.
2011 J & K q# Jx ~# [< `O ~Q^ `y# k.
2001 u = 3.1 =Ok [xOKQ 2011 2.7 `y ~Ok.
2011 Census Slogan "Our Census Our Future".
J`kH [< Q l ^< (=~+) 1,10,00,000.
` = [< Q l _OQ "b (J~}K ^ ) 7,900
Z= [< =$k~ @ Q l ~OQ " (J~}K ^ )  111%
` = [< =$k~ @ Q l OQO Q (<QO_)  (58%)
J`kH JH~ ` Q l i (q*~O) 98.76%
` = JH~ ` Q l Pb~* ~ (M.P.) 37%
J`kH [#O^` Q l <~ D _b 37,346
Ju ` = [#O^` Q l _OQ "b KIIHIIgII XH~ .
06OII =^ [< Z=Q Q l "~ (* H ) 22.5%
06OII =^ [< ` =Q Q l HH` (".OQ) 6.69%
2011 Census x =i 31# H O^ OY H~^i QH$ + , *f [< H il~ =i [<
H Hg+#~ . KO^=o q_^ K~. nxH J~# =O 22,000 qe< (2,200H@)
Cost per Person Rs. 18.19ps
[<# x~Oz# "i OY 2.7 qe<.
+_ H\ O z# + 16 + Census H\ O K~.
Training Manuals Prepare K# + 18.
~, H O^e` O` 35.
l 640 Ll 5,924
@} 7,936 Q= 6.41H .
A.P. [<:
~+ [< H H~}
Q}OH# H_Hi Oz ^q H q=~# ~+ OK~ ". q. J#~^ =i
31# H\ O K#.
~+= [< H H~} H O^O K# Y~ 154.93H@.
~+= ~+ [< 4.25H@ (50.23%)
[< 4.21 H@ (49.76%)
"`O 8.46H@ (100%)
NOTE: ^O ~+ `O 51.5%HQ ~+O ~+ `O 50.23%. ^O HO> ~+O < g~ ` =Q
=<~. JO^K H ~ + ~+O < H J#OQ =#k.
200111 =^ ~+O iy# [< H == 84 H =`" .

ZH#q 213 z~Orq

 J`kH [< Q l 1. ~OQ~_ l (52.96H )
2. D Q^=i (51.51H )
3. QO@~ (48.89H )
` = [< Q l 1. q[#Q~O (23.42H ) (~OQ~_ l QO HO> ` =),
2. x*=^ (25.52H )
3. NHO (26.99 H )
[< =$k~ @
2001 ~+ [< =$k~ @: 14.59%
2011 ~+ [< =$k~ @: 11.1%
J`kH =$k~ @ Q l 1. ~OQ~_ l (48.15%)
2. =|#Q~ l (17.05%),
3. H~ (14.05%)
` = =$k~ @ Q l 1. " Q^=i (3.45%)
2. q[#Q~O (4.16%),
3. ^~^ ~ q# l (4.71%)
NOTE: ~+ ~[^x K@ H x=OK "i OY Q}hOQ ~Q_ O ` ~OQ~_ l JkH= $k~ @ Hx O k.
i Z\ nxH ^ #OQ ^^_ O k.
[< =$k~ @ ~+ Q@ H< 16 l ` =Q =O__O Q=<~O.
L`~ O^ ~+ Q@
=$k~ @ HO> Z= =$k qY#, ^H} O^ <~ # #"^O k. D ~ O_
iqHOQ =$k KO^_" H~}O.
[#O^`
2001 ~+ [# O^` 277,
2011 ~+ [# O^` 308.
J`kH [#O^` Q l 1. ^~^ (18,480)
2. ~OQ~_ l (707)
3. H$ (519)
` = [#O^` Q l 1. Pk^ (170)
2. Y=O (175)
`OQ} JkH [#O^` H^.
JH~`
OII "`O ~+
2001 60.47% 70.32% 50.43%
2011 67.66% 75.56% 59.74%
iy# ~O@ 7.2 5.2 9.3
~+O _ ~+ JH~ ` HO> JH~ ` iyOk. e `OQ , ~+ JH~ ` JO`~= `yO k. J~`
200111 =^ ^O iy# JH~ ` 9.2% HQ ~+O 7.2% =`" . e `OQ 2011 H 2001`
e *f ~+ JH~ ` JO`~= iyOk.
J`kH JH~ ` Q l 1. ^~^ (80.96%)
2. ~OQ~_ l (78.05%)
3. H$ (74.37%)
` = JH~ ` Q l 1. =| #Q~ (56.06%)
2. q[#Q~O (59.49%)

ZH#q 214 z~Orq

 10% H< JkHO Q JH~ ` iy# l `OQ} L#q.
JH~ ` `OQ} =O^O[ =Ok.
" Q^=i l JH~ ` =$k~ @ K ` =Q #"^~Ok.
SEX-RATIO:
2001 ~+ H ~ + 978
2011 ~+ H ~ + 992.
WO_ HO> ~+O < H ~ + Z=Q (14) iQ#.
~+O 11 l ~+ HO> Z=Q =<~.
J`kH H ~ + Q l 1. x*=^ (1038) 2. q[#Q~O (1016), 3. NHO (1014)
Y=O, HsO#Q~, D Q^=i, " Q^=i, qY, Pk^, QO@~, z`~ _ 1000 HO> Z=
=Ok H~.
` = H ~ + Q l 1. ^~^ (943), 2. ~OQ~_ l (955)
CHILD POPULATION:
2001 ~+ [< 06 = =^ Q [< 13.35%, 2011 <\H 10.21%xH `Q # .
2011 ~ 10.46% nxH kQ=#, eH 9.95% H~.
gi^i =Q HO> P_ Z= `Q ^ H#_O k.
HsO#Q~ `O 13.34% #O_ 8.57% kQ*iOk.
[< ~Q^ H~}:
1. J =~}~ @:
 195051 27.4Q =# =~}~ @ 2009 <\H 7.3H `yO k. J#Q =~}~ @ "QO Q `yO k.
 =~}~ @ `Q_ xH H~}:
 H~ =H@H x"~} (r<_* Wk ^ #H~}O J<_)
 "^ ^ qi OK|_, JO@"^ x"iOK|_@O.
Ex: ~` =p =O\ "kx iQ x~eOK_O .
 `i P^O, [ r=# =}O ~Q_ O
 ~H` =Ozh\ ` ~Q_ O .
 t=~} ~ @ `Q_ O
2. JkH [##~@:
 195051 39.9Q =# [##~@ 2009 <\H 22.5H `yO k. JO> =~}~ @ `y# O` "QO Q [##~@ `Q ^ .
 nxH H~}:
Z) PiH JO:
 == Pk` O
 <=kQ Q @} H ~ }

 ^iHO
a) O HO:
 q"O ~[h#=Q@
 q"
 x~H~ `
 O H, =` =_# =H
 L=_ @O|O
) W`~ JO:
 L+= O_ O`O (, ~+ `~Q Maturity H=_O)
 |~`O
ZH#q 215 z~Orq
[< ~Q^# xOuOK JO:
1. PiHO:
 iqH ~OQ q~ }
 P^ =O}
 ^iH x~#
 Lk J=H H#
2. O HO:
 JH~ ` OK_O
 q^~x OK_O
 Hh q" =# OK_O
3. @O| xO`} H~H=:
 =K~x, `H# JOkOK_O
 @O| xO`} H O^ O K_O
 @O| xO`} i^#
[< q^#=: (Population Policy)
 @O| xO`} H~H=O# JkHiHOQ J= K# `e^O ~` (1952)
nx O^O : ''J=HO |\ JxHH J=~O |\
 "^\ }oH @O| xO`} 65H H \~OK~.
 1950= ^H O @O| xO`} H~H=x ^O Hx ^ # O` iq`O K#. JO^H nx
"Clinical Approach" JO^~.
 1960= ^H O (3= }oH) =iHx O` qi Oz "Extension Approach" Q J=iK#.
 [ `= #z# @O| xO`} q^<x ZOH K < J=HO He "}[ == qH~OK
^H} ^~ Q~ x ~^H ^< # O} K~. nx< "CafeTeria Approach" JO\~.
 1966 i~ @O| xO`}Y U~@ K~.
 1967 Q~ x ~^H =` O} H~H=O ~O= ~Ok.
 1971 Q~ "# K@| ^O K _O [iyOk.
 5= }oH =Q @O| xO`} H~H=O J= K~.
 q^# qi OK@ ^~ [<# xOuOKx PtOz#\H O`$H ~ e ` H =_O` <\ ^ x
WOk~ `" # q^#O H\ O K~. W^ "^\ ''*f [< q^#O 1976.
 nx 15 #O_ 18H eH q" =# 18 #O_ 21H ~ q"=# OK#.
 x[H =~ ikx 1971 CENSUS ukH< 2001 =~ H#Q#x 42= ~*OQ =~} K _O
[iyOk.
 [#` ` HO @O|xO`}Y# ''@O| OH = YQ ~ =~#.
 1991 H~ }H~< J^ H` # [< Hq\ U~@. 1993 x"kH =iOzOk. D Hq\ W^i HO> Z=
# "ix H O^ ~+ K@ \K J=HO W=~^x zOK#. D x=O ` O xHO
J= LOk.
 8= }oH `eiQ [< ~Q^ ~ @# `yO K@ XH ^ # H OQ x~t OK~. nx QOQ qHOnH$`
@O| xO`} H~H=O J= K~.
 ZO.Z. q<^< Hq\ ~ (2= i) ''*f [< q^#O 2000 H\ O K~. nx , =^ ,
n~H eH H# x~t OK~.
Z) [ J=~ J#Q}OQ @O| xO`} ^< OkOK@, P~Q J=< H~ H# HeH
H O. a) O`<`u ~ @ `yO K_O =^ HeH H O. ) 2045 <\H [<# s HiOK_O n~H eH H O.
nx QOQ 1) MMR x u H [#< 100 HO> ` = LO_x, 2) IMR x u "~H 30 HO> ` =
LO_x, 3) eH 20 OII # q"x `OKx zOK#.
ZH#q 216 z~Orq
 x[H =~ #i[ # =~ 25OII (2026 =~ ) 1971 CENSUS ukH< [~Q#.
 " 11, 2000# ~` [< 100 H@ KiOk. (1 ae< c: P). nO` ^ x J^ H` # 2000 *f
[< Hg+< U~@ K~. nx ^ <^ O BIMARU ~ [< =$kx `yO K_O . 'BIMARU' ^x Pt+
+ L yOK~.
 [< s H~} ~.100 H@` [< s H~} xk U~@ K~. 2003 nx '[#OY ` H +Q ~
=~_O [iyOk.
 10= }oH [< O|OkOz x~t Oz# H:
 [< ~Q^ ~ @ 21.5 #O_ 16.2H `yO K_O (2011 <\H)
 IMR # 10= }oH JO`xH 45H, 11= }oH JO`xH 28H f~"e.
 MMR # 10= }oH z=i<\H '2 (f 1000 r= [#<), 11= }oH z=i<\H '1 `yO K_O .
 ~H` " `x 42 #O_ 80 `xH OK_O .
 [##~@ 10= }oH JO`xH '21H `yO K_O .
 10= }oH @O| xO`}H ~. 27,125 H@ H \~O.
 11= }oH H:
 MMR x 1H, IMR x 28H, TFR x 2.1H `yO Ke.
 03 OII +H ~x ` ~#O_ QxH `yO Ke.
 ~H #`# eH, = 50% `yO Ke.
 06 OII = Q [< 2012 <\H Sex Ratio x 935H
2017 <\H 950H OKe.
q^:
 195253 =^ qH q^ "^e~ Hg+< x=HO
 196466 q^ H~i Hg+<. D Hq\ ~ < ''1968 "^\ *f q^q^#O H@ #. <_ #
10{2{3 q^q^#O# D Hq\ zOzOk.
 2= *f q^q^#O# ~r" HO 1986 H@ #. nx ^q H q^ <}`# OKO^ ''OBB
(Operation Black Board) ^H O " ># .
 ~=i Hq\ ~ 1986 NEP (National Educational Policy) x 1992 =iOK#.
 2009 Right of Children to free & Compulsary Education Act # fHK~. (2010 #Oz J=)
 1978 National Adult Education Program ~OO .
 1988 National Literacy Mission
 1994 DPEP (District Primary Education Programme) ~OO .
 2001 ~ tH Ja < (SSA) : 614 OII =^ ## "iH ^q H q^#OkOKO^H Wk L^t OK|_Ok.
SSA # ''~r" q^q+< Q < ~.
 2003 NPEGEL (National Programme of Education for Girls at Elementary Level) ~OO .
 2004 KGBV (H ~ QOn eH q^): Z.., Z.\., F.a.., "< s eH ^q H#` ~
~ ~ _x xiOK@ L^t OK|_#q.
 (NPEGEL + KGBV)  ~r" q^q+< qb#O.
 O |~ 8, 2009# = JH~ ` OKO^ ''H~ ~` ~OO . (Z.. =i, 2010 #O_ Wk
~OO)
 2009 RMSA (~+ =^ qH tH Ja <) ~OO : =^ qH ~ <}`# OKO^ L^t OK|_Ok.
 1995 '*f =^ [# ^H O ~OO .
 `O f# D K~ = ~` JH~ ` 19512011 =^ 18% #O_ 74%H iyOk. =~" ,
~+ =^ JH~ ` JO`~O _ `yO k. 2001 22 H@ JH~ Q LO_Q, 2011 <\H 33.4
H@ iQ#.

ZH#q 217 z~Orq

 11= < q^ x^ H \~O "`O }oH =O 10%H iyOk. JO^H 11= <# _II =<<
OQ ''q^}oHQ "MxOK~.
 l_ q^ ` =O 6% LO_x PiH" ` (H~i Hg\ _ zOK#) zOz#\H 200708
<\H Wk 3.4% =`" H^.
P~QO:
 1961"^e~ J^ H` # Health Survey & Planning Committee xqOK|_Ok.
 NRHM *f Qg} P~Qq+< (2005):
 P~Q ~OQO ` =O 0.9% #O_ 2.3%H OK< L^ O ` NRHM ~OO .
 ^ ^q H "^ = JOkOK@ nx H O.
 JSY [#h ~H [# (200506):
 OQ` " ^~ IMR, MMR # `yO KO^ L^t OK|_Ok.
 RKS ~y H} qu (2006):
 @ "~Q # ^ H#, P~Qx= OKO^
 NACP National Aids Control Program 2007 156 l ~OO .
 ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme (1975)
 200809 P~QO ` =O 1.10% (GDP ) =`" LOk.
=$` "s [< q[ #:
Income Elasticity of Demand (P^ _=O_ "HK` O)
Income Exp %
1000 800 80%
10,000 5,000 50%
40,000 10,000 25%
1,00,000 20,000 20%
 = J<k L`u H~H" HO_ qxQ^~_ _.
 PiH == qq^ =$` xK [< q[ ## `e*k '=$` "s == .
 PiH= =# ^q H, kf, `$f ~OQQ ql ~ .
 He< H~ `# "Conditions of Economic Progress and Occupational Distribution" J< QO^O nxx `e*~.
(PiHa=$kH, =$` "s q[ # =^ Q O|O^O )
 ^q H ~OQO P^~_ " iH, "~ O^ `i P^xH q= O|O^O LO@O^x H~ JaO.
 A.G.B. + ~ _ Ja=$k [iQHn L^y`, @|_ ^q H ~OQO #O_ kf, `$f ~OQ `~e =#<_.
 = < *\ _ Ja=$k [iQ@_ ==O P^~_ q iqH, "~OQ `~e =#<#.
 P^ _=O_ "HK` O == == J"HKOQ# (` = "HKO) iqH == JkH
"HK` OQ# LO@Ok. JO^K [ P^O iQ Hn == == |^ iqH ==
Z= =O K~ . e `OQ iqH == _=O_ iy iqH ~OQO Z= =OkH Lk#OkO k.
JO^K ==O P^~_ " ~ iqH ~OQxH `~e `~.
1901 1951 2001
^q H ~OQO 71.7 72.1 56.7
kf ~OQO 12.6 10.7 17.6
`$f ~OQO 15.7 17.2 25.6
 a\+ #x 50 OII ~` =$` "s == =~ ~^ . ^q H ~OQO P^~_ " ~ 72%Q<
L<~. iqH H} `= kf ~OQO P^~_ " i `O HOKO `Q # . Q=yi, ~# ~f<
xqOK_O ` HkQ "~OQO P^~_ " i `O iQ#.

ZH#q 218 z~Orq

 `O`O `~` ije
 50OII HO ^q H ~OQO P^~_ " ~ 72% #O_ 56.7%H `Q # . J#Q QO HO> Z==Ok
^q H ~OQO< rq< ~.
 l_ ^q H ~OQO =z#O` `Q ^ Lk H#|~H #.
 kf ~OQO P^~_ " ~ 10.7% #O_ 7% ~O@ iy 17.6%H K~ #. Wk ^O iqH
"#H@`<x zO k.
 W^ HO ="\ 17% #O_ 25%H K~ #. JO> 2001 <\H 1/4 =O` `$f ~OQO P^~_ `<~.
NOTE: ~` l_ =z# ~OQ"s =~ Lk ~^ . ^q H ~OQO QO HO> Z==Ok P^~_
l_ 1/4=O`# O^K<~. =~" `$f ~OQO 1/4=O` P^~_ l_ QO "\# O^K<~.
e `OQ P^ J=#` ~Q`<~.
 "`OQ ije ~` =$`"s == PtOz# ~ =~ ~^. D =~ _ z=i ^HO
(19912001)< Oq OzOk.
Z.. =$` "s ==:
196061 200001
^q H ~OQO 72% 65%
kf ~OQO 13% 13%
`$f ~OQO 15% 22%
 ~+ GSDP ^q H ~OQO "\ Q}hOQ `y# \H P ~OQO P^~_ q `O ^Q =~
~^ .
Z) D 40OII HO ^q H ~OQO P^~_ " ~ 72% #O_ 65%H =`" `yO k. JO> <\ H 2/3 =O`
=Ok ^q H ~OQO< P^~_ `<~.
a) D HO kf ~OQO P^~_ " i `O ZO\ =~ ~O_ 13%Q< LOk. *f~`
e ~+ iqH ~OQO "#H|_ LOk.
) D HO "~OQO P^~_ " ~ 15% #O_ 22%H =`" iyOk.
 ~` =$`
"s q[ #` e ~+ =$` "s == =iO` "#H|_ LOk.
WPR Workforce Participation Rate:
 "`O [< xK [<# `e*k 'W.P.R..
 ~` 1981 #O_ D WPR ~Q` =Ok. J~#\H Ja=$k KOk# ^` e W.P.R. ` =Q
LOk.
W.P.R.
1981 36.7%
1991 37.7%
2001 39.2%
 2001 <\H ~` W.P.R. 39.2%H KiOk. xK"ix qq^ ~HQ ql ~ .
Z) ^ # LO` x"~:
 OII# 183 ~A JO`HO > Z= PiH H~H O> "~ ''^ # x"~.
 183~A HO> ` = ~A O> "~ ''LO` x"~.
 CENSUS 2001 ^ # x"~ 78%, LO` x"~ 22%. J~` "`O x"i ^ # x"i
`O `Q` =Ok. =$k~@ _ Main Workers (^# x"~) HO> Marginal Workers (LO`
x"~)< JkHO Q L#k.
a) Qg} @} O` x"~:
 Q= W.P.R. JkHO (52%). @} W.P.R. 32% =`" . J~#\H =$k~ @ @} < JkHO .

ZH#q 219 z~Orq

) ~+ :
 ~+ W.P.R. Z=. ~+ W.P.R. 52%, W.P.R. 22%. J~` =$k~ @ < Z=.
NOTE: @} W.P.R. ` = LO_\xH H~}O @}
xK O> JkH q^~` , < }O J=~O . =i
`e^ O _ `= e Kkq LO\~.
_) P^~_ ~OQO |\ x"~ 4 ~H: ==^~ (31.8%), == b (26.5%), Q$i=
x"~ (4.2%), W`~ ~OQ x"~ (37.6%). D =sH~ } ~` W`~ ~OQ xK"~ ^= #O#,
==^~ 2= #O# L<~.
1. Population 102.8 Cr
2. Non-workers 62.6 Cr
3. Workers 40.22 Cr (39.2%)
a) Main Workers 31.30 Cr (78%)
b) Marginal Workers 8.92 Cr (22%)
1) Cultivators (31.8%)
2) Agriculture Labour (26.5%)
3) Household Workers (4.2%)
4) Other Workers (37.6%)
W.P.R = "`O x"~ (OR)
100
"`O [<
Main workers + Marginal Workers
= 100 (OR)
Total Population

Cul + AL + HW + OW
= 100 (OR)
Total Population

= Rural workers + Urban Workers (OR)

100
Total Population

= Male workers + Female Workers

100
Total Population
 JkH W.P.R. Q ~+O : q*~O (52.6%)
 J W.P.R. Q ~+O : H ~ (32%)
 JkH W.P.R. Q H O^e` O`O: ^^#Q~ "b
 J W.P.R. Q H O^e` O`O: Hn =
 Z.. W.P.R.: 45.8%, Wk ~` HO> JkHO . ~` 7= #O LOk.
A.P. W.P.R.:
 2001 <\H ~+ [< 7.62H@
Non Workers: 4.13H@ (54.2%)
Workers: 3.48H@ (45.8%)
 xK x [< JkHO . ~+O xK [< ^ # q 83%, LO` q 17%
 P^~_ ~OQO |\ ql
Z) ==^~ 22.5%
a) == b 39.6%,
) Q$i= x"~ 4.7%
_) W`~ x"~ 33.1%
 4 ~H x"i ~+O == b^ ^= #O. (*f ~ D =sH~ } W`~ x"~
JkHO Q L<~)

ZH#q 220 z~Orq

 ~` PiH == a\+ < =O
 ~` ^iHO, ` = `i P^O LO_\xH Q H~} 2 Ja Q=.
Z) ="^x |iK "i JaO ~` "#H|_\xH WH_ =`q, O H ^$H^, [<
~Q^, =^# O H~` "^Q JO H~}O. gi "~ J< =Y.
a) *f"^ JaO ~` "#H|_\xH a\+" i "~ q^< ^_ H~}=x ^^
<~r, ~" + KO^^` , a.Z<. QOQb JaO.
a\+" ~ ~H ~O ~` PiH= = H}
:
1) Q=:
 a\+" iH ~O ~` Q= UHO`OQ#, O =$k Hey LO_q.
 Q= =$` "s == +O Q LO_k. ==^~ ==O K Q, Ku=$` "~ "iH _" ~.
 |\ O KO` O|O^O O_ Q= `O`OQ LO_q. ==O r=<^~OQ LO_k. JO^H
K~ "\H ''<\ Q=# z#\ iaH Jx "MxOK~.
 Q= 3 `~Q ` "~ LO_"~. Z) ==^~, a) Ku=$` "~, ) Q=kH~
2) @} :
 @} q $` =~@, =$u ` HH~ } LO_k.
 Hx @} f~ ` H=_O ("~}, Q ) = Hx @} xH O` ~[^# H=_O (_b ,
`O*=~, ~) = =iHx @} "~ H O^ (OQ~, a) H=_O = Ja=$k KO^~.
3) i=:
 ~` ==kH ` Q ^" # \H iqH L`` O K Mu QOz#q.
ex _H =< =, <~ p~
 _.P~. Q_ `# "Industrial Evolution of India" QO^O K<` H ~ < }x qOK#. 20 Q* _=, 1
Q[O "_ Q =< =O Ku LOQ~O QO_ ^@.
 ~` iqHH~ }
1918 iqH Hg+<" i "M#O ''P^ xH iqHH~ } \x J~#
t= S~ J<QiHOQ L#_ ~` iO^ =$u< }xH Mu Oki. S~"~
~`H z#_ _ U q^O Q K< ~` iqHa=$k S~ ^HO> ` "q H^
a\+ #= Hey# e `:
1. \~ i= H} `
2. ~ "# q^#O =~
3. == "}[H~}
4. H~ = H@H
5. iqH i}= H
6. O^ ^_
1. Ku=$` \~ i= H} `:
 WOQO_ iqH q= O Oq OKH ~O ~` ` ~ # =, QO^ ^" WOQO_ ZQ=u
Jq.
 WOQO_ iqH q= O Oq Oz# `~` a\+" i "~ q^#O =~K~.
 WOQO_ i= J=~= =_^ ~ ZQ=u K "\` ` ~ # == e ~` kQ=u K"~.
e `OQ ~` z#, \~ i= H} O K~.
H}
` H~}:
 xH ~A J^$==_O
 DO_ HOh J#iOz# u "Yi WOQO_ iqH q=O iHH ~O WOQO_x
== ~H} HeOKO^ ~H} q^#O J=OaOK~. 1882 O`O iqH q= O ~~ # `~`
K"~ q^#O J=OaOK~. D ~ O_ \~ i= K_ =O K#q.

ZH#q 221 z~Orq

 WOQO_ O` ` ~ # == ` ~f == \ _ H =_O.
 POQ q^# Oz# XH ~f =~O ^j == HO> POQ == < "Q K~.
D H~} = Ku=$` H} O z, x~^QO iy PHeK= Oq OK~.
nx qeO O\OH "Mx ''L`~ ~` "^ #O K<` x" Z=H` xO_ LOk J<#.
 Ku=$` H} O z, iqH ~OQO u~QqOz Q= [< =$k KO^#. JO^K nxx "De-Industrialization"
Jh, "Progressive Ruralization" Jx ~ .
2. ~ "# q^#O:
 1793 ~ H~<" b ` t x~ ^u / [gO^s ^u x OQ, c~, Xi O` " ># .
OII# 34 H O_# tQ x~~ OK~. #^~ =z# D ~|_x *OH = O Y~ K O_ HOh
Q qOz WOQO_ `~e OK~.
 1792 ^= =< " \# ~ ` s ^u (=^, O~ O`) _ `# J ~O H~Ok.
 1833 qeO O\OH =s ^u (O*, J^, PQ)x =O O^ J#Q}OQ
" \# , D ^u _ ` _Hx LOk.
 a\+ ~ "# q^#O = #:
 H=` q[ # [iyOk.
 q =_ "~ =" O k. Absenties Land Lords (J#` =) iQ#
 ==`u O@_O k.
 ==~OQO |}Q` iQ#.
3. ==O "}[O H=_O:
 WOQO_ iqH q=O = u, [#=, "~#Q, he=O^ =O\ =_ ^~ ~` _=O_
iyOk.
 nxH#Q}OQ a\+" ~ "GOMASTA" J# L^Qe xqOz ~ ` K |=O`OQ "iH H=e# "}[O@
O_OK q^O Q XO^O K <~.
 JkH ^~ P_ ~ ` _ "}[O@ PH K~. JkH t KeO Ke LO_@O _ nxH H~}"O k.
nx= P~^ < H~` U~_ H~ = H@H iQ#.
 == "}rH~} = Jk ~ Ja=$kH ^^_ \~ i= =iO` H} O KO^ H~}=#.
4) H~=H@H:
 #`# ~ q# q^#O =, == "}rH~} = H~ =H@H iQ#.
 a\+ # '1943 OQ H~ = f="# k.
 a\+ # x~^y` JkHO Q LO_@O= q "`< ` =Q LO_@O= JkH ^~ ` _# P~
^~# ^=~O JO^HH ~. JO^H D H~ =# 'P~^ ~ H~` H~ = Jx HO_ 'H#Q
H H~` H~ = Jx ~ .
5. iqH i}=O:
Z) 19= `|O iqH =$k:
 ^j i= H} O K@O
 Hx ^ i= O K|_ \H "\h " \ = O K_O .
 185055 =^ ^O = [#<~ i=, ~ x~}O =O\q ~OaOK|_#q.
a) 20 Century iqH Ja=$k:
Th

 1905 ^j L^= HO TISCO # .

 1923 Fiscal Commission K# Hx ~f i= ~H} # HeOK_O .
Ex: W#= L, =, [#<~, OK^~, Hy`O, Jy> i=.
 2= O K ^ HO Hx #`# i= ~O" # q. g\< "War Babies" JO\~.
ZH#q 222 z~Orq
  a\+ # ` = iqHH~ }
H~}O:
" \ = ==< =~ O H~`
=^# O H~`
OHOQ ~OQO Ja=$k KO^H =_O
` =^` H =_O
6. = ^_: (Colonial Exploitation):
a) Merchant Capital & Exploitation (1800 =~ )
b) Industrial Capital & Exploitation (1801-1900)
c) Financial Capital & Exploitation (1901 -1947)
 ="^O Ruling Country, Colony Country Jx ~ O_ ^O\~.
 [ =#~ qxQO# ~[H , PiH JO#, Colony Country `O` x~ fH^ .
 PiH q^<h Ruling Country H J#O. JO> D ~ O_ PiH= = XH^xHH\ J#O^#O K |_`~.
 a\+ HO ^_ XH ~O Q^ . D ^_ 3 ~H:
a) Merchant Capital & Colonial Exploitation:
 D ~HO ^_ ^O #O_ 18= `|O z=i=~ yOk.
 ^O `~` ~[H JkH~O kOz# a\+" ~ ~f "~ Xu_ `z ` = KeO z Z=
== e Ok qx=x "iH J#OQ K <~.
 1793 H~<" b ` t x~
^u ^~ =z# ~|_ `= @|_ qQQ WOQO_
`~e OK~.
 OK, H#H, |=` ~` ~f O^# WOQO_ `~e OK_O [iQ#.
 k"h JkH~O` qt OK@ ^~ ^_ K#.
b) Industrial Capital & Exploitation:
 WOQO_ iqH q= O Oq Oz# `~` HOh `# ^_ q^<x =iOk.
 Wk 1920 ` =^ yOk.
 WOQO_ O` ` ~ # == ZO\ OHO O_ ~` kQ=u H=_O.
 ~` ` ~ # == WOQO_ ZQ=`~#_ ~f == s OH qkOK~.
 WOQO_ QoH i` gHx ~OQ ~` @|_ K _O ^~ ^_ K~.
Ex: [#<~ i=, [#<~ i=` @ \, H, he=O^ `@# @|_ K _O.
 a\+ "~ `= ~[H kH~O H_< H=O ^ < x x~Oz nxH =O ~` Y*<
#OK L yOK~.
3. Financial Capital & Exploitation (q` @|_ =^_) :
 ~ u~Q@ J}z"` =O, HOh #O_ |\+~ }H JkH~ =i_H =O K< , Jax`
[iy# ^= O ~` i OKe =zOk.
 184969 =^ 'Guarantee q^#O a\+ HOh ~ x~}xH ^ _ # q, nx 4.5% 5% Hh
u O KeO Ke. 1882 'New Guarantee q^#O " \ nx 3.5`xH `yO K~.
 D HO# \, H, ~|~ =O\ `@O@ @|_ K _O ^~ ^_ K~. D O@ UH=x
O^~.
 Mining, Banking, Jy> , Hy`O, = i=# @|_ K~.
=~ H}O a\+ < =O:
Z) *f^O:
 <~r "Poverty & Un-British Rule in India" QO^O ~` *f, `i P^ K ` = Jx ~<~.
ZH#q 223 z~Orq
 ''~` == ~OQO QO =OkH O~ [#O JO> `b^ K~ We\
 ''~` "q H "`< H} # q ~^H= =Ys
a) == ~OQO:
 70%Q P^~_ == h\~^ ` = Y~ K Q, JO`Q L Q_ x ~ Z= Y~ K~.
 ==O "}rH~} J~Ok.
) |# iqH q^#O:
 \~, z# i= H} O K_O .
 19= `|O =~ P^ xH i= # [~Q ^ . O K|_ Hk i= _ @}
< H OnH$`O
J~#q.
 qxQ = i= =$k KO^~ Hh, L`^H = i = =$k KO^^ .
 a\+ @|_ = ~` @|_^~ ^|u<~.
_) ~"} =K~O:
 1853: O~~} =^ `e ~ =~O .
 1921 ~ xqOK|_ JH~ Hq\ K#:
 ^~} |_\ #O_ ~ |_\ # "~ K e.
 ~ # *fO K e. e `OQ 1944 <\H ~ *fO ~~ Ok.
 A.P. 1862: `~ ~ }Q O@ =^ `e ~ =~O ~O" O k.
W) q^j "~O:
 a\+ <HO kQ=` q= HO> ZQ=` q= Z=Q LO_@O= q^j"~O ZC_ qQ
LO_k.
 ZQ=` ^q H == KO^Q kQ=` ` s == O|OkOz#q.
a\+ # J# =O:
 ~`# O H ^$H^ #tOK_O
 POQq ^= *f"^O ~Q_ O
 ~"} =K~O =O\ J=< H~ =$k
 ~[H , PiH UHH~ }
 < $u =~
Drain Theory:
 ~` #O_ WOQO_H O^ `~e =_O = ^O ^iHO U~_Ok.
 ~` l_ HO` QO ~f qxQxH O H^ . e `OQ ~` =^# H# `yO k.
 D `~e ~# O^ uiy ~` Financial Capital ~O "t OzOk. JO> "^\ ^_, ~ O_ ~H" #
^_H HiOzOk.
 ^iHxH, O^ ^_H ` H O|O^O LO^x ^^ <~l _~ < ^O` ^~ `e*#.
 < == =# 'Home Charges' Q eK~.
 East India Company +~ ~ HK Dividends;
 ` |} KeO K =_
 WOQO_ ~` OOkOz ` ~ =O
 ~` x a\+ qe@s =O
ZH#q 224 z~Orq
  = "o# JkH~ "`< , W`~ `
 ~` xK i>~ # "iHK OK#
 ~`~ [ H~^i, J`x =O_e =O
 'OKs # =iOz#k =^" QqO^ ~#_, "~ J<, k _~ "i<.
''183572 =^ 50H@ O_ OKsQ KeO K|_~ <~r.
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''~` #O_ WOQO_ ~# ^< x L y aO\ L H~Q~# =~ 3 xiOK=K ~~
K "~O (LAISSEZ FAIRE):
 Laissez Faire ''*HO K H Jx J~O .
 =~H "~ q^< `O *HO H =_x ''K"~ q^#O JO\~.
 `O [, "~xH ~H} HeOK@ =O\ Hx *H" LO_e.
 ZQ=`, kQ=` OH, POH H =_" ''K"~O.
 a\+" ~ ~` HH K"~O q^#O J=OaOK~.
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== s OH qkOK"~.
a\+ HOh ~` ~ xiOK@_ Guarantee ^u "iH ~H} # HeOK#.
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 < OQ Hq\ ~` H O^OH # K# K#.

ZH#q 225 z~Orq

 QoH i=}O [ =#~
SIZE:
 ~` L`~ ~ QO 80370 L`~ JHO =^ , ~~ QO 680970 `~ ~ MO =^ qi OzOk.
 q~ O : 32, 87, 263 K.H.g.` O K q~ O 2.4% "\# Hey, 7= ^^ O Q LOk.
 ~` HO> ^^ : 1. ~, 2. H #_, 3. K< , 4. J"iH, 5. l, 6. Pe
 ~` i^: 15, 200 H.g.
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`~ _= ~ =^ ^~O: 2933 H.g.
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 ~` "=, L`~ , D<# J~K O ^H~O #g# =_` ~ ` H=.
 221/20 L`~ JHOO =^ ^H} O" =Oy O^==^OH KKHx=_O` `~# |OQM`O,
t=# J~a =^O U~_q .
 ^O =^ Q 821/20 `~ ~ MOO =@K nx '~` =}H ~ MOOQ QiOK~. Wk Z.. HH<_,
J^ (..) QO_ `Ok.
 `~_= ~ =^ 300 ~ MO =`O LO_@K J~}K ^ H, ~+ (Q[~`) 2 QOII =O
=`=O@Ok. J~}K^ # ~_ L^~OK ~+= h Q[~`# ~= ~+= x ~ .
 ~` =^ QO_ H~ @~Y `Ok. (Q[~`, ~[<, =^ ^ , Kf Q _ , *~O _, t= OQ, u~,
q*~O)
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 JO`iHO H J_Q\# 6= ^O ~`.
 ==`u ~` O =$kx kOz#k.
[ =#~:
 [ =#~, PiHa=$kH O|O^O LOk.
 ~ "Theory of Economic Growth" [=#~ PiHa=$kx x~~ ~ J<_.
 +~ `# "Role of Natural Resources in Economic Development" QO^O PiHa=$k = [=#~
P^~_`O^<#.
 = _ JaO` UHq OK#. J~` ~_ PiHa=$k =#~ ` JO` ^ #O H^<# .
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ZH#q 226 z~Orq

 =#~:
 19992000 <\H ~` "`O QO 329 qe< H~ .
Q}OH =k 306 qe< H~
J_= q~ O 69 qe< H~ (23%)
xH~ ^ q 141 qe< H~ (46%)
XHi HO> Z=~ ^ q 49 qe< H~ (16%)
^ q 190 qe< H~ (62%)

qxQ ^~}x ije xH~ ^ q HkQ `Q ` O_Q, XHi HO> Z=~ O@O_ q ~Q`
=zOk.
 e `OQ ^ q _ ~Q` =zOk.
" ^O`O:
 *f ~=~} }oH Hg+< J^ _ " 100 qe< H~ Q q< 300q. @# P~^ <
L`u K Kx ~<_.
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= # 141 qe< H~ #O_ ^ q 100 qe< H~ `y< P~ = L`#O
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J@g =#~:
 q^j =~H ^= P~# , G.D.P. HO`"\# O^O^, ` HO Q, ~HO Q Lk HeOKO^, <H`#
JiH>O ^, Q~ [# OKO^, =~^ x"~}, =~`O OKO^, J_= ^^_ ` ~.
 195051 l_ 6%Q L# J@g"\ H=OQ `Q ` =z, 200910 <\H 1.5 `xH `yO k.
 State Forest Report 2009 H~O ^O J_= q~ O 69 qe< H~ (23.8%)
 J`kH J_=Q ~+O 1. =^ ^ , 2. J~}K ^
J`kH J@g`O Q ~+O 1. q*~O (91%), 2. <QO_ (81%)
 ` = J@g`O Q ~+O O* (3%)
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f~xOK~.
 HO_ O` 60%, =` O` 20% J_=O_<#.
 1976: =lH J_= OH H~H=O ~OO .
 1980: J@g i~H} K@O ~OkOK|_Ok.
 1985: L yOK|_x x~ Q qx J@g O^Q =~O^ National Wasteland Development Board
U~@.
 ''1988: #`# J@g q^#O H@ #.
 1992: National Afforestation Eco-Development Board U~@.
 Indian Council of Forest Research Institute __<.
Yx[ O^:
 ^ l_ Yx* JOkOK "\ =~ 3% (2.33)
 1948: Mining and Minerals Act
1948: Indian Beureau of Mines U~@
 1993: New Mineral Policy H@ #. nx Yx* "eHf`, Ja=$k HO " \ q^j O J#=uK#.
 Yx* '2 ~H.
1. Yx*. Wk 2 ~H.
Z) ~ Yx*: Iron O LO@Ok. Ex: Iron Ore, =OQh
a) << ~ Yx*: W#"`~ O LO@Ok. Ex: |OQ~O, "O_.

ZH#q 227 z~Orq

 2. J Yx*. Ex: "H , lO, Q, \eO.
Q, \eO# WO^< Q "_@OK g\x 'WO^# Yx* JO\~.
=Y"# Yx*:
1. W# ^`=: J`kH S~< x *~O _ (24.8%)
 Xi, H~@H _ Z=Q H=. k (Kf Q _ ) Q# P < Ju^ OfHiOK|_ Q#.
 qY O\ k #O_ < xiOK|_`Ok.
 ~` #O_ JkHO Q W# Yx[O (3/4 =O`) [<H "Ok. qY, ~n, =OQ~, =~Q" ~ = #O_
W#= ZQ=u JkHO .
2. =OQh:
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L``=`#k.
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3. ~y:
 `, <} ` s L y~ .
 ~y =Oz q^` "HO. H|\ ZHH , H | ` s "_`~.
 =^ ^ (QO HO> Z= 56%) JkHO Q ~y x H=.
4. _ (O ):
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5. lOH:
 ~|~ i=, Dry Battery L y~ . ~[< (99% L`u) JkH L`u.
6. H \:
 JqxO ` sH "_`~.
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 L`u: Xi (50%) JkHO . HO_, O| ~ Z= L`u [~QK#k.
7. |OQ~O:
 O K |OQ~O L`u ~` 1% HO> ` = L`u [~Q`#k.
 J`kH |OQ~ L`u: H~@H
 ~` 3 |OQ~ H `: 1. H~ H~@H, 2. \ ~K~ (H~@H), 3. ~=yi J#O` ~O
(=" |_Ok) Q=.
8. "O_: J`kH "O_ L`u: ~[<
9. "H:
 ZHH ZHxH ` s L y~ .
 O K "H L`u 60% ~` #O_ aOk. PO^ ^ , *~O _ "H Z=Q L`u JQK#k.
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11. =*: < (=^ ^ ), =[H~ ~ (A.P.) J#O` ~.
12. Q:
 q^` L`u QO HO> Z= Q ^~ [~Q`Ok.
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 H~< `O |\, PO`\ ~HO , a@q# ~HO (80% W^), eQ \ ~HO , \ ~HO Jx '4 ~H.
 g\ eQ\ ~Hx 'Brown Coal' JO\~.
 ~` J`kH eQ \ x: <" b (`q<_)

ZH#q 228 z~Orq

 ^O Q = O`:
1. QO_< O`O (^"^~ "b O`O H^).
2. >i s Q x O`O (JO, J~}K ^ , " , <QO_)
 ~` 95% Q Q QO_< ~Hx^.
 Q x#, L`u# ^= #O: *~O _
200203
Q x Q L`u
*~O _ (29%) *~O _ (23%)
Xi (25%) Kf Q _ (16%)
Kf Q _ (16%) Xi (15%)
t= OQ (11%) =^ ^ (13%)
=^ ^ (7.5%)
Z.. (6.7%)
 1774 `e QQ x x ~}QO * QiOK~.
 197374: Q i= *fO K _O [iyOk.
13. \eO:
 J`kH \eO L`u: 1. =~+, 2. Q[~`.
 Ju~`# \eO L`u H O^O: kQ (JO)
kQ, #~ H\ , "~< (JO)
JOH ~, H, #"QO, HO Q[~`
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 ["= L`u# 3/4 =O` =O #O_ aOk.
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14. q^KH :
 ~` 70% q^` ^~ q^` ~HxH KOk#k.
 ^~ q^` JkHO : =~+
 ~` q^` qxQO ^= #O: i=

ZH#q 229 z~Orq

 ECONOMY

^=O OHOQ ` q`O

1. Group-II 2008 ~
(D x\ )

2. "_ ~ (with Explanations)

3. =MO
Z) ^=O=#H=<~"QO
a) O =i ~u $+
) ^~~ x~O
_) ^"}OH~}x"~} K~
W) |_\ Q HO^ |_\ 201112
Z) # =i <`~ ~_
l) W`~ JO 13= PiH OO ~
4. H ~O\
5. =Y"# O=`~

z~Orq 230
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 ECONOMY

(APPSC Group-II) 2008

PAPER III ECONOMY
^=O OHOQ, ` q`O J_y#
1. i[~ O P WO_ XH\ ` Jx H~h <@# *s KOk.
1. 500 ~ <@ 2. 100 ~ <@ 3. 10 ~II <@ 4. 1 ~~ <@
[. 4
q=~} :
 1934 OII ~` i[~O K@O H~O H~ h <@# =kOK Q`k ` JkH~O ~` i[~
O Hey LOk. ~ O_ ~ H~ h #Oz 1000 ~ H~ h <@ =~ RBI =kOz O}
K O k. g\ RBI Q=~~ O`HO LO@Ok.
 ~` =}H ^="# ~~x, ~` q`=Ou`Y =kOK#. ~~ <@ P~HY
H~^i O`HO LO@Ok.
2. ~`^Ox Ju^ "}[O
1. RBI 2. SBI 3. IDBI 4. Exim Bank of India
[. 2
q=~} :
 RBI J<k "}[OH H^. Wk ^ ^=== tY~Q O.
 SBI J<k WO_ Ju^ "}[ OH =i Z= Op He# OH. R.B.I U~_H ~O
H O^ O q^ HxO\x WOi OH x~OKk. Q~ J^ H` # Q Qg} ~ u
ij< O O ~ 1955 WOi OH# *fO K, SBI Q =~#.
 1959 ~f \ OH (J#|O^ O K@O ) H~O HOk OH# J#|O^ OQ
fOk.
1. \ OH P aH<~ 2. * ~ 3. WO_~ 4. " ~ 5. \ 6. ^~^ 7. ~+ 8.\"<H ~
qx aH<~ , * ~ He \ OH P aH<~ & * ~ (SBBJ)Q =iOk.
 gx 2008 \ OH P ~+ (SBS) SBI qb#O J~Ok. 2010 \ OH P WO_~
qb#O H#Ok.
 SBIx, ^x J#O^ OH# He, SBI Group JO^~.
3. RBI H ` Q=~~ Z=~?
1. ~OQ~[< 2. ". a. ~ _ 3. P" e 4. =<" <O Q

z~Orq 231
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 ECONOMY

[. 2
q=~} :
 2008 RBI Q=~~ ". q. ~ _
 Hx ` O RBI Q=~~ ^=i ~=
 _ \ Q=~~ L ^~\, =Q<^, H .. KH=i, c~ QH~
 ` }oHO L^ _ =O\H O Q P" e
 ^ # =Ou PiH =O_e K~ < ~OQ~[<
4. D HOk "\ "\ XH\ ^=O $+OK U*h H^.
1. @O|= =i < < 2. "}[ O
3. H O^ O 4. `O
[. 1
q=~} :
H O^OH ^O K@| ^ ^"x =kO k.
H O^ `O 1 ~~x *s K O k. JO`HH H O^OH =kOK ^"x q`O K O k.
H O^ OH =kOz# K@| ^ ^=O P^~OQ "}[ O ~ u ^"x $+ ~.
 H|\ @O, =i < < O ^"x $+O K U*h H=.
5. HO^ `O H =^# ~|_ (Capital Receipts) ^ =^~=# `=.
1. =~\ ~} 2. |i` O
3. z# ^ 4. q_O\ O _
[. 1
q=~} :
H O^ ` ~|_ =~ ~ O_. 1. ~ "# ~|_, 2. =^# ~|_. ~ "# ~|_ J<k `xH
=K P^O O\k. # < `~ =~ Wk =K#.
 Hx =^# ~|_= ` P `Q # ^ JC< ~Q#.
 =^# ~_# Budget 3 ~HQ z~ .
Z) `O Wz# ~} uiy = K @ (Recoveries of Loans)
a) @ |_ LO ~}, ` P J=HO (Other Receipts)
) =~\ ~} (Borrowing and other Liabilities)

z~Orq 232
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 ECONOMY

D =_O\ Ju^ P^~O =~\ ~}.

20082009 `O 201011 `O
"= JOK< |_\ JOK<
1. ~} = 6.139 1.78 5129 1.20
2. W`~ ~|_ 566 0.16 40,000 9.37
3. =~\ ~} 3.36,992 98.04 3,81,408 89.41
"`O =^#
~|_ 3,43,697 100 4,26,537 100

JO> =^# ~|_ 90% # =~\ ~} #OK =O k.

6. W.J = L^ H~O `H ^= _=O_ (Transaction Demand for money) g\ g\
P^ ~ _ #.
1. P^O =i =_~ @ 2. =_~ @ =i O_ ^~
3. ^= ~ =i P^O 4. =_~ @ =i ^=
[. 1
q=~} :
 ^= _=O_ KOk# ^O` =Y"# q 1. H< ^= _=O_ ^O`O 2. H< `~ "` ^=
_=O_ ^O`.
 H< H~O ^"x _=O_ K _xH H~} 3
Z) "~ ==~ H~ (Transaction Demand for money)
a) =O^ *Q` H~ (Precautionary Demand for money)
) JOK< "~O H~ (Speculative Demand for money)
 gx "~ ==~ H~ ^= _=O_, =O^ *Q` H~ ^= _=O_ P^O P^~_ Q ,
JOK< "~O H~ ^= _=O_ =_~ @ P^~_ #.
 H< `~ "` ^= _=O_ ^O` 1. = 2. \a< 3. q< _= < ^O` Q=.
 = ^O`x " ^g ^= _=O_ (Transaction Demand) ^O`=O^~. = H~O
"~ ==~ ^= _=O_ _ P^O` @, =_ ~ @ P^_ #.
 P^O iy`, "~ ==~H LOK ^=O _ ~Q#. Hx =_~ @ iy`, "~ ==~H
LOK ^=O `Q # . JO> "~ ==~ ^= _=O_ P^O` J#= O|O^O , =_ ~ @`
q= O|O^O LO@Ok.
Note : H# H~O "~ ==~ ^= _=O_ P^O P^~_ Q , = H~O P^O`
@ =_~ @ P^~_ #.

z~Orq 233
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 ECONOMY

7. ~` ^O, ~ J`kH P^O nx #O_ aOK#.

1. J=H # 2. q =K ~|_
3. == P^ # 4. ~+ ZH A OHO
[. 1
q=~} :
 _ ~ H}
Q =#^O # qkOz, = K JkH~O H O^, ~+ ` =^
~*OQO ql OK|_Ok.
 ~+ P^O ^ # QO # ~|_.

200809 `O 200910 `O
(RE)
1. Sales Tax 21,852 65% 27,685 68%
2. State Excise 5,753 17% 6260 15%
3. Stamps & Registration 2931 8.78% 3 224 7.9%
4. Taxes on motor vehicles 1801 5.4% 2 315 5.69
5. land Revenue 130 0.4% 144 0.4
 ~+ # ~|_ 65% Q J=H < . ~xH J=H # H=^#= =O\k.
 ~+ # ~|_ J=~} H=O =~Q 1. J=H #, 2. ZH * OHO 3. O, il+ #
4. "\~ "< # 5. =$u #.
8. ~` ^O ^~ ~Q^ =i ^"}O =
1. BOP # u =O 2. @|_ u =O
3. P^ J=#` 4. = x
[. 4
q=~} :
 ^~ ~Q@ = JO`~f "~O =#^ ZQ=` \ _ H `~. e `OQ ZQ=`
`Q ` ~. =~ " q^j == HH O Q =# KHQ JxOK@K kQ=` ~Q`~.
ZQ=` `y, kQ=` ~Q@K q^j "~ KeO +O (BOP) @ U~_ u`
U~_#.
 ^~ ~Q@ = PiH= = J~ ` U~_@ =, Q`O HO> Z= @|_ @ = ~=_O =
@|_ _ u =O U~_#.
 ^~ ~Q^ = L`u^~, "~ ~Q`~. "`# Hi, ~ P^ =~O "~,
=# xs` "`xH HHz# "~, OK# ^~ #+ `~. JO> P^O ^ #Oz ^x
`~ @K P^ J=#` ~Q#.

z~Orq 234
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 ECONOMY

9. NABARD _ ~ Q g\
g\H # (JC) WOk.
1. z# ~ ` 2. Q= Ku x"iH 3.z# "~ 4. "\ "xH H^.
[. 4
q=~} :
 CRAFICARD ~ "~ 1982 <~ O K|_Ok. ==, Qg}a=$kH O|OkOz Wk
tY~Q OQ x K O k.
 tY~Q O J<k ` HO Q ~ ` , Ku x"iH, "~ ~}e=^.
 ==^~, Ku x"~, "~ ~}OkOK H~ ~ u O , q Ja=$k O,
Of Qg} O, "}[ O <~ s< < K #.
 ~+ ` 20 OII H iquH |_# n~H eH ~} =~#.
 ==O, Qg}a=$k` O|O^O Hey#, H O^ ` QiO Ok# U OH < n~H eH ~}eK#.
10. P~O =i Z~= a_ g\ g\ Wq_ L<~.
1. =^# =O 2. ~ "# =O 3. }oH=O 4. = x
[. 2
q=~} :
 ` =O ~ O_ ~H 1. ~ "# =O 2. =^# =O
 ` ^x Ok# ==~ QOQ ^~}, i< = J =O ~ "# =O. ~ "#
=O = PiH == ZO\ #`# P $+O K|_=
L^ =_ KeO , ~H} =O, a_, ~ ` ~} " @ "IIq.
 #`# P $+O K_O J =O =^# =O
L^ O` H#Q, #`# * x~}O
~ "# =O =~ ~ O_ ~H Z) }oH ~ "# =O a. }oH`~ ~ "# =O. H O^
}oH =O, ~, H O^e` O` H O^ `O JOkOK O }oH ~ "#
= =Q#.
 =_ KeO , P~, Z~= c_, OK#, ~H} =O, ~ ` ~}" @ }oH`~ ~ "#
=O Q.
 }oH`~ ~ "# =O JkH QO =_ KeO ^.
 WO_ =^# =O HO> ~ "# =O Z=Q#, }oH =O HO>, }oH`~= O
Z=Q# LOk.

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 ECONOMY

APPSC (GROUP-II) EXAM

MODEL PAPER
(4= x\)
1. 201112 |_\ u^# P^ # iqu ZO` =~ q#~O WK#.
1) ~.1,60,000 =~ 2) ~.1,90,000 =~
3) ~.2,40,000 =~ 4) ~.5,00,000 =~
[. 2
q=~} :
 201112 |_\ =HQ ` P^ # q#~O# HOk q^O Q W=_O [iyOk. ~+
~.1,80,000 =~ # q#~O Q^.
 60 O=`~ = # q#~O iqu ~. 1,90,000 =~ (OK^ )
 60 O=`~ | _# =$^ # q#~O iqux ~.2,50,000 =~
(2,40,000 #Oz 2,50,000 OK#)
2. 200405 O=`~O #Oz HOk "x U O `~OQ OQ KiOk?
1) ICICI O eq>_ 2) YES O eq>_
3) IDBI O eq>_ 4) UTI O eq>_
[. 3
q=~} :
 IDBI 1964 RBI J#|O^O Q O K|_#. 1976 RBI #Oz "~ _ ` [=#OH
=zOk. 2004 #Oz RBI K@O 1934 H~O +_ OQ =iOk. e `OQ IDBI O
eq>_ J<k `~OQ O XH\ Q LOk.
3. 2010 \ # O Ec [~O@# O Uk?
1) SBI 2) RBI 3) SEBI 4) NABARD
[. 2
q=~} :
 1921 O K|_# WOi O# Qg} ~ u ~ Hq\ ~ "~ (Q~ Hq\)
1955 E *fO K SBI Q ~ =~~.
 1935 O K|_# RBI 2010 <\H 75 OII# i K Hx \# O Ec L`" [~O@Ok.
 1988 ~ } Hq\ ~ "~ =O~ ^ # H O^OQ SEBI O K|_#. 1992 nxH
K@| ^` HeOK#. ~` =^# =~\# xOuOK O W^.
 CRAFICARD Hq\ (t=~=< Hq\) ~ "~ Qg} == ~ u Ja=$kH 1982
NABARD O K|_#. Qg} == ~ u Wk tY~Q O.
z~Orq 236
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

4. *a` 1x JO#, *a` 2 x JO` [` K O_.

*a` 1 *a` 2
a) ^~} ^~ ~ x~O`~ ~Q^ I) ~ W<+ <
b) PiH =O^O x"~} L^ ~HOQ II) _ W<+<
^~ OK@
c) L`u, Lk, P^O `Q O_ ^~ `Q ^ III) Q+<
d) ^"}O` _# u~Q=#O IV) i+<
V) W<+ <
CODES :
1) a-V, b-I, c-II, d-IV 2) a-I, b-III, c-II, d-IV
3) a-I, b-IV, c-V, d-III 4) a-V, b-IV, c-II, d-III
[. 4
q=~} :
 O=`~xH 3 JOH HO> Z=Q ^~ iy` ^xx ~ W<+ < JO\~.
 ^"}O L# HO `O f# K~ =# L`u Lk `Q O_ ^~ `y` _W <+ <
JO\~.
 XH" ^~ ~Q`, =~" L`u `Q u~Q=# iu x Q + < JO\~.
 PiH =O^ Hx x"iOKO^ `O L^ ~HOQ ^~ Oz` ^xx i+ < JO\~.
 ^~} ^~ ~ x~O`~ ~Q^ ^"}O.
5. "}[ O H ~ u $+ =~x `yO K JO
a) H =i _=O_ _l@
b) ~}
c) H
O^ O =^ Q "}[ O #Q^ x
d) Ku #Q^ (cash in hand)
CODES :
1) a =i b 2) b =i c 3) c =i d 4) a =i d
[. 3
q=~} :
 O H ~ u $+ =YOQ #Q^ x x+u P^~_ #. O WK ~},
O HiOK _l@ =# "}[ O ~ u =~ O ~Q#. [ `= Ku #Q^
LOKH=_O = OHOQ H~H `y ~ u $+ `Q # . H O^ O =^ LOK=# #Q^
x iQHn, "}[ O ~ u $+ =~ O `Q # .

z~Orq 237
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

6. WiOQ + ~ ^=~t ^O`O H~O "`O ^= ~ x zOKk.

MV+M'V'
1) MV + M'V' 2) MV + MV' 3) MV = PT 4)
T
[. 1
q=~} :
 + ~ ^O`O + ~ zOz# gH~} O MV = PT.
 O ^"x _ H H fO> MV + M'V' = PT. D gH~} O PT J<k ^= _=O_#
`Q, MV + M'V' J<k "`O ^= ~ # `#.
 D gH~} O M K@| ^ ^=~t, M' O ^=O, V = K@| ^ ^= ~"Q O ,
V' O ^= ~ "QO .
 ^"x ^x ~ "QO K z "`O ^= ~ =K#.
7. Incidence of Tax (# ~O) ^xx `#.
1) #~ =i ~ @ 2) # H ^= ~x z=~Q i OK@
3) # =$k 4) # = K q^#O
[. 2
q=~} :
 ~H # q+ O # `e =O XHi# , JOu= ~O =~Hi# LO@Ok. ` H #
q+ O # `e =O, JOu= ~O XHi< LO@Ok. # H JOu= ~x i OK
ux `^ incidence of tax.
8. H O^ O, "}[ O HO> qa#"# k. ZO^H#Q?
1) ^~}OQ H O^O, ` Pn#O#, "}[ O `, ~"\ ~OQ LO_#
2) H O^O ` PiH q^<# J=~ @ "}[ O# q`O K #
3) H O^ O <@ *s UH=kH~x Hey LO_#
4) = x
[. 4
q=~} :
 "}[ O ` ^ ~"\ ~OQO LO_=K. Hh H O^ O ` ~OQO =`"
LO@Ok.
 ` ^= q^<x ~OkOKk H O^ OH. P q^<xH J#Q}OQ "}[ O xK e.
 H~ h <@# *sK Q`k ` O H O^ OH LO@Ok. "}[ O =kOK JkH~O ^ .
 "}[ O ~}` xK~. H O^O ~}` xK ^. D JO ^$
H O^O "}[ O HO> qa#"# k.
z~Orq 238
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

9. i[~ OH P WO_ H "^\ ~f Q=~~?

1) ". q.~_ 2) ^=i ~= 3) J ~ J~ ` 4) ._.^=M
[. 4
q=~} :
 ` RBI Q=~~ _. ~=
 _. ~= =O^ RBI Q=~~ ". q. ~ _
 RBI H "^\ Q=~~ J ~ J~ `
 RBI H "^\ ~f Q=~~ ._.^=M
10. HOk "x ~f i[~OH qk Hxk Uk?
1) q^j =~H x# O~HO K@
2) H~ h <@ *s K @
3) `xH, O OQ ==iOK@
4) [ #O_ _l@ HiOK@
[. 4
q=~} :
 H~ h <@ *sK @, O, `xH OQ ==iOK@, O JOu= ~}^`Q
==iOK@, ~ u xOuOK@, q^j =~H x# O~HO K@ J<q H O^O q^ .
[ #O_ _l@ HiOK@ H O^ O qk H^. _l@ H~} J<k "}[ O qk.
11. O ~ @ J#Q
1) "}[ O, JkH ~ u ~ Q qxQ^~ WK ~} =_
2) H O^ O ` i\#, "}[ O J=@
3) H O^ O "}[ O WK ~} qkOK =_ ~ @
4) " g H=
[. 3
q=~} :
 Z= ~ u ~ \OQ Hey# qxQ^~ "}[ O WK ~} qkOK =_ ~ @# P.L.R.
(Prime Lending Rate) JO^ ~ .
 H O^ O ` i\# =~\ J=_x, H#_x |~OQ =~\ K~ JO^~.
 "}[ O J~` Hey# i\# RBI =^ LOz ~}# HiOK@_ RBI P ~}
qkOK =_ ~ @# O ~ @ JO\~.
12. ~`^ O 13= PiH O O J^ _Q xqOK|_#"~?
1) H ..xy 2) .~OQ~[< 3) Z.ZO.Y 4) q[ Z.H ~
[. 4
q=~} :
 H ..xy "^\ PiH O O J^ _
z~Orq 239
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 .~OQ~[< 12= PiH O O J^ _

 Z.ZO.Y 11= PiH O O J^
 q[ Z.H ~ 13= PiH O O J^ _. 20102015 HxH O|OkOz # ~|_x H O^
~ =^ O} KO^ W`# K# K #.
13. ~`^ O "# " @|_# O=`~O?
1) 199495 2) 199697 3) 200001 4) 198687
[. 1
q=~} :
 " ## 199495 O=`~O " @_O [iyOk. 199495 ~.407 H@ P^O =zOk.
200607 O=`~xH ~.37,597 H@ P^O = J~Ok. 200809 |_\ =~ 4 =#
# ikH fHzi.
 MAT (Minimum Alternate Tax) # 199697 ">#.
 CENVAT # 200001 " ># .
 MODVAT # 198687 |_\ " ># .
14. H ~ Hq\ ^xH O|OkOz#k?
1) ` H # 2) ~H #
3) ` H =i ~H # 4) ZQ=u =i kQ=u OH
[. 3
q=~} :
 # O~} H ~ Hq\ `# `k x"kH# 2007 =iOzOk. Wk ` H, ~H #
~ KOk. "`# L^Q Standard deduction# `yOKx, P^ # ==
~ O_ LO_x, MAT # Zu" x, ^= O` Tax information Network U~@ K x
zOK#.
15. *a` 1x JO#, *a` 2 x JO` [` K O_.
*a` 1 *a` 2
a) H @ I) ~
"# ~|_ ~ "# =O
b) ~
"# @ II) ~ "# ~|_ { (~} = =i W`~ ~|_) "`O =O
c) |_@ s @ III) =^# ~|_ =^# =O
d) =^# @ IV) "`O ~|_ "`O =O
CODES :
1) a-I, b-II, c-IV, d-III 2) a-II, b-I, c-IV, d-III
3) a-II, b-I, c-III, d-IV 4) a-I, b-II, c-III, d-IV
[. 2

z~Orq 240
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

q=~} :
 ~ "# @ : ~ "# ~|_ ~ "# =O
 =^# @ : =^# ~|_ =^# =O
 |_@ s @ : `O "`O ~|_ `O "`O =O
 H @ : ~ "# ~|_ { (~} ={@|_ LO ~}) "`O =O
16. ` O H O^ `xH J`kH ~|_ =K # =O Uk?
1) H~~\ # 2) H O^ ZH * OHO 3) P^ # 4) H" OH
[. 1
q=~} :
 200506 O=`~O =~ H O^ `xH J`kH P^O H O^ ZH * OH #Oz =Kk.
 200607 #Oz J`kH # ~|_ H~~\ # #Oz ==`Ok.
 J`kHO Q # ~|_ 200809 (P) O=`~O
1) H~~\ # (35.1%), 2) P^ # (20.3%) #O_ a # k.
3) ZH * OHO (17.8%), 4) H" OH (16.4%),
17. 201112 " H\ O z# ^= q^#O# O|OkOz ~ # JOO Uk?
1. CRRx =~^ .
2. ~ , i=~ ~ ~ @# 0.50% OK# (Wq =~Q 7.25% 6.25%H K~ #.)
3. O~ @ ZO\ =~ K ^ (6% LOk).
4. = x ~ # ".
[. 4
q=~} :
 201112 ^= q^<x RBI Q=~~ ^=i ~= H\ O K#. Q`O L# O ~ @, CRR
6%, =~^ . ~ , i=~ ~ # 0.50 `O OK@K Jq =~Q 7.25%, 6.25%H K~~.
18. =#^O ^"}x H OK_xH L yOK \ ^~ p JkH ~O U JOxH W=|_Ok?
1) ^q H == 2) WO^# O, q^`, HOu, aHO\
3) L`u K# == 4) JxO\H =# ~O W=|_#
[. 3
q=~} :
 ^~}OQ =#^O ^"}x HeKO^ WPI \ ^~ px L y~ . WPI
3 ~H == # Q} ~ .
1. ^q H == (22.03% ~O W=|_#). L^: P~, P~ `~ == , Yx*
2. WO^# O, q^`, HOu, aHO\ (14.23% ~O W=|_#). L^: Q, Yx[ #<, q^`
3. L`u K# == (63.75% ~O W=|_#). L^: =, Q L`` , O`

z~Orq 241
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

19. M1, M2, M3, M4, ^= H=< O|OkOz iHxk Uk?

1) M1 [ =^ H~ h { O =^ _=O_ _l@
2) M2 Oz` ^=O { ^ _l@
3) M3 = M1 + M2
4) M4 q ^=O { "`O _l@
[. 3
q=~} :
 =#^O M ^"< Oz` ^=O JO\~. M [ =^ ^=O { O =^ _=O_
1 1

_l@ { RBI =^ W`~ _l@ (W`~ _l@ J<q 1% HO> ` = H|\ qiOK=K)
 M = M +
2 1
^ _l@ (M < Oz` ^=O JO\~)
1

 M = M + O =^ Q Hiqu _l@. nx< q ^=O JO\~.

3 1

 M = M +
4 3
"`O _l@
20. HOk"x ` [`# QiOKO_.
1) O ~ @, |~OQ =~\ K~ , RBI i=}`H ~ u xO`} ^<
#Q^ x x+u, SLR
2) =i# x~ O, ~ u ~ +xOQ, RBI Q}`H ~ u xO`} ^<
_<"O\ <u H^^
3) ==^O # H .Z<.~* Hq\
4) O^ #, |=u #, Z.H .~ Hq\
=O #, =^# P^O #
[. 4
q=~} :
 RBI ~ u xOuOKO^ Z) i=}`H ^< , a) Q}`H ^< # L yO k.
 RBI i=}`H ~ u xO`} ^< : O ~ @, #Q^ x x+u, |~OQ =~\
K~, SLR.
 RBI Q}`H (ZOH K# ) ~ u xO`} ^< : =i# x~~ OK@, ~ u ~ +xOQ, _<
"O\, <u H^^, ` H K~ .
 ==^O ## "^@Q H .Z<.~* Hq\ zOK#.
 O^ #, |=u #, =O #, =^# P^O ## H~ Hq\ zOK#.
 =#^O VAT J= P=H`# "^@Q zOz#k Z.H .~ Hq\.

z~Orq 242
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

^=O =#
= =i_ ^u :
 == # Wz ^xH |^Q H=# =~H == # O^_x = =i_ ^u ^ =
qx= ^u (Barter System) JO^~.
 =#=x H~ iq`OQ LO_@ =# PiH H~H iq`OQ LO_@K D ^u ^ "O k.
== i_ ^u qx= =^=O LO_^ .
= =i_ ^u :
 W^~ = =^ H~ =#O H =_O,
 H =#O H =_O,
 q=# HeK H=#O H =_O,
 == ql OK_xH g H =_O,
 O^# x K g H =_O,
 "~^ KeO gQ O_@.
^ = O x~K#O :
 Money J<^O \< ^O '=<\ #Oz \Ok (~=< ^=` =<\ PO <}
=kOK@ =).
 ''Ju =Y"# =#= H# ^=O XH\ . u GO =Y"# H# XH\ LO@Ok. Jk
O` GO KHO, q*# GO x, ~[huGO F@, J~ GO ^=O O Jx ^=O
H^~ "MxOK#.
 ''U^` ^=OQ xKO^ J^ ^=O (Money is what money does) - "H~.
 ''~OwH~O Ok# =" ^=O eQ=<
 ''qx= ^# OQ ~OwH~O Ok, q= H=#OQ L Q_ ^ ^=O H^~ .
 ''^=O ``eH H#Q H xO (Temporary abode of Purchasing) q< _=<.
^= H= i}=O :
 = ^=O : ~OO == < ^=OQ L yOK"~. L^ : L`~ J"iH Q,
PH ^O`O.
 ^=O : <QiH` Ja=$k KO^ Hn ^=O "_HH =zOk. L^ : |OQ~O, "O_,

z~Orq 243
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

~y "^Q#q. ~OO x =^ Q#, H_ Q# L yOK#. `~ "` HO

` <} ` ~Ki .
 700 BC e_ (Lydia) O`O "^\ <}# *sK _O [iyOk.
 Hy` ^=O : |OQ~, "O_, # P^~OQ Kx HO^ O <@# *sK_O
[iyOk. "^@ *sK# ^"xH #\H #~ `O x LO_q. `~ "` HO
|OQ~OH =~< g O_ ^"x *s K < ~.
 ~ u ^=O : |OQ~x x=Q LOKx H~ hx *sK# q^O Q<, H~ hx x=Q ^z ~ u
^"x ^ O ^"x $+O K_O [~Q`Ok.
 g ^=O : O_, >[s a, O_ "^Q "\H _ ^=`O LO_@ =#
^=OQ L yOK_O [~Q`Ok. g\H ^"xH LO_ H} LO_@ =# g ^=O
JO\~.
^=O ~H :
I. ^= =^} qxyOK == # |\ ^"x (A) ^=O, (B) Hy` ^=O Jx ~ O_
~HQ =sHi OK=K.
A) ^=O :

x ^=OQ L y ^xx ^=O JO^~. Wk =_ ~H. (1) i =}O Hey#

<} (Full body or standard money); (2) `= =}O Hey# <} (Token Money); (3)
ux^ ^=O (Representative Money)
i =} ^=O :
^=O ` sH L yOK O JO`~` q=, |~` q= =#OQ LO> JO\ ^"x
i =} ^=O (Full Body Money or Standard Money) JO\~. L^ : 183593 =^ =#^O
i =}O Hey# "O_ <} K=} L<~.
` = =} ^=O (Token Money) :
<} =Y q= (|~` q=), <}O H JO`~` q= HO> Z=Q LO> ^xx \H<
=h JO^~.
ux^ ^=O (Representative Money) :
` = q= L# x ^ Hy`x ^=OQ =kOz "_` JO\ ^"x ux^ ^=O
JO\~. ^=O *sK JkH~ ^Q~ K=} L# ^"xH =#OQ |OQ~O, "O_ x
LO\~.

z~Orq 244
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

B) Hy` ^=O :
^"x ` ~ K _xH Hy`x L y ^xx Hy` ^=O JO\~. K< "^\ iQ
Hy` ^"x " ># . Hy` ^"x HOk q^O Q ql OK=K.
1) ux^ Hy` ^=O : #\H #~ `O x x=Q LOz ^"x *sK JO\
^"x ux^ Hy` ^=O JO\~. L^ : =#^O *sK# |OQ~O, |e<
i H \.
2) i=~h Hy` ^=O (Convertible Paper Money) : *s K# Hy` ^"x
|OQ~O ^ "O_H =~H=_xH gO> P ^"x i=~h "# Hy` ^=O JO\~.
L^ : 19= `|O "_H L# ~ =}O D H~ O LO_k.
3) Ji=~h Hy` ^=O (Inconvertible Paper Money) : *s K# Hy` <@
|OQ~O ^ "O_ H =~< gH ` JO\ ^"x Ji=~h Hy`
^=O JO\~.
II. P"^ Q`# |\ ^=O ~ O_ ~H.
Z) K@| ^ ^=O, a) K@| ^O Hx ^=O
Z) K@|^ ^=O (Legal Tender Money) :

^= JkH~ (RBI) *sK# ^"x K@| ^" # ^=O JO\~. nxH K@O H =u
LO@Ok. K@| ^" # ^=O ~ O_ ~H.
1) Jiq` K@| ^ ^=O "~ ==~ x~}, |} i~xH ZO` i=}O
J~< ` xiQ P"kOK=# ^"x Jiq` K@| ^ ^=O JO\~.
L^ =#^O 50 qOz L# <}, ~~ #Oz 1000 =~ Q <@.
2) iq` K@| ^ ^=O ^"x HO` iquH |_ =`" P"kOK ^"x iq` K@| ^
^=O JO\~.
L^ 5, 10, 20, 25 <}. g\x 25 ~ =~ =`" P"k~ .
a) K@|^O Hx ^=O (SzH ^=O)
K@O " O O_ Wx |\ HxO\x ^=OQ JOwHiOK=K. nx< SzH ^=O JO\~.
L^ O WK K, _
III. ^=`O P^~OQ ^"x (Z) =# ^=O, (a) g ^=O Jx ql OK=K.
Z) =# ^ = O (Ordinary Money) :
 [ =^ Q <}, H~ h <@, O =^ Q _=O_ _l@# =# ^=O ^ Oz`
^=O (Narrow Money) JO\~. nxH 100% ^=`O LO@Ok.

z~Orq 245
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
a) g ^=O (Near Money) :
 =# ^=O` e#C_ ` = ^=`O Hey LO@Ok. J=~" # C_ g\x ` = Y~`
^=OQ =~H#Q=. JO^K g\x g ^=O JO\~. L^ *f ^ _l@,
O_, _O K~ , >[s a, Os <@ "^Q#q.
W`~ ~H ^ = O
1. P=~ ^=O (Account Money) : [= Y~ H # U ^= x\ ~O ~~ P ^"x
P=~ ^=O JO\~. L^ ~`^ O ~~, a\< O_.
2. ==iH ^=O (Actual Money) : PiH == "= OQ K=} L# ^"x ==iH
^=O JO\~. Jx ~H ==~ nx`< [~Q#.
3. qG` ^=O (Fiduciary Money) : == Qx, `OQ x, H O^ O Qx, qx
P^~OQ K x ^"x =kOz` JO\ ^"x q` ^=O JO\~.
=#^O ^=O# Hh x P^~OQ K x q` ^u =k< ~.
~ u ^=O nxx O ^=O Jx _ JO\~. L^ O *sK K , _ , qx=
a.
Fiat Money : ` JkH~O =# Hy` ^=O K=} LO> ^xx Fiat Money JO\~. J`=~
i` `O nxx *sK O k. D ^"xH "#H i[~ LO_=. =# ^O ^=O Fiat
Money .

^=O-q^
^=O q^ # Z) ^q H q^ , a) Q} q^ Q ql OK=K.
^q H q^
1) qx= =^=O (Medium of Exchange) ^=O == H, == H =^ =^ =iQ J=H,
H#Q K @ L Q_ #.
2) q= H=#O (Measure of Value) Jx ~H = =# ^=O` H~ .
Q} q^ (kf } q^ )
1) q= xk H# D qkH JkH ^#`# WK#. O^# ` L QxH HO_
q+` LQ_@@ x K<O^ ^=O LQ_#.
2) "~^ KeO =}O "~ ==~ J~= ^u _ x~iOK_xH ^=O
LQ_#.

z~Orq 246
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

<Q q^# OHOQ W ~.

("Money is a matter of functions four a medium, a measure, a standard and a store".)

3. ^=O q=# |kb KO^ _ L Q_ #.

H< (Kenley) =sH~ }

 H<.. ^= q^# ^qH q^, Q} q^, J#+OyH q^ (Contingency functions)Q
=sHi OK#.
 ~ u x $+O K@, *f^x =kOK@, P^ O^ O},
^=`x PkOK@ "^Q "\x J#+OyH q^ Q ==K.
Z<lOQ =sH~ }
Z<lOQ ^= q^ # x q^ , K# q^ Q ql OK#.
 O^ q^ # x ^ OHuH q^ JO^~.
 ^~ ~x, L`ux, qxQx, O}x q`O K q^ # K<`H q^ JO^~.
=Oz ^ " xH LO_=# H}
1. P"^ Q` (Acceptablity) :
2. O Q fHx O^ gO_@ (Portability)
3. =xH (Durability)
4. q[` (Divisibility)
5. *f` (Homegenity)
6. "HK` O (Elasticity)
7. J|~= (Low weight)

8. ~ ` O (Stability)

9. `eHQ QiOK@ (Congnisability)

Q+" `O
XH@= Ze[` ~} PiH ^~_ Q+" . "# =i <~H ^" ~ O_ XHi
K=} LO> <~H ^=O "# ^"x K=} #Oz `iq" # Jx Q+" fHiOK#.
J#Q K_ ^=O =Oz ^"x `iq" #. (Bad money drives out good money out of circulation)
nx< Q+" `O JO^~.

z~Orq 247
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

^ = ~ H=<
^= ~ x~K#O a<a<~.
Z) O^ x~K#O [ =^ Q H~ h (C), O =^ Q _=O_ _l@ (DD) He ^=
~ Q x~zOzi. M = C + DD
a) zHQ J~ G"` x~K#O
zHQ ^= G"` # q< _= < "^# "i JaO H~ h (C), _=O_ _l@ (DD)
` @Q >" _l@ (TD), ^= ~ K~e. M = C + DD + TD
 O^ PiH"` ^= x~K<xH Oz` x~K#O W, zHQ G"` q $` J~x
WK#.
 q< _= < JaO H~O ''H#Q HH ``eH xOQ xKk U^< ^=".
(Money is anything that serves the Function of providing a temporary abode of purchasing power).

 Q~ =i x~K#O H~h (C), _=O_ _l@ (DD), >" _l@ (TD) `@Q
OH`~ =^ =~ JC, O ^ _l@ O_ _ ^= ~ Kii.
 ~_ H Hq\ x~K#O nxx ^=` ^u JO^~. nx H~ h Jx ~H O _l@
=^ _l@, g ^= x. [ JO^@ L# |} H~# _ ^=
~ H Kii.
~`^ O ^ = ~
 1967-68 =~ XH ^= ~ H=<x H\ O K"~. M1 = C + DD

 1968 `~ "` q+ ^= =#~ (AMR - Aggregate Monetary Resources) J< H=<x _

H\ O k. nx >" _l@ K~ _O [iyOk. M = C + DD + TD
 1977 #Oz RBI <Q ~H ^= ~ H=<# K iO k.
M1, M2, M3, M4

M1 = [ =^ Q H~ h { O =^ Q _=O_ _l@ { i[~O =^ Q W`~ _l@

M1 = C + DD + OD

M1 # O
Oz` ^=O Jx JO\~. =# [ ^$+ ^=O JO> M . 1

M1 J`kH ^=`O Hey# ^=O.

O^ ^= x~K#O M ^= H=#O XH>.
1

z~Orq 248
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

M3 = M1 { O =^ Q Hiqu _l@
M3 = M1 + TD

M3 # q+ ^= =#~ JO\~.
q ^= H=#O JO\~. nx< q+
M3 = C + DD + OD + TD

= M1 + TD

zHQ PiH" ` ^= x~K#O, M ^= H=#O XH>.

3

M2, M4 : =^ Q _l@# H H fx ^"x x~z M , M ^" =~.

2 4

M2 = M1 + =^ Q ^ _l@
M4 = M3 + Q "`O _l@
M1 J`kH ^=`O Hey#k HQ, M4 J ^=`O Hey#k.
Note : RBI =^ W`~ _l@ = Hl ` O _l@, IMF JHO\ <O|~ 2 qQ, RBI
L^Q H~ ~ u O O _l@.
 O|OkOz# Q}OH# i[~ OH `* ~K ^ . JO^=< M2, M4 J< =#
J~~ `OQ =~~.
 q ^=O (M ) Q" # Oz`" # ^=O (M ) "\ 1990-91 35% HQ 2006-07
3 1

<\H 29% H}
O zOk. J#Q O Hiqu _l@ ~Q` =< ~.
#`# ^ = O, ^ = ` =#~
 1997 _II ". q.~_ J^ H` # xqOK|_# =iOQ Q ^= ~ J^ #O K 1998
x"kH# =iOzOk. Wk =_ #`# ^= H=<#, 3 ^=` H=<# zOK#.
 Q ^ _l@ (M ), Q "`O _l@
2
(M4) # ^= ~ ik
#Oz `yOK_O [iyOk.
M1 = ` =sH~ }
, H` =sH~ }
ZO\ =~ ^ .
M1 = C + DD + OD

M2 = M1 + O=`~O H iqu Q Hiqu _l@

{ O *sK# _l\ i H \
{ Hiqu` KeO K|_ O _l\(Time liability portion of saving deposits with banks)

z~Orq 249
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 #`# M =^Q ^ _l\ q#~OK#. O=`~O Q H iqu

2

_l@#, O *sK# _l\ i H \# K~ _O [iyOk. g\x H"#O> "QO Q

^=OH =~H=K.
M3 = M2 { O=`~O HO> Z= H iqu Hey# H iqu _l@
{ H, n~H O ~}
M4 # LO iOK_O [iyOk.
D #`# =sH~ }
_ M < q ^=OQ ~ .
3

Q=xH #`# M 2
M3 ` =sH~ }
HO> "~QQ L#q.
Z) =^ Q ^ _l@#, "`O _l@# q#~OK_O [iyOk.
a) [ ^ _l@, H iqu _l@#, O=`~O iH ` KO^q, O=`~O `~ "`
iH ` KO^ _l@Q =sHi OK#.
) "^\ iQ O, HeH, n~H eH ~}# fH=_O [iyOk.
^ = ` =#~
RBI =iOQ Q #`#OQ =_ ~H ^=` =#~# " ># .
L1 #`# M3 +
=^ Q Jx ~H _l@ (NSC q#~OKe)
L2 L1 + q` O H Hiqu _l@ { q` O *sK# _l\ i H \
{ Term borrowing by FIs
L3 L2 + OH`~ q` O =^ Q [ _l@
JkH H=O`"# ^=O
 ^= ~ x x~~ OK JO =Y"# k i[~ ^=O. nxx ` ^=OQ _ ~ .
nxx =^~ ^=O (Base Money) Jx, High Powered Money Jx, ^qH ^=O (Primary
Money) Jx ~ . i[~ O *sK [ W`~ O x LOK ^"x i[~ ^=O
JO\~.
Z) [ =^ Q H~ h
a) [ i[~O =^ @ # W`~ _l@
) "}[ O =^ Q #Q^ x (nx ~ O_ ~H x LO\~)
RBI =^ "}[ O LOK=# x { M`^~ J=~HO "}[ O `= =^
LOK< #Q^ x.
z~Orq 250
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

H = [ =^ Q #Q^ { RBI =^ Q W`~ _l@ { "}[ O =^ Q #Q^ x

= C + OD + CR [ CR = Cash Reserves ]

O Q KO> i[~O $+O z *sK |_# [ =^, O =^ Q x# JkH

H= O`" # ^=O JO\~.
 ^~} ^"xH H= O`" # ^"xH `_ U=O> ^~} ^=O _=O_ _l@ LO\~.
i[~ ^=O O =^ Q x LO\~.
M1 = C + OD + DD
H = C + OD + CR

CR H DD Jq<= O|O^O LOk. O $+O K _l@ CR P^~_#.

 #Q^ x x+u Z=Q LO> O $+O K ~} ` =Q LO_#.
 1981-91 =^ 'H' Money "iH ~Q^ ~ @ 16% HQ, 1991 `~ "` nx ~Q^ ~ @
13%Q #"^O k. J#Q i[~ ^=O ~Q^ ~ @ H}
O zOk.

^= ~ "QO (Velocity of Money)

XH xs` HO XH x\ ^=O Zx~ = = H#_xH K` =~< `e* ^xx
^= ~ "QO JO\~. ^= ~ "QO HO k JO P^~_ #.
1. ^= ~ J=~" # ^= ~ HO> ` = ^= ~ LO> ^= ~ "QO ~Q#.
2. ~u O ~ u O OY iQHn ^=~ "QO ~Q#.
3. #Q^ ==~ #Q^ ==~ Z=Q iQ Hn ^= ~ "QO ~Q#.
4. qxQ =$u H# H~O qxQ~ iQ Hn ^= ~ "QO ~Q#.
5. P^ O} P^, J=#` Z= LO> ^= ~ "QO ` =Q LO_#.
6. PiH == i` ^"} HO ^= ~ "QO Z=Q LO_#. PiH =O^ HO
^= ~ "QO ` =Q LO_#.
7. "`# q^#O Z= HJO`~ "`# KeO [iy` ~"Q O `Q # .
8. ~ Q~ P^O ~ Q~ P^O J~` ~"Q O ~Q#.
9. iqH Ja=$k KOk# ^ ~"Q O Z=Q LO_#.
10. ~"} ~ ^< iy` ~"Q O ~Q#.

z~Orq 251
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

O
OHOQ :
 O J< ^xH P^~O OH (Banco), OH (Banque). D ^ J~O | Jx ~ q \
J< Oz ~K~` K_. H.. 600< a< ^O O, O ` LO_=x
~<#,
 1157 O K|_ OH P "x Ju p#"# "}[ O.
 H^~ H~O O s =Q~. =~H "i, =_ "i, ~H~_.
O x~K#O:
 _. ~~ Z. ~ OH~ J< ^x D q^O Q x~zOK_. ''^~} "~ ~o =
[=H> =# "i~ H~ O@ M` [=H_ `, P = *s K# K # P^i KeO K
"x< OH~ J#=K.
 ~` OHOQ ~ Q+< K@O 1949 H< 5 OHOQ "~x HO k q^O Q x~zOzOk.
 ''Hi# "O@< Hx, WOH =O Hx K , _, P~~ ^~ Hx, WOH q^O Q Hx, uiy KeO K
+~` g^ _l@ HiOz, P =# ~} W=_xH Qx, @|_ HO Qx L yOK_O
O "~O.
"}[ O:
HOhQ #"^ J~, ~} ^ x HeOK xq`O , [ =^ #Oz _l@ HiOK PiH
O "}[ O. Wq H` xK~. ^~}OQ HeH ~} W~. "}[
O ~ O_ ~H 1).+_ O 2). << +_ O,
1. +_ O : i[~O K@O(1934) ~O_= +_ #"^~# O# +_
O JO^~. L^: =#^O *fO K |_# "}[ O, ZcS (SBI).
2. << +_ O: i[~O K@O (1934) ~ O_= +_ #"^Hx O# <<
+_ O JO\~.
H~ O :
 q` J=~# f~ xq`O H~ `O P^~OQ " ^$ H^O x~OK|_ O
H~ O. =#^O H~ ~ u O K@O 1904 ~OkOK|_Ok.
 =^HeH ~}eKO^ H~ ~ u O =_ ~ H=. (Z). Qg}~
^qH == ~u O. (PACS) (a). l ~ HO^ H~ O. (CCB)

z~Orq 252
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

(). ~+ ~ ~+ H~ O H=. (SCB)

 HeH H~ ~ u ~+ H~ O (1914) tY~Q O.
 ==^~ n~H eH ~ u J=~# f~ xq`O q Ja=$k O U~_~. Wq
~ O_ ~ H=. ^q H q Ja=$k O, ~+ ~ q Ja=$k O.
(Wk apex O) . q Ja=$k O# CARDBs JO^~. (Co-operative Agricultural And Rural
Development Banks.)
 =# ~+O , n~H eH ~} Single Window ^~ JOk< ~.
 =#~+O UHQ"H q^#O ( Single Window) # =^~O 1975 *s Hg+< ~ .
 iqH Ja=$k O: i= H=# =^HeH, n~H eH ~}# =OE~ K q`
O # iqH O ^ @|_ O JO\~.
~` iqH q` O (IFCI) 1948.
~` iqH ~ u , @|_ O (SSS) 1955
~` iqH Ja=$k O (S_cS) 1964
~` iqH @|_ O (SSaS) 1997 (~ ~ IRCI, 1971)

~` z# i= Ja=$k O (ZS_cS) 1990

~+ q` O (ZU ) 1953
<~ : *f == Qg} Ja=$k O
 ~` `O 1963 == #~q` Ja=$k O( UP~_ ) # O K#. Qg} Ja=$kH
O~"# ~u U~@ gHOK@H (CRAFICARD) U~@ K# t=~=< Hq\ ~
"~ 1982 <~ U~_Ok. Q`O Q UP~_ nx qb#"O k.
 Qg} ~ u <~ tY~Q O (APEX). Wk ` HO Q = ~}e=^. ~ ` Kux
"iH, "~ ~}OkOK H~ ~ u O , "}[ O s< < K O k.
Q g} O :
 N #~OO Hq\ ~ "~ 20` ^HO JO`~QOQ 1975 Of
Qg} O O K|_~. z#H~, #H~ ~ ` , == b, =$ux "iH, z#`~
@|_ ^~ Wq ~} O# JOkOK#.
 \ ~ "~ 1987 `~ "` #`# Of Qg} O O K|_^ .
H~ Hq\
 #~O O Hq\H ~O ~

Hq\ _ RRB # ~ KO k.

z~Orq 253
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

ZcS (State Bank of India) :

 1806 HH`#, 1840 O~#, 1843 =^# _h O U~_~. D
=_ _h O# qb#O K 1921 WOi OQ U~@K#. RBI U~_H
~O WOi O H O^ O q^ HxO\x x~OKk.
 1953 WOi O# *fO K =OkQ Q~ J^ H` # Q Qg} ~ u ij<
O O ~ KO k. 1955 A 1# WOi O \ OQ =iOk. ~f \ O
(J#|O^ O K@O ) 1959H ~O SBI HO k O# `# J#|O^ OQ fOk.
OH P aHh~ OH P * ~ OH P WO_~
OH P " ~ OH P \ \ OH P ^~^
\ OH P ~+ \ OH P \"<H~.
 1963 OH P aHh~, OH P * ~ qb#O J~ \ OH P aHh~ JO_ * ~Q
~O^#. \ OH P WO_ # eOQ HOhQ =iOK=K.
 ~`^ O Ju^ "}[ O, Z= Op# Hey# O \ OH P WO_
(~O_= Ju^ "}[ O ICICI OH.)
 2008 SBI \ H P ~+ qb#"O k.
 2010 SBI \ OH WO_~ qb#O H#Ok.
"}[ O:
 1770 OH P O^<# HH` O zi. ~f [=#O U~@ K# "@" ^\
"}[ O B^ H=i O (1881). i~ ~f "}[ O O* <+# O.
 ^q H ~OQ ~} WKO^ gQ O =lH xO`} # 1967 qkOK#.
=lH xO`} PtOz# e ` W=H=@K 1969A 19# 50H@ HO> Z= _l@
Hey# 14 "}[ O# *fO K#.
1. O@ OH P WO_ 2. OH, P WO_ 3. O* <+# OH
4. H #~ OH 5. <> _ H=i OH 6. O_H \ OH
7. OH P |~_ 8. <> _ OH P WO_ 9. x< OH P WO_
10. ^< OH 11. J^ OH 12. WO_ < OH
13. WO_ < X=~ OH 14. OH P =~+

z~Orq 254
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 1980 Z 15# 200H@ HO> Z= _l@ Hey# 6 "}[ O# *fO K#.

1. PO^ O, 2. H~~+< O, 3. # OH P WO_
4. FiO@~ OH P H=~ 5.O* JO_ O^ OH 6. q[ OH
 # OH P WO_ #` #_K@ =# 1993 O* <+# OH qb#O K#.
H|\ *fO K |_# O 19Q L#q.
 2008 E< \ OH P ~+# SBI qb#O K#. 2010 OH P WO_~# SBI
qb#O K#. e `OQ \ OH Q SBI =i 5 J#|O^ O H=. SBI` Hx
` O ` ~OQO L# O OY 19+6 = 25
 S_cS OH eq>_` He ` ~OQO O OY 25+1 = 26
x\ OHOQ :
 XH OHOQ P ^~ OHOQ H~H x~OK ^xx x\ OHOQ JO\~. Wk
J"iH ~O= ~Ok.
Oz OHOQ:
 H O^ ^ # H~O P^~OQ ^O JO`\ Op O z OHOQ H~H x~
^xx Oz OHOQ JO\~. Wk WOQO_ ~O= ~Ok.
 ~`^ O OHOQ == Oz OHOQ KOk#^.
q= OHOQ :
 HeH ~}` @ n~H eH ~} WK O# q= OHOQ JO^~. L^: <^~ O_,
OQs, [~h, e
O =O\ ^ H^.
=H OHOQ:
 D ^u J"iH H#_ `Ok. ~ O_ ^ JO`HO > Z= O XH eOQ HOh JkH~O
HO^ f~|_` "\x =H OHOQ PO\~.
b_ OH:
 u l PiHa=$kHQ # =Q" # ^H ` ~ K J= K @ u kH (Area
Approach ) O K|_# O# b_ OH ^H O JO\~. 1968 Q_ Hq\, 1969
<i=< Hq\ nxx zOzOk.

z~Orq 255
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

"}[ O ~u $+
 XH^ O L# ^= K=} ~ O_ ~HQ LO@Ok.
(Z) `O ^ H O^ O =kOz *s K# <@ =i <}
(a) "}[ O $+O K ~ u ^= O.
 K\| ^" # ^= ~ =kiQ< ~ u ^= O _ PiH H~H#, L`u, P^O, qxQO,
^, @|_# q`O K #. P^ xH O H =Yqk ~ u x $+O K@.
JO^H P^ xH O# ^" x $+O K H~Q~Q q~ .
 O `= HiOz# _l@ Hx ~ @ ^" x OK@ ~ u $+. ''_l\ OHK,
"HK ^~ ~} OHK, "HK# q`O K H
# ~ u $+ JO\~.
 _l> ~ u H =^~O. ~ u Wz#_ _ _l@ $+O K|_`~. JO> _l@
~ u H ^if_" HO_ ~ u _ _l@ ^if#. _l@ ~ O_ ~H
(Z) ^qH _l@: M`^~_ O #Q^# _l\ K#_ U~_ _l\# ^qH
_l\ JO\~.
(a) =`# _l@: O ^q H _l@ P^~OQ M`^~ ~} WO k. ~} Wz#_
#Q^# W=O_ M`^~ ~ P "`x [=K_O ^~ _l\# $+Ok. ~}O
=OE~ K _O =# U~_ W\O\ _l\# =`# _l\ JO\~. nx< kf }
_l@ JO\~.
 O ~} _l\# $+ ~. _l\ uiy O WK ~} ^i f~. J#Q
_l@ $+ ~u $+H ^if ~u $+ _l@ $+H ^if#.
_l@ ~} _l@

 O $+O K ~ u O =^ LO_ #Q^ x x+u P^~_ LO@Ok.

 "}[ O `= =^Q #Q^ Zx~@ ~ u x $+O KQ = J<k ~ u Q}HO q=
P^~_ LO@Ok.
~ u Q}HO ^ _l\ Q}HO K= 1/R ^ K = 1/#Q^ x x+u
R = #Q^ x x+u
 #Q^ x x+u =~# |\ ~ u $+ P^~_ #

z~Orq 256
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 #Q^ x x+u 25% J~` ~ u Q}HO K= 1 = 4.

25%
 #Q^ x x+u 20% J~`, ~ u Q}HO K= 1 = 5
20%
 #Q^ x x+u 10% J~` ~ u K= 1 = 10
10%
 #Q^ x x+u 5% J~` ~ u K= 1 = 20
5%
nxx|\ ~ u Q}HxH, #Q^ x `xH ~}`H O|O^O LOk.
 #Q^ x `O iy` ~ u Q}HO `Q ` Ok. XH" #Q^ x `O `y` ~ u Q}HO
~Q`Ok.
~u $+ iq`:
1. ~ u $+ J<k #Q^ x x+u P^~_ #. CRR iQ Hn ~u $+ `Q#.
2. ^O #Q^: HO^ O Z= ^"x K=} LOz` O _ Z= _l@#
$+OKQ=.
3. "~ i` : ^" } HO ~ u $+ Z=Q#, =O^ i` ~ u $+ ` =Q
LO@Ok.
4. ^= `a~ z Z=Q LO> ~ u $+ ` =Q LO_#
5. [ =^ Q p P iQ Hk O ~u ~Q#.
6. OHOQ J"@ : [ #Q^ |^ K ` " ^g x~ ~ u ~Q#.
7. H O^ O J#iOK ^= q^#O _ ~ u $+ P^~_ #.
8. ~ u $+ Q z^= (bH*) _ ~ u $+x iq`O K Q=.
q=~ :
 "~ b, Z_< H#< O_` O ~ u x $+O K= x J<#.
 Z_< H#<, O# =# Qk (HH ~O) ` #.
 H^~ , ^O`O ~O Q#, J#= s`# O ^" x $+ x q+ }
# K#.
 "Bankers are not merely buyers of Money, but in an important sense, manufacturers of money" -

R.S. Sayers.

z~Orq 257
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

"}[ O q^
"}[ O q^ # ~ O_ ~HQ =sHi ~ .
Z) ^qH q^, a) Q} q^ (J#+OyH q^)
"}[ O q^

^qH q^ J#+OyH q^

_l@# ~}# ~ux K ^ux

HiOK_O W=_O $+OK_O `OK_O

_=O_ Hiqu _l@

_l@

qOQ H~O\ JHO\ H _ iHiOQ

_l@ _l@ _l@ _l@

ux^ q^ ^~} Q =
c= q", KO^ "^Q#q H~ ^ O HeOK@,
KeO K@, =_ , _q_O_ = K @. \"~ K *sK @
"^# q.
I. ^qH q^
1) _l@ HiOK@ Wk ~ O_ ~HQ LO@Ok.
i) _=O_ _l@ M`^~_ _=O_ K# "O@< OH~ uiy KeO K _l@.
Wq ~ O_ ~H.
Z) ^ _l@ [ ^# `OK_O HO L Q_ ` ~.
g\ "`O =_ LO@Ok.
a) H~ O\ _l@ U q^" # <\ O_ M`^~ J_y# "O@< ^=O#
=~`~. "~ , HOh g\x x~O \~. g\ ^~}OQ
=_ LO_^ .

z~Orq 258
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

ii) H iqu _l@ g\x M`^~ O xs` HxH _l\ K~ .

xs` HO uiy fH=_xH g J=^.
Z) H _ _l@ XH xs` HxH XH "`O _l\ K ^xx H _ _l\
JO\~. HO iQHn nx =K =_~ @ ~Q#. =#^O Q _l@
Z= D ~H"#".
a) iHiOQ _l@ nx XHi ^ "`O Q HO_ JOwHiOz# "~^
"` =# [=K _O [~Q#. ~ P^ =~ "i ^#
`OKO^ Wq L Q_ #.
2) ~}# =OE~ K @
"}[ O HiOz# _l@# ~}Q =OE~ K #.
Z) H+ H _\ O g M`^~ #Q^ ~} WK#.
a) F=~ _ M`^~ `# H~ O\ M` L# x "`O HO> JkH "`x "_<
H~x F=~ _ JO\~.
) Hi# `H}
" = K ~} O `y# gx LOKx H ZHO* H~ ,
O Ju HeH ~} WK#. ^~}OQ g\ Hiqu 15
~A qOK^ .
_) a _O\ M`^~ =^ L# a H iquH =O^Q< =_ q#~OKx
qye# "`x KeO K_x a _O\ JO\~. ^~}OQ a Q_ =
90 ~A LO@Ok.
3) ~ u x $+O K@
~ K #@ ''O #Q^ # XHi #Oz WOHHiH =~ O =`" H^, Jq
^"x $+O K O _. "}[ O =`# _l@ P^~OQ ~ u x $+ ~.
4) K ^u x U~@ K @
M`^~ `= _l@# " fH=_xH gQ O K ^u x " ># .
K ~ O_ ~H.
Z) ~~ K D K Hey# =HH P K # O =iOz# `H} " _| KeO K|_#.
a) H_ K D K # O =i, P K "`x K ^~ ~ [=K #.

z~Orq 259
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

II. J#+OyH q^
Z) ux^ =, a) ^~} L Q =
Z) M`^~ ux^ Q#, U*O@Q# ==i O x~OK q^ # ux^
= JO\~.
a) O `= M`^~ J<H ~H H~# JOkOK#. g\x ^~} L Q =
JO\~.
 HO@~ O` x~OK H~H# ZHxH OHOQ JO\~.
 =#^O O HO@sH~} ~OQ~[< Hq\, #~OO Hq\ K# "~
~OaOK_O [iyOk.
 1950 J"iH _# ~ H~ "^@ H _\ H~Q ~OaOK_O [iyOk. WOQO_ 1966
~H O H _\ H~ H~x ~OaOzOk.
 O *sK "\ KO^p H~ O HeOK O# =~O\ OHOQ JO^~.
"}[ O P - JC \
^~}OQ Z_=" # JC, _" P zOK_O [~Q#.
JC P
1. =^#O 1. #Q^ x
Z) PnH$ ` =^# O Z) `= =^ L# x
a) *sK# =^# O a) H O^OH =^ LOz#q
) KO^ =^# O ) W`~ OH =^ LOz#q
_) KeO K=x Hi# =^# O
W) KeO z# =^# O
2. i[~ O _ 2) Hi# `H} " ` = H ==k =
K QeQ = (call money)
3. _l@ 3) _O\ K# a
4. M`^~ `~ # JOwHiOz# a 4) @|_
5. W`~ O #O_ f# JC 5) |} =i J_#
6) =<, iK~, n#~K#
P~ }
"^Q ~
 "}[ O P # \ H ^=` H= O KOK_O [iyOk.

z~Orq 260
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

"}[ O \OK x=
"}[ O ^ # H O # PiOK@. [ =^ #Oz HiOz# _l@# O
qq^ ~ @|_ @#. nx< ~ e @|_ JO^~. O @|_
>@ C_ (Z) ^=`O, (a) ^ H`, () ^` J< =_ `# ^$+ LOKx
@|_ @#.
Z) ^=`O _l@^~ Hi# #Q^ # "O@< W=Q O =~x ^=`O JO^~.
a) ^H` O `= _l@ HO` QO @|_ @= LO@Ok. ~}
_ WK#. JC_ O =~. J~` Z= Qx PiOK@
L y O ^=` H `y =#.
 O ^=`xH, ^ H` q= O|O^O LOk. O ^=`O iQHn ^ H`
`Q # .
) ^` ^=`O ^ H` `@ ^$+ LOKH=# =_= JOO ^`. ^` L#
P < O [ =# @|_Q \e.
^#` ~OQ
1969 O *f~H~} `~ "` RBI P^#~O "}[ O ^#` ~OQ
~} W=_O ~OaOK#. #H~ ~ ` , LO` ~ ` , z# i= L^=^~,
O Lkx K> x~^Q q^=O`, "^Q "iH ~} W=_O =O\q ^#`
~OQ HO^ =~. 1980 RBI ^#` ~OQ 40% ~} W"<#. 1991
q` == O~} xqOK|_ #~O O Hq\ ^#` ~OQO J< =## #~
x~zOKx, "`O O ~ u nx "\ 40% #Oz 10%xH `yO Kx ~ K#.
q^j O` ^#` ~OQO 32%.
=` =_~ @ D.I.R. (Differential Interest Rates) : nx |#=~ "iH qkOK =_ ~ @
` =Q LO@Ok. nxx 1972 " ># .
 =lH OHOQ HO^ O q^=O`# x~^Q =` IRDP, PMRY =O\ ^H
~} JOk< ~.
i> OHOQ
Q$ ~}, qxQ ~} Z=Q =OE~ K ^ H" # i> OHOQ# Hx
O x~< ~.
#~O O Hq\ - 1991 - q`~ O Q O~}
q` == x~}x xf~# ijeOKO^ 1991 PQ ZO.#~O O J^ H` # Hq\x
z~Orq 261
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

xqOK_O [iyOk. #~O O Hq\, O *f~H~}

`~ "` KC H^y# Qu
L#\H O ^ H` `yO ^x ~<#.
~
Z) SLR # ^ "sQ 25%xH `yO Ke.
a) CRR # OK |^ |~OQ =~\ K~ P^~_ e.
) ^#` ~OQ# #~x~zOz g\H JOkOK ~} `x 10%xH `yO Ke.
_) =_ ~ @ x~
O =~\ =ke" e. =_ ~ @ ~~f ^ "sQ Zu"
e.
W) OHOQ ~OQO 4 JOK q^<x J= K x zOK#.
Z) OHOQ == g^ ` O L# RBI =i H O^ ` ^O^ xO`} q^<x ~^
K e.
`O f# K~ =Y"# q
 #~O O Hq\ ~ "~ SLR # 25% `yO K#.
 10% LO` #Q^ x x+u (ICRR) # ~^ K#.
 =_ ~ @ H= |nH~ }
`yOzi.
 H` ~"@ O J#=u WK#.
 xH O` O U~@ J#=uOK#.
 OHOQ~OQ O~} #~OO Hq\x ~O_=i xqOK#. D ^ ~
(1998) :
Z) H= O`" # O, H= O`" # O` qb#O J"e.
a) Narrow OHOQ J< =## " ># . x~~H P 20% =~ L# |#"#
O `= x^ # #+
Ox HeH P =`" @|_ \x
~ K#. nxx Narrow OHOQ JO\~.
) =^# ~ x+ux OKx zOK#.
_) BSRB x ~^ K e.
RBI
 1656 _< ^O iH O i@ "@" ^\ H O^ O U~_Ok. 1694 OH
P WOQO_ O K|_Ok. Wk x~OK q^ P^~OQ D OH# "^\ H O^ OQ
QiOK_O [iyOk. 1800 OH P < O K|_Ok. 1914 _ ~ i[~ OH

z~Orq 262
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 ECONOMY

~O H O^ OHOQ == J"iH ~O^_O [iyOk.

 ~`^ O H O^ O# i[~ O JO^~. nxH WOQO_x H O^O P^~ OQ
xezOk.
 =#^O H O^ O O|OkOz# Hx H}
1773 O z# [#~ OH P
OQ c~ H#_ K#q. J~` Wk H" xKO k.
 1921 =_ _h OH# He" WOi OH P WO_ Q U~@ Ki .
H O^ O q^ HxO\x Wk x~iOKk. L^ `xH OH~Q xKk.
 1926 H~ h =i < < xqOK|_# ~ Hq+< (nx< Hilton young commission
JO^~) =#^O XH H O^ O# O Kx WzOk.
 1931 `O U~@ K# O@ OHOQ ZOH s Hq\ _ RBI x U~@ K x
zOzOk. D K# "~ " \# a P"^O Ok#k.
 1934 i[~ O K@O K |_, 1935 U 1# i[~OQ U~_#k.
 RBI 5 H@ ~ =^# O`, XHH "\ 100 ~ KC# 5 H "\`
"\^~ OHQ U~_#k.
 Hk=Ok Ku RBI "\ H OnH$`O JQ@ <O H^x qOz 1949 [#=i 1# RBI#
*fO Ki .
 20 =Ok` _# _~ H~ ~ LO@Ok. nx XH Q=~~, 4Q~ L Q=~~ LO\~.
 1949 OHOQ ~ Q+< K@O H~O ~` OHOQ == RBI H xO`}kH~O
LO@Ok.
 "`O ^= =~\ RBI tY~Q O (APEX)

 RBI H O^ H~O =O~ H^.

 1974 #O_ RBI ''# @~ J< HuH# KiOk.
 =#^O <} =^} O~, HH`, ^~^, <~_ H=.
 WO_ < i\ <H #, i\ O\OQ - ^~^#, H~ h <\
-<H #, O <\ -^"#, P^ xH H~ h <\ " ~,
x (x~}O L#q)#, i\ ~ B+OQ^# H=.

z~Orq 263
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 ECONOMY

HO^O q^ :
 HO^ O q^# O^H q^, Ja=$k~"# q^Q K=K.
I) O^H q^ :
i) H~ h <@ *s : H~ h <@ *s RBI Q`k ` O H^. XH ~~ <@ ` ~ O_
~ #Oz 1000 ~ =~ RBI =kOK#. ~` =}H ^="# ~~x,
~` q` =Ou`Y =kOK#. ~~ <@ PiH Y H~^i O`HO LO@Ok. 1956
O=`~O =~ =#^O <@ *sH J#` x ^u x J=OaOK"~. 1956 J#`
x ^u ~^ K Hx+ x ^u x <@ *s " \i . 1956 RBI =~} K@O H~O
515 H@ q= Q i[~ LO_e. 1957 nxx =iOz 200 H@ `yO zi. nx 115 H@
|OQ~ x HQ, 85 H@ q^j i\ ~O LOKH=K.
ii) `xH O : H O^ `xH, [= Hj~ q# qye# ~R ` RBI `
OQ, U*O@Q ==iO k. `O #Q^ x# _l\ ~O @H=_O, `O
`~ # KeO K _O RBI qk. H O^, ~R ` 90 ~A H iqu` HeH
~}# =OE~ K #. g\< " JO_ g< J_# JO\~. J`=~ i` H O^,
~R ` F=~ _ H~ O# _ HeOK#. PiH ^= q^< `xH
WK#.
iii) O O : f "}[ O `= _l@ HO` `x RBI =^ LOKe. nxx #Q^
x x+u JO^~. "}[ O H J~` Hey# a# s _O\ K #.
iv) JOu= ~}^` : J`=~ i` "}[ O# RBI P^O@Ok. JO^K RBI#
JOu= ~}^` JO\~.
v) H
iOQ x~OK@ : O W`~ O KeO K=#q, W`~ O #Oz
= K H=# "`# RBI U~@ K# H iOQ ^~ i+iOKH=K. H iOQ
xK@ RBI uxkQ SBI xK #.
vi) ~ u xO`} : RBI q^ Wk Ju =Y"# k. "}[ O $+O K ~ u =# PiH
== L^q OK ^"}, u^"} i` ~O_ ~ ` x kOKO^ "}[ O
H ~ u x RBI xOuOK#.
vii) JO`~f ^= x^ # O~HO K@ : J< qkx _ RBI x~i O k.
viii) ~"H} q^ : =lH H# kOK@ OHOQ ==# x~t OK ^ ` i[~O^.
II. Ja=$k~ " # q^ :
== Ja=$kH 1963 == #q` Ja=$k H~~+<# O K#. 1982 <~#

z~Orq 264
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 ECONOMY

O KO^ H$+ KO k.
 iqHa=$k QOQ IDBI, IFCI, SFC # H$+ KO k.
 1964 UTI # ^^_ O k.
 =K~ H~}
, K ~}, tH}
H U~@ K#.
 OH~ tH}
H =O~#, == OHOQ H }#, i[~O |Ok
H K< # H=.
 ^= =~\# Ja=$ki z ~ u x OOkOKO^ "^\ iQ 1952 a =~\ ^H x
~OaOK#.
RBI ^= q^#O :
 ^= q^#O iQ i[~ O O|OkOz#k. PiH == Hx P^~ H kOKO^
^=O ^~ RBI K> q^<x ^= q^#O JO^~.
 PiH == ^"x " @_O =# =K [<# Qi+O K @, ^x=# HeQ ##
Hx+O K @ ^= q^#O.
^ = q^# H :
Z) ^~ ~ ` O, a) O~ L^y` kOK@, ) =~H ~ @ ~ ` O
_) PiHa=$kx kOK@.
^ = q^# ^< ^ ~ u xO`} ^< :
i[~ O Pn#O LO_ ~ u xO`} iH~# ^= q^# iH~Q iQ}O K=K.
~ u xO`} ^< ~ O_ ~H : Z) i=}`H ~ u xO`}
a) Q}`H ^ ZOH K# ~ u xO`}
Z) i=}`H ~ u xO`} (Quantitative Credit Control) :
nx< Blanket Method JO^~. nx "}[ O $+O K ~ u i=}x, ~ u =x
H O^O xOuO k. i=}`H ~ u xO`} K~ HOk q^O Q LO\~.
1. O ~ @ q^#O (Bank Rate)
2. |~OQ =~\ K~ (OMO open market operations)
3. K~x x+u (Variable Reserve Ratio)

1. O ~ @ :
nxx s _O\ ~ @ Jx_ JO^~. ^= } a#, gQ LOz, "}[ O, H O^
z~Orq 265
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

O =^ ~} fH<@_ H O^O, "}[ O qkOK =_< O ~ @ JO^~.

 ~`^ O "}[ O, ~` i[~O #O_ U ~ @ ~} fO\ P ~ @#
O ~ @ JO^~.
 JkH O ~ @ = H O^ O, "}[ OHK =_ ~ @ (~ u =O) ~Q#. "}[
O M`^~HK ~} =_~ @ ~Q#. JkH =_ ~ @ = ~ u OHzOK#.
 ^"} HO O ~ @# OK#.
 PiH= O^ HO O ~ @# RBI `yO K@ ^~ ~ u x qi OK#.
 H =_ ~ @ =~ = PiH H~H =~#x > qOK#.
 n~H =_ ~ @ =~ = PiH H~H =~#x H# qOK#.
 2011 " <\ ~ u q^#O O KOk# qq^ ~ @
2011 E<
O ~ @ : 6% 6%
C.R.R. : 6% 6%
S.L.R. : 24% 24%
Repo Rate : 7.25% 7.50%
Reverse Repo Rate : 6.25% 6.50%
Marginal Standing Facility : 8.25% 8.50%

 1951 O ~ @ 3%
 1991 JH|~ O ~ @ Qi+O Q 12%# K~ Ok.
2. |~OQ =~\ K~ :
 H O^O `O H i\#, |~OQ =~\ [, "}[ O, W`~ q`
O J=_x, H#_x |~OQ =~\ K~ JO^~.
 RBI |~OQ =~\ ` i\# Jq#_, O, W`~ q` O "\x
Hx#_, "i =^ LO_ J^# ^=`O RBI H |kb J=`Ok. e `OQ O ~ u $+
=~O `Q#.
 ^"} HO ` i\# RBI J=`Ok.
 PiH =O^HO ` i\# RBI H#Q K O k.
 O ~ @` e |~OQ =~\ ==~ Z= H= O`" # q. H O^ O |~OQ =~\
K~ K\ #_, "}[ O #Q^ x#, `^~ Jq $+OK ~u i=}O
` HO Q =~ =~.

z~Orq 266
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 ECONOMY

 ` i\ O|OkOz# HeH ==~ Repo , Reverse Repo .

 Repo (Re purchase operations): H O^ `O 1992 i\ q+ O " ># .
 ` i\# uiy RBI H#Q K _" ~ .
 ~ J<k HxH O|OkOz#k. (^~}OQ 15~[ LO_#)
 "}[ O =^ #Q^ x H~`Q L#_, ` i\# RBI =^ gQ LOz,
~} O^#. D HH ~} RBI qkOK =_ ~ > ~ (Repo).
 J#Q OHOQ == ^= ` H~` U~_#_, ` i\# #: H O (Re purchase)
K _O ^~ RBI O ^= O K #. nx= RBI #Oz O ^= O |kb
J=`Ok. `^~ O ^= `O ~Q`Ok. ~ u qi OK|_#.
 PiH =O^HO ~ ~ @# `yO K@= ^= `O ~Q#.
 Reverse Repo: 1996 #Oz RBI 'i=~ ~ # " \O k. i=~ ~ ^= `x W=_H=_xH
(Absorption of liquidity) RBI i\# qH~ OK_O [~Q#.
 O [=K x^ RBI KeO K =_~ @.
 ` i\ RBI WK =_~ > i=~ ~ ~ \.
3. K~x x+u:
nx 2 Q Q=. i) C.R.R. ii) S.L.R.
i) #Q^ x x+u (C.R.R.) : K@| ^O Q "}[ O `= =^Q "`O _l@ HO` #Q^
x+ux H O^ O =^ LOK= LO@Ok. nxx #Q^ x x+u JO^~.
 D C.R.R. x =~@ ^~ ~ u i=}x OK=K. `yO K=K.
 C.R.R. 5% J~` ~ u i=}O 20 ~ @ ~Q#.
C.R.R. 10% J~` ~ u i=}O 10~@ ~Q#.
C.R.R. 20% J~` ~ u i=}O 5~@ ~Q#.
 JO> ~ u i=}xH, C.R.R.H q= O|O^O LO@Ok.
 C.R.R. J<k ` HO Q "}[ O =^ L# #Q^ x=#, Jk W=QeQ ~} i=}x
=~ ` O k. D ^u x *.O H# =iOK#.
 qye# ~ O_O\HO > Wk =~= O`OQ x K #. (CRR > OMO > BR)
 ^" }HO C.R.R.# OK_O [~Q#.
 199495 C.R.R. Qi+O Q 15% LOk.
 1934 RBI K@O H ~O u "}[ O _=O_ _l@ 5%, Hiqu _l@ 2%,
i[~O =^ #Q^ xQ @=e LO_k.
z~Orq 267
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 1962 RBI =~} K@O ^~ _=O_ _l@, Hiqu _l@ J< `~`= O O_,
"`O _l@ 3 #Oz 15% =~ #Q^ x x+ux OK JkH~O RBI Ok#k.
i i ) S.L.R. ( Statutory Liquidity Ratio): 1949 OHOQ ~ Q+< K@O H ~O f "}[ O
`# "`O _l@ HO`Qx #Q^ Q Qx, |OQ~O ~O Qx, ` i\ ~OQx
`# =^ LOKH"e. nx< S.L.R. JO^~.
 1991 O=`~O S.L.R. # 38.5% H RBI OzOk.
 1991 q` == xqOK|_ #~OO Hq\ S.L.R. # ^"sQ 25%H `yOKx
zOK#.
 RBI 1997 JH|~ #Oz SLR # 25%H `yO K#. ` O 24%.
a) Q}`H ~ u xO`} ^ ZOH K# ~ u xO`} :
 ^ ^$ J=~O J~# ~OQ ~ u H~ HeOz, xH~" # ~OQ ~ u x
`yO KO^ L yOK ^< ZOH K# ~ u xO`} . =#^O 1956 O=`~O
"^\ iQ Q}`H ~ u xO`} K~ # K> # .
1. =i# x~~ OK@ 2. qxQ^~ ~ u xO`} 3.~ u ~ +xOQ
4. <uH^^ 5. `H K~
1. =i# x~~ OK@: ~}O WK@_ gQ @ # i\ q=, O WK ~}xH =^
`_ =i<.
 ^" }HO =i<# OK#. H~`Q L# == # gQ \ ~}O fH<@_
=i<# OK#.
2. ~ u ~ +xOQ: UU ~OQ, UU == L`uH, ~ u x JOkOK H O^ O x~t O k.
3. qxQ^~ ~ u xO`} : qxQ^~H K ~ u x _< "O\ =~ K @O ^~,
"~^ OY =~ K _O ^~ H= |^O K~ .
 1965 Credit Authorisation Scheme # " ># .
4. <u H L^^: \ "~ H~H (+< "~xH), ^ ^$ =YO Hx
J=~ ~}e==^x RBI "}[ OHK # <u H^^ JO^~.
 =#^O "^\ iQ 1949 H O^ O \ "~ H~H WK ~}# `yO K=x
"}[ O# HiOk.
5. ` H K~ : "}[ O xH~" # q^< J=OaOz#_, RBI "}[ O f<
K~# ''`HK~ JO^~.
 W`~ ~u xO`} ^< PtOz# e` W=#_ RBI D K~ K_`Ok. L^:
~} x~H~} , s _O\ ~ @# x~HiOK@, ^= <b qkOK@, # ~^ K @
z~Orq 268
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
O\ ` H K~ .
=#^O ^ = q^# J=x ^ :
1) 1952 1972 O=`~ =^ J#iOz# xOu` q~} ^: D HO ^= ~x
qi<, ^~ ~Q^# J^KOk.
2) 1972 1991 =^ kO^: D HO JkH ^~ LO_@= ^" }x, J^KO^
K~ fOk.
3) 1991 #Oz q~ } q^#O: J =_~ @ q^#O J#i, q~ }
q^#O J#iOzOk.
 =#^O i=}`H ^< HO>, Q}`H iH~# RBI Z=Q P^~_ O k.
KH = i Hq\:
 ~` ^= == xf~ gHO K_xH 1982 Y= KH= i Hq\x xqOK#. 1985
x"kH# =iOK#.
D x"kH =YO:
 ^~ s H~}
# kOK@ ^= q^#O =Y ^ OQ LO_e.
 ^= ~ ~Q@ H~}O, RBI `xH ^ Z`# ~ux ~ K@.
 O `= qkOK =_~ @ Z= `O` O He LO_e.
 H O^ |_\ @# uiy x~zOKe.
#~O O Hq\:
1991 q` == # , 1997 OHOQ == # #~O O Hq\ xqOK|_#.
=Y"# ~:
 SLR # 25%H `yO Ke.
 ^#`~OQ ~} 10%H `yO Ke.
 4 JOK OHOQ x~}O LO_e.
 ARF (Asset Reconstruction Fund) U~@.
 BSRB x ~^ K e.
W`~ JO :
 ~.1000/- <@# #^" x JiH>O ^ 1978 `yOK#. uiy 22 O=`~ `~ "`
2000 O=`~O " ># .
 1972 (DRI) ^`H =_~@ "\i.
 " ~fH ''WO_ < qbxO _ l\ ^H x 2000 O=`~O SBI " \O k.
q^j =~H ^= x Oz, =oH~O Q * Ja=$kH L y~ . nx "Ki\ HO 5
O=`~.
 SBI Q i[~O H 59.73% "\# H O^ `O H#k.

z~Orq 269
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
 = s O_OQ ~ \: JkH ~ u =~ OQ M`^~ O ~} Wz#_ = K
=_~@# P.L.R. JO^~.
 JO|_=< ^HO: 1995 RBI nxx "\Ok. qxQ^~, M`^~ =
i+iOK@ " ># . O #Oz `y# u O^# H ` M`^~ `= =#
JO|_=<H x"kOKH=K.
 OQ~ O_ ^H O : Q$ x~ QOQ L# |OQ~x "eH f L`^H` " =eOK@
SBI 1999 2000 |_\ D ^H x " ># .
 J`kH q^j Op Hey L# O H P |~_, 2= #O SBI Q^. Z=Q =#
O Op UK Q=.
 " @
~OQ O J#=uz# O=`~O 1993
 <+# ~~ O U~@ K x Z<. [<~< ~ _ ~" O@s Hq\ ( == q`O =i
~ u " O xqOK|_#) ~ K#.
 ~} =H "^\ Debt Recovery Tribunal HH` U~_Ok.
 1990 ~. 10,000 Q O ~}# H O^ `O ~^ K O k. 2007 _O|~ 31Q
~. 10, 000 =~ Q ~}# 2008 H O^ `O ~^ KO k.
 qxQ^~_H "~Q # = JOkOKO^ Q~i Hq\ 1990 O=`~O xqOK|_#.
 1992 =~\ Oq Oz# O '*<H~=< Hq\ xqOK|_Ok. W^ O ~Ox"
q~ J^ H` # Q *~O\ ~" O\ Hq\ _ 1992 xqOK|_#.
 +~ =~\ Ja=$k, xO`} ~ } Hq\ ~ "~ 1988 U 12# SEBI <Hei
(i\ JO_ ZHO* ~ P WO_ ). 1992 Wk K@ |^ OQ =iOk. nx ^ #
HO^O =O~. SEBI J^_ .a." (C.B.Bhave).
 <+# OQ OH: RBI J#|O^O Q 1988 O K|_#. Q$x~}xH q`O JOkOK@
Wk tY~Q O
 <~, Qg} J=< ^ Ja=$kH XH xkx 1995 U~@K# (~~ W< H ~
_=" O\ O _ (RIDF).
 [#~ W#~< al< (*f~H~} ) K@O 1972 ^~, 1973 [#=i 1 #Oz GIC *fO
J~Ok.
 ATM # `eiQ 1967 O_< KOk# ~H O U~@ KO k. (WO_ HSBC)
 "^\ iQ H_\ H~# "\# OH _#~H
 ~fK ~ O K|_ "^\ " \ OH OH AMAS (_O ~O_ 1994 nx
Hidiya Q O z#k).

z~Orq 270
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
z~Orq "}[ OH IIOII H.Q. K~ </MD Slogan W`~ JO
1. J^OH 1865 HH` K.R.H=` A Tradition of trust WO_ ~`# OH
2. OH P |~_ 1908 =O~ M.D. Mallya India's International Bank q^ JkH Oz
He# k.
3. OH P WO_ 1906 =O~ A.K.q The Guiding star q^ Oz ~OaOz# "^\k
4. OH P =~+ 1935 } Allen periea One family, one Bank

5. H #~ OH 1906 OQ~ A.C.=[< Serving to grow, growing to serve

6. O@ OH
P WO_ 1911 =O~ S. N^~

7. ^< OH 1938 =O~ Trusted family Bank

ECONOMY
8. WO_ < OH 1907 K< M.S.O^~~
[<
271

9.WO_ < X=~ OH 1937 K< S.A.\

Good people to grow with
10. O* <+# OH 1895 #_b The name you can bank upon ` ~OQO Q ~ O_=
Ju^ "}[ OH
11. O_H \ OH 1925 |O`~ WO_ "^\ RRBx
#~ K# k.Prathama
Grameena Bank
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125

12. x<
OH P WO_ =O~ q<^< <~ Good People to bank with =`QOn ~OaOK#.
13. <> _ OH
P WO_ 1950 HH` ~< The Bank that begins with you
14. <> _ H=i
(UCO) OH 1943 HH` Honours your trust
z~Orq (= x 1969 *fO K |_# 14 "}[ O)
15. PO^OH 1923 ^~^ P~.Z.~ _ H_\H ~ "^\ " \# k.
16. H~~+< OH 1906 =OQ~ Financial Results
"^\Q K iOz#k.
17. XiO@ OH 1943 #_b \.". Where every individual committed " \ ~OQO #Oz =^# O
PH =~ (OBC) =~Ok.

18. O* O^ OH 1908 #_b Where service is a way of life

19. q[OH 1931 OQ~ Albert Tauro A Friend you can bank Upon
(#OH P WO_ 1993 O* <+# OH qb#O J~Ok).

ECONOMY
272

20. \ OH P WO_ 1955 =O~ n K^i Pure Banking, nothing else

with you all the way Ju ^ "}[ OH
21. \ OH P \ 1917
22. \ OH P ^~^ 1924 ^~^
23. \ OH P aH<~ & * ~ 1963 * ~
24. \ OH P \"#~ 1945 u~=#O` ~O
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125

25. \ OH P WO_~ WO_~ (SBI qb#O H#Ok)

26. \ OH P " ~ OQ~
27. \ OH P ~+ ~+ (SBI qb#O J~Ok)
(21 =Oz 27 =~ Q O SBI J#|O^ O. SBI ` He SBI Q JO^~).
28. IDBI OH =O~ Q + PQ~
 ECONOMY

^~ ~ x~O
 ^= ~tx |\ ^~ ~ P^~_ #. ^= ~t Z= LO> ^~ ~ Z=Q#, ^= ~t ` =
LO> ^~ ~ ` =Q LO_#. J#Q ^= ~tH ^~ ~H J#= O|O^O H^.
 ^~ ~ Z= LO> ^= O q= ` = LO_#. ^~ ~ ` = LO> ^= O q= Z=
LO_#. J#Q ^~ ~H, ^= O q= q= O|O^O LO@Ok.
 ^~ ~ U q^O Q x~~ OK|_< `e*^ ^= ~t ^O`O
 1588 ^= ~t ^O`x W@b ^xH KOk# _"< *\ u kOK#.
 r< _<# D ^O` = ~+_Q ~O\~.
 1752 _q_ " _ ^= ~t ^O`x u kOK#.
 J"iH KOk# WiOQ +~ 1911 "The purchasing power of Money"J< QO^O XH
H= "# ^u ^= ~t ^O`x Ja=$k K#.
^ = ~t ^O` :
(Z) O^ ^= ~t ^O`O ^ ^= ==~ ^O`= : WiOQ + ~
(a) H Oa_ ^O`O ^ #Q^ x ^= ~t ^O`O : H Oa_ PiH" `
() P^ = ^ ^ @|_ ^O`O : H#
(_) P^xH ^= ~t ^O`O : q< _ = <
Z) ^ = ==~ ^O`O :
 MV = PT J< gH~}
O ^~ + ~ ^= ==~ ^O`O# Ja=$k K#. nxx qx=
gH~}
O JO^~.
 ^=O q^ XH\ J~# qx= =^=O J< qkH + ~ ^#` WK#.
 MV = PT M = ^= i=}O, V= ^= K=} "QO , P= Jx ~H ==~ Q@
^~ ,
T= "~ ==~
 V, T =~ O_ ~ O Q LO\x, M `O` K~t Jx, P J`O` K~t Jx + ~
z~Orq 273
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

"O K#.
 ^= ~t iy` ^~ ~Q#. e `OQ ^= O q= `Q # . ^= ~t `y` ^~ `Q # . e `OQ
^= O q= ~Q#.
 ^= ~tH =i ^~ ` H, J#` O|O^O H^.
 ~ u ^" x H xH fO> MV = PT J< gH~~ }
O MV+M1V1=PTQ =~#.
H|\ P = MV+M1V1
T
( M1 = ~ u ^= O, V1= iu ^= K=} "QO )
q=~:
 V, T ~ O Q LO_=.  O~ L^y` LO@O^< " O iH^.
 Wk n~H xH =i O k. J#Q Hx qiOzOk.
a) H Oa_ ^O`O :
 [ ^" x `= =^ LOKH=_xH H~`~ J< JOO P^~OQ ^= x ^O`O K |_Ok.
 WOQO_ KOk# H Oa_ qq^ " ` (=~, Q , ~|~ < ) ~OkOK@ =#
nxx H Oa_ ^O`O JO\~.
 ^= q^ XH\ J~# qx= =^=O P^~OQ +~ ^O`O K |_Q, q= xk J<
^= qk P^~OQ H Oa_ ^O`O K |_Ok.
 PiH == ^~ ~ Z=Q LO> [ `= =^ L# ^= x ` =Q L<x qOz,
"i =x `y ~ .
 ^~ LO_=# ~ HO> ` =Q LO> [ `= ^= x KQ L<x qOz "i
=x OK`~.
~|~ < gH~}
O: M=PKT (K= "~ ==~ H==k O=`~O QOQ)
=~ gH~}
O: M=PKY (Y = "q H *f^O)
Q gH~}
O : M=PKR (R = "q H *f^O)

z~Orq 274
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 ECONOMY

H Oa_ gH~}
O K, + ~ ^O`Ox ^= ~ "QO V q=OQ LO@Ok.
V=
1 ^ K = 1
K V
 +~, HOa_ gH~} =^ `_ : +~ ^=q^ XH\ J~# qx= =^=xH
^#`x=Q, H Oa_ gH~}
O q= xkH ^#`xK#.
 + ~ ^" x "~ ==~ H~ _=O_ K~x ~O>, H Oa_ PiH" ` ^" x `= =^
LOKH=_xH _=O_ K~ J<#.
 + ~ ^O`Ox P ^~} ^~ ~x `Q, H Oa_ ^O`Ox qxQ = ^~ #
`#.
 + ~ ^O`Ox V, H Oa_ ^O`Ox 1 =#O.
K
 + ~ ^O`O ^= ~ x =~# `Q, H Oa_ ^O`O ^= _=O_x =~#
``Ok.
) H#, ^ @|_ ^O`O ^ P^, = ^O`O :
 PiH == Z_ ^, @|_ =P#OQ LO\~. D ~ O\ =^ J=#` U~_`
=`O ^|u##.
Z) ^ H< @|_ Z= LO> ^~ ~Q#.
a) @|_ H< ^ Z= LO> ^~ `Q # .
 H# ^O`O PiH == x~^y` L#_, O~ L^y` u L#_ _ ^~
~ =K =~# J^ #O K #.
_) P^ xH ^ = ~t ^O`O :
 zHQ x=i\H KOk# q< _=< 1956 The Quantitiy Theory of Money - a
Re-Statement J< QO^O ^=~t ^O`x #ukOK#. ^=~t ^O`xH ~O_
rq`x Wz# ^` q< _= <. ^= q+ O ^"xH =`" ` LO@O^x ~<#. D
^O`x #g# ^="^O ^ ^="^ q=O JO\~. ^"x O^Q qOK#. ^=
_=O_ 4 JOP P^~ _ #. Jq - 1) Total wealth (both human & physical), 2) Proportion
of human wealth in total wealth, 3) Expected rate of return on money, 4) Other variables.

z~Orq 275
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
^ = _=O_
 ^= _=O_ ^O`# 4 ~HQ K =K#.
1) O^"^ ^= _=O_ ^O`O : nx + ~ ^O`O =Y"# k. gi H~O ^=O
qx= =^=OQ xK @K = =# H<O^ L Q_ #. H|\ ^"x _=O_
K~.
2. #= O^ ^=_=O_ ^O`O : nx H Oa_ PiH "` ukOzi. ^=O q= xkQ
xK @K, q +` Y~H ^"x _=O_ K~ .
3) H# ^= _=O_ ^O`O : H# H~O ^"x qx= ^# OQ =`" HO_ q=
xkQ _ L y~ . H# H~O ^= _=O_, ^=`a~ zK x~~ OK|_#. ^=`a~ z
3 JO P^~_ #.
Z) ^#Ok# ==~ L^O (Transaction Demand)

a) =O^ *Q` HO (Precautionary Demand)

) JOK< "~O HO (Speculative Demand)

^# Ok# ==~ _=O_, =O^ *Q` HO K _=O_ P^O P^~_ #.

MT = f ( y )

 JO> "~==~ ^= _=O_ P^O` ^< `H O|O^O He LO@Ok.

TD

P^O

"~ ==~
^= _=O_

 "~ ==~ ^= _=O_ =_~ @` O|O^O He LO_^ .

TD
=_~@

"~ ==~
^= _=O_

z~Orq 276
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 ECONOMY
 JOK< "~ ^= _=O_ =_` q= O|O^O He LO@Ok. =_~ @ iy` ^=_=_ `Q # .

=_~@

SD
POK< "~ ^=
MSP = f ( i )
_=O_

"`O ^= _=O_ Md ` z Md = M1 + M2 = f ( y, i )

4) H# `~ "` ^= _=O_ ^O` :

H# `~ "` ^= _=O_ ^O` Z) = a) \a< ) _ = < ^O` =Y"# q.
Z) = W<O@s ^O`O
 = H~O "~ ==~ ^= _=O_ _ =_ ~ @` "HK` O|O^O He LO@Ok.
 = , O "~ ==~H ^"x `= =^ LOKO> =_x H=e =O k. nx Interest
cost JO^~.
 "~ ==~H ^"x LOKH"O> O_# #Q^H =~H"e. nxH ~"} =O,
H~ * Y~ KeO Ke. nx Non-Interest cost JO^~.
 JO> ^"x #Q^ Q LOKH#@ = Interest cost + Non-Interest cost ~ O_ i OKe. JO^K
= , O ^"x `= ^Q~ LOKH=_O = J Y~# Hx+O Q LO_@@ K~ .
 =~\ =_~ @ Z=Q LO> `= =^ ` = ^=O LOKHQ~`~. JO> "~ ==~ ^=
_=O_ =_~ @ q= OO^O LOk.
 P^O iy` "~ ==~H LOKH< ^=O Z=Q LO@Ok. JO> P^xH, "~==~
^= _=O_ J#= O|O^O LO@Ok.
 H|\ Transaction Demand for money ~ O_ JO P^~_ #.
Z) =_~ @ (q= O|O^O ) a) P^O (J#= OO^O )
a) \a< ~e ^= _=O_ ^O`O
 H# H~O = `= Px Z _ O_ ~O Qx, #Q^ ~OQx x K~ . \a<
nxx =u~dOK#. ^~}OQ = `= P# O`\ x XH ^x ~OHH, HO` Qx O_ g^,
HO` Qx #Q^ ~O LOK`~.
z~Orq 277
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 ECONOMY
 `= O^ HO` Qx O_ ~OH =i ^x u O =O k. Q =^# O =$k
[~Q#. J~` XHHi =_~ @ `Q @ = =^# O #+O _ Oq OK=K. JO> O^# O_
~OH =~@ = =^# O =$k [~Q= K ^ =^# O #+O _ [~Q= K.
 O^# ^= ~O LOz` =$k LO_^ . #+ O _ LO_^ .
 H|\ = `= O^ ZO` QO O_ LOK`~? ZO` QO #Q^ LOK`~. J<k "i
=~# P^~_ #.
 XH =H ZH= #+
x i OK@ ^ _ ` Z= Qx O_ ~O#, ` = #+ xH
^ _ ` ` = Qx O_ ~O# LOK`~.
 =_~ @, O_# `= =^ LOKH=_xH ^< `H O|O^O LO@Ok. (A Positive Relationship
between interest rate and bond holding). =_~ @ #Q^ # LOKH=_xH q= O|O^O LO@Ok.
(An inverse relationship between interest rate and cash holding).
 \a< H JOK< "~ ^= _=O_ J<k J`x ~ e ^= _=O_ XH QO.
) _=< ^= _=O_ ^O`O :
nxx P^ xH ^=~t ^O`O JO^~. _ = < H~O ^=~t ^O` =<k ^= _=O_ ^O`O.
^=O O# O^# OK XH ^# OQ D ^O`O ~<#.
 ^= _=O_# x~~ OK JO 4.
1. ^~ ~
2. P^~
3. ` =_~@
4. ^~} ^~ ~x =~ ~ @
 ^= _=O_ "^\ ~ O_ JO J~# ^~ ~, P^ ~` ` H J#` O|^O He
LO@Ok. JO> ^~ ~ iy<, P^ ~ iy<, ^= _=O_ ~Q#.
 ^= _=O_ `~ "` ~
O_ JO# ` =_~ @, ^~} ^~ ~x =~~@` q= O|O^O
LO@Ok. JO> =_~ @ iy` ^"xH _=O_ `Q # . ^~ ~ =i#_ ^=O q= =~`Ok.
ZO` Z= ^~ iy` JO` Z= ^=O q= `Q#. ^=O q= `y#_ #Q^ x
LOKH#@ `y ^= _=O_ `Q # .

z~Orq 278
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 ECONOMY

^"}O (Inflation)
 ^~ ~ ~Q` ^=O H#Q H `Q @
^"}O.
Inflation as, "A State in which the value of Money is falling, that is prices are rising".

 ''JkH H~ h <@# *sK @ ^"}O - >

 ''` = =~ tx Z= ^=O `~= _" ^"}O _< (H|~ _ W^ J~O x~zOK#)
"Too much Money chasing too few goods".

 ''^~ ~ ~Q^ J#Q ^=O q= `Q_ " ^"}O - H^~ .

 ''xH_Q #, x~O`~O Q#, ^~ ~ =K ~Q^ ^"}O - ~
^ " }O - ~H
Z) H ^"}O u O=`~O ^~ ~ ~Q^ Ju ` = "`^ LO> ^xx H
^"}O JO\~. O=`~xH 3% HO> ` =Q LO_#.
a) #_K ^"}O u O=`~O 4% #Oz 5% ^~ ~Q`O> ^xx #_K ^"}O JO\~.
) iQ ` ^"}O O=`~O ^~ ~Q^ 10% =~ LO> ^xx iQ ` ^"}O JO\~.
_) ~ W<+ < O=`~xH 3 JOH OY# ^"}O Ki` ^xx ~ W<+ < JO\~.
H# =sH~ }
Z) HH ^"}O
PiH == O~ L^y` ~ K~_ xH =O^ Hx L`u H~H H~` =# L`u =O
iy ^~ iy` ^xx HH ^"}O ^ Semi inflation JO\~.
a) "q H ^"}O
PiH == O~ L^y` ~x Ki# `~ "` q+ _=O_ iy`, L`ux OK_xH g
H =_O =# ^~ ~Q#. D ~H" # ^"}x "q H ^ x[ ^"}O JO\~.
^~ xO`} ~x |\ ^ " }O =sH~ }
Z) |~OQ ^"}O
^~ ~Q^ xO`} `O Z@=O\ K~ fHH=_O =# |~` O Q ^~ iy`
^xx |~OQ ^"}O JO\~.

z~Orq 279
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 ECONOMY

a) J}z" |_# ^"}O

~ +xOQ, ^~ xO`} =O\ ` q^< =# ^~ ~Q^ J}z@|_#. `O
xO`}# Zu" ^~ ~Q#. nx< J}z" |_# ^"}O JO\~.
^ " }O U~_ H~}# |\ =sH~ } ^ " } ^O`
Z) _=O_ i` ^"}O
q+ ~ HO> q+ _=O_ Z=Q L# H~}OQ ^~ iy` ^xx _=O_ i`
^"}O JO\~. nxH H~}O qxQ =O, @|_ =O, ` =O ~Q^ H=K.
a) = i` ^"}O
L`u = iy# H~}OQ ^~ ~ iy` ^xx = i` ^"}O JO\~. q
"`< ~Q@ Qx, =_^ ~ H~` U~_@ Qx, == OKH#@ Qx nxH
H~}O H=K.
 ~Q@ =# ^~ iy` P ~H" # ^"}x i` ^"}O ^ Markup
inflation JO\~.

) q= ^"}O
q+ ~ HO> q+ _=O_ Z=Q LO__O =i L`u =O ~Q^ H~}OQ
^~} ^~ ~ iy` ^xx q= ^"}O JO\~.
 == ~H ^ _=O_ |kb ^"}x ~#k - K~ +.
^ " } q~=O
*.O.H# "How to pay for the war" J< QO^O nxx ~<#. PiH == K~#<
=O, "`O L`u q= H< Z=Q LO> "\ =^ =`x ^"} q~=O JO\~.
Hx =Y =#
 ^"}O x~O`~O ^~ ~Q@ (=~\ =# ^~ ~Q#). ^~ iQ@C_ L`u,
L^y` =$k KO^#.
 Dis inflation : ^~ ~QK#C_ `O f# K~ =# ^~ `y` ^xx Dis inflation
JO\~. nx ^~ `Q @
C_ L`u, Lk ~ `Q= . J#Q x~^y` ZO\ =O#
K O_ ^"}x `yO K@.
 Deflation (u ^"}O) Wk ^"}xH =u~H" # u . ^~ `Q K LO_ iu ^
^=O q= ~QK LO_ iu x _+ < JO\~. q+ _=O_ H~` =# Wk U~_=K. D
HO x~^y` ~Q#.

z~Orq 280
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 ECONOMY

 i+ < (Reflation) : PiH == u ^"}O L#C_ `O f# K~ =# ^~ ~

iy` ^xx i+ < JO^~.
 W<+<#, i+<# ^~ ~Q#. J~` W<+< ^~ ~Q^ =~\ =#
[iy`, i+ < ^~ ~Q^ ` K~ =# ~Q#.
 _+<, _<+< ^~ `Q#. D ~O_O\H ^#"# `_ _+< =~\ =# ^~
`Q# =i x~^y` ~Q#. _<+< ` K~ =# ^~ `Q#. L`u, L^y`
K_ =O K^ .
 W<+ < =i _+ < ~ O_ K_" . ~ O_O\ _+ < =s K_k . H# H~O ^"}O
J<O, u ^"}O PK~} QO H^. Inflation is unjust, deflation is inexpedient of the two
deflation is worse.

Stagflation (Q+<) :
^~}OQ ^"} HO L^y` ~ @ ~Q#. JO> ^~ ~Q^`@ PiH= $k [~Q#.
Hh qz`OQ XH" ^~ ~Q`, =~" | ` ^ x~^y` He LO> ^xx Q + <
(Stagflation) JO\~. =< D ^x L yOK#. D HO ^"} ~ Z=
LO__" HH x~^y` ~ Z=Q LO_#. Wk Q< + < { W<+ < J< ~ O_ ^ H~H.
nxx Inflationary Recession Jx _ JO\~.
^"}O - H~}
^"}xH =YOQ ~ O_ H~} H=.
1. _=O_ ~Q^# ~ OK JO
Z) ` =O ~Q^, a) [< ~Q^, ) ` @ |_\, _) [ qxQO
~Q^, W) ^= q^#O, Z) ZQ=` ~Q@, l) `O ~O f# |}
uiy KeO K@, K) ^= ~ ~Q^.
2. ~ `Q ^ # HeyOK JO
Z) H$u "s`, a) L`u H~H ~ H~`, ) "~ ==# ^z"@,
_) qxQ^~ _ =O^Q< == # Hx x K @, W) JkH "`# ~ @, Z) JkH #
~ @, l) L`u^~ JkH x~~ OKH#@, K) JO`~f JO.
^"}O - "
Z) L`u ^"} =O
"`^ iQ ^"}O PiHa=$kH ^^_ #. PiH == O~ L^y`~ Ki#

z~Orq 281
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

`~ "` ^"}O L`u ^+"x K#. J~ ` U~_@, ^ `Q @

, pH\ |*~
U~_@, = <}` `Q @
"^Q#q.
a) O} =O
^"} HO O^ ^, =^ `~Q u [ #O_ ^x H =~ |kb JQ#. e `OQ P^
J=#` ~Q`~. ~ P^O H"~, r` O^ L^Q, |}^`, "`< O^
qH =~O "~ #+ `~. |}Q `, +~ =~\ "\^~, ==O K ^ =
a O^`~.
O O^"~ #+O O^"~
- |} Q ` - |}^`
- "~ - qxQ^~
- L`u^~ - ~ P^O O^"~
- "\^~ (Share holders) "`< O^"~, O K# ^~, J^ , @HO
P^~_ " ~, _O K~ #, ~ =_x O^O^
O @|_ >"~, r` O^
L^Q "^# "~ #+ `~.
- O` ==O K ^ = ~ " # @Hx O^ = _
- H =~\OQ K "~. #+ `~.
) ` H~H ^"} =O
` * =O ~Q#. < =O ~Q#.
_) q^j KeO +O ^"} =O
^~ ~Q@ =# ZQ=` `Q # . =~" kQ=` ~Q#. e `OQ q^j KeO
+O @ U~_#.
W) qxQ= ^~ ~Q@ =# qxQ= `Q # .
x"~} K~
^"}x xOuOKO^ `O f< K~ ^= q^#O, H q^#O, #O}
q^#O, ^~ q^#O, L`u q^#O, P^ q^#O.
Z) ^ = ~" # K~
^"}x xOuOKO^ H O^O Hi# ^= q^<x J=OaOK#.
Z) O ~ @ ^"} HO O ~ @# OK#.
z~Orq 282
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

a) #Q^ x x+u (CRR) : ^~ ~Q^# xOuOKO^ CRR # OK#.

) |~OQ =~\ K~ ` i\# =~\ RBI J=`Ok.
qxQ^~xH ~ u Qi+ iqu qkOK@, _<"O\ OK@, "~^ OY# `yO K@,
=i## OK@ O\ Q}`H K~ ^~ "}[ O JOkOK ~ u " =~x
xOuOk.
H= hx x~kOKO^ JkH q= Q H~ h <@# K=} #Oz `yOK#.
a) H~ " # K~
Z) `O `# =x `yO K#
a) `H ## OK#
) [ #O_ ~}# fH##
_) qQ |_\ # J=OaOK#
) #O} q^#O
\ "~x *fO K @, *O} ==# J=~ K@.
_) ^~ q^#O
^~ Qi+ iqu qkOK@.
W) L`u q^#O
==, iqH ~OQ L`` # OKO^ K~ fH##.
Z) P^ q^#O
`|^" # "`< , r`, O K# x~~ OK@.
l) kQ=` J#=u, ZQ=` x+^O .
e ~ Y
x~^y` ~ @, ^= "`< ~Q^ ~ @ =^ Q O|O^x `e*^ e ~ Y.
Z._| .e "The Relationship between unemployment and Rate of change in money wage Rates
in the UK" J< "O x~^y` ~ @ "`< ~Q^ q= O|O^O LO^x ~<#.

^"} ~ @

x~^y` ~ @
z~Orq 283
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 e `e* q= O|O^O HxH =`" KO^#. n~H O x~^y` ~ @ "`<

=~ ~ @ q= O|O^O LO_^x q< _ = < ~<#.
D H~}O = e ~ Y Y JHxH =O`~O Q LO@O^x _ = < JaO.
LPC

^"} ~ @

x~^y` ~ @
^ " }O - H`
 ~`^ O ^~ =~# ~ O_ p Q} ~ .
Z) WPI a) CPI
PiH q^< wholesale price Index x, H PiH q^< consumer price index x
fO\~.
A) WPI (wholesale price index)
 Economic Adviser to the Government of India (Ministry of industry) "~ nxx K i~ .
"^\ i 1942 nxx Q}O K#.
 =# ^O ^"}x \ ^~ p (WPI) ^~< Q} < ~.
 W\ =~ WPI x~}xH f# P^~ O=`~.
195253, 196162, 197071, 198182, 199394, 200405.
 Jal` < J^ H` # =iOQ Q P^~ O=`~x 199394 #Oz 200001H =~=x ~
K#. =~ `O nxx =iOz 200405 OIIx P^~ OIIQ fH<#.
 `
O ^"} Q}OH# < (Monthly) XHi q_^ K < ~.
 WPI x~}O fH< JO# ^ #OQ 3 ~HQ ql OK=K.
Commodities Weight No. of Commodities
1. Primary Articles ^q
H == ) 20.12% 102
2. Fuel, power, light & lubricants (WO^# O, H, \ , aHO\) 14.91% 19
3. Manufactured products (=#H~ == ) 64.97% 555
100.00 676
 ^q H == =~ 3 ~H. P~ == , P~ `~ == =i q#~. gx P~
== JkH ^#` (14.34%) Q^.
 WO^# O H \ , aHO\ _ 3 L JO# He L<~. Q Q#, Yx[ #< (Minerals
Oils), q^`. gx q#~ J~ JkH ^#`# (9.36%) He L#q.

z~Orq 284
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 =#H~ == 13 L JO# He LOk. gx Chemicals & their products J< JOO JkH
^#`#, Food products J< JOO ~ O_= <x Wood products J< JOO Ju ` = ^#`#
He LOk.
 WPI JkH ^#`# =#H~ == He L#q. JO^K P~ == ^~ iy, =#H~
= ^~ `y` ^"}O `y #@ HxO k. Hx =#O ~A"s H~H QOQ "_ =
^~ `QH =K. 2009 OII D iu =#= Z^~<O.
 WPI ^# O q^, P~QO, ~"}, O\ =# iQ}O K^ . *f^O Q QO
=^. Q ~E =#O = Z= =O K O \O. JO> ` ^"} p "" xH
^~OQ LOk.
 t= ^ WPI H |^ PPI (Producer price index) x qxy< ~. nx Jx = He
LO\~. JH_ WPI< PPI JO^~.
 =sH~ }
4= Q =, 5= Q W`~ JO Ki WO_ CPI (IW) =O k.
a) CPI ( Consumer price-index)
 =[O qq^ =~ [ r= u Q` `H<O^ CPIx Q} ~ . =# ^O 4 ~H
CPI# Q} ~ .
1. CPI - IW
 Consumer price-index for the industrial workers 260 JO =i = fH|_#.
 nxP^~ O=`~O 2001 ("^\ P^~ OII 195859).
 <"s ukHQ 76 H O^ Q}OH Hi~ .
 `O L^Q H~ = ` x (DA), nx ukH Q< H\ ~ . "`# =~} O O _ nx
P^~OQ< "`# =~} K #.
2. CPI - UNME (Consumer price-index for the urban Non-manual employees.)
 nx P^~ OII 198485. nx <"s Q} ~ .
 WO_ LO_ q^j HOh xK L^Q DA nx P^~OQ x~~ ~ .
 P^ # K@O 'Capital gains' q= x~~ OK@ L y~ .
 GDP Hx '= "\# _\ K _xH H O^Q}
OH O L yO k.
3. CPI-AL (Consumer price-index for Agricultural Labourers)
 P^~O OII 198687
 <"s ukHQ 600 Q= #Oz Q}OH Hi~ .
 qq^ ~ == q Hh "`<
=iOKO^ L Q_ #.
4 CPI-RL (Consumer price-index for the Rural Labourers)
nx P^~ O=`~O 198687. nx _ <"s H ~ .
~`^ O ^ " }O ^~}
 "^\ OK=~ }oH HO \ ^~ p 17% `yO k.

z~Orq 285
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 ~ O_= OK=~ }oH HO #Oz =#^O ^"} Xu_ ~O= ~.

 1991 PQ ^"}O 16.7%Q #"^O k.
 =#^O qxQ ^~ px, \ ^~ px ~ O_O\x ijeOz#C_ WPI HO> CPI p
q= Z=Q LOk.
 =#^O ^= ~ x ~Q^, ` =Ox ~Q^, @ ^=O, # ^=O, O
~ u q~ }
, _=O_ " ^"}x OK`<~.
 H$ u " s `, ie` ^~ ~Q^, x`=~ == ^z"`, \eO L``
^~ ~Q^ "^Q#q ~ " ^"}xH H~}= JO.
 200809 JO`~f WO^# O, =^ ~ ~Q@K =#^O WPI P^~ ^"}O iyOk.
J~` 200809 OII =^ JO`~f P~, = ^~ `Q @ K WO_ ^"}O `Q_ O
~O" O k.
 200910 =#^O ^"}O `Q K E #Oz PQ+ =~ ~}`H ^"}O #"^O k.
 |`=< " O, Hx O` H~ = = P~ JO ^"}O, JO`~fOQ K=~
^~ _ =_O` P~ `~ JO =O^O WO_ <HOk. JO> =O^xH, ^"}xH Qi
J~Ok. 200001 #Oz 200910 =^ Q@ ^"}O 5.3%.
"iH ^"}O (`O)
200405 6.48
200506 4.43
200607 5.42
200708 4.66
200809 8.39
200910 3.60
2011-=i 8.98
 200910 U _O|~ =^ ^"}O 1.63% HQ ^q H == 8.78%, WO^# O, q^`
\ , aHO\ () 6.35% =#H~ == 1.77% #"^O k.
P~ ^"}O :
 ^q H == *a` Q Food Articles (14.34%) =~x, =#H~ = *a` Q Food
products (9.97%) =~x He Food index ` ~ K~ . WPI nxH 25.43%) ^#` LOk.
aO, Q^ =, Le |OQ^ O, C ^< (=YOQ HOkC ), #< JkHO ^~
iQ~.
 =YOQ OK^~, C ^<, ~Q, O_, H^< ^~ ~Q^ = P~ ^~
= U~_Ok.
 OK^~ L`u WO_ X_^_ (cyclical in nature) =O He LOk. 200708 263 LT

z~Orq 286
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
H @# OK^~ L`uHQ 200910 160 H @# _ ~Ok. Hx OK^~ _=O_
230 LT. Wk OK^~ ^~ ~Q_ xH H~}"O k.
 C ^< ~` kQ=u ^~Q< LOk. L`u HO>, _=O_ Z=Q LOk. Q Ys C
^< L`u `Q # .
 =i 200809 99 qe< @# L`u HQ 200910 86 MTQ JOK< " |_#. Wk _
JkH ^~ H~}"O k. O*, Kf _ #Oz JkHO Q =ix Hi~ .
 ~`=< " O, =~^ ~Q L`ux `yO z#k. ^< `Q_ O ` L`u _ `yO k.
 J~` O K P~ ^"}O` e (O K O K iOz#k) =# P~ ^"}O ` =Q<
LOk.
Housing price index (HPI) : -
GDP x~} ~OQO "\ (~ ^~ ) 200809 8% Q#, i Z\ W`~ al< = "\
9.2% Q# LOk. ~ +_x s Q ^~ H^e H# H#Q<O^ National housing Bank
RESIDEX# 2007 ~OaOz#k. nx P^~ O=`~O 2001 HQ D =^ 2007H =ii.
~OO 5 #Q~# `~ "` 15 #Q~# nxx Q}O K"~. J~` nx x["# *f pQ
=~O^ JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal mission) zOz# 63
#Q~ qi Ozi. 2009 OQ~, ^~^, * ~, Hz Z=Q =O^x Z^~<~.
^"} x"~} `O f# K~ :
 20 qII @# ax Ys =~\ [< (KMS) ^~, 25 qII @# Q^ =# ~c =~\ [<
(RMS) ^~ HiOK#.
 ^i^ ~ Y kQ=## "iH (BPL) aO H r ~II 5.65, JO`^ J# [# (AAY) =~xH H r
3 ~II, (Q^ = 4.15 ~II, 2 ~II) *s K#.
Z) ^=K~ QOQ 2010 ^= q^#O CRR, ~ i=~ ~ # OK#.
a) H K~ QOQ, aO, C ^<, #<, OK^~ kQ=uH kQ=u OH# `yO z
# fHK#. i< P~ kQ=` OHx 7.5% H `yO K#.
 X< [#~ < (OGL) HO^ OK^~ kQ=uH J#=uOK# (zero duty)
) i<K~ QOQ PDS WK H\HO> J^# OQ aO, Q^ =# JOkOK#.
 National Agricultural Co-operative marketing federation (NAFED) ~ J^# ax,
Q^ =# JOkOK#.
 National Co-operative consumers federation (NCCF) _ ~ ax, Q^ =#
JOkOz#k.
 =u aO, =O@#< ZQ=` x+^O .
 C ^<, OK^~, #<, aO x iqu qkOK#.
 aO, OK^~, Future Trading x+^O .
 a_ ~, H O^e` O` C ^<, #< O}.
 Hh =^` ^~ # OK#. =iH 200910 H, HO\H 950980 =i ~II 50 #.

z~Orq 287
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 ECONOMY

^"} ^O`=:
1. O^ ^O`=: + ~ nx H=^u q=iOK#. ^=~ ~Q_ O = ^"}O U~_#.
2. #=O^ ^O`=: H Oa_ H~O ^= _=O_ =~ ^"}xH H~}O.
3. H# ^O`=: q+ _=O_ ~Q@= ^"}O U~_#. qxQO / @|_ / `=O
~Q@= q+ _=O_ ~Q= K. O~ L^y` =^ AD iy` ^~ ~Q#. JO` ~O
^~ iy< Jk ^"}OQ =|_^ .
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~Q@ ^"}O.
5. P^ xH ^"} ^O`: ^~} ^~ ^O`O=, ^~~ _ q+ _=O_, q+
~ P^~_ #. x*xH Wk O^, H< ^O` O^#O.
(Z) _=O_" (demand - pull factors)
(a) ~" (Cost push factors) H~H ^"}xH H~}
A) Demand - Pull - Inflation:
nxH ^=, "= H~H H~}Q L#q.
L`uHO > ^=~ Z= LO__" LO__" ^=H~HO .
_=O_ i` ^"}xH "= H~H
i) ` =O~Q^
ii) # ~ @ `yO K@
iii) @|_ ~Q@
iV) ZQ=` ~Q@
V) kQ=` `Q @

B) Cost - Push - Inflation:

Wk UH= H = U~_#.
i) qH O |OQ LO_ "`< OKHQe` `^~ Wage - push inflation U~_#.
ii) UH=, iq`= LO_ OKO> Profit - push inflation U~_#.
iii) ~
`Q @
= Supply - shock inflation U~_#.
L^: 2009 O@ " O P~ ^"}O U~_#.

z~Orq 288
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 ECONOMY

|_\
_\ J< ^O Bougate J< O K ^O #Oz fH=_" O k. nx J~O (Sack) Oz. ~*OQOx
112= JkH~ } |_\ J< ^xH |^ Annual Financial Statement of Central Governament
J< ^x "__O [iyOk.
|_\ J<k xs` =xH K =x, ^x H~ =~< P^x zOK#.
~" O@ |=i < z=i x k#O# _\ " _`~.
=#^O PiH O=`~O U 1= `n# ~O= ~, =i 31=`n` =QO k.
|_\ =_ O=`~ KOk# 4 Q}OHO\~. L^~} 28022011 ~" O@
" \# |_\ HO k JO LO\~.
Z) 200910 O=`~=# KOk# "= Q}OH
a) 201011 O=`~=# KOk# |_\ JOK<
) 201011 O=`~=# KOk# i"* _ JOK<
_) 201112 O=`~=# KOk# |_\ JOK<
|_\ =_ Q LO\~.
Z) Consolidated Fund (O \` xk)
a) Contingency Fund (JQO`H xk)
) Public Account ( ` M`)
= J~# ~|_, ~}, =i W`~ ~|_ Consolidated FundH [= K~. `O
= xq`O nx #Oz _| fH"O> ~" O\ J#=u ` xi. Annual Financial state-
ment O|OkOz# D Q< (~` O \` xkH O|OkOz# D Qx) ^~}OQ |_\
JO^~.
J`=~O Q J#Hx =O Z^~ # _, ~+ u Y~KO^ L^t OK|_#^ HO\<* h O _
(JQO`H xk)
z#"` ^, q_O\ O _, `, rq` c= "^# "\ ^~ = J~#
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O=`~xH XHi ~OkOK|_ |_\ # ^~} |_\ Jx, ~[H J~ ` O, ^O O\
"`=~}O Oq Oz#_ O=`~O H#, ` = H ==kH ~OkOz# |_\ # =^ O`~
|_\ Jx JO\~. P^~ ` ``eH |_\ # " _`~. XH ~HO Q g\x 'F\ P<
JHO\ JO\~.
z~Orq 289
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 ECONOMY

|_\ H :
PiH =$k kOK@, O`e` Of Ja=$k
P^ J=#` `yO K@, ^ @|_# `OK@
O~ L^y` ^# =i ^~ ~ ` O
|_\ ~H :
|_\ # =_ ~HQ K =K.
Z) O`e` |_\ : `xH =z# ~|_, =O =#OQ LO> ^xx O`e` |_\
JO\~.
a) @ |_\ : ` ~|_ HO> =O JkHO Q LO> ^xx @ |_\ JO\~.
) qQ |_\: ` =O HO> ~|_ JkHO Q LO> ^xx qQ |_\ JO\~.
|_\ x Q:
I) ~ "# |_\ ^ ~ "# M`
II) =^# |_\ ^ =^# M`
~"# |_\:
~ "# |_\ ~ "# ~|_, ~ "# =O K|_#.
=^# |_\ :
=^# |_\ =^# ~|_, =^# =O K|_#.
"`O ~|_:
~ "# ~|_, =^# ~|_ He "`O ~|_Q K =K.
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~ "# =x, =^# =x He "`O =OQ K =K.
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1) ~ "# ~|_ :
~ "# ~|_ J<q `xH =K P^O ~O LO_#. ` ~ "# ~|_ ~ O_
~H
Z) #~|_ a) < `~ ~|_
Z) # ~|_ :

z~Orq 290
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

Wk ` H #, ~H # ~|_Q LO@Ok. P g^, P^O # qkOK ## ` H

# JO\~. L^: P^O #, H~~+< #. ` H # Z=i qkOK|_` "~
Ke ~ . # ~x |kb K _xH g J=^.
 # `e~O XHi< , JOu= ~O "~Hi# LO_ ## ~H # JO\~. nx #
~x |kb K @ gO@Ok. ^~}OQ == # , =# , W\O\ ## qk~ .
L^: H" OH, ZH * OH, J=H #, "#.
 # KeO Quid - Pro-Quo LO_^ . J#Q # KeO # =# u x O^= .
a) < `~ ~|_ ^~ _ `O P^O O^#.
Z) "}[ ~|_ L^~} , ~ , q^KH , \ (Tolls), `O ~}O Wz#C_
=K =_.
a) `~OQ O #O_ =K _q_O_
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, [i=<, Z\ "^Q#q)
 ~ "# ~|_ < `~ ~|_ HO> # ~|_ Z=.
2. ~ "# =O
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~ "# =O JO\~. ~ "# =O =# PiH == ZO\ #`# P $+O K|_=.
~ "# =x Z) }oH =O, a) }oH`~ =O Jx ~ O_ ~HQ ql OK=K.
 }oH =O Z) H O^ }oH =O, a) ~, H O^e` O` H O^ `O
WK O QQ LO\~.
 }oH`~ =O =_ KeO , a_, ~H}
=O, O K# , ^~} # "^Q JO
LO\~.
 }oH`~ ~ "# =O =_ KeO JkH QO Y~ J=`Ok.
 ~ "# =O }oH ~ "# =O HO> }oH`~ ~ "# =O Z=Q LO@Ok.
 ` =x =~H ~HO Q _ =sHi ~ .
Z) Ja=$k =O L^ O H, =lH, PiH =, Ja=$k xq`O ~ WK O,
a) Ja=$^` ~ =O =_ KeO , ~H}
"^Q#q.

z~Orq 291
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 ECONOMY

~ "# |_\

~ "# ~|_ ~ "# =O

# ~|_ < `~ ~|_ }oH =O }oH`~ =O

"}[ ~|_ Z) H O^ }oH =_ KeO
`H # ~H # (L^:~, =O ~H} =O
"II) a) ~, a_
L^ : P^ # L^: ZH * _q_O_ H O^ e` ~ ` ~}
H~~+< # _\ (L^: PSU O`, " @
O^ # H" OH ) H O^ `
|=u # "\ i< O
Z\ _\ " # ~|_
q<^ # (L^: A ,
#,
Z\ "II)
II) =^# |_\
|_\ ~ O_= Q" # =^# |_\ =^# ~|_, =^# =O LO\~.
Z) =^# ~|_ P `yO K_O ^~ Qx, JC $+O K@ ^~ Qx =^# ~|_x
O^=K.
=^# ~|_ i) ~} =, ii) @|_ LO ~}, iii) ` P J=HO. D
=_O\x ` P # `yO K ~|_ JO\~. iv) #`# ~} fH#@. (D ~}
^O #Oz Qx q^O #Oz Qx O^=K.)
a) =^# =O
 O=`~O HO> Z= H iqu Hey# `O K =x =^# =O JO\~. nx=#
PiH == #`# P $+OK_O [~Q#. L^ O` H#Q, #`# *
x~}O.
 =^# =x }oH =O, }oH`~ =O Jx ~ O_ ~HQ ql ~ .
 }oH H \~Oz# =xH O|OkOz#k =^# }oH =O.
 ~H}
=^# =O, `~OQ O WK ~}, H O^e` O`, ~ WK
~} "^Q "\x }oH =OQ K =K.

z~Orq 292
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 ECONOMY

=^# |_\

=^# ~|_ =^# =O

JC# $+O Kq P # `yO Kq }oH =O }oH`~ =O

L^ : |} =
` P J=HO
@|_ LO ~}

^j ~} q^j ~}
- Q$~OQO #O_ =K
z# "` ^ JkH~ ~} ~"\ ~}
- ` i\# J=_O
^~, "}[ O ^~ ~}
- #`# H~ h =^}
"`O |_\
Jx ~H ~|_, Jx ~H = He "`O |_\ Q.
"`O ~|_ ~ "# ~|_ { =^# ~|_
"`O =O }oH`~ =O { }oH =O
 "`O =O, "`O ~|_ =#OQ LO> =` |_\ Jx, =O Z=Q LO> @ |_\
Jx, ~|_ Z=Q LO> qQ |_\ Jx JO\~.
@ |_\
 1929H ~O O^ PiH" ` qQ |_\ ^#` WK~.
 1929-33H =^ OqOz# OK PiH=O^ HO = ~ HO> _=O_ `=Q
LO_@ =# ^~ `y O K ^ PiH= O^ H~ z<~. JO\ =O *.O.H#
1936 "General theory of Employment, interest and money" J< QO^O @ ^=O
H ^#`# q=iOK#.
 PiH =O^O @ ^=O =# ^= ~ iy, PiH H~H qiOz, @|_
iy, Lk =i P^O iy, == _=O_ iy, PiH == uiy OAH##.
 |_\ P^x qOz =O K|_` @ U~_#. @ qq^ ~H.
1. ~ "# @
 |_\ ~ "# ~|_ H<, ~ "# =O JkHO Q LO> ^xx ~ "# @ JO\~.

z~Orq 293
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
~ "# @ ~ "# =O - ~ "# ~|_
 `xH ` O =z# P^O HO>, ` qxQ =O Z=Q LO> D @ U~_#.
PiH OH = O ^$ Wk #"# @.
 ~ "# @ (}oH { }oH`~ ~ "# =O) - (# { < `~ ~|_)
 q.\.H$+= Ki Hq+< K# "~ "^\ }oH ~ "# qQ q^<x J#iOK#.
 ~ "# @# =^# |_\ #Oz s K~ .
2. |_\ @
 `O "`O ~|_ H< "`O =O JkHO Q LO> |_\ @ U~_#.
 |_\ @ "`O =O - "`O ~|_ (^)
|_\ @ (~"# =O { =^# =O) - (~"# ~|_ { =^# ~|_)
 |_ \ @< over all Budget deficit JO\~ .
 #`# H~ h <@# =kOK@ ^~ nxx s K~ .
3. H @
 ^= q^#O xqOK|_# M" KH= i Hq\ K# "~ =_= @ J~# H@#
1997-98 #O_ Q} < ~.
 H@ |_\ @ { =~\ #O_ `O Ok# ~} (^)
H@ "`O =O - (~"# ~|_ { ~}`~ ~|_)
 ~}`~ ~|_ J#Q ` ~} =, @|_ LO ~} ^~ =z# ~|_. J#Q
nx =~\ #Oz O^ ~} LO_=.
H@ "`O =O - ~} Hx "`O ~|_
 Wk `O H =Q" # @ H=#O
 H@# H` ~} fH=_O ^~, #`# H~ hx =kOK_O ^~ s K =K.
4 . Monetised Deficit :
 #`# H~ hx =kOK@ ^~ s K |_ @# Monetised deficit JO^~. D @ =#
PiH == H= O`" # ^=O iy, ^= ~ iy, ^"}O iQO^ J=HO LO_#.
Wk H@ QO.
5. ^qH @
 H @H, =_ KeO H Q =`" ^q H @.
^q H @ H@ - =_ KeO
nx< ^q H @ JO\~.
6. xH~ ^qH @
 xH~ ^q H @ ^q H @ - =_ ~|_
z~Orq 294
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

H O^ |_\ 201112
Budget at a Glance :

2009-10 2010-11 2010-11 2011-12

Actuals BE RE BE
1. ~ "#~|_ (2{3) 5,72,811 6,82,212 7,83,833 7,89,892
2. #~|_ 4,56,536 5,34,094 5,63,685 6,64,457
3. <`~ ~|_ 1,16,275 1,48,118 2,20,148 1,25,435
4.=^# ~|_ (5+6+7) 4,51,676 4,26,537 4,32,743 4,67,837
5. ~} = 8,613 5,129 9,001 15,020
6. W`~ ~|_ 24,581 40,000 22,744 40,000
7. Borrowings & other liabilities 4,18,482 3,81,408 4,00,998 4,12,817
8. "`O ~|_ (1{4) 10,24,487 11,08,749 12,16,576 12,57,729
9. }oH`~=O(10+12) 7,21,096 7,35,657 8,21,552 8,16,182
10.~"#M`
}oH`~=O 6,57,925 6,43,599 7,26,749 7,33,558
11.=_ KeO 2,13,093 2,48,664 2,40,757 2,67,986
12. =^# M`
}oH`~=O 63,171 92,058 94,803 82,624
13. }oH =O (14{15) 3,03,391 3,73,092 3,95,024 4,41,547
14. ~"# M` 2,53,884 3,15,125 3,26,928 3,63,604
15. =^# M` 49,507 57,967 68,096 77,943
16. "`O =O (9{13) 10,24,487 11,08,749 12,16,576 12,57,729
17. ~ "#=O (10{14) 9,11,809 9,58,724 10,53,677 10,97,162
18. =^# P H#
LyOK QO@ 31,317 90,792 1,46,853
19. =^# =O (12{15) 1,12,678 1,50,025 1,62,899 1,60,557
20. ~"# @ (171) 3,38,998 2,76,512 2,69,844 3,07,270
(5.2) (4.0) (3.4) (3.4)
21. "= ~"# @ (2018) 2,45,195 1,79,052 1,60,417
(3.5) (2.3) (1.8)
22. H (+ ) @(16(1{5{6)) 4,18,482 3,81,408 4,00,998 4,12,817
(6.4) (5.5) (5.1) (4.6)
23. ^q H @ (2011) 2,05,389 1,32,744 1,60,241 1,44,831
(3.1) (1.9) (2.0) (1.6)
BE = Budget Estimates
RE = Revised Estimates

z~Orq 295
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

H O^ |_\ 201112
H O^ PiH= Ou } =Ys 2011. |=i 28# ~" O\ |_\ # " ># . 1947 `O`O
=z# `~ "` "^\ |_\ # H " \# k `e PiH= Ou P~.H . +}YO \ . ^ xQ
LO@ _\ " \# k (Pi=Ou`Y `# P^~O LOKH<#) [=~< .
~|_ (H@ ~II) =O (H@ ~II)
1. ~ "# ~|_ 7,89,892 (62.8%) 1. }eH`~ =O 8,16,182 (64.8%)
2. =^# ~|_ 4,67,837 (37.2%) 2. }oH=O 4,41,547 (35.2%)
3. "`O ~|_ 12,57,729 (100%) 3. "`O =O 12,57,729 (100%)
 =x =~H ~HO Q ql 1. ~ "# =O 10,97,162 (87%)
2. =^# =O 1,60,567 (13%)
 "`O ~|_ ~ "# ~|_ "\ Z= (63%)
~ "# ~|_ # ~|_ "\ (84%) Z=
# ~|_ ` H # "\ Z=
 =^# ~|_ =~\ ~} "\ (88%) JkHO
 "`O =O }oH`~ =O "\ (65%) JkHO
}oH`~ =O }oH`~ ~ "# =O"\ JkHO
}oH`~ ~ "# =O =_ KeO "\ JkHO
 }oH =O _ ~ "# =O"\ Z=
 "`O =x ~ "#, =^# =OQ ql , ~ "# =O (87%) "\ JkHO
 D |_\ "= ~ "#@ (Effective Revenue deficit) J< =## " ># . ~ "# @#Oz
=^# P H# HO "zOK QO@ f" "= ~ "#@ =O k.
Rupee comes from (~~~H) Rupee goes to (~~ H)
1. JC 27 P 1. H O^ }oH 22 P
2. H~~+< # 24 P 2. =_ KeO 18 P
3. H O^ ZH* OH 11 P 3. ~ #"\ 15 P
4. P^ # 11 P 4. ~H} 11 P
5. H" OH 10 P 5. W`~ }oH`~ =O11 P
6. < `~ ~|_ 8P 6. a_ 9P
7. " # 6P
8. ~}`~ =^# ~|_ 3 P
 201112 |_\ J`kH =O H O^}oH =O
z~Orq 296
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 }oH`~ ~ "# =O J=~} H=O

1. =_ KeO ,
2. a_,
3. ~H}

Note:- ~H}
=O ~ "# { =^# =O He`, a_ HO> =O^#O LO_#.
 |_\ J`kH ~|_ JC ^~ a O k. (2= #O H~~+< #)
=MO
 D |_\ # ~|_ 9,32,440 H@ JOK< (24.9% 201011 HO> Z=)
 "`O =O 201011` e 13.4% ~QQ (12.57, 729 H@)
}oH H \~O 18% ~QQ
}oH`~ H \~O 10.9% iQ#
 201112 |_\ JOK< "# H@ 4.6%
201011 (R) 5.1% J~` 2011 " C.S.O. nx 4.7%Q =iOz#k.
 ~ "# @ 3.4%Q JOK< "# (=O^ O=`~O JOK< 4%, =iOz#k 3.4%).
 Effective Revenue Deficit 1.8%Q JOK< "#
 201011HQ# =$k~ @# 8.6%Q PiH= Ou JOK< "#
(2011 " CSO =iOz# JOK< 8.5%H `yO k)
 =O^ O=`~O P~ ^"}O 20.6% LO_Q 2011 [#=i <\H 9.3%H `Q_ O O`$H ~ JOO
= O~}:
}oH, }oH`~, ~ "#, =^# =# ijeOKO^ ~OQ~[< Hq\ x=HO
@|_ LO ~}:
201011 ~. 40,000H@ @|_ LO ~} H OHQ 22,144 H@ =`" aOz#q.
#`# |_\ _ 40,000 H@ H OQ x~iOK#.
==O:
 ~ ` ==~} 3,75,000 H@ #O_ 4,75,000 H@ JO^@@, H= O}H K~
 ~+ H$+ qH [# (RKVY) 7,860 H@ H \~O
 =~^ ~ O`x 60,000Q=# C ^< L`u H O^Q Ja=$k ~ @ 300H@ H \~O
 P~ " Q 300H@ H \~O
 HQ~ L`u OK@ 300 H@

z~Orq 297
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

 O_ ~Q =$^# (40% =$^ [~Q`Ok) JiH>O ^ Mega Food Parks # 11= }oH
15 O K#. qye# 15 D |_\ ~ . D ~OQO " @ @_ `~ .
 `~ O`O w< ~ =+< J= 400 H@ H \~O. D O`x ''x^`# ==
~OQO (sleeping gaiant of Indian agriculture) Jx National Commission on Farmers
"MxOzOk.
 NABARD H H Qg} ~ u xkH 10,000 H@ H \~O.
a_: +H^~ a_# i qi OKx, BPL kQ=## [ a_ ` HO Q #Q^
~O JOkOKx, nx ijeOKO^ '#O^< xHx \~ P^ ~O Hq\ x=HO
RIDF:- RIDF - XVII # 18,000 H@ H \~O (=O^ O=`~O 16,000 H@)
`~OQ O:- ` O >~ 1 QOQ CRAR x HhO 8% x~OKO^ 6000
H@ `O JOkO k. RRB 2012 =i<\H 9% CRAR x x~OKO^ 500 H@ H \~O
" H< <: SIDBI P^ ~O 100 H@` Indian Micro Finance Equity Fundx U~@ K~ .
MSME:- H , z#, =^ `~ O ~}eK O s< < KO^ 5000 H@ H \~O
q`~ O QO O~}:- nxH a.Z<. H$+ J^ H` # Hg+< x=HO
ZQ=`:- ` L`` Mega - cluster ^H x D |_\ qi OK#. *^ ~ Ku =$`
O|OkOz XH Mega cluster U~@ u^#.
O H ~OQO:- D |_\ 1,60,887 H@ H \~O (}oH H \~O 36.4% W^)
~` x~}: 10 "H@ OK#. J#Q 58,000 H@ H \~OK#.
nx 1. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
2. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)
3. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyuti Karan Yojana (RGGVKY)
4. Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
5. National Rural Drinking water programme (NRDWP)
6. Rural Telephony
JOQ< "_: H~H~ r` 1500/ #O_ 3000/
"i 750/ #O_ 1500/ OK#.
Financial Inclusion:-
2000 [< qOz L# 73,000 P" OHOQ H~# 2012 <\H qi OKe. nx QOQ
OH M` ~OaOK@H 'a=< ~OO .

z~Orq 298
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY
J==H $ ` ~OQO:-
'WOk~QOn *f =$^ O K< ^H O aO^O^ J~` = 65 OII #O_ 60OII
`yO K#.
80 OII ^\# =$^ <i O K< 500/ OK#.
=O|< ^H < qi OK#.
[<:- "s [< Q}# 2011 E< ~O= Q#.
UID :- 2011 JH|~ 1 #O_ ~AH 10H P^~ OY W=|_#.
IT :- Sevottam ~` P^ # " O` KeO KO^ u^#. Small Tax Payers H
~m HiOz# P^# KeO ~O "Sugam" " @@.
 ~gO^<^ ~Q~ (Q~^") i@ q=#= `$`x OKO^ XH H\ ~` JO`~f
~~O U~@ ukOK#.
New Tax Slabs
Old (65 OII) New (60 OII)
P^O #~@ P^O #~@
~+ (Q`O 65 OII, D |_\ 60 OII)
~. 1,60,000 =~ Nil ~. 1,80,000 =~ Nil
~. 1,60,001 5H 10% ~. 1,80,001 5H 10%
~. 5,00,001 8H 20% ~. 5,00,001 8H 20%
~. 8H # 30% ~. 8H # 30%
=
~. 1,90,000 =~ Nil
1,90,001 5 H 10%
5,00,001 8 H 20% =~^
8 H # 30%
Senior Citizens (J~ ` = Q`O 65OII, ` O 60 OII)
~.2,40,000 =~ Nil ~. 2,50,000 =~ Nil
2,40,001 5 H 10% 2,50,001 5 H 10%
5,00,001 8 H 20% 5,00,001 8H 20%
8 H # 30% 8 H # 30%

z~Orq 299
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

Very Senior Citizens (H`Q

" ># 80OII # )
~.5,00,000 =~ Nil
(~O ^ ) 5,00,001 8 H 20%
8 H # 30%

`H #:
 ^~} ~+ P^ # q#~O# 1,60,000 #Oz 1,80,000 ~II OK#. e `OQ
u # KeO ^~# 2000/ q#~O aOz#k
 ^~} = P^# q#~O 1,90,000 #Oz =~^
 =$^ J~ ` = 65 OII #Oz 60OII `yO K#
P^# iqu 2,40,000 #Oz 2,50,000 ~II OK#
 Very Senior Citizens J< #`# H @yix $+O K#. (80OII, JO`HO > Z= =Q =~O ) giH
5 H =~ # q#~OQ^
 ^j HOh ~K ~ 7.5% #Oz 5%H `yO K#
q^j HOh Surcharge 2.5% #Oz 2%H `yO K#
Hh `= ## (MAT) 18 #Oz 18.5% H OK#
(MAT x SEZ x\ _ qk~ )

 ^# `OK@, J=< ^ x^ H~} n~H W<H ~ O_ @|__`

WK 20,000 ~II # `yO D |_\ _ XH O=`~O =~ qi OK#.
 ~f HOh q^j J#|O^ O #Oz O^ _q_O_ 15% # qk~ .

~H #:
 130 JO# <==` H O^ ZH * OHO ikH `K # (gx 1% OHO)
Ju ` = H O^ ZH * OHx 4 #Oz 5%H OK#
 " ## 10% =^ LOK#
^j q=##O 50/, JO`~f }O 250/ OK#
~A 1000/ H< Z= Ys^# @Q^ , =^O ~ ~ J#=u L# Z.. ~ ~ O\# "
# ikH `K #. 25 _H HO> Z=# @# _ nx ikH `zi
 Direct Tax Code
Goods & Services Tax 2012 April 1 #O_ J=H ~=K

z~Orq 300
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

~ "# ~|_ (# ~|_ =i <`~ ~|_)

H O^ `xH ~ "# ~|_ HO^ ~ O_ ~HQ P^ =~#.
Z) # ~|_ (Tax Revenue), a) <`~ ~|_ (Non-Tax Revenue)
 "`O ~ "# ~|_ # ^~ =z# ~|_ 1950-51 88%, < `~ ~|_ 12%Q
LOk. 2009-10 (Z) |_\ # ~|_ 80%Q#, < `~ ~|_ 20%Q# JOK< "i .
1950-51 #Oz 2010-11 =~ # ^~, < `~ =~ ^~ ~|_ HO k q^O Q LOk.
~|_ 1950-51 2009-10 (A) 2010-11 (R) 2011-12 (BE)
# ~|_ 88% 80 % 72% 84%
< `~ ~|_ 12% 20 % 28% 16%
 =#^ ~|_ ^~} ije < `~ ~|_ HO>, # ^~ ~|_ Z=Q =O k.
 # ~|_# ` H #, ~H # ~|_ Jx ql OK=K.
# 1990-91 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10(P) 2010-11BE
`H # 19.2% 53% 55% 58.6% 56.6%
~H # 80.8% 47% 45% 40.4% 43.4%
 1990-91 ` H # "\ 19%Q LOk. 2008-09 <\H 55%H iyOk. # "\
` H # "\ ~Q` ~=_O Ja#OkOK^y # q+ O.
 JO> <_ ` H # #OK Z=Q P^O =# k.
 1950-51 #Oz ijeOz#C_ # ^~ =K P^O HO` `O `yO k. J#Q < `~
~|_ HkQ iyOk.
 `xH =K < `~ ~|_ =Y"# q =_ ( `O ~, ~ WK ~} =K
=_) , `~OQ HOh H =i A , # A , [ , [i=<, Z\
"^Q i< P^.
 < `~ ~|_ JkH" \ _q_O_, #Oz =O k.

Z\
"~ O_ =~}O z#C_ P P # `O n#O K O@Ok. nx< Z\ JO^~.

z~Orq 301
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

# ~|_ =^~
qq^ # `
1995-96 2005-06 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 (P) 2010-11(BE)
% % % % % %
Z) `H # 30.2 43.0 49.9 52.8 58.6 56.6
i) P^ # 14.0 15.3 17.3 17.5 19.5 16.1
ii) H~~@ # 14.8 27.7 32.5 35.3 39.0 40.4
a) ~H # 69.1 54.5 47.0 44.5 39.5 42.2
i) H" OH 32.1 17.8 17.6 16.5 13.4 15.4
ii) ZH * OH 36.1 30.4 20.8 17.9 16.7 17.7
iii) s # 0.8 6.3 8.6 10.1 9.3 9.1

 2005-06 =~ qq^ ~H # P^~ H O^ ZH * OHO #Oz J`kH # ==K#k.

 2006-07 O=`~O #Oz H~~+< # #Oz J`kH # ~|_ =QK#k.
 2007-08 O=`~O "^\ i ` H #, ~H # "\# JkQq OK#.
 qq^ ~H # ^~}# ije ` H # "\ ~Q` =O k ~H # "@
`Q K =O k.
 H~~\ # =$k~ @ Z=Q H#_ `Ok.
 ~H # " # "\ ~Q` =O k.
 200809 # P^O J`kH "\# JOkOKk H~~\ #. (35.3%)
~ O_= #O H O^ ZH * OH (17.9%)
=_= #O P^ # (17.5%)
<Q= #O H" OH (16.5%)
 200910 (P) # P^O "^\ #O H~~+< # (39%)
~ O_= #O P^ # (19.5%)
 201011 (BE) # P^O "^\ #O H~~+< # (40.4%)
~ O_= #O ZH* OH (17.7%)
 <_ ` H # #OK QO HO> Z= "\ =O k.
z~Orq 302
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

W`~ JO
VAT ("\) :
== H qq^ L`u ^ Hx ^ J=H ^ Hx iy# q= =`" #
qkOK_x q= P^i` # ("\) JO^~.
"\ H O^ ~ ZH * OHxH, ~+ ~ J=HO # O|OkOz#k.
O KO "\# J= K# "^\ ^O < (1954). nx Z."< =< zOK#.
"\ J= P=H`# `eiQ 1978 Z.H . ~ Hq\ <H K Ok. ~* K
Hq\
(1991), =<<O Q _ "\ J=H`# +O K#.
198687 |_\ MODVAT # ">#.
200001 |_\ Jx == # 16% # qkOK@@ (ZH *_ \) CENVAT " \i .
2004 t= OQ PiH =Ou PO^ Q Hh#~Q [iy# "\ kH~ Hq\ ="O
"\ J= =# =K #x H O^O i 2005 U 1 #O_ "\ J= ~ O^` =HO
K~.
"\ J= =# XH" ~ #+ ` P #x "^\ O=`~O 100%, ~ O_= O=`~O
75%, =_= O=`~O 50% H O^O Ke O ^x 2005 =i z^O|~O g WK#.
2005 U 1 #O_ "\ J= ~O" O k.
"\ J=` GST, CST ~^= `~. CST x 4 ^ , 3 O=`~ U 1, 2007 "^\
^ 4% #Oz 3%, U 1, 2008 ~ O_= ^ 3% #Oz 2%, U 1, 2009 =_= ^
2% #Oz 1% `yO z, 2010 =i 31 #Oz iQ ~^Q #.
=#^O "\# J= K# "^\ ~+O ~<, 2003 U 1 #Oz J= K O k.
2008 [#=i 1 #O_ L`~ ^ "\# J= K O k. nO` Jx ~ "\# J= K # @
J~.
MODVAT: (Modified VAT):
~H # g^ U~~z# Z.H . ~ Hq\ "\ q^<x ~ KO k.
`` `s ~OQxH iq`O K@O =# nxx MANVAT Q eK~. =Oz e`
kOK_O `, Hk =~ K MODVAT "\i.
nxx 198687 _\ " \~ .
z~Orq 303
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

CENVAT:
nxx 200001 H O^ _\ " \i .
Jx == H ZH * _\ 16% qkOK@ nx =MOO. [#~ CENVAT ~ @#
200809 |_\ 16% #Oz 14% `yOK~.
SERVICE TAX:

nxx "^\ iQ 199495 " ># .

>eHO, c=, H H~ l "^\ " \i .
199495 = # 5%HQ, 2003 " 14# 8%, 200405 10%, 200607 12%, H
Oz#\H 200910 Budget uiy 10%H `yO K#. (` O 10%)
~* K
Hq\ s ## zOK#.
200607 #O_ s # 0.2% q^ " \i . nx 200708#Oz 0.3% Ozi.
"`O #~@ ~ @` He ~. 12.3% J=`Ok.
s # ^~ 1994 05 ~|_ ~. 407 H@ HQ,
200809 ~. 60,866 =K# (10%).
"`O #~|_ = # "\
O=`~O ~ @ "`O (H@) `O (# ~|_) = OY
199495 5 407 0.5% 3
200910 10 58,454 9.3% 109
201011(BE) 10 68,000 9.1 117
PiH O O ( Finance Commission)
~*OQOx 280 x|O^# H ~O ~+ u u 5 O=`~ XHi PiH O O K~ <#, 4Q~
# xq~.
H O^, ~ =^ x^ # O} K ^ ` "x ~ "\ x~
O PiH O x^
H O^O, ~HK QO@# _ x~~ OK#.
12= PiH O O #=O|~ 30, 2004# `# x"kH# =iOz#k.
D ~ 2005 U 1 #Oz 2010 =i 31 =^ J=~.

z~Orq 304
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

13= PiH O O
q[ Z. H ~ K~ <Q 13= PiH O x ~+ u , 2007 #=O|~ xqOK#. (a.H. K` ~ k, WOk~
~*~=<, J` ~ , Or" q W`~ ). nx x"kH# PiH= Ou } =Ys 2010 |=i
~" O\ =iOK#. D ~ 201015 =^ J= LO_Q =. nx =YO.
~ # "\ :
 O} K ^y# xH~ H O^ # ~ H \~OK "\ 32%H iyOk. (12= PiH O O
30.5%, 11= PiH O O 29.5% ~ K#) JO> 1 1/2 `O iyOk. J~` # "\,
QO@ `k`~x He ~ JO^ "`x 39.5%H PiH O O iq`O KO k.
ukH : HOk JO ukH# ~ =^ x^ O} [~Q`Ok.
^#` JOO ~`O (Weight)
1. [< (1971) 25%
2. q~ O (Area) 10%
3. q` =~ ^~O (Fiscal Capacity distance) 47.5%
4. q` H=tH} (Fisical Discipline) 17.5%
~} iqu :
 H O^ ~ ~} iqux GDP 200910 L# 82% #Oz 201415 68%H `yO K
iqu qkOKx `x HiOk.
@ :
~ "# @# '# H@# 3%H 201415 <\H H O^, ~ f~"e.
FRBM : -
 FRBM H J=# ~ "HO KO^ XH `O` gH O`OQx <He. "`# O O
~# `O P"kOz# ~A #OK KeO LO_ K_e.
GST : -
 P^~ GST J= H
O^, ~+ ` =z` x~
xH ~"e. GST J=` ~ ~|_
"\ #x 5 OII @ s K _xH ~. 50,000 H@ xkx H O^O U~@ K e. ~+ PiH
=O` kH~ Hq\x (EC), K@| ^" # =O_eQ =~ K e.
W`~ JO :
 J_= OHO , #ixQ WO^# O, h\ [=<xH 5,000 H@ KC# 15,000 H@ xkx
U~@ K e.
 q` xH 26,373 H@ QO\x ~ KO k. National calamity contingency fund
(NCCF)x, National Disaster response fund Hx, J\Q , Calamity relief fund (CRF)x
O|Ok` ~ State Disaster response funds (SDRF)` Hx ~<#.
 ~ =ix ~} fH< " @ HeOK_O
H O^O =#H"e. J~` =~\ #Oz JC
`K H*x |# ~ D J=HO LO_e.
 i=Hz# Ln# Hlx H=OQ `yOKe.
H O^ l` ^H OY# `yO Ke.

z~Orq 305
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

H O^O @|_ LO ~}# K~Q K\ e LOk. `^~ " @ ~OQO == , = JOkOKO^

=iO` J=HO HeOK=K. 2009 U #Oz 2012 =i =^ National Investment Fund ^~
HiOz# _l<" O\ "`# =lH ~OQ H~H= @|_ =O HO iQ L y=x
H O^O W\= H\ O z#k. D q^#O K POH i`OQ LO^x, nx ~m HiOKx, D =#~#
=oH J=< ^ L yOKx ~Ok.
 IMR # `yO KO^ 5,000 H@, xH S_O\H +< *sH 2,989 H@ QO@# H \~OK<#.
 ul =^# P =~x (efficiency of Capitl assets) OKO^, ul 1 H\
~~ xkx JO^@ LOKO^, District Innovation Fundx 6,161 H@` U~@ K x
~ KO k.
 ~_, =O`< x~} 19,930 H@ "`x ~ KO k.
 ~ K # : }oH x^ # }oH`~ J=~ "_~^. x K x `~OQ
O = "` 2011 =iH ~OQO ^O K e. OK~f, =xe\, xH O
|`O K @ =~ 87,000 H@ W"e (W W=_O W^ `ei). ~+ PiH O x"kH#
J= ~e.
 13= PiH O ~ H~O # J`kH `O L`~ ^ (19.6%)H K~Q `~ "` a~, t=
OQ =^ ^ K~ `Ok. ` = P`O H O 0.239, Q" 0.266%.
 PO^ ^ H 6.937% aOK#Ok (5= #O). 12= PiH O O ~xH 7.356% "\~Q, nx
0.419% `yO k.
PiH O O K~ <
PiH O O K~ < HO
1. H .. xy 195257
2. H . O`#O 195762
3. Z.H. KO^ 196266
4. .q. ~[=<~ 196669
5. =g~ `y 196974
6. |#O^ ~ _ 197479
7. *.O. +` 197984
8. ".a. K"< 198489
9. Z<.H .. 198995
10. H .. O` 19952000
11. Z.O. Y 200005
12. . ~OQ~[< 200510
13. q[ Z. H ~ 201015

z~Orq 306
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

KEY POINTS
1. Money is what Money does "H~
2. ^= O ``eH H#Q H xO q< _=<
3. qx= ^# O, q= H=#O J<q ^= O ^q H q^
4. x, K# q^ Q ^= O q^ # =sHi Oz#k Z<lOQ
5. K_ ^= O, =Oz ^" x `iq" # Q+" `O
6. ^= ~ H=< Oz` ^= O (m1) H~ h + _=O_ _l@
7. q ^= O (q+ ^= =#~) (m3 ) m1 H iqu _l@
8. ". q. ~ _ zOz# #`# ^= H=< m1 ~m1, #`# m1XH>
9. #`# m2 m1 O=`~O H iqu Q _l@ O *s K# _l\
iH\ Hiqu` KeO K|_ O _l@
10. #`# m3 m2 O=`~O HO> Z= Hiqu Hey# Hiqu _l@ H,
n~H O ~}
11. RBI ~ O_= +_ #"^~# O +_ O
12. H H~ ~ u == tY~Q O ~+ H~ O
13. =O# , |=u# , =^# P^O # ## zOz#k H~
=
14. <~ # ~ K# Hq\ + HH~ (t=~=< Hq\)
15. ~ , #~O O Hq\ ~ "~ U~_# O Of Qg} O
16. WOi O# *fO K x (SBI Q) ~ KO k Q~ Hq\
17. Q_ , <s=< Hq\ K# "~ U~_# O b_ O
18. HeH ~}` @, n~ HeH ~}eK O q= O
19. #Q^ x x+uH, ~ u $+H LO_ O|O^O q= O|O^O
20. ~} =OE~ K @= U~_ _l@ =`# _l@
21. O# =# Qk` e#k Z_< H#<
22. The purchasing power of money (1911) WiOQ + ~
23. ^= ==~ ^O`O (O^ ^= ~t ^O`O) WiOQ +~
24. ^= ==~ ^O`O ^#` Wz# ^= O H qk qx= =^ =O
25. #Q^ x ^= ~t ^O`O HOa_ PiH"`
26. #Q^ x ^= ~t ^O`O ^#` Wz# ^= O H qk q= xk (store
of value)
27. P^, = ^ ^, @|_ ^O`O H#
28. P^ xH ^= ~t ^O`O ^ #g# ^= "^O q< _=<

z~Orq 307
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

29. The Quantity theory of money a Restatement q< _=<

30. ^x Ok# ==~, =O^ *Q` HO,
JOK< "~O HO ^" x _=O_ K~ H#
31. ^= _=O_ O|OkOz W<O@s ^O`O =
32. ~ e ^= _=O_ ^O`O \a<
33. JkH H~ h <@# *s K @ ^" }O >
34. H# H ~O PiH= = O~ L^y` ~ K~ # `~ "`
U~_ ^" }O "qH ^"}O
35. q+ _=O_ Z=Q L# H~}OQ U~_ ^" }O _=O_ i` ^" }O
36. L`u = iy#O^= U~_ ^" }O = i` ^" }O
37. ^" } q~=O H#
38. L`u, Lk =O O_ ^~ `Q ^ Disinflation
39. ^~ ~Q^ x~^y` He LO_u Stagflation
40. ^" }O = #+ "~ ~}^`, ~ P^O
O^=~O
41. ^" }O = O O^"~ ~}Q `, "~ ,
+ ^=,
+~~
42. x~^y` ~ @, ^= "`< ~Q^ ~ @ O|O^O ` k e ~ Y
43. ~` ^O ^" }O# ^~}OQ Q}O Kk WPI (\ ^~ p)
44. WPI Q}# JkH ~x He L# JOO =# H~ ==
45. 17% ^" }O (WPI z) `y# } oH "^\ }oH
46. O ^= `xH, ` xH Q O|O^O q= O|O^O
47. HO^ O # ~ K# Hq\ <OQ
48. RBI H O^ H~O =O~
49. H~ h<@ *s, O O, `xH O, JOu= ~}^`,
q^j=~H x O~H _, ~ u xO`} HO^O O^H
q^
50. 1956 #Oz <@ *s J=OaOK ^u Hx+ x ^u
51. XH ~~ <@ O`HO PiHY H~^i
52. RBI i=}`H ~ u xO`} ^< O~@, CRR,
|~OQ =~\ K~

z~Orq 308
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

53. RBI Q}`H ~ u xO`}

^< =i##
x~~ OK@, ~ u
~ +xOQ, qxQ^~x
~u
xO`} , <u H L^^,
`H K~
54. "}[ O f< ~} RBI qkOK =_~ @ O ~@
55. ` i\# RBI J=_O, H#_O J< K~ |~OQ =~\ K~
56. K@| ^O Q "}[ O `= _l@ H O^ O =^
LOK=# #Q^ `O #Q^ x x+u (CRR)
57. "}[ O `# "`O _l@ ^= `O Hey# P
~O `# =^ LOKH"e# `O K@| ^ ^= ` x+u (SLR)
58. ~ "# =O - ~"# ~|_ ~"# @
59. "`O =O "`O ~|_ |_\ @
60. "`O =O (~"#~|_ ~}`~ ~|_) H@
61. |_\ @ =~\ #O_ `O Ok# ~} H@
62. #`# H~ hx =kOK@ ^~ s K |_ @ Monetised deficit
63. H@ =_ KeO + ^q H @
64. `O J`kH HO^ ` # ~|_ =#~ H~~\ #
65. 12= q` O O J^ _ . ~OQ~[<
66. 13= q` O O J^ _ q[ Z. H ~
67. "^\ iQ "\ P=H` zOz#k Z.H. ~
68. } oH`~ ~ "# =O J`kH =`O Hey# JOO =_ KeO
69. ==^O # zOz#k H.Z<. ~*
70. Q_ ~# =iOz #`#OQ =z# ~ =Ys ~
71. q^j ^= =~\ [iQ ==~ qkOK # \a< #
tY~Q O
72. Qg} == ~ u tY~Q O <~ (NABARD)
73. HeH ~ u tY~Q O ( H~ ~OQO) ~+ H~ O
74. iqH q` O tY~Q O IDBI
75. z# i= q`x JOkOK O tY~Q O SIDBI
76. Q$ x~} ~OQO tY~Q O NHB (<+# OQ OH)
77. ~`^ ^= ==H tY~Q O RBI

z~Orq 309
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 ECONOMY

=Y"# O=`~
78. =_ _h O# qb#O K WOi O U~@ 1921
79. WOi O# SBI Q *fO K# O=`~O 1955
80. RBI # 1935
81. RBI # *fO K# O=`~O 1949
82. =lH xO`} " \# O=`~O 1967
83. 14 "}[ O *f~H~} 1969 A 19
84. 6 "}[ O *f~H~} 1980 U 15
85. O* <+# O, # OH P WO_ qb#O J~#
O=`~O 1993
86. Of Qg} O # 1975
87. b_ O # 1969
88. EXIM O (ZQ=ukQ=u O) # 1982
89. KCC (H< H_\ H~) "@|_# O=`~O 199899
90. IFCI (~` iqH q` O) 1948
91. ICICI (~` iqH ~ u =i @|_ O) 1955
92. IDBI (~` iqH Ja=$k O) 1964
93. SIDBI (~` z#i= Ja=$k O) 1990
94. IRCI (~` iqH #~ x~} O) 1971
nxx 1985 IRBI Q#, 1997 IIBI Q# =ii.
95. SFC ( \ << H~~+<) 1951
96. NHB ( <+# OQ OH) # 1988
97. UTI (x\ @ P WO_ ) # 1964
98. UTI q[# (UTI , UTI )
1 2
2003
99. LIC ( W#~< H~~+<) *fO 1956
100. GIC ([#~ W#~< H~~+<) *fO 1972 K@O
1972, J= 1973
101. H~ O K@O ~OkOK|_#k 1904
102. HDFC (OQ _=" O\ < < H~~+<) 1977
103. " # (s \H) "\#k 199495
104. CENVAT ( O@ " P__ \H) 2000 01
105. MODVAT ("__ " P__ \H) 198687
106. JO|_=< ^H O 1995
107. MAT (Minimum Alternate Tax) 199697
108. OHOQ ~ Q+< K@O 1949

z~Orq 310
Cell: 9959513530,9490942125
 bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb

bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
q+ zH
=$k Ja=$k
 =$k, P~=
 =$k, Ja=$k =#
 =$k O} OH=O
 Ja=$k H}
 Ja=$k ^
 =$k P^~ (=^#O, =#= =^#O, [<, L`^H`,
"~O =i O)
 =$k =
Q}OH G=
 Q@
 q~} =<
 J+== "+=O
 p OY
 O|O^O

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 ECONOMY

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=$k Ja=$k
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PiH=$k PiHa=$k :
J~GO PiH=$k (Growth), PiHa=$k (Economic Development) J< ^ ~
^Q "_K#\H, N=u H, O@~ =O\ PiH"` g\ =^ +"# =`
KOK~.
1. PiH =$k :
''^O = = L`u =K ~Q^# PiH =$k JO^~. Wk i=}`H =~#
`#. L^ : ^ *f`u ~Q^.
''n~HO, `i, "=, *f`u =K ~Q^# PiH=$k JO^~. D x~K#O
'n~HO, '`i, '"= J< =_ ^ =Y`# QOKe.
Z) *f`u ~Q^ J<k "~ KH = ``eHOQ ~Q=K. Wk PiH=$k H^.
*f`u ~Q^ n~HO H#Qe. J_ Jk PiH=$k JxOKO@Ok.
a) *f`u HO>, [< "QOQ iy` `i P^O `y=#. H|\ [< ~Q^ HO>
*f`u "QOQ ~Qe. JO^K `i *f`u P^~OQ PiH =$kx x~zOzi.
) ^~ ~Q^ =, *f^O ~Q=K. Jk <==` *f^=Q#. Jk PiH
=$k H^. D ^~ ~Q^ "x `yOz, ~ ^~ "= *f^x H~.
"qH *f P^O ~Q^ PiH =$k.
PiH =$k zH : Z) <==` ^j`u
a) "= ^j`u
) <==` `i P^O
_) "= `i P^O
PiH =$k zH L`="#k, Z==Ok P"kOz#k "= `i P^".
2. PiHa=$k :
''^O L`u ~Q^`@ ==~H, OHuH =~` _# Q}`H =~#
PiHa=$k JO^~.
PiHa=$k PiH=$k { ==~H =~
=$k { ^"iH J#OQ =#~ # O}
=$k { ~Q`H =~ (Progressive changes)
=$k { OH=O
''__ ~ H~O ''^iHO, PiH J=#`, x~^QO JkH~ #O_ `Q@ PiHa=$k.

z~Orq 312
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 ECONOMY
PiHa=$k HOk JO Wq_ LO\~.
Z) `i "qH *f^O ~Q^.
a) PiH == Ja=$kH ^^_ x~}`H =~ ~=_O.
) ^iHO, PiH J=#` `y Lk ~Q@, OQ`, OHuH =~ =K@.
_) W=h n~HO _ H#Q@.
PiH =$k PiHa=$k
1. i=}`H"#k 1. Q}`H =~ `#.
2. Wk Oz`"#k 2. q $`"#k
3. UH=Y"#k 3. |=Y"#k
4. Ja=$k KOk# ^ KOk# =# 4. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ KOk# =#
5. ` "O J=~O ^. 5. ` "O `xi
6. H=Q=. 6. H==.
7. O}x zOK^. 7. O}x `#.
8. HO_ |~~ H~O =H s~H 8. s~H ~Q^`@ =H`O#,
i=}O =K =~ `ek =$k. "^# =K =~# `#.
9. OQ` =~ O_ GDP 9. OQ`, OHuH~"# =~#
~Q^# `#. `#.
Ja=$k O_ =$k [~Q=K. L^: \< J"iHx ci J~\ O_ ZQ=u ^~
J~ ^ \eO ZQ=u ^~ *f^O, `i P^O iy#\H, P ^
O =$k kOK_xH J=~" # Q\ <kQPt 1^ U~_^ . P ^ = L`u ^` Qx,
[ r=# =}Qx ^Q =~ ~^ .
~|~ H=~ `# Growth without Development J< QO^O 'c i ^O Ja=$k O_
=$k U q^OQ [~Q`O^ q=iOK#. nx=# P ^ =$k u Hk=OkH JO^K#q.
=# *hHO ^iHO =QK <~.
=$k ~@ :
O=`iH *f P^ =$k ~ @ P^~OQ PiH =$kx Q} ~ .
Qt Qt 1
=$k ~ @# Q}O K q^#O : gt = 100
Qt 1

WO^ gt t HO =$k ~ @
t HO ^j`u
t1 HO ^j`u
L^ : 2006 *f^O 1050 H@Q qOKO_ ( )
2005 *f^O 1000 H@Q qOKO_ ( )

z~Orq 313
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 ECONOMY

=$k ~ @ gt 5%
3. H#yOK Ja=$k (Sustainable Development) :
q +` `~"i J=~ f~< =~ O ^|fO_, ` `~O "~ `= J=~ f~H=_"
H#yOK^y # Ja=$k Jx a\O_ Hq+< (1987) x~zOK#.
O K ~=~} Ja=$k Hq+< "Our common future" J< q<~ i~ D ^x "^\ iQ
LyOK#.
PiHa=$k [iQ Hn #~`u Hx =#~ (L^ : \eO, Q) Z=Q qxyOK|_#.
#~`u J =#~ _ Jq L`u J ~ @ HO> Z=Q qxQO [~QK#q. (L^:
J@g O^)
OHuH i*#O Z= qxyOK@ =# ~=~}O ^|uO@Ok. JO> Ja=$k ~ Q O^O
=#~ "QO Q qxyOK@K ` `~O "i r=# i` ^|uO@<~. JO`HH q +`
`~O "iH H+i` i` JO^* < =. D i` x~k Ja=$k kOK@ H#yOK
Ja=$k JO\~.
H#yOK Ja=$k J#Q : Q Qt 1 1050 1000
gt = t 100 = 100
1) ~=~} =#~, 2) #~=$`O Hx =#~ O~QHt} 1 1000
4. r=# <}` (Quality of life) : =
50
100 = 5%
= "~Q # P~QO, OH = O, ZOH K, =oH K , ~[H
1000 , ~
HeOK@ r=# <}`.
5. P^xH PiH=$k :
P^ xH PiH= $k QO^ ~K~ ` = < *<\
Wk Ja=$k KOk# ^ O|OkOz#k
*<\ P^ xH Ja=$kH 6 H} ~<#,
g\ ~ O_ i=}`H JO, ~ O_ == ~H =~ KO^Q, z=i ~ O_ JO`~f
q~ }
JO KOk#q. Jq:
1. JkH `i L`u =$k~ @ =i JkH [< ~ @.
2. L`^H` ~Q@
3. Z= ~ x~}`H =~
4. @}H~}
5. Ja=$k KOk# ^ q~ }
6. JO`~fOQ = , == , =^# H^e H

z~Orq 314
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 ECONOMY

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
PiHa=$k =$k =# (Measurement of Growth and Development
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678

PiHa=$k J<k |=Y H. H|\ U XH zH ^ H=#O ^~ PiHa=$k [iy#n

xn Q}OKO. 1960 ^HO =~ GNP ( *f`u) P^~OQ PiHa=$kx =#O
K"~. J~` K ^ [<, ^iHO, x~H~`, x~^y` "^# =` ~@O
K# <^O GNP ^~ PiHa=$k H=_O J~~`=x PiH"` qOzi.
PiHa=$k =</zH/HeK H=< : (Indicators of Development)
1. "= *f`u (Real GNP)
2. `i P^O (PCI)
3. `i qxQ ~
4. xH~ PiH OH= p (NEW)
5. uH r=# =} p (PQLI)
6. gH$` Ja=$k p
7. =#"a=$k p (HDI)
8. eOQ O|Ok` Ja=$k p (GDI)
eOQ kH~` H=x (GEM)
9. =#= ^iH p 1 (HPI-I)
=#= ^iH p 2 (HPI-II)
OHuH ^< p (TAI)
10. PiH=$k zH (E DI)
11. Green Index
1. "= *f`u (Real GNP)
PiHa=$k H=#OQ "= *f`ux fH=Kx =< l<\, g_, g#~, OH
O\ PiH"` =iOzi.
GNP iy` (XH ^O O=`~ HO [iy# L`u) PiHa=$k [iy#@Q qOK=Kx
g~ =iOzi.
J~` ` ^~ GNP HOz# Z_ i# J=Q# ~^. JO^K P^~ O=`~ ^~
^ "= GNP x Q}O Ke. nxH HOk `O L y~ .
` O=`~Ox ^~
` O=`~ ^~ p 100
P^~ O=`~Ox ^~
D p OY ^~ ` O=`~O "q H/x[ *f`ux `H=K.

z~Orq 315
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 ECONOMY

=~\ ^~ ` O=`~ *f`u

` O=`~ "q H *f`u 100
` O=`~ ^~ p (PIN)
L^ : =~\ ^~ GNP. ~.1500 H@
` ^~ p 120
J~< "= GNP ZO`?
=~\ ^~ GNP
"= GNP 100
PIN ( ` OII ^~ p)
~.1250 H@
JO> ` ^~ x GNP ~.250 H@ ^~ ~Q^ = Oq Oz#k.
iq` : Z) *f`u iy<, [< Z=Q iy` `i P^O `Q # . JO@_ PiHa=$k
[iyO^x K _O iH^. J#Q [< ~Q^ "x Wk iQ}O K^ .
a) L`u =^O Q}`H =~# `^ .
2. `i P^O :
*f^O iy#\H, [< ~Q^ ~ @ JO`HO > Z= LO> Q@ P^O ~QH =K.
H|\ *f^O iy#O` =`# PiHa=$k [~QH =K. JO^K *f^O HO> `i
P^" Ja=$kH L`= zHQ qOK|_1500
`Ok. 100
120
^ *f^O
`i P^O
^ [#OY
J~` `i P^O ~Q^ J<k ^O ^~ ~Q_ O = *f^O iy `i P^O
iy#@ H#_= K. Jk x["# Ja=$k H^. JO@_ "q H `i P^O D q^O Q
O^=K.
"q H *f^O
"q H `i P^O
^ [#OY
PiHa=$k H=#OQ Z==Ok *f^O HO>, `i P^< L`= "# =#OQ/
pQ P"k< ~.
*f^O, `i P^O H=<Q iq` :
Z) ~ O_ P^ H=<. ~ O_ P^O ~Q^# zOK#. Hh P P^O H O}
"x `e* =.
a) Wq "`O L`u ~Q^# `#. JO`Hh P iy# L`u x`=~ == ? q == ?
Jx `e* =.
) ^O x Jx O` Q@ L`u ~Q^# `e* #. Hh Ja=$kH <KHx, [ r=#
=}#, OH = x Wk `e* ^.
z~Orq 316
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 ECONOMY

3. `i qxQ~ :
HO`=Ok PiH" ` `i qxQ~ |\ PiHa=$kx =#O K =Kx ~<~.
4. xH~ PiH OH= p :
qeO #~= , *" \a< P^Opx "~Qi PiH OH = H=#O (Measure of Economic
Welfare) M.E.W. # ~OkOK~.
=< nxx xH~ PiH OH = OQ NEW (Net Economic Welfare) ~ =~#. GNP x
=iOz nxx Ja=$k K#.
*f^xH qOu =O q=#, Q$} =# He, P^ xH @} H ~ }
H+O =O\
JH~ q=# q#~OKe.
@} H ~ }
= U~_ H+O =O\ J<H JH~ `i xH~ PiH OH = x kO K~.
Hx JuHqOK@ HO`" ~ *f^x H \~OK= LO@Ok. JO^K ^x q#~OKe.
^x H ^ [ ` = =O xK< , K qOux H~O\~. nx= *f^O
`y< , xH~ PiH OH = O ~Q#.
xH~ PiH OH = p "= *f`u { qOu =O { =~\ `~ H~H
~=~} HxH J =O.
*f^O HO> xH~ PiH OH = p Z= J~= O`" # k.
5. uH r=# =} p (P.Q.L.I.) :
P^p q=~ ~=_O = P^`~ p zOzi.
=#~ *f^O Hey# ^O [ JH~ `, P~ O, ^iH ~ `_
L<~. JO^K 1970 ^H O P^`~ H=<x PiH" ` " \~ .
1979 "i _q_ "i =_ JO fx P.Q.L.I. (Physical Quality of Life Index) J<
=# q= px ` ~K#. nx f# JO :
Z) [ P~ O (Life Expectancy at Age one)
a) t =~} ~ @ (IMR (Infant Mortality Rate))
) JH~ ` (Literacy Rate)
g\ Hx+, Qi+ q= D q^O Q L<~:
JOO Qi+ q= Hx+ q= ~O*
Z) P~ O (XH OII #Oz) (LEI) 77 OII 28 OII 49
a) t =~} ~ @ (IMR) 09 229 220
) JH~ ` (Basic Literacy) (BLI) 100 0 100
"= q= Hx+ q=
JO p
Qi+ q= Hx+ q=

z~Orq 317
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 ECONOMY

t =~} ~ @ q+ O =`O Hx+ q= #Oz "= q=# f"

e.
D =_ p =# ~x Wz H_O ^~ gH$` px ~OkOK#.
LEI + IMR + BLI
P.Q.L.I . =
3
u zH 0 #Oz 100 =~ ~ \OQ WK#.
0 J<k ^ h"# xf~# zOKQ, 100 J<k J`#`" # xf~ u x ``Ok.
O|O^O : ^~}OQ ` = `i P^OQ ^ P.Q.L.I q= ` =Q#, Z= `i P^O
Q ^ P.Q.L.I. q= Z=Q# L#@ x~~} J~Ok.
J~#\H *f^xH, uH r=# =} pH =^ Q}h"# O|O^O ^x "i
J^ #O "_ O k. Hx ^ `i P^O JkHO Q L#\H, PQLI p J`OQ LOk.
`i P^O ` "# \H PQLI p JkHO Q LOk.
P.Q.L.I.x : Z) r=# =} ~x zOK Z< =lH =#` JO =_O\x
=`" D p iQ}#H fO@Ok.
a) D px =_ JO =# ^#` Hey#q H=. H|\ D =_
JO p =# ~O W=_O iH^.
6. gH$` Ja=$k p (Composite Index of Development)
GNP, PCI, NEW, PQLI # PiHa=$k H=#OQ qxyOK@ =O_@ =, PiHa=$k`
Q}h"# O|O^O Hey L# Hx KOH# ZOH K XH gH$` px xiOK@
` [iQ~.
Z) W.W.Q< 11 H=<` gH$` px xiOK#. L^ : P~QO, q^, L^y`, ~"}, =oH
^ , @} H ~ }
, `i P^O "^# JO.
a) _< #~ 14 H~H` xiOK#.
) W~= J_<, Ok "i 41 H~H` xiOzi.
_) 16 zH O` 1970 UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute on Social Development)
=lHa=$k SH~[qu i^< O, gH$` =lH Ja=$k p xiOK#. "x 9
=lH zH HQ, 7 PiH zH.
7. =#"a=$k zH (HDI) :
P.Q.L.I. H\
O z# 10 O=`~ `~ "` SH~[ quH KOk# UNDP "~ 1990 #Oz HDI #
~OkOz, O K ^ =#"a=$kx, ~# `e x"kH# u O=`~O q_^ K < ~.
^xH x["# O^ P ^O x [. [ K# , ZOH # q $`~ K _ " PiHa=$k =Y
H O. =#"a=$kx OH O Q HeK ^# " D zH.
''[ ZOH # q $`O K _O`@ * # OOkOK H=x =#"a=$k Jx =|
L H x~zOK#.

z~Orq 318
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 ECONOMY

1990 #Oz HDR # UNDP "~ K i< ~. "^@ HDR UNDP "~ HDI x K iOzi.
Wk Mahbub-Ul-Haq P^~O ~OkOK|_#. D ^u `~"` qiOK|_@"HH, Refined
K |_` =zOk. `~ "` HO =#"a=$kH KOk# W`~ p Ja=$k K =K~.
1. HDI 1990 - Human Development Index. (=#"a=$k p)
2. GDI 1995 - Gender Related Development Index. (eOQ O|Ok` Ja=$k p)
3. GEM 1995 - Gender Empowerment Measure (eOQ kH~` H=#O)
4. HPI-I 1997 - Human Poverty Index - I (=#= ^iH pI)
5. HPI-II 1998 - Human Poverty Index - II (=#= ^iH pII)
HDI f< JO :
Wk 3 JO kOz# Q@ e `# `#.
Z) n~H P~Q=O`" # r=#O / P~ O
Longevity of life measured by life expectancy at birth.
a) q*#O (Knowledge)
1. =[# JH~ ` (2/3 =O` ~O)
2. ^q H, kf, `$f q^ L=_ #"^ x+u (1/3 =O`)
) "~Q # r=# =}O (Standard of living) :
1
nxx "= `i P^O ^~ H~ . ($PPP ^~ Purchasing Power Parity)
3
P~ O, q^, r=# =}xH =#~O W=|_#.
A) Life Expectancy Index (LEI) P~ O
B) Educational Attainment Index (EAI) q^ ^# zH
C) Standard of Living Index (SLI) r=# =} zH

nxx PQLI x Q}O z# ^u Q} ~ . HDI = (LEI + EAI + SLI)

HDI x Q}OK@ Hx+, Qi+ q= :

Previous Method 2010 Method
Dimensions Indicators Min. Max. Indicators Min. Max.
1. P~QO P~ O (at birth) 25 85 P~ O (at birth) 20 83.2
2. q*#O =[# JH~ ` ~ @ 0% 100% a) Expected years of schooling 0 20.6
L=_ #"^ x+u 0% 100% b) Mean years of schooling 0 13.2

3. r=# =}O GDP Percapita (PPP US $) 100 40,000 GNI Percapita (PPP US $) 163 1,08,211

Q@ JOH=^ =O Q}=^=O

z~Orq 319
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 ECONOMY

"= q= (Actual Value) Hx+ q= (Minimum Value)

JO p (Component Index) =
Qi+ q= (Maximum value) Hx+ q= (Minimum value)
2010 HDR HDI Q}# #`#OQ K# =~
1. `i P^Q}# `i GDPH |^ `i GNI x fH<#.
2. JH~ ` =[# JH~ `, L=_ #"^ x+uH |^ Expected years of schooling, Mean years of
schooling# " ># .
3. =_ JO H Hx+, Qi+ q= =~#.
4. =_ JO Q@ Q}O K@_ =# JOH=^ =O# |^ Q}=^ =x fH<#.
3 LEI, EAI, SLI

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011
HDR 2011 : Human Development Report. nx HDI q= P^~OQ <Q ~HQ ^ ql OK|_#.
1) Very high human developed countries 47
2) High human developed countries 47
3) Medium human developed countries 47
4) Low human developed countries 46
187

 gx "^\ ~HO ^ Ja=$k KOk# ^HQ, qye# =_ Ja=$k KO^`# ^Q

=|_`<~.
^# O^O : Sustainability and equity : A better future for all.
 2011 HDR "^\ 5 ^, z=i 5 ^, WO_ H W~Q ~Q## ^ D q^O Q L<~.
"^\ 5 ^ z=i 5 ^ ~` ~Q ^
Rank ^O Rank ^O Rank ^O
1 <~ (0.943) 183 K^ (0.328) 97 NOH (0.691)
2 Pe (0.929) 184 "*OaH (0.322) 101 K< (0.687)
3 <^~O_ (0.910) 185 |iO_ (0.316) 109 =b= (0.661)
4 J"iH (0.910) 186 <Q~ (0.295) 134 WO_ (0.547)
5 #rO_ (0.908) 187 _" H \H iaH P HOQ (0.286) 145 H< (0.504)
146 |OQ^ (0.500)
149 =<~(0.483)
157 < (0.458)
172 Px < (0.398)
PiH =$k, =#"a=$k =^ O|O^O
PiH =$k =#"a=$k Qu x OK`O^x Yz`OQ K O. L^ : =# `i GDP HO> ` =
`i GDP Q `lH< HDI =#HO> =O^O[ LOk. J^ `[H< ` = `i GDP Hey
L#\H P =$k ~` L`= q^, P~Q H~ HeOKH ~O^x `O k. `[H< ` =

z~Orq 320
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 ECONOMY
PiH =$k` [ JkH =#"a=$kx JOkOKQe yOk.
7. GDI (Gender Related Development Index) :
1995 #Oz HDR UNDP "~ nxx H < ~.
HDI f# =_ JO GDI Q} ~ . GDI =`O P~ O, JH~ `, `i
P^O q_q_Q H ~ .
XH ^O eOQ O|O^ J=#` H ` JH_ GDI q= HDI q= =#OQ LO@Ok. eOQ ^ O
Z=Q Hx GDI q= HDI q= HO> ` =Q LO@Ok. J#Q GDI, HDI =^ =`O
Z=Q LO> eOQ q=H Z=Q L#@...
8. GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) :
HDI Hx, GDI Hx i#, ~[H ~OQ =YOQ OK< JO# iQ}O K=.
eOQ kH~` H=x (GEM) i#, ~[H rq` U "~ OKO\~ J<
q+ O O^~ K#. L^ : 1) ~" O\ `O, 2) ~R # `O.
<~, _<, _<~ ^ i#, ~[H H~H OKH=_xH "# J=H
HeOK~.
WO_ 1952 ^~} ZxH H ux^ O 4.4% HQ, 2009 ^~} ZxH 10.8%
(59 =Ok).
GEM iQ}O K JO:
1. PiH Q=O =i x~ fH=_O.
2. ~[H Q=O =i x~ fH=_O.
3. PiH =#~ PkH `
Note: 2010 HDR GDI, GEM #O GII (Gender Inequality Index) # " ># .
9. HPI-I (Human Poverty Index) :
nx Ja=$k KO^`# ^ Q} ~ . nxx 1997 " \~ . WO^ _ HDI JO
iQ}#H fO\~.
Z) 40 O=`~ =O^ Kx"i `O
a) =[# x~H~ `
) r=# =}O
r=# =}x D =_ JO` Q} ~ .
Z) "~Q # "^ ^
a) ~H` =Ozh~
) 5 OII ` = |~= Hey# `O.
Note: 2010 HDR Multi Dimentional Poverty Index # " \~ .

z~Orq 321
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 ECONOMY
HPI - II (Human Poverty Index - II) :
nxx 1998 HPI2 " \# `~` HPI1 x "#H|_# ^ =iO K < ~. WO^ 4 JO
iQ}#H fO\~.
Z) 60 OII Kx "i `O
a) =[# q^ s` x~H~ ` (Functionally Illiterate Adults)
) ^ Q@
P^O HO> 50% ` = P^O He# "i `O
_) O=`~O "`O g^ x~^Q` `O
10. GREEN INDEX :
O KOH H ~=~}, H#yOK^y # Ja=$k qQO nxx Ja=$k KO k. nx JO :
1. L`u K# P (O`, H~Q~ ~_)
2. [ =#~ ( q, h~ Yx[ O^)
3. =#= =#~ (q^~, < }O "II)
192 ^ WO_ kQ= #Oz '20= #O LOk. Pe "^\ #O LOk.
11. PiHa=$k p (Economic Development Index) :
~` KOk# NCAER (National Council of Applied Economic Research) "~ EDI J# =##
Ja=$k K~. nxx Q 3.
Z) q^~ zH
a) P~Q=$k zH : nx I.M.R., =~} ~ @, "`O [## ~ @ =i xH~ [## ~ @ "^#
JO iQ}#xH fO\~.
) `i *f`u :
D 3 JO He NCAER "~ EDI x Q} < ~.

=Y"# ~O@ :
 n~H O ^O L`u =K ~Q^# PiH =$k JO^~.
 PiH= $k`@, x~}`H" # =~# zOKk PiHa=$k.
 q +` `~"i J=~ f~< =~ O ^|fO_, ` `~O "~ `= J=~
f~H=_" H#yOKQe Q Ja=$k.

z~Orq 322
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 ECONOMY
HDI, GDI, HPI - I, HPI - II XH JO Hk\ `_ :
z P~ O q*#O r=# =}O Q=O
1. HDI P~ O Z) =[# JH~ ` `i GDP
([## =O #Oz) a) L=_ #"^ x+u (PPP US$)
2. GDI ~+, , ~+ "~ , ~+
"~ "~ Q "~ Q =[#, L=_ "~ "~ Q "~
P~ O #"^ x+u OkOz# `i
H~. P^.
3. HPI-I [## =O #Oz =[# x~H~ ` Z) ~H` =Ozh~
40 O=`~ O^x "i `O
rqOK"i `O a) 5 OII
` = |~= Q
"i `O
) "~Q # "^
^
4. HPI-II [## =O #Oz q^ s` x~H~ Z) ^ Q@ P^O n~H
60 O=`~ `O HO> 50% ` = x~^y`
rqOK "i `O P^O Hey# "i `O (1 OII# )

z~Orq 323
Cell: 9959513530
 =$k O} =i OH = O (Growth Distribution Welfare)
 Q H~O ^O *f^O iy` (=$k [iy`) * OH = O ~Q#. J~` *f^O iy#
fi Jk *OH = xH ^^_ H =K. J#Q =$k OH = O =^ Q O|O^O Hx iq`#q.
Jq:
Z) ^~ : ^~ ~Q^ =# *f P^O iy` *OH = O ~QH =K. JO@C_ "= PiH
OH = O H} O K=K _.
a) JkH qH x QO@: qK Z= xQO@ xK~Oz *f^O Oz` PiH OH = O
~Q^ .
) [< ~Q^: [< ~Q^ =# *f P^O iy` `i P^O ~QH =K.
JO@C_ *f P^O iy< PiH OH = O ~Q^ .
_) J#`^H =O: ^O =O iy<, q == L`u iy<, *f P^O iy#O`
=`# *OH = O ~Q^ . iy# L`u U ~H" # = =O Hey LOk J<^x OH = O
P^~_#.
W) P^ O}: *f P^O =i `i P^O iy#\H iy# P^O Hk =Ok ^x
Ki` PiH OH = O `y =#.
 J=~ < OH = H=#=: J=~ < *f P^ ~H, *f P^O O}H LO_ O|O^O
^~ PiH OH = O# HeK#.
W=(1G)
W= OH = O, = `i P^O, G P^ J=#` H=#O
J=#` (G) `y, `i P^O () iy`, OH = O (W) ~Q#.
=Y"# ~O@:
 P,Q,L,I, J< =## Ja=$k K# k "i _q_ "i<.
 H.D.I. ~te: =|LH
 OH = O J~ O H$+ K# O^ J=~ < 1998 < * =zOk.
 Big Push ^O`x ~*< < ~_< ukOK#.
Ja=$k PiH == (Under Developed Economy)
 Ja=$k J~ O ^^ # qq^ ~` < ~. "#H|_# ^, Ja=$k ^, Ja=$k
KO^`# ^, ` = P^O Q ^, =_= O K ^ Jx qq^ ~` =i < ~.
 J~` SH~[ qu K ~} =`O Ja=$k (UDC) ^#, Ja=$k KO^`# ^Q =i O k.
 "^\ O K ^: =~\ == ^~ Ja=$k KOk#q.
 ~ O_= O K ^: +e[O ^~ Ja=$k KOk#q.
 =_= O K ^: qye# "#H|_# ^. Wq @|_^i ^ ="^ ^ KO^H Jb#
L^=^Q L#q.
 <= O K ^: Ja=$k ^ ^^ #, Least Developed Countries (LDC) x D q^O Q ~ .
Ja=$k x~K<:
OQ~: Ja=$k ^# l~` =K. g\x =iOK@ H+O Hx K_Q< QiOK=K.
SH~[ qu Q x} x~K#O: H~O ''J"iH, H #_, Pe , t= S~ ^ "= `i
P^O HO> U PiH == `i P^O ` =Q LO_< "xx Ja=$k ^ JO^~.

ZH#q 324 z~Orq

 ^~}OQ J"iH "= `i P^O 1/4=O` H< ` = `i P^O He# ^# Ja=$k
^ JO^~.
}oH O O:
XH" L yOKx ^ ` =Q L yOz# =#= =#~, =~" , L yOKx [=#~ He
LO_ ^# ''Ja=$k ^ JO^~.
~Q~ #~: ''Ja=$k KOk# ^` e#C_, U ^ J~` [=#~` e ` = =^# O He
LO\ P ^# Ja=$k^ JO^~.
O K O =sH~ }
:
O KO `# ''O K Ja=$k x"kH 2010 O K ^# `i GNP (GNI) P^~OQ =sHi OK#.
Z) ` = P^OQ ^ (LIC) (Low Income Countries): $ 975 JO`HO > ` = `i P^OQ ^.
a) =^ P^OQ^ (MIC) (Middle Income Countries): $ 976 #O_ $ 11,905 J"iH< _~ =^
P^OQ ^.
) JkH P^O Q ^ (HIC) (High Income Countries): $ 11,906 JO`HO >, Z= `i P^OQ
^.
 HIC Z= ^ OECD (Organisation for Econimic Co-operation and Development) ^.
 =^ P^OQ ^ 2 ~H
Z) kQ= =^ P^O Q ^ $ 976 to 3,855
a) ZQ= =^ P^O Q ^ $ 3,856 to 11,905
 ` = P^O (LIC), =^ P^OQ ^# He Ja=$k KO^K# ^ Jx ~ .
 D ~ O_ ^ [< O K [< 84% HQ, O K *f^O 24.6% =`" O^K#q.
 JO^H Ja=$k KO^K# ^# ''O K =iH"_ (Slums of the World Economy) Q Z.H.H~ < H
Ja=iOK#.
 2008 <\H ~`^ O 112H@ [<` $ 1070 `i P^O` ` = =^ ~ P^ ^ *a`
LOk. O K [< 17% Q# O K *f^O 2%"\# Hey LOk.
 K< O K [< 20% Q#, O K GNI 5.9%"\# Hey LOk.
NOTE:
 qx= ~ @^~ x~~ OK|_# H~ h q=, "= ^j H~ h H#Q Hx `^. 1978 O`O
S.a.Hq H$+" ~ UNICP (United Nations International Comparision Programe) "~ JO`~f
ieH L Q_ , qx= ~ @ |^ ~ lOQ =~ i\ (H#QH =#`) x Ja=$k
K~.
 PPP, $ P^~OQ K O K ^ =^ `i P^ JO`~ `y# q. 2008 Q}OH H~O ~`
`i P^O $ 2,930 HQ qx= ~ @ H~O $ 1070
 H#Q H =#` ^O`O# ukOz#k Q" H
Ja=$k ^ H}
: (Characteristics of under-Developed Countries)
 Ja=$k ^#, Ja=$k KO^`# ^x _ ~ . gx H} ije Ja=$k PiH= =Q
~`# ije^O.
1. ` = `i P^O:
 Ja=$k ^ `i P^O (`iGNP) ` =Q LO_#. ` = `i P^O = Jr=#
=}O, J+H P~O, Ji` U~_ "^ iy P~ O `Q # .
ZH#q 325 z~Orq
 ~` PiH == Ja=$k H} uaOa< ~. O K Ja=$k x"kH 2010 (WDR) H~O ~`
`i P^O qx= ~ @ $ 1070 (2008). nx HO> USA `i P^O 46 ~ @ Z= (J"iH
`i P^O $ 47,580)
 H#QH =#` (PPP) H~O ~` `i P^O $ 2,930. nx HO> USA `i P^O 16 ~ @
Z= (J"iH `i P^O PPP H~O $ 46,790)
 J~` qx= ~ @ HO> PPP H~O ^ =^ `i P^ =` ` =Q L<~.
2. == ~OQ JkH `:
Ja=$k ^ Z) *f^O == ~OQO "\ QO HO> Z=Q LO_#.
a) "`O Lk 3/4=O` ==~OQO P^~_ #.
) q^j "~O ^q H ~OQO #O_ Z= ZQ=`O_#.
 == ~OQO P^O ` =Q LO_@K `= P^O Z= QO, == L`` Y~_`~.
e `OQ iqH ~OQO "#H|_#.
 J^ WOQO_ J~` 2006 <\H *f^O ==O "\ 1%Q#, Lk == ~OQO
JOkOKk 1%Q# LOk.
 ~`^ x ije *f^O ==~OQO "\ 195051 55% < =Kk. 200506 <\H
21%H, 201011 <\H 14.3%H `yO k.
 "`O qH [<, ==~OQO P^~_ # qH [<# ije 1951 72% HQ, 200405
<\H 52%Q P^~_ i . 1950 }oH O O ~OaOz, }oH J=i# D 5 ^ HO
D =~ JO`K C H^Qk H^.
3. JkH [< Xu_:
 D ^ JkH [<=$k ~ @# He LO\~. [< i}= ^O`O ~ O_= ^ "t Oz LO\~.
 =~}~ @ `yO K_O q[=O`OHQeQ~, Hx J^ "QO ` [##~@# `yO K= .
 J =~}~ @, JkH [## ~ @= [< =$k~ @ Z=Q LO_#. e `OQ J#`^H [< iy,
P^~_ " i `O iy, uiy r=# =} _ =#.
 ~` ^O 1921 #O_ [< i}= ^O`O 2= ^ H "t Oz#k.
 191121 ^|O ~` [## ~ @ 49Q#, =~}~ @ _ 49Q< LOk.
 19912001 ^|O [## ~ @ 25.8Q#, =~} ~ @ 8.5Q# #"^O k.
 2009 <\H =# ^O [## ~ @ 22.5HQ, =~} ~ @ 7.3
 200111 =^ ^| [< ~Q^ =$k~ @ 17.64%
 200111 =^ O=`iH =$k~ @ 1.64%
4. JkH ~ x~^y`, JL^y`, K # x~^y`:
 Ja=$k KOk# ^ x~^y` KH =O Qk. Wq ~H _=O_ H~` = U~_#.
 Hx Ja=$k ^ x~^y` =O "~ . =YOQ =^# O H~` = = Hx iQ L yOKH
=. JkH [< =, PiH H~H ` = ~ [~Q@ = iy# = HH x HeOK= .
x~^y`: J=## "`# O =^ x K _xH ^ _ # \H, x O Hx iu x x~^y` JO^~.
JL^y`: = `= H =~, J~` HO> ` = ~ PiH H~H #_x JL^y`
JO^~. "#H|_# ^ x~^y`` @ J L^y` _ H#_ #.
L^: .K._. i K# =H Z.l.\. L^xQ x K @.

ZH#q 326 z~Orq

K # x~^y`: U^< ~OQO / PiH H~H J=~" # q HO> Z= =Ok q x=Q
LO> J\O\ J^# q# K # x~^Q JO^~.
 K # x~^Q# `yOz#\H "`O L`u =~^ . J#Q "i LO` L`u #O. XHHi "i
LO` L`u ~}`HOQ _ LO@Ok. nx Disguised / concealed unemployment Jx ~ . nxH
H~} 1. [< Xu_, 2. `= Lk H~`.
 ~`^ O x~^y` ==~ " # k (Structural Nature). Wk =^# O H~` = U~_#k. n~H OQ PiH
== `~Ok.
 3= }oH ''Qg} O` x~^y`, JL^y` H H < L#q Jx ~<#.
 K # x~^y` =# ^O == ~OQO#, O`"~ ^H}# Z=Q H#_ `Ok.
 K # x~^y` ' O` " JOK< "#.
 200405 <\ NSSO "i 61= ~O_ JOK< H~O Qg} ~+ 8% @} ~+ 7.5%
x~^y` Q^.
 200405 JOK< ^ x~^y` 8.3%.
 11= }oH ~OO <\H HQ x~^Q 37 qe#.
 Qg} O` K # x~^y`` @ ~`O|O^ x~^y` _ H#_ `Ok.
 @} iqH =i q^=O` x~^y` H#_ `Ok.
 ~Q~#~ Qg} O`x K # x~^Q# "~ ~OQ `~e *f^O ~Q#x ~<#.
 200708 NSSO "i 64= ~O_ Q= 8.4%, @} 7.4% x~^y` H^.
5. =^# O H~`:
 "#H|_# ^ [ P^ ` =Q LO_@O =# ^ =~ O _ `Q # . e `OQ =^# O
H~` U~_#.
 +O@~ ~#@Q, PiHa=$kH J=~" # K~=` =O^ =K == H~` = _ @|_
~ ` =Q LO_#.
 Hk =Ok ^# =O` =_ , @HO ~O P^O =z< "~ P_O|~ qxQO Y~ K~ Qx,
^ K @|_ @~ .
 ~`^ O ` = P^O =, JkH qxQ =O = ^ ~ ` =Q LOk.
 =# ^O `i =^# ` ` =Q LOk. ` =^# H# ~ @ _ ` =Q LOk. J~` D
=^ HO =^# H# ~ @ iyOk. Wk H~^y # Ja=$kQ K =K.
 195051 l._.. ^ `O 8.6Q LO_k. 200910 <\H Wk 33.7%xH iyOk.
 ^j^H `~OQO, H~~\ ~OQO, Q$~OQO #Oz ^ =#~ ==`<~. gx
Z= QO Q$~OQO #O_ a O k.
 200910 ^j ^ 33.7% OQO J#Q 23.5% Q$~OQx^. `~ "` " \ H~~\
~OQxk (8.1%)
 =^# H# @|_ _ ~Q` =O k.
 200910 #Oz @|_ J`kH "\ H~~\ ~OQxk. `~ "u #O Q$~OQxk.
l._.. `OQ 195051 200910
^j ^ 8.6 33.7
^j @|_ 8.3 36.5
 200910 ^j^ Q$~OQO "\ J`kHO HQ, H~~\~O QO ~ O_=#O.
ZH#q 327 z~Orq
 200910 ~ =^# H# J`kH "\ " \ H~~\ ~OQxk HQ, ~ O_= #O Q$~OQxk,
=_= #O ` ~OQxk.
6. P^ J=#`:
 Ja=$k KOk# ^` e, Ja=$k KOk# ^ P^, O^ J=#` Z=Q LO\~.
 =# ^O _ P^ J=#` Z=Q L<~.
 Ja=$k ~O ^ J=#` ~Q`x, `~ "` ^ J=#` `Q ` x, nx ~ Y K`
u~Q" # 'U' PH~O =O ^x, u~Q" # 'U' iH# (Inverted 'U' hypothesis) = < * <\ ukOK#.
 P^, O^ O} J=#` Q}O K@ ~O* ~ Y# "_`~. nx OX JHO [< `x OY
JHO P [< O^ P^`x fO\~. P^ = O} ~ Y ~O* =H~ Y =^ ^~O
iQHk J=#` ~Q`#@, g\ =^ ^~O `Q Hk J=#` `Q ` #@. D ~ O_ ~ Y
XH^xHH\ He` JH_ O~ =#`O LO_#. D ~O* =H~ Y #Oz yh Q}Hx x~z~ . Wk
P^ J=#` ~x `#.
 yh Q}HO 0, 1H =^ LO@Ok. '0 J<k O~ =#`x, 1 J<k O~ J=#`x `C#.
yh Q}Hx `O =H i yh p =O k. Wk 0100 =^ LO@Ok.
 Hi_yx (W@b) ~g^Q nxx yx Q}HO ~ .
 =#^O 1994 yh Q}HO 0.297HQ, 200405 0.368Q LOk. J#Q 1990 O`O PiH
O~} = J=#` iQ~.
7. JOHuH i*#O =i L`^H` :
 "#H|_ ^ =^# O H~` = J OHuH i*#O L y~ .
 =# ^O i`q= O Oq Oz# ' ` qye# O` ~ ` ^iHO = #`# OHuH
i*<x L yOKH =K<~.
 iqH ~OQO _ Ja=$k KOk# ^` e ` = OHuH i*<x "_K<~. JOHuH
i*#O = PiH == #, ^iHO = = # J L`^H` U~_#.
8. ` = =#"a=$k:
 "#H|_# ^ =#"a=$k JOQ LO@Ok. q^, P~Q~ ` =Q LO_#.
 q^, tH} , i^< , P~QO K @|_# =#= =^# O JO^~.
 ~`^ O ` = =#"a=$kx He LOk.
 ~`^ x ije 2011 H.D.R. H~O 187 O K ^ 0.547 q=` 134= ~OH# ~` He
LOk.
 K< 101= ~O, NOH 97= ~OH# He L<~.
9. =#~ JqxQO:
 Ja=$k ^ =#~# L yOKH =_OQx, JqxQO Qx [~Q#.
 =^# O H~` =Qx, #`# OHuH ^` "_H =@ =Qx, iq` =~\ =Qx, D ^
L# =#~# iQ L yOKH=.
10. ` = r=# =} ~:
 D ^ Z= =Ok [ ^iHO, J+H P~O, "^ , x~H~ `` ^ _ ` Jr=# =}O
He LO\~.
 =#^O _ D H} O H#_ #. =# P~O =OH$ ` q= ` =Q LOk.
 Ja=$k KOk# ^ Q@ # 3400 Hs Hx K P~O fHQ 1999 <\H =# ^O 2496 Hs
Q@ # =QK#q.
ZH#q 328 z~Orq
 200405 <\H 28% [ ^iHO L<~.
 46% J+H ~O` ^_ K<~. 2001 [< H H~O 36% @O =`" ~H`
=Ozh~ O^Q K <~.
 ~H` h~ H~` = "^ ` ~_ H `y, qx =~ O `Q # .
 2001 <\H 52% @O =`" ` WO_ x= < ~.
11. "#H|_# PiH O :
 D ^ ^# gHiOK ^=O i_# O`Q =.
 OHOQ ~OQO, ^= O Ja=$k KO^H =@K, ^ gH~} [~Q ^ .
12. PiH ^O^`O:
 XHi Ja=$k KOk#, =i "#H|_# H} PiH == H#_ #.
 XH" Z_| O_, =~H" "\~ H~, XH" ~`# OHuH ^` , =~" P^ xH OHuH ^`
H H < r=#O K~.
 O^H ~OQOx L`^H` HO> P^ xH ~OQOx L`^H` Z=Q LO_#.
 OHuH ^O^`O ~#k Ol=< y<
 =lH ^O^`O ~#k H
 q` ^O^`O qO\
 ~`^ O _ ^O^ PiH == H} O H#_ #.
13. O H, PiH J=< ^ H~` LO_#.
14. ==< < }O ` =Q LO_#.
 #= H#, == x ` ^#` Wz#k +O@~.
15. [< O|O^ H} :
 JkH [#O^`, JkH t=~} ~ @, J~ O =O\ H} +O Q H#|_#.
 JkH [#O^` He LO_#. (~` 2001 <\H 324). O K Q@ [#O^` 50HQ K< 141 HQ
=#^O 324 =Ok.
 Q@ P~ O ` =Q LO_# (~` 200206H Wk 63.5 OII)
 t =~}~ @ Z=Q LO_#. (~` 2009 <\H 50)
 015 OII =^ , 60# L# =$^ J#`O Z=Q LO_@K P^~_ " i ~O Z=Q LO_#.
 4 OII =~} ~ @ 2007 <\H 16Q LOk.
16. JkH ^iH =O:
 D ^ JkH ^iHO H#_ #.
 NSSO "i 61= ~O_ JOK< H~O, ^iHO URP H~O 28%HQ (Uniform Recall Period), MRP
H~O (Mixed Recall Period) 22%Q #"^ J~Ok.
 URP Jx ~H == 30 ~A J =x ukHQ fHx ^iHx H ~ .
 MRP 5~H P~ `~ == (=, ^~H , =xH Q == , q^, "^ O) 365 ~AQ#,
qye# == 30 ~A J =x fHx ^iHx H ~ .
 NSSO "i 61= ~O_ Qg} O` ~. 356, @} O` 538 <i `i qxQ =OQ
fx ^iHw`# x~~ OK~. (Z.. =~Q ~. 292,542)
 _.\. H" ~ P^~OQ ` O ^iH w`# x~~ < ~.

ZH#q 329 z~Orq

17. q^j "~O:
 ^~}OQ D ^ =_ ~ , ^q H == # ZQ=u K, qxQ == / =^# ==
kQ=u K O\~. nx= ^j i= =$k ^|u##.
 =# ^O =_~ ZQ=u K ~x ^\ WO[hiOQ == # ZQ=u K ~H KiOk.
~` PiH == Ja=$k PiH == H} L#\H, Wk | ` ^ . }oH J=i
Ja=$k kQ xOK@ = i=}`H, == ~H =~ =K~. JO^H =# ^x Ja=$k
KO^`# ^O Q ==K.
~`^ O Ja=$k KO^`# ^= x HOk H~} = K =K.
1. i=}`H =~
Z) *f^O iyOk.
a) `i P^O iyOk.
) ^ @|_ iy#q.
2. x~}`H =~:
Z) ^q H~O QO "\ `Q K , kf, `$f~OQO "\ ~QK#k.
a) =$u "i q[ # =~ =O k.
) O H J=< ^ qi < ~.
_) OHOQ, q` O qi < ~.
W) =oH =^# = i = =$k KO^~.
~` PiH == q= PiH ==:
H}:
Z) `, " \ ~OQ He r=#O
a) ` ~OQ Pk` O
) PiH }oH
_) =~\ O`OQO x K #
W) " \ = K LO@Ok
Ja=$k ^ (Stages of Development)
Stages of Development:
Ja=$k ^ i=}O# q+ } K# "i =Y H~= ~ =i ~".
Z) H~= ~ ^O`O:
 =~ =~ ~@O ^~ PiHa=$k ^ # Ki``H uH ^$+ q+ } K#. Ki``H ij# K
=lH i=}O @|_^s PiH= = Z L^q OzOn, z=iH D == Z@ ^ifO^ `e#.
1. Pk= =[O: =lH i=}O "^@ Pk= H=x[O LO@Ok. JO^~ He xK~ . L`u
H~H= Z=i O`O H=. qOz L`u K ^xx JO^i J=~HO OKO\~.
2. x ^: H=OQ = q[ # L^q Oz q `= J=~ HO> Z= L`u K~ . D ^ =x+
=x+x ^_ K q^#O ~OO J~Ok. L`u ^# = HO^i K` H OnH$`O J=`~.
3. = ^: D ^ ~ ` q ^x H+O z xK~ . u O =`O = KO^#. q
[=#O = KO^#. #`# OHuH ^` " O =# L`u Q ~Q#. #`# OHuH
^` =# H` L`u O|O^ J=~O J~ = == Q ^|uO@Ok.

ZH#q 330 z~Orq

4. @|_^i PiH ==: PiH == 2 =~Q pe=#. 1. @|_^i =~O , 2. HiH =~O . iqH
q= O =# " [ =$k KO^#. D ^ L`u ^< @|_ ^~ K` LO_#.
q_ =^ = H LO@Ok. D qH Hx @|_ ^~ ^KO^~.
''Ki` JO> x~O`~O ~ O_ =~ =^ ~@" H~ =~ .
5. ="^ ^: @^s q^#O iH O# K~ #_ qH =~O #, @|_^s =~O # "q ^ O U~_#.
q O \`" q= O ^~ ~[O Pk` O =~ . q ~[O# xOuOz L`u O #
n#O K O^~.
6. J_<_ H=x[O: "^\ ^= L`u H~H =[ ~O J=`~. = P^= "i J=~=
|\ f~#. H|\ z=iH ="^O H=x[OQ =~#. WH_ ~[O JO`iOK#.
 @|_^s PiH == #g# O`= " @@ =# x~^QO ~Q#. D iQ x~^Q# H~
=~ WO_ i[~_ PsQ eK#.
== q= 3 JO= P^~_ #.
1. Constant Capital (~ =^# O) C
2. Variable Capital (K~ =^# O) V
3. Surplus Value (qQ q=) S
g\ P^~OQ =~ =_ =## ukOK#. Jq.
1. qH ^_ (^) qQ q= ~ @:
qQ q= S
= =
"`< (K~ =^# O) V

2. OCC:- (Organic Composition of Capital):

OCC = ~
= ^# O / "`O =^# O. Wk ~Q@ ^~ x~^y` |#. Wk OHuH Qu P^~_ #.
OHuH Qu ~ = ^# O C # OK#. C
OCC =
C+V

3. ~ @ = qQ q= (S)
~ (S) + K~ q= (V)
^_ ~ @ iy# ~ @ ~Q#.

 OHuH Qu ^~ OCC q= iy` ~ @ _ `Ok.
 J#Q ^_ ~ @ ~ O Q LO_ OCC iy` ~@ _ =#.
 =~ PiHa=$k ^O`x HOk q^O Q KiOK=K.
1. Materialistic Interpretation of History
2. Theory of Surplus Value
3. Capital Accumulation
4. Capital Crisis
q=~:
 ~ qz#O `~ "` =~ ^O`O ie` q +` Ja=$kx =~ qiOK_x K =K. =~
"^=O`# q# qiOK#. s~H = K q `= ^O`=# H OnHiOK#.
@|_^s == H =~ O# =~ ` =Q JOK< "#. ="^ PiH == ~ ` O ` =.
JO^H ~ qz#O J~Ok.

ZH#q 331 z~Orq

 =~ K` q` J~# "#H|_# ^ < `= ^O q= PiH ==# ZOKxi.
WO_ _ 1991 `~` =~\ O`OQ=# ^#` WK#. ` ` `Q # .
a) Kuznets JaO: [<\ H~O PiHa=$k ~OO == PiH ==Q LO_#. OHuHa=$k
=# kf~OQO "\ iy ^q H ~OQO "\ `Q # . qH H _ ^q H ~OQO #Oz kf
~OQO# =~#. z=iH @|_^s z=i^ qH H kf ~OQO #Oz `$f ~OQO# =~#.
J"iH *f^O "~OQO "\ 75% < .
q=~:
 <~, =^ ^= *f^O ==~OQO #O_ Z= "\ =# \H Jq PiHO Q
Ja=$k KO^~.
 WO_ 50% # " ~OQO #Oz "\ =# \H Wk J Ja=$k KOk# ^" . `~ "`
*f^O XH ~OQO "\ P ~OQO JOkOK Lk =^ *<\ ~# O|O^O H#|_@^ .
L^: WO_ QO HO> Z= P^O "~OQO #Oz O HQ Wk HeOK Lk =`O ` ".
) ~" =$k ^ ^O`=:
 W.W.Rostow ~zOz# 'The Stage of Economic Growth' 1960 K i`" O k. nxx 'A non-Communist
Manifesto' J< sub title ` ~ .
 Rostow =$k ^ # 5 ^ Q ql OK=K.
1. Traditional Society (O^ =[O)
2. The Pre-Conditions for take - off (= # ^ H=# =O^ i` )
3. The take - off (= # ^)
4. The Drive to Maturity (iH ^ Q=#O)
5. The age of high Mass Consumption (=H qxQO)
1. Traditional Society:- #@< =i OHuH i*#=# ~=# =i OHuH *#O
P^~OQ U~_# iq`" # L`u O P^~OQ xiO|_# =[O.
 uH (i*#O) O KO# Qi #@< ~=# q*#OQ =[O.
 nxx WO_ * JO^~.
 iq`" # L`u O LO@Ok.
 kOK `i L`uH Qi+ iqu LO@Ok. H~}O P^ xH q*#O OHuH Qu e ` JO^@
H =_" .
 ^ [< 75% ==~OQO xK O \~.
 ~[H JkH~O O_ "xOQ H ( H=O^) Ku LO_#.
 JkH =#= H LO_#. = O^` i= LO\~.
 [ Hh qxQ J=~ qOz L# P^O q rq`xH Y~ K~ .
2. The Pre- Conditions for take off:-
 Wk Period of Transition # `e* O k. O^ =[O #Oz P^ xH =*xH =~ HO.
 P^ xH OHuH i*#O Ok, O^H =[O #Oz =~ KO^@ HO` =O @#.
 #+ O i OKQ L^=^~ U~_`~.
 = # ^ H=# x|O^# U~_`~.
 "~O "}[O qi OK#. @|_ ~Q#. P^ xH L`u O ` HO J=`~.

ZH#q 332 z~Orq

 15= `| z=~ 16= `|O ~OO H#yOKQe Q Ja=$kH H=# i` a@<, t=
~ U~_#q. a@< D ^# =O^ ^\Ok.
 = # ^# K~ H#@ =O^# ^ PiH == 3 ~Qq ~OQ= ~O`~O KO^@ J=~O .
Z) ==O: = # ^ =O^# ^ ~Q`# [< J=~ f~@ ==~OQO L`^H`
q+ O q" `H" # =~ U~_=#. (== OHuH q= O ~=#.)
a) kQ=` q~ } ZQ=` ~OQO: iqHH~ } `e ^ kQ=` J=~O JkHO H=K. =^#
== kQ=` J=~O J=`~. P kQ=` =O i OK@ P ^ L`` Oz ZQ=`
OKe.
) O H == =^# O: L# == ~O`~O KO^@ ~"}, q^, H "II ~OQ Ja=$kH s
@|_ J=~O J=`~.
3. The Take off - Stage (= # ^) :
 ~" S^ ^ =Y"# ^. #`# i= qi Oz# e `OQ, W`~ i=, = qi Oz P^ xH
iqH ~OQO, @} qi OK#. ==O e `OQ P~ qQ U~_, "QO Q qi OK i=
H=e# =_ ^~# P~ qQ JOkOK#. ^ @|_ 5 #O_ 10% ~Q#.
 D ^ L`u ^` q" `H =~ =~.
 = # ^ Oq OK@ kQ= x|O^# \OK=#.
Z) *f^O L`^H @|_ 5% #O_ 10% Q ~Q= #.
a) JkH =$k~ @` ~Qq ~OQ =$k [~Qe.
) Ja=$k ^ q~ } # `OK O $uH i` LO_=#.
 = # ^ # Hx ^ Ok#HO
a@< : 17831802
[< : 18781900
.Z.Z. : 18431860
~ : 18901914
WO_ : 1952
K< : 1952
 ~" "Great watershed in the life of modern societies" nxx Jx Ja=iOK#.
4. The Drive of maturity (iH ^ Q=#O):
 nxx Stage of Self-sustained Growth JO^~. P^ xH OHuH i*#O# =~= O`OQ qxyOKHO.
 = # ^ `~ "` iH ` kOK@ ^O ~QqO k. J\O\ ^# ~" W x~zOK#. ''PiH ==
P<\ =~ kOz# OHuH Qu ^O O J =#~ J#=iOz, Ja=$k k
LO@Ok.
 JO`=~ ~Qq ~OQQ L# "\ #O H`Q U~_# ~OQ Ja=$k KO^`~.
 Wk 4 ^ H#Q#.
 D ^ #`# ~Qq ~OQ $+O K|_`~.
 *f^O xH~ @|_ 10% qOz LO_#.
Hx ^= K~ # HO
a@< 1850

ZH#q 333 z~Orq

 .Z.Z. 1900
[~< 1910
[< 1940
5. High Mass Consumption Stage (=H qxQO):
=xHQ qxQ == L`u " PiH == =~#. qxQO P~O, =, =u, HH JkH
P^O ~=_O =# H~, Z.. =O\ =xHQ qxQ== qxQO =~#.
 @} [< ~Q#.
 =[^$+ ~ #O_ _=O_ , L`u = #O_ OH = = " =~#.
 D HO 3 =$k OH = =# OKQ =.
Z) ^ i^ ^\, |_x, JkH~O# qi OK @.
a) *f P^O <OQ O} JQ#@ K~ fHx P^ J=#` `yO K@,
 ) #`# "~ H O^ OOkOK@.
 Ki`HO Q D^# Ki# "^\ ^O .Z.Z. (1920)
 `~ "` .H. 1930, [< 1950, ~ e< =~}O `~ "` K~ #.
 PiH == =$kx ije QO~ =$k~ @# e LO@Ok. nx< Learning curve JO^~.
 =$k <=kQ ~O" H=OQ "Qx OAHx `~ "` "QO Q j `~O J=`Ok. z=~ XH ^ `~ "`
"QO `Q ` Ok.
=$kH P@OH
=$kH P@OH ~ O_ ~H.
1) ^j P@OH (PiH, PiH `~ JO)
2) q^j P@OH
1. ^j P@OH
i) PiH JO
Z) =~\ JO~`
^~ ^$ _` O LO_@
L`u H~H Q=# j` O_@
UH= ^~} LO_@
a) ^iH q+=
nxx ~Q~ ~ ~<#.
Ja=$k ^ ^iH q+= zO\~. K~ , uK~ = XH ^x ^iHO< LOK`~.
) =^# O H~`
_) =#= =#~ < }O ` =Q LO_@
W) JOHuH i*#O
ii) PiH
`~ JO
Z) `` O
a) =``` O
) L=_ @O|O
_) O H O
ZH#q 334 z~Orq
W) ~ ` H =_O "^# q.
2. q^j H~H
Z) Q`O ="^xH QiH|__O
a) ^q H == # ZQ=u K @
Ja=$k KOk# =i KO^`# ^ =^ "~O [iy` ''OQO OH KO^#x @
< "MxOK#.

=$kH P^~ (Source of Growth)

 PiH =$k J<k 2 JOK q`O JQ#.
1. Economic Factors (PiHO)
2. Non - Economic Factors (PiH `~ JO)
 PiH =$k J<k [ =#~, =^# O, =#= =^# O, [<, L`^H` , "~O, O "II PiH
JO P^~_ #.
 J~` O H O , ~[H i` , O $uH ^$H^, <u H q= `HOQ H ` PiH =$k
[~Q^ . g\x PiH `~ JO JO^~.
Z) PiH JO:
Z) [=#~:
 PiHa=$k x~ O [=#~ ( q, J@gO^, Yx[O^, j`+ u ) =Y` =~.
 [=#~ H~` x _ PiHa=$kx j OQ kOK=K.
L^: J"iH, H #_ ^ O# ^ H=_xH [ =#~ H~}O.
 _| .Z<. ~~ ^ Ja=$kx, [=#~ ^$ ijeOK#.
 J~` [=#~ O~ x|O^# H^. [=#~ +OQ x a@<, [< O\ ^= PiHa=$kx
kOz#q. [< [ =#~ H~` L#\H, L# q _ Jy ~ `=, HO` _#^# \H
iqHOQ Ja=$k KOk#k. 100% Yx[ O^, \eO L`` kQ=` ^~ Ja=$k kOz#k.
 +"# =#~ L#O` =`# i^ "\x H=OQ L yOKe.
a) Capital Formation (=^# H#):
 PiH =$kx x~~ OK JO ^ #"# k =^# O.
 ~Q~ #~ H~O "Capital is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for progress".
 'Change in capital stock is called investment'
 [ =#~ H$ u k`O =^# H# J<k =#= xi`O. nxx =#= H$+ ^~ OK=K.
 1 x\ L`uH Q@ # J=~O J~# =^# O# =^# L`u x+u JO^~. (Capital Output Ratio)
 L`u 1 x\ ~Qe JO> =^# O ZO` ~Q^ LO_e J<k LO` =^# L`u x+u
`#. nx< ICOR (Incremental capital output ratio) JO^~.
 Capital
ICOR =
 Output
=^# H# ^#`:
1. PiHa=$k O H J=< @|_ (SOC = Social Overhead Capital) O_ [~Q^ . SOC # =^# O
J=~O.
2. L`ux, Lkx OK#.
ZH#q 335 z~Orq
3. =~\ q~ } ^^_ #.
4. [< ~QK#\H, Ja=$k [~QO> =^# H# J=~O .
5. =^# H# iQ Hk q^j O `Q # .
6. ^"} X`_ # `yO K=K, =^# O ~Q@K L`u ~OQO, ^q H == L`u ~Q#.
7. =^# H# =# *f^O ~Q#.
8. "#H|_# ^= ^iH q+== KkO K@ =^# OK #O J=~= x ~Q~#~ ~<#.
9. *f^O @|_ ~ @ 10% ^@=#. JC_ = #^ K~Q =x ~" ~<#.
10. Harrod domar PiHa=$k #=< =^# OK # ^#`# <H K#.
 =^# H# H 3 ^ He LO_#.
Z) x[^ ~ ~Q^
a) ~ u O ^~ ^# gHiOK@
) ^ "`x @|_Q =~@
=^# H# P^~ (Source of capital Formation):-
Z) ^j P^~, a) q^j P^~
^j P^~ (=^# H# Q ^j P^~):
1. ^: Q$ qxQO `y , ^ ~Q#.
2. q"# == ^K@ `yO Ke.
3. OK@ ^~: @|_^s ~OQO qi OK@ ^~ *f P^O "\ Oz, =^# H#
K =K#x ~ ~<#. ~ @ ~Q@ =# 5 #O_ 12% ^ ~Q= K#x ~ ~<#.
4. ^"}O: nxx Invisible Tax Q ~ . `O JkH ^"}O $+ ^~ iy, qxQO `y @|_Q
=~#.
5. ` ~OQ O
6. qQ |_\ : # O, ` =O `yO , ` |} OK@, "^Q H K~ ^~ OK=K.
7. *f^O OK@: L# =#~ =~= O`OQ L y, L`^H` iy P^O, ^ ~Q#.
8. K # x~^Q# L yOK@: ~Q~ #~, _| , K. ~ H~O K # x~^Q# x[^Q
"_=K#.
a) q^j P^~:
1. Foreign Aid: |}, QO\ ~O q^j =^# O kQ=u K H=K.
2. ZQ=` OK@ ^~.
3. kQ=` POH qkOK@ ^~
4. J# =~H x|O^# ,
 PiHa=$k kOK@ =^# OK #O OK=.
 =^# L`u x+u `yO K=. J#Q ` = =^# O# Wk=~ H< Z= L`u kOK=. D x+u
`Q ^ =^# OK #O# ^^_ #.
) OHuH i*#O: Wk L`u H~H= L`^H` # OK#.
 +O@~ H~O #=H# " @@= PiHa=$k [~Q#. #=H# qq^ ~Q LO_=K#.
Z) H`~ H == " @_O
a) H` L`u q^< " @_O
ZH#q 336 z~Orq
 ) H` =~\ H#Q#_O
_) H` =_ ~ L QOH f~=_O
_) =#= =^# O: = q*#O, < }O He LO__" =#= =^# O. #`# PiH == < }= Q
=#= H P^~_ L<~. JkH Ja=$k KOk# .Z.Z. _ < }O Q =#= H H~` LO_@K
WO_ , K< , Hi P^~_ K#k. nx =# Ja=$k ^O Brain drain = U~_K#k.
 + H~O =#= O^ Ja=$kH HOk =~ H=.
Z) P~Q = H#
a) ^~} =$u q^ q~ }
) =[# q^ JOkOK@
_) * >x OQ (Lk L# "iH tH} )
W) qH Q=#j`# OK@
Z) OHuH # kQ=u K @
Ways of Development Human Rasources:- (=#==#~ Ja=$k =~= )
1. q^ ^ : K=Ok Ja=$k KOk# ^ L#` q^H `~e ~ uiy ~=_O ^ . H#H q^
J=< ^ HeOKe.
2. =Oz P~Q ==# U~@ K @.
3. On the Job Training (Lk H~ tH} )
4. Health and Adequate diet
Population Growth and Economic Development ([< Ja=$k): =, iH~ [< ~Q^ J<k
PiH == K_ =O K O ^< =^ zH# JOkOK#.
[< ~Q^ K_ =O:
1. `i P^O r=# =}O `Q # .
2. == ~OQO K # x~^QO ~Q#, x~^QO, J L^y` ~Q#.
3. P^~_ [< ~Q#.
4. ^ Hx `yO K#.
5. SOC @|_HO> DPA @|_ =#~ =~#. ([< ~Q^ =# @|_ =#~#, O H
J=# =^# O HO> ` H qxQ == ` ~K ~OQO# `~e ~ )
6. ~=~}O ^|ux H+O ~Q#.
Positive Effects: ^< `H =O:
1. =#~ O~ qxQO ^~ `i P^O ~Q= K.
2. [< ~Q@ =# == _=O_ iy =~\ qi OK#.
3. Lk J=H= H~` =# q Q=# j` ~Q#.
4. t= ~ [< ~Q^ iqHH~ } ^^O KO k.
5. J~~ ~ H~O r=# P^~~O QO #Oz @|_ ~OQO# [< `~e OK_O ^~ =^# H~}
[~Q#.
[< ^O`=:
 [< =# ^$H^O ` "^\ iQ q=iOz#k =. `# An essay on the principles of popula-
tion (1798) [< ~Q^ Q}} #, P~^ ~ ~Q^ JOH=^= } # ~Q# J<#.
D# ^O`O H~O [< 25 OII XHi ~ \O J=`Ok.
ZH#q 337 z~Orq
 D q^O Q [< iy` H~ = H@H=, *_, JO@~Q, HO O\ H$ u K~ |e,
[##+O Oq OK#. g\x Positive Checks JO^~.
 JO^K` [ x~^H K~ #H"e. Pq"O, |K~ O \OKe.
 = H~O q > ua_ #~HxH ^if#.
 ''H$ u XH [# =O\k nx Px`H [#O a O k. J<x` PHe K=`
J=\OK=O^ =.
Ja+h [< ^O`=:
 1815 Z_~< "^\ iQ KiOK#. `~ "` _q H, Z_<H#<, _< D ^O`=# Ja=$k ii.
D ^O`O H} u ^O`= P^~_ LOk.
 ''Z=~ PiH # OOkOK [< ~< Ja+h [< Jx H~O_~ Ja=.
 ''U [< ~=^ J`kH `i P^O =Q< P [<# Ja+h [< Jx _< x~zOK#.
 [< ~Q`O> `i P^O _ iy` Jk J[<
 [< ~Q`O> `i P^O `y` Jk JkH [<
AO
_< M = J< gH~} O zOK#.
O
M = mal adjustment population
A = actual population
O = optimun population
 M q= #O J~` Jk Ja+} [<.
M q= ^< `H" ` Jk JkH [<.
M q= |}`H" ` Jk J [<.
 D ^O`O H~O XH ~=~ iQ [< PiHa=$kH ^^_ #. 'H#< H~O ''> u a_
@` @ ~ O_ H, K` ` _`_. J#Q u#_O` @ xK @ ^~ PiHa=$kH ^^_ #.
[< i}= ^O`=:
 ^=< =i <\< [< i}= ^O`x "^@ ukOzi.
 [< i}= ^O`x H =i =~ _ ukOzi. g~ 3 ^ Q ql Ozi.
"^\ ^: JkH [## ~ @, JkH =~}~ @
~ O_= ^: [## ~ @HO> "QO Q =~}~ @ `Q # . e `OQ [< q[$O} [~Q#.
=_= ^: J[## ~ @, J =~} ~ @ LO_#.
Productivity (L`^H` ) :
 L`^H` ~Q^ J#Q L`^H ~Q^ ~ @ HO> L`u =K ~Q^ Z=Q LO_@O. (Rate of
increase in output is greater than rate of increase in inputs).
 P^ xH OHuH i*#O OK@ ^~ L`^H` OK=K. HOh R & D x^ Oz#C_ OHuH
i*#O =$k KO^#.
 Ja=$k KOk# ^ JkH =$k~ @# H~}O L#` OHuH i*#=.
Trade & Aid
 ~ O_ q^j =~H ^=O O^ q^j / |~` =#~. J~` Aid `~K Q POH ` _ aOK#. nx=
f# ^O H K `Q # . +~` qkO|_#. XHi nxHO^ kQ=u K # OHuH i*#O
P ^= iHH=K.
Z) O K# ^O , f# ^O H ~[H JO *HO K H=K.
ZH#q 338 z~Orq
a) PiHO Q Pz |}O uiy KeO K_O J<k K ~O` _#k. XHi "`O q^j ZQ=`
=~H ^=O, |}O KeO K@ i=#.
 W@=O\ i` #Oz |@_O> Trade J=~O . U ^" # ~OO }oHa=$kH, Aid J=~"
f< HH" } P^O "~O ^ K#. JO> Aid fH=_O L^ O P ^ ZQ=`
=~x OK@ "Thus Aid should ultimately lead to more trade"
 Ja=$k KOk# ^ Aid =i Trade =Y` +OK#. D ^ PiHa=$kH J=~=
^H J= Aid J=~O . JO`HH Wk Forigen Exchange gap # Technology gap # iOK#. J~`
Ja=$k KOk# ^ Oz` ^$+x g_, "~ POH `yO Ke. nx= Aid or Trade J< = ~
Aid and Trade J< JOO =Y` O^#.
q^j "~ =Y`:
1. = q[ # (` HH~ } ) ^#
2. =~@ q~ }
3. r=<^~ ~OQO #Oz Modernized sector H =~#
4. `i P^O r=# =}O ~Q#.
 |~~ , H ~ H q^j "~O Ja=$k KO^`# ^ ^^ H~x ~xi.
Foreign Aid =Y`:
Z) Ja=$k ^ OHuH "#H @` ^ _ K#q. nx x"~} Aid J=~O .
a) PiH J=# ^ = H# (Rails, Road, Power projects) Aid J=~O .
) iqHH~ } ^^_ #.
_) H#Q#|_x [ =#~ H#H=K.
W) Lk J=H= OK#.
Z) q^j KeO (Balance of Payments) =# JkQq OK#.
a+ OQ~ ^O`=:
 gi H~O Ja=$k KOk#, Ja=$k KO^`# ^ =^ "~O OHuH Qu =, Ja=$k KOk#
^ "~ x|O^# J#OQ LO_#. a+ H~O Q` 70OII HO ^q H == # L`u
K ^= kQ=u K < H `y =_" XH L^~}.
Two - Gap Model of Foreigen Aid:
 z<s u^# "#H|_# ^ [ ^ K =~ O ` =. ^x q == Y~
K ^~. ^# @|_H =^ LO_ JO`~x JuHqOK_xH @ |_\ q^#= LDC
J=Oa~.
 Q
D ^ ZQ=` HO> kQ=` Z=Q LO\~. e `OQ q^j =~H ^=O ` JO`~O
LO@Ok. D ~ O_O\x Two - Gap Theory JO^~. nx ~ O_ JO`~ LO\~.
a) Saving gap
b) Foreign Exchange gap
z<s D Q `yOK@ Foreign Aid zOK#.
b) Non-Economic Factors (PiH `~ H~H= ):
Human Endowments, Social attitude, Values & Institution, Political Conditions etc

^=< =i <\< [<, i}= ^O`O# "^@Q q=iOzi.

ZH#q 339 z~Orq

 ECONOMY

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=$k = (Growth Strategies)
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"Q=O`"# PiHa=$kx kOK_xH P^xH Ja=$k G"` J<H =#, q^<#

~OkOz, ukOzi. gx =Y"#q :
Z) J~ =` # (Low level Equilibrium trap) iK~ <<
a) Big Push ~_< (Rodan)
) Hh H$+ `O (Critical Minimum Effort) ~ a<<
_) Take-off W.W. ~" (=$k ^)
W) O`e` =$k ^O`O ~Q~ ~
Z) JO`e` =$k ^O`O ~=<
l) Jiq` qH ~
K) q~} " (Spread effects) Q<~ q~
qq^ `= XH^xx Z#H=_" =O. =$k =O =Y"#q.
1. Big Push : nxx ~*<< ~_< ukOK#.
W`x QO^O Industrialisation of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe
Ja=$k ^= <Hx L# PiHa=$k P@OH=# JkQqOz =$k =~O# xO
K@ s @|_` _# =Q q^#O J=~O.
L^II q=#O Hyi PHO `# ~x K~@ XH Hh "QO` q #O_ iQ`e
(Ground speed). J> PiH == =$k =~O K~@ XH s @|_ J=~O. Wk q=#O#
q H=# "QO O\k.
O^ G"` H~O PiH == ~ =` i` Hey LO@Ok. "~ \ OKHx
'Jq* `^~ aOK P^ ZO` =Y` Wz PiH == K# =`
iu HeOz# G"` ~*<< ~_<.
z# z# "`O PiH == qq^ ~OQ= Zx @|_ \< e`O #O. PiHa=$k
kOK@, Jq* = =K P^ Z=Q L# ~OQ= s Z`# @|_
\ PiH == XH T f~=_O Hh ^~O. HO` Hx+ ~ T# Hey PiH
== "Q=O^Hx JkH=$k ~^i }Ok. PiH == Hh ~ HeyOK D
Tx aQ+ JO^~. s @|_ =# Jq* =i |~` P^ a~.
1. L`u " Jq* (Indivisibilities in the production function)
2. _=O_ Jq* (Indivisibility Complementary of Demand)
3. ^ ~~ Jq* (Indivisibility in the Supply of Saving)
=#H Jq*# _ ~_< qOK#.
340
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530
 ECONOMY
Shoe Factory L^~} ~#k ~*<< ~_<.
2. O`e` =$k ^O`O (Balanced Growth Theory)
nxx ~*<< ~_<, ~Q~ #~, P~~ ~ =iOzi.
J~` D ^O`xH =Y H~_Q ~Q~#~x ~#=K.
"Problems of capital formation in under developed countries (1953)" J< QO^O nxx
KiOK#.
~_< ~# iq` =~\ PiH == P^~OQ ~Q~#~ `# ^O`O q=iOK#.
iq` =~\ PiH == U~_@ H~}O ^iH q+=.
^iH q+=# ~#k ~Q~ #~
Wq ", _=O_ " LO\~.

_=O_ " q+= " q+ =

J J
P^O P^O
J L`^H` J L`^H`
J _=O_ J ^
J J
=^# H# J =^# H# J
@|_ @|_
#~ HO> _=O_" q+=xH K ^#` WK#. ZO^=O> @|_H
`qKk _=O_ ^ =~\ i=}".
Ja=$k ^ ^iH q+= `yOz, =~\# qiOKe. ^= OK@
^~, H@# ^~ "~ POH `yOK@ ^~, J=H <}O OK@ ^~ =~\#
qiOK=K. J~` Wq Ja=$k ^ =~\# q $u~@ xK=.
H|\ "#H|_# ^ =~\ iq`# `yOz, =~\# q $`~K@ Jx ~OQ
XHi @|_ \e. nx< O`e` =$k ^O`O JO^~.
J~` qq^ ~OQ XHi @|_ \O> =^#O OK#O J=~O. P^~
`=Q LO_@K D ^ # ^~ P^O =~^. ^"~ ^ K~.
^x ^ KQeQ =~O Hey L<, #~ H~O ^x JO`~f ^~# "xH
#Q@ = kQ=` iy, ^ `Q#.
JO`~f ^~# =O J#Q ^ ^x ^#=O` Ja=$k KOk# ^ [ r=#
q^<x `x ^xx J#HiOz JO\ == kQ=u KO\~.
341
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530
 ECONOMY
~Q~ #~ == ~OQO L# K# x~^Q# x[^Q "_, =^# H#
LyOK=Kx ~<#.
K# x~^Q# ==`~ ~OQ# =lH, == ~H"# @|_" (~_, ~,
q^`, _<l, x~}O "II) =~eOK<#.
q=~
~ ~# K# x~^Q# ^Q "__x OQ~, ~=<, i~O\ PiH"`
q=iOzi.
"`O PiH == =$k KO^ ~@< PiH == LO_ u ~OQ= =$k KOk` ^xx O`e`
=$k ^O`=x ''HO_|~~ ~<#.
 J.B. =~\ `O: J.B. nxx ukOK#.
`# H=# _=O_# `< $+OKO@Ok(Supply Creates its own demands) J<
J.B. u^# P^~OQ ~Q~ #~ `# O`e` =$k ^O`x q=iOK#.
q=~:
= `yO Wk ^$+ @^.
XHi Jx ~OQ @|_ _` = ~Q#.
"#H|_# ^ s @|_ >O^ J=~"# =^# =#~ LO_=.
nx=# L`u H~H H~` U~_ = ~Q=K.
Wk J.B. Market Law P^~_ LO@Ok.
J.B. H~O Supply ~QO> JO` ~O L`u H~H =$kQ LO_e H^!
3. JO`e` =$k ^O`O (Un Balanced Growth Theory)
@<, OQ~, HO_ |~~, ~=< "^Q"~ O`e` =$k ^O`x q=iOz, JO`e`
=$k ^O`xH J#OQ JaO =Hizi. J~#\H D ^O`x ~=< (Hirschman)
XH ^u H~O ~OkOK#.
O`e` =$k ^O`xH =u~H"# =#.
PiH == Jx ~OQ UH =O @|_ @_xH |^, Hx =oH"# ~OQ
=`" @|_ @_x JO`e` =$k ^O`O JO^~.
LDC Jx ~OQ @|_ @@ H"e# =^#O H~` LO_#. H|\ ZOH
K# ~OQ/i= "^@ @|_ \ "\x `i`Qu Ja=$k Ke. D ~OQ=
U~_# P^ ~HOQ qye# ~OQ Ja=$kH `__`~. nx Ja=$k J<k =Y"#
~OQ #O_, "xx J#iOK ~OQ# `OK#.

342
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530
 ECONOMY

~=< H~O ~O_ ~H @|_ Q=.

1. SOC (Social Overhead Capital) : OH J=< @|_ : Wk ^qH, kf,
`$f ~OQ xH =K L`^H# L`u K#. L^ : ~"}, q^, q^KH,
Ou^`, ~ ^#=
2. DPA (Directly Productivity Activity) : (`H L`u @|_) :
`H L`^H H~H= J<q Jx ~OQ= =^#, qxQ == L`uH KOk#q.
JO`e` =$k ~O_ ~HQ [~Q=K.
Z) SOC H~` ^~
a) SOC PkH` ^~ Ja=$k
=O^ "#H J#|O^= i= : XH i= K# L`u =~H i= L`u H~HQ
xK ^xx =O^ J#|O^=x JO^~. XH i= Ja=$k KO^ Hk ^xH H=# =_
~ JOk =iHx i= Ja=$k KOk` ^xx "#H J#|O^ i= Jx ~.
 L^: W#=, L i= Ja=$k KO^ Hk ^x ` ~ # W#=# L yOz O`i =
Ja=$k KOk` ^xx =O^ J#|O^ i=x, W#=, L i= Q# =_~Q
JOk Q i= Ja=$k KOk` ^xx "#H J#|O^ i=x JO\~.
=O^, "#H J#|O^ Z=Q LO_ i= "^@ OKe.
~=< H~O =O^ J#|O^, "#H J#|O^ Z=Q L# i= W#=L H~Q~O.
"#H|_# ^ =_ ~# qxyOz, qxQ ==# `~K i=# kQ=u
K# JO~ ==# JOu= qxQ ==Q =~ i=# U~@ Kx
~=< zOK#. JO> z=i^ i=, kQ=u `= i= OKe.
~ D ^O`O "^\ iQ J#iOz, HO J`kH =$k ~@# kOzOk. =# ^O
_ 2= OK=~ }oH D =x J#~OK_O [iyOk.
4. Hh H$+ ^O`O (Critical Minimum Effort Theory) :
nxx Harvey Leibenstein (x<) ukOK#.
nxx D# Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth J< QO^O q=iOK#.
<< H~O P^O, [<, @|_ =^ O|O^O LO@Ok.
[< J<k P^x `yOK H~HO.
@|_ J<k P^x =$k K H~HO.
PiH=$k [~QO> P^x x~kOK H~HO HO> P^x OK H~HO |OQ LO_e JO>
XH Hh i=}O @|_ H=. D Hh @|_x ''Hh H$+ ^O`= JO^~. J#Q
^iH q+=#, `= `i P^x i+iOK@ H=e# @|_.

343
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530
 ECONOMY
5. Low Level Equilibrium Trap : nxx << ukOK#. Ja=$k ^ r=<^~ ~
`i P^O =^ xH_ =`O LO\~. WH_ ^ @|_ `=Q LO\~.
*f P^x OK@ K H$+ =# [< ~Q`Ok. uiy `i P^O r=<^~~H
K~# H|\ Ja=$k ^ Low Level Equilibrium trap zx LO\~. D ~ #Oz
|@ ~=O> =#O K @|_ sQ =O_x << ~<#.
6. Jiq` qH ^O`O (Unlimited Supply of Labour) : ~ ukOK#.
W`# "# QO^O Development with unlimited supply of labour
W`x PiH #=< q qQ g^ P^~_ LOk.
qH qQ ~ ` =^=, z# z# "~ O # Z=Q LO_#. g~ r=<^~
"`# =# =Q#.
PiH == 2 ~OQ LO\~. Z) @|_^s ~OQO, a) r=<^~ ~OQO
r=<^~ ~OQOx qQ q# @|_^s ~OQO L yOz =$k KO^=K.
7. q~ q~ }
" ^O`O (Myrdals Theory of Back Wash effects) :
Backwash effects, Spread effects x JkQq OK@ =# JO`~f J=#`, Ja=$k ^
Of J=#` U~_`~.
"#H|_# ^ Of J=#` =Y H~}O:
1. Strong Back Wash effects
2. Week Spread effects
Back wash effects : JkH q~ }
Hey# O` =#, JkH K` # =O`# [# `="
PHiOK#.
Ja=$k O` i= "#H|_# O`= i=# <#O K #. =$k u =
~=_O =# W`~ O` Ku=$` #t~.
Spread Effects : XH O`O PiHO Q qi OK@ =# W`~ O` K_ =O` @ =Oz e `
_ HxOK#. == L`` OHuH Qu qye# O`= qi OK#. =_ ~
L`u K O`# qi OK#.
8. ~__=~ =$k #=< :
_=~ ~K# Capital Expansion, Rate of growth and employment, Essays in the theory of Economic
Growth.
~_ ~K# Towards A dynamic Economics
~__=~ #=< PiHa=$k H @|_ ` ^ # #O WK#.
@|_ H dual character x <H =H}Ozi. @|_ XH" P^x, =~" PiH ==
H L`^H` =~x OK#.

344
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530
 ECONOMY
~_ 3 ~H =$k ~ @ q=iOK#.
Z) "q H =$k ~ @
a) "~O>_ =$k ~ @
) [ =$k ~ @
^ S
=$k ~ @
=^# L`u x+u COR
L^ : =^# L`u x+u 4 : 1
=$k ~ @ 3%
^ 12%
=$k ~ @ (G) =

9. N=u *< ~a<< : 1956 The Accumulation of capital, 1963 Essays in the Theory of
Economic Growth J< K ~} =$k #=< ~<#. O~ L^Q`` _# H==$k kOK@
'Golden Age' J< =## L yOz#k.
10. ..=<a UH~O Q #=< 1952
~ O_ ~OQ #=< 1953 S 12
= =3
<Q ~OQ #=< 1955 COR 4 =$k K#.
# Ja
D <Q ~OQ #=< 2= OK=~ }oH P^~O.
11. P_"` : D# J~ `=_. K "~ q^#O, [ `O, J^$ O J<
=# ukOK#. Division of Labour J< =## ukOK#. MuQOz# ''QO_
^ L^~} W`x^. 1776= OII "Wealth of Nations" QO^x ~zOK#.
12. _q_ iH~ : Principle of Political Economy and Taxation J< QO^O ~zOK#. Rent theory
(@H ^O`O) D#` =__=Ok.
13. \.P~. = : D# [< ^O`x ukOK#.
14. +O@~ : PiHa=$k #= H#, ==# ^#` WK#.
15. Classical Theory : nxx `, iH~, = ukOK#.
1. Laissafair - Policy (K q^#O)
2. Capital Accumulation
3. Profit the incentive to investment
4. Tendency of profits to decline ( H}OK ^~})
5. Stationary state (|` u)

345
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530
 ECONOMY

16. J.M H< : General theory of employment intrest and money - 1936, QO^~K~`
Father of neo economics Q =|_#.
~H _=O_, Q}HO, ^"} q~=O,
MEC =O\ =# D#` =__ L#q.

17. @|_ = :
Z) Capital - Turnover - Criterian H JO_ |H<<
a) O H LO` L`^H` @|_ Z.W.M<, a.z<s
) # @|_ ^O`O Q#+< JO_ a <<
_) H} @|_ Z.H.<
18. L`u ^` :
Z) Ja=$k KO^`# ^ = O^" # L`u ^` # ZOH K x #~, ~, "~,
e=<, HO_ |~~ zOzi.
a) "#H|_# ^ J`^ xH OHuH i*<x g# O` s `~ qxyOK_O = (=^#
O^` L`u ^u "_@ =) PiHa=$k [~Q#x _| .Q< < , K.a << Ja_i .
) =^# O^" # L`u ^` , =O^
" #
L`u ^` HO_, ~ O_O\H =^ O Q
L# (Intermediate) OHuH i*<x qxyOKx +=K~ (Schumachar) ~<#.
19. ~`^ O Ja=$k =:
2= OK=~ }oH =<a s i= ^#` W =x ~OkOK#. nxx
=<a =O Jx, <=<a =O Jx ~ . Wk =^# O^`` _#k.
=<a =xH `=OQ =H =i |#O^ "`# = #=< " ># .
J~` =<a =< J= K _O [iyOk.
1978 [#` `HO Gandhi Model J=K|_#k. Wk \~, z#`~ i=
^#` WK#. QOn }oH ~H~ S.N. JQ~.
1980 uiy HOQ `O =<a =x J=izOk.
7= OK=~ }oH HO`=~ "`# = =x J=KO^ ` [iQ#.
1991 #O_ #`# PiHO~} QOQ LPG ">|_#. D #`# PiH O~}
~te =<<OQ.
@}O` H~ Qg} O` HeOK L^O` J| HOQ~ 2003 PURA (Providing
Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) # ">#.

346
z~Orq Cell: 9959513530
 Q}OHO (Statistics)
POQ + Q}OH = # Statistics (\ H ) JO^~.
Statistics J< ^O @ J< \< ^O . \ H (Statistic) J< [~h ^O , \ (Statista) J< W\e<
^O #Oz =zOk. ^= J~O ~[O / State
H O^# H`: Z= OY L# ^`O=# kOz "`O ^`OO JO`\ H ux^ O =OK XH XH
q=# Q@ JO\~. Q@ < H O^ # H` JO^~.
=Oz Q@ LO_=# H} =:
1. xi+O Q x~zOK|_e.
2. "`O JO ux^O =OKe.
3. O Q J~O J@@ LO_e.
4. O Q Q}# K @ J=HO LO_e.
5. uK # =~ Ju OQ =`" q`O H"e.
6. cr =# x|_Q Qe.
Q@ ~H= : Q@ # HOk q^O Q =sHi OK=K.

gx JOH=^=O, =^Q`O , HO Q MuQOK~.

JOH=^==
^`O=x ~ "`x ~ OYK yOKQ =K q=# JOH=^== JO^~.
^~} JOH=^== Q}#:
=HQ ` }: 1. ` H ^u : } L# JO "`O # JO OYK y =K Q "
JOH=^==.

ZH#q 347 z~Orq

^Q~ ^u :
` H ^u ^`OO ` = OY L#C_ Q}O K^~ . Hx ^Q~ ^u ^`OO Z= OY
L#C_ "_^~.
JOH=^== Q}O K q^#=:
Z) ^`OO U^ XH q=# TOz JOH=^==Q fH"e. ^xx A Q O.
a) q^O Q TOz# JOH=^== #Oz ^`OOx u q= X qK#= Q}# K e (XA). ^xx
dx JO^~.
) qK< Jx He dx Q ~ .
_) dx # JO OY` y~ .
dx
x = A+
N
Here x JOH=^=,
=
dx = qK< "`O
,
A = TOz# JOH=^==,
N = Wz# JO OY

qz# }:
`H ^u:
D ^u JO= "`O q=# Q}O K@ JO=# "x ##O` Q}~ . Q}[=# ##
"`O ` y~ . P Q " JOH=^==.

JOH=^==,
#< "`O
^`OO Wz# q=# "x #<` Q}OKQ =z# OH#O.

Jqz# }:
`H ^u:
1. `~Q u =^ q= H#Q<e.
2. u `~Q u =^ q=# ^xx ##O` Q}OKQ =z# x _e. ^xx #< "`O `
yOKe.
ZH#q 348 z~Orq
 JOH=^=,
#< "`O ,
=^q=# "x #<` Q}OKQ =z# "`O .
q=$` ^`O= JOH=^==: (Open ends class intervals)
 D } "^\ `~Q u kQ= J=k, z=i `~Q u ZQ= J=k LO_=.
 `~Q u JO`~= =#OQ #C_ "^\ `~Q u JO`~= #, ^x `~ "` "O@< =K `~Q u JO`~x
|\, J^ q^O Q PYi `~Q u JO`~= #, ^xH =O^# `~Q u JO`~O # |\ =`" x~~ OKe.
=~ (x) q^~ (f)
20 H 5
20 #O_ 40 10
40 #O_ 60 2
60 #O_ 80 1
80 # 2
nx `~Q u JO`~= =#OQ L#O^# (20) "^\ `~Q u kQ= J=k '0 =i PYi `~Q u ZQ=
J=k 100Q qOKe.
=~ (x) q^~ (f)
0 #O_ 20 5
20 #O_ 40 10
40 #O_ 60 2
60 #O_ 80 1
80 #O_ 100 2

L=_ JOH=^==:
^`OOx 2 qQ Q@
"~ ~Q Wz#C_ "`O L=_ ^`O JOH=^== Q}# K @#
L=_ JOH=^= Q}# JO^~.

L=_ JOH=^= Q}#

L=_ Q@

"^\ qQO JO OY
~ O_= qQO JO OY
"^\ qQO Q@

~ O_= qQO Q@

ZH#q 349 z~Orq

L^: 30 =OkH sH =z# =~ JOH=^== 55.
40 =OkH Q}OH = =z# =~ JOH=^== 58 J~` `~Q u 70 =Ok q^~ =~
JOH=^== ZO`?

A.M. H} :
1) } u q= ~ OY# He<, f" < JOH=^=xH _ J^ ~ OY# He ^ f" e.
2) } u JOx ~ OYK zOz<, yOz< JOH=^=x _ J^ ~ OYK zOK@Qh,
yOK@Qh K e.
3) JOH=^=O #Oz f# qK< "`O # =#=Q#.
JOH=^== [#=:
1. O Q Q}O K=K.
2. u JOO H xH fH|_`Ok.
3. +O Q, Yz`OQ x~zOz# Q@ . Z=~ Q}O z< J^ q= =K#.
4. cr =# x|_`Ok.
5. ^`O= ZO` Z= OY LO> JOH=^==# JO` Z= ^~` LO@Ok.
6. uK # KOKO ` =Q q`O JQ#.
#:
1. ^`OO ijeOKQ< JOH=^== `H=. JQ ## ~ Mz`O ^~ JOH=^== QiOK= .
2. Q}`H q= J~# JO^O, `eq, x*~f "II JO= J^ #O# L Q_ ^ .
3. Hx O^~ = Wz# K~` U XH^x` UHq OK^ .
L^: =Qi "iH P^O ~. 240, ~. 390, ~.480 J~# #Qi Q@
240{390{480 370
3
4. q=$` `~Q ` Q}O KO . (Open ends)
5. JOH=^== Hx O^~ = `C _ e `= WK#.
L^: 2 "~ O A. 3000, 4000, 5000
B. 6000, 4000, 2000

A JOH=^== 12000 4000

3
B JOH=^==
12000 4000
3
A, B JOH=^== =#O, Hx A O u O=`~O iy`, B O `Q K <~.
ZH#q 350 z~Orq
 =^Q`O
nxx # Q@ JO^~.
}x =^ q=< =^Q`O JO^~.
q[<x U q= ~ O_ =QQ K O ^ JO> U q= J@ W@ Ok# JO OY =#OQ
LO@O^ P q=# =^Q`O JO^~. HH@<, H_<.
Q}O K@:
=HQ ` }: 1. } Wz# JO= P~} ^ J=~} H=O ~e.
=^Q`O N + 1 = JOO. (N = JO= OY)
2
L^: 33, 23, 27, 29, 30, 31, 26, 27, 28 H =^Q`O
P~}H=O: 23, 26, 27,27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33
=^Q`O N + 1 = JOO.
2
9 + 1 10 5= JOO.
2 2
} 5= JOO 28. H|\ =^Q`O 28
^`OO i OYQ LO> =^Q`O x["# OY LO_^ .
L^: ^`OO 10 OY L#q J#O^=.

=^Q`= 10 + 1 5.5= JO=.

2
L^: =~: 11 15 17 18 21 32 32 33 35 41
=^Q`O N + 1 = JOO 10 + 1 5.5= JO=
2 2
5= JOO + 6= JOO 21 + 32

2
53 26.5
2 2
=^Q`O 26.5
qz# }:
D } ^`O= i=}# |\ P~} ^ J=~} H=O J=~H"e.
`~ "` ##=# Oz`O K e.
Oz` ##O H Oz# `~ "` N + 1 = JO= J< `=^~ =^Q`O Q}O Ke.
2
N+1
= JO= Oz` ##O K ^xH Z^~Q L# x q=# =^Q`O Q x~~ OKe.
2
L^: Height (Z`) : 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
Number (Students) : 15 10 42 35 33 22 18 12 8
Z` (x) q^~ (F) Oz` #}O
58 15 15
59 10 25
60 42 67
61 35 102
62 33 135
ZH#q 351 z~Orq
63 22 157
64 18 175
65 12 187
66 8 195
N = 195
=^Q`O N+1 = JOO
2
195 + 1 196
98= JOO
2 2

98= JOO 102 Oz` ##O LOk H#H ^xH Z^~Q L# q= (61) =^Q`O J=`Ok.
Jqz# }:
nx =^Q`O HOk q^O Q Q} ~ .
1. Oz` ##= H \e.
2. = JO= J< `= ^~ =^Q`O x~~ OKe.
3. =^Q` JO=# Oz` ##O =~ QiOKe.
4. `~` =^Q`O `~Q u x x~~ OKe.

=^Q`O (Med) =

=^Q` `~Q u kQ= J=k

=^Q` `~Q u ZQ= J=k
=^Q` JO=
=^Q` `~Q u ##O
=^Q` `~Q u H =O^# `~Q u Oz` ##O
=^Q`O # `~Q u ZQ= J=kx fHx _ H H@= K.

= =^Q`O
= =^Q` `~Q u ZQ= J=k
= =^Q` JOO

= =^Q` `~Q u Oz` ##O

= =^Q` `~Q u ##O
= Class Interval (`~Q u JO`~O )
=^Q`O g^ P^~_ # W`~ #=<:
=^Q`O # Q@ , =^Q`O Q< K` ~O, OKO, JO, ^O, `O _ #O
ZH#q 352 z~Orq
 |\ x~~ Oz#".
=^Q`O ` qye#q H O^ # H` H=.

K` ~O:
K` ~O ## q[#O# 4 =# QQ ql ~.
3 K` ~O =`" =~.
Q < =^Q`O JO^~.
2

Q kQ= K` ~O=x, Q ZQ= K` ~O=x JO^~.

1 3

kQ= ("^\ ) K` ~OO = JOO ^~ O^=K.

ZQ= (3=) K` ~OO = JOO ^~ O^=K.

OKO:
OKO "`O }# 5 =QQ K~. JO> ^`OO 4 OKO LO\~. Qu 1
Qu2 Qu3 Qu4

JO:
Wk "`O ^`Ox 8 =QQ K O k. JO> ^`OO 7 JO L#=x J~O .
Jq O O O O O O O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

O "^\ K` ~OO,
2

O = =^Q`O
4
,
O `$f K` ~OO JO^~.
6

^O:
^O= "`O ^`Ox 10 =QQ K O k. J#Q 9 ^O LO\~. 5= ^O= =^Q`O
J=`Ok.
^O# D D D ....... D Q ~ .
1 2 3 9

`O:
`OO, ^`Ox 100 =# QQ K O k. J#Q ^`OO 99 `O LO\~.
Jq =~Q P P P ..... P
1 2 3 99

P x =^Q`O Jx P x kQ= K` ~OO Jx, P # ZQ= K` ~OO Jx JO^~.

50 25 75

=^Q`O ~ Mz`O ^~ Q}#:

 =^Q`O ~ M z`O ^~ _ H#Q#=K
 =^Q`O Q}O K@ Oz` ## ~ Y# "_`~. g\< 'Fl" (Ogive) ~ Y JO^~.
 g\x HO> Z=, HO> ` = Fl" =H~ Y JO^~.
 Fl" ~ Y# w@ `~Q u J=^ X JHO # "\ Oz` ##O Y JHO # LOK=.

ZH#q 353 z~Orq

=^Q`O ~ O_ Fl" =H~ Y ^~ Q}O K@:

D ^u HO> ` =, HO> Z= J< ~ O_ Oz` ## =H~ Y ^~ =^Q`O Q} ~ .

=^Q` [<:
1. Q}# K _O, J~O K H=_O O .
2. qs` JO= =# q`O KO^^ .
3. q=$` J=^ # `~Q ` Wz#C_ _ =^Q`O O Q H#H=K.
4. JO~ ^`OO Wz<, J=# `~Q ` JO`~ L<, =^Q`O Q}O K=K.
5. ~ Mz` @O ^~ _ Q}O K=K.
6. Q}`H ^`OO L yOz#C_ (L^: `eq`@, c^iHO "II `H=_xH) JOH=^== HO>
=^Q`O L Q_ #.

iq`:
1. JO=# P~}, J=~} H=O LOK@ H+O .
2. JO iOY L# =^Q`O x~~ OK@ H+O .
3. Wk ^`O=# ux^ O =OK Q@
H^.
4. cr =# JO`Q xH~^.
5. qs` JO# iQ}#H fH^.
6. J`, J`kH q= JO= ux^ O L# ^`O =^Q`O xH~^.

HO
 HO # POQ + '"_ (Mode) JO^~.
 '"_ J# =@# '"_ J< O K ^= #O_ Q Ozi.
 "_ J~O + < (Fashion)
 U JO=# J~` Z=~ L yOK_O [~Q`O^ P JOO# HO JO^~.
 ''} L# JO= U q= Ju `~K =O ^ P q=#, WOH U q= K@ J`kHO Q W`~
q= O} [~Q`O^ P q=# HO JO^~. 'r[H.

ZH#q 354 z~Orq

Q}#:
=HQ ` }:
30, 40, 70, 60, 90, 30, 80, 30, 40, 30, HO ZO`?
nx 30 J`kH ~ =zOk H#H HO 30.
qz# }: ij# ^~:
 } H#H H=#Q`O Q LO> ij# ^~ HO Q}O K=K.
L^: JOO: 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
##O: 1 2 4 8 14 10 7 4 2 1
 nx HO 18. ZO^= J#Q Jk J`kHO Q 14~ #~=$`O JQ@K.

Jqz# }:
"^@ HO `~Q u x x~~ OKe. U `~Q u Z=~ =zO^ ij# ^~ x~~ OKe.
HO ^~ Q}O K=K.
If |}`HOQx, #OQx J~` HOk `O L yOKe.

Z = HO
L1 = HO `~Q u kQ= J=k
L2 = HO `~Q u ZQ= J=k
f1 = HO `~Q u ##O
f2 = HO `~Q u `~ "` L# `~Q u ##O
f0 = HO `~Q u =O^# `~Q u ##O
 k HO L#C_ HOk `O L y=.
HO 3 (=^Q`O ) 2 (JOH=^==)

= (3M - 2x )
 ~ M @O ^~ HO Q}O z#C_ Jqz# } ^`OO Wz#C_ HO # 2. ~ M ^`
^~ q=iOK=K Jq 1. # z`O, 2. ## | l

[<:
1. J~O K H#@ O
2. qs` JO= =O HO H#|_^
3. ~ M z`O ^~ _ H#Q=K (Histogram (#@O) ^~)
4. ^`OO Q}`HOQ q= =iOK#_ nxx L y~ .

iq`:
1. ux^O =OK Q@ H^.
2. cr =# xH~^.
3. nx =sH$ ` =O Z=, JO`$ H~" # Q@
.
4. ^`OO XH\ HO> Z= HO LO_=K.
ZH#q 355 z~Orq
 Q} =^==
 ~ O_ JO J~` square root, 3 JO J~` cube root ^~ Q} O.
L^:- ~ O_ JO a, b J~`
=_ JO HO> Z= J~#_:
=HQ ` }: 1) Wz# JO= O=~= < Q}O Ke
2) O=~= #=# H=#
3) O=~= #= HQ =z# "`O # JO= OY (N) K yOKe.

4) yOKQ =z# q= u O=~= #= K_e. (Anti log)

qz# }

Jqz# }
 i` JOH=^== = i` Q}=^== Q_ Q}O K=K.

"i\:
1. ^`OOx u JOO P^~_ #.
2. Wk cr =# i`Ok.
3. ^$_O Q#, +O Q# x~zOK|_# Q@

ZH#q 356 z~Orq

4. `=, x+u#, ~Q^, `Q ^ ~ @ L y~ .
5. uK # KOK= Z= q`O H^.

_ "i\:
1. J~O K H#@, Q}O K@ H+O
2. } U q= J~< '0 J~`, G.M. q= < J=`Ok. J@=O\ O^~ O G.M. Q}O K= .
Q=xH: U q= J~< |}`HO J~` G.M. # Q}O K= .
3. JOH=^== = Q}=^== _ } x JOO Q@ Q O^=K.

LQ:
1. J=H, L`u, [< W`~ PiH H~H=x Q@
~Q^ `x `@ L y~ .
2. p OY x~}=# iQ L Q_ #. Wk Hi=~# sH# O`$ ~K #.
3. O H, PiH ~OQ= L Q_ #.

~=^==: (H.M)
z# JO= Z= =Y`, ^ JO= ` = =Y` W"e J##_ ~=^== "_`~.
 XH q= O|OkOz =`== J#Q 1x P q=K yOKQ =z# q= Jx J~O .
L^: 6 H =`== J#Q Jx J~O .
 ~ O_ JO J~`
=HQ ` }:
1. K~tH =`=x Q}O Ke.
2. =`=# _e.
3. =`= OH#=# JO= OYK yOKe.
4. =z# Q q= =`=x H#Q<e. (^) JO= OY# =`= OH#OK yOKe.

Ex:

N 5
HM = = = 76.92
1 0.065

x

ZH#q 357 z~Orq

"i\:
JOH=^==, Q}=^=== } x Jx JO=# H H fH|_#.
^ JO= ` = =Y=#, z# JO= Z= =Y=# W=_O [~Q#.
HO, ~ @# Q}O K#_ D Q@ L yOK@ =Ozk.
+O Q x~zO|_ LOk.
cr =# L Q_ #.
H =~#, =YOQ x+` , ~ @ Q}# L Q_ #.

_" i\:
Q}O K@ H+O , =# J~O H^.
} x U XH JOO H ~< Q}O K= .
z# JO= Z= ~O W=_O =# PiH ^`OO q+ O K@ L Q_ ^ .
XHi H.M. q= Wz# } U JOO# KO^H =K.
^< `H, |}`H q= ~ O_ L#_ (^) 1 ^ JO`HO > Z= q= < J~# nxx Q}O K= .

Q}` Q@
# Q@
=^ `_ :-
Q}` Q@
# Q@
1. ^`OO u K~t P^~_ #. Jx K~ P^~_ ^ .
2. cr =# x|_`Ok. x|_^ .
3. Open ends Q}O KO Q}O K=K
4. ~ Mz`O ^~ KO K=K
5. qs` JO = q`=Q# q`O H^

Q}` Q@
=^ O|O^O :
1. } K~x =#OQ LO> AM = GM = HM
2. } K~ a#OQ LO> AM > GM > HM
3. } U q^O Q L< AM > GM > HM

=Y"# ~O@:
 ~O* =H~
Y P^ O} J=#` `#.
 Theory of Circular Caustion q~
 Innovation Theory +O@~
 2= OK=~ }oH Z=i #=< P^~" #
k =<a

ZH#q 358 z~Orq

 q~ } =<
"`O ^`OO H XH JOH# HO^# H` `eK#. Wq }x JO= HO^ q=#
=`" zOK#. } x JO Uq^O Q " KO^~? H O^#=<xH K@ Z\ O} (q $u)
KO^~? } x JO H O^ q= ZO` ^Q~ Q ^ ^~OQ H=? J< JO# `^. XH q[#O
JO K@ QqQ_ LO_=K. ^ qi Oz LO_=K.
A } B } C }
200 200 2
200 210 978
200 204 4
200 206 6
200 180 10
1000/5200 1000/5200 1000/5200
Q@ XH> J~< O} =O "~ .
Z) A } JO Jx =#OQ LO_ Q@ ` UHq Oz#q. } JO Q@ =^ q~ }
^ .
a) B } XH JO" JOH=^=O` i`Ok. qye# JO qK~} LOk. JO A.M. ^Q~Q
qi Oz L#q.
) C } U q= Q@ eH LO_^ . Q@
^`OxH ~ # ux^ O =OK^ . q~ }
K Z=.
 B HO> C ~ ` O ` =, Q_ W"e J#O> 2= q^iH ^= #O W"e. } JO= q~ }
ZO` ` = LO> Q@ ux^ O JO` Z= LO_#.
 ''HO^# q= J q[#O Q JO L# `_ ^ qK~} (variation) `< =<x q~ }
=#O JO^~ q
 q~ }
=<# ~ O_= } Q@ (Averages of second order) JO^~.

q~ }
=< ~H:
1. "
2. K` ~O qK#O
3. =^ qH qK#O
4. =}H qK#O
5. Lorenz curve (q~ }
# ~ Mz`= Q}O KO^ L Q_ #)
Range (")
J`kH, J` q= =^ `_ " "Difference between the gratest and least value"
R = L S, R = Range,

L = largest value,

S = smallest value,
LS
" Q}HO (co-efficient of range) = L+S

ZH#q 359 z~Orq

=HQ ` }:
L^: 1 "~O |OQ~O ^~
500, 530, 400, 575, 590, 625
" 625 400 225
LS 625 400
co-efficient of range = L + S = 0.2195
625 + 400
qz# }:
x = 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
f= 5 8 12 22 108 112 90 60 15
R = 90 - 10 = 80
90 10
Cofficient of Range = 80 = 0.8
90 + 10 100
Jqz# }:
 J`kH `~Q u x ZQ= J=k Ju `~Q u kQ= J=k
L^1:

L^2: " = 2, L = 12, J~` S = ZO`?

" = L S,
2 = 12 S
2 12 = S
10 = S
S = 10
Merits ():1. "#k
2. Q}O K@ ` = =O @#. iqH O Z=Q L y~ .
(Limitations): 1. } x Jx JO=# H x fH^.
2. JO`q= =O " g^ K LO@Ok.
3. " ^~ q[ # ~O `e^.
4. qQ` q= =~ O_ Hx+ Qi+ q= =i` " =~#.
5. q=$`O` `~Q ` nxx Q}O K@ H+O .
6. ^`OO Sample H Sample H Range =~#.
Use of Range: 1. Stock exchange "\ ^~ x =~
2. "`=~} K#
3. L`u J == <}` iQ LO^ ^ x~~ OK Q}# xO`} (Quality of Product)
LQ_#.

ZH#q 360 z~Orq

 K` ~O qK#O (Quartile Deviation)

 " qs` JO= ==# # J=`Ok. uK # KOK Z= Qi J=`Ok. Q.D. Q}#

kQ= 25% JO, ZQ= 25% JO =^e =^ L# 50% JO fHO^~.
 =^ 50% JO qs` q= `=O_^ .
 ^= , `$f K` ~O (Q & Q ) =^ L# `_# K` ~OH " (Inter Quartile Range) JO^~.
1 3

 D q= Q Qx Semi Inter Quartile Range JO^~.

 ~ x Q< nxH Q.D. (Quartile Deviation) Jx ~># .

Q3 = ZQ= K` ~OO, Q = kQ= K` ~OO.

1

Wk ~= q~ }
=#O.

Co-efficient of Q.D. =

"= Q.D. _ (Positional Value) #=#O. nxx #O |\ H#QO^~.

Q}#: } JO# P~} H=O J=~e.

=^Q`O = ^~ Q}O Ke. `O L yOKe.

=HQ ` }:
L^: 20, 30, 40, 10, 25, 35, 15
nxx P~} H=O "e. 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
N+1 7+1 8
N = 7, Q1 = = = =2= JOO 15
4 4 4

Q3 = 3 ( )
N+1
4
= 3 (2) = 6= JOO 35

Q3 Q1 35 15 20
Q.D = = = = 10
2 2 2

Q 3 Q1 35 15 20
Co-efficient of Q.D. = = = = 0.4
Q3 + Q 1 35 + 15 50

qz# }: 1. #<x Oz`O K e.

2. Q , Q x Q}O z, Q.D. `O Apply K e.
1 3

ZH#q 361 z~Orq

Jqz# }: ` Q `~Q u x,
1
` Q `~Q u Q}O Ke.
3

Remarks:- += ^`OO 50% ^`OO ijeO|_#.

Q.D. J<k #Q@ O\k. Q@
K@ L# q~ }
`^.
Merits (=
):
1. Q}#, O Q J~O JQ#.
2. q=$` `~Q ` _ Q}O K=K.
3. =^ L# 50% JO P^~_ #. JO^K qs` JO =O LO_^ .
:
1. Jx JO= P^~_ ^ .
2. 50% JO qiO|_#.
3. Wk } x JO q=# U Q@ #Oz H=^. Wk # Q@
. JO^K HO^~ nx measure of partition
JO^~.
4. cr =# x|_^ .
5. uK # KOK JuQ q`O J=`Ok.
6. Q@ K@ L# JO " K^ .

=^= qK#O (Mean Deviation)

 "Q x, Q.D. Qx Q@ K@ L# q $ux K= .
 H O^ #, q= #Oz qq^ JO fH# qK< JOH=^=" =^= qK#OQ x~zOK=K.
 qK<# X, Med, Z ^x #Oz J~< fH=K. ^~}OQ Med #Oz f# qK#= OH#O
Hx+O Q LO@Ok. X, #Oz _ fO\~. Z L yOK~ .
 qK#= f<@C_ cr Q~ (+, ) qi~ . H~}O =# H=e#k JO q=, Q@
Q `_.
 qK#=# | dx | (Modulus dx) Jx Qi~ .
 Q~ JH O K @ =~H H~}O A.M. #Oz f# qK#= OH#O #O H|\ M.D. Q}O K= .

ZH#q 362 z~Orq

=HQ ` }:
a) JO=# P~} H=O J=i Median Q}O Ke.
= JOO
b) u JOO #Oz, =^Q`O # f" qK#O `H"e. Q~ qiOKe. ^xx | dx | JO^~.
c) Q~ # qiOz H#H# qK#=# OH#O K e. | dx |

d) nxx N K yOKe.

M.D. H =~ ~ Q@
qK#O
 PK~} AM #Oz Z=Q qK< f~ . H|\ nx Average deviation JO^~.
 ^O`s` median #Oz qK#= fH=_O =Ozk.

=^qH qK# Q}HO (=^Q`O ^~) =

=^qH qK# Q}HO (=^Q`O ^~)

=^qH qK#Q}HO (X #Oz J~`)

 M.D. Q}O
K@C_ U Q@ # J~` L yOK" =^qH K#O Q}HO Q}O K@C_ P Q@ ` yOKe.

qz# } M.D. Q}#

Q}:
1. O Q J~O K H=K. S.D. ` e# Q}# `eH.
2. } x Jx JO= Q}#H fO@Ok.
3. U H O^# H` #Oz J~< H OK=K.
4. qs` JO=K q`O H^ (S.D. HO> M.D. JO`q=K ` =Q q`O JQ#.)
5. +O Q x~zO|_Ok.
6. Q@ #Oz fH#@ =# } O} =O `H=K.

ZH#q 363 z~Orq

Limitations:-

1. cr z =ke@@, Q}` q~^O

2. cr =# i^.
3. nx q= =#O f< X, Med, Mode P^~_ #.
4. O H J^ #O J~^Q L y~ .
=}H qK#O / H=qK#O (Standard Deviation)
J`kHO Q L yOKk, Ju O`$H ~ " # k S.D.
1893 SDx H~ ~< " ># .
", QD Jx JO=# H H fH=. MD Jx JO= ^#` Wz#\H cr z
qiOK@K Jk Q}` q~^O .
JOH=^== #Oz f# qK#= =~ JOH=^== =~= x (S.D) =}H qK#O JO^~.
=~O K# qK< JOH=^= =~= " S.D. JO^K nxx Root Mean - Square deviation ^ ==^ =
=~q K#O ^ =^ =~ qK#=O JO^~.
S.D Q}# qK#= ZC_ JOH=^=O #Oz fH"e.

qK#= =~ H#H"e. e `OQ |}`H z= _ ^< `HOQ =i`~. Wk M.D

O# JuHqO k. qK#= =~ JOH=^== Q}O z ^xH =~= = H#HO> S.D. =O k.
nxx (Q)` z~ .

dx2 = J#
JOH=^= #Oz f# qK#= =~ OH#O.
N = JO= OY

S.D q= Z=Q LO> JO= A.M #Oz Z=Q qi Oz L<x, S.D q= ` = LO> JO Jx
A.M ^Q~
Q QqQ_ L<x J~O .
S.D q= ` = L#C_ P ^`OO Z= ux^O =OK q=Q K =K.

 The mean of the squared deviation is the variance

 Positive square root of the variance is the standard deviation
 Variance = S.D2
 V= 2

 V

ZH#q 364 z~Orq

 ^`OO 10 =Ok q^~ =~# |\ =}H qK#O Q}#
=HQ ` }

B) ^Q~ ^u

=}H qK# Q}O =}H qK#O

JOH=^==
qK~}
Q}HO:
 =}H qK#O HO> i@ nxx L y~ .
 =}H qK# Q}HO# 100 Q}Oz H H@= Kx H~ ~< `e#.

=}H qK#O V
qK~}
Q}HO 100 ^ 100
JOH=^== JOH=^==

100
x

 Wk x`rq`O Ju q"# q~ } =#O. 2 ^ JO`HO > Z= }# i@ K L Q_ `Ok.

 qK~} Q}HO ` =Q LO> } ~ ` O Z=. qK~}
O Z= LO> ~ ` O ` = L#@.
L^: W^~ P@Q P@ ~ ` x `<@C_ Z= qK~} Q}HO L# P@Q_ ` = ~ ` O L#"_x.
` = qK~}
Q}HO L# P@Q_ Z= ~ ` O L#"_x K =K.
Ex: A B
Q@
70 70 A H C.V. = 14.3 (qK~} O Z=)
S.D. 10 7 B H C.V. = 10 (~
` O Z=)
B q^i Z= ~
` O Hey L<_.
ZH#q 365 z~Orq
L=_ =}H qK#O (Combined standard Deviation): ~ O_ H JO`HO > Z= Q =}H qK#O
H OK@ L Q_ #.

L=_ =}H qK#O

= L=_ =}H qK#O

= "^\ Q =}H qK#O
=~ O_= Q =}H qK#O
= L=_ JOH=^==
= XH@= Q JOH=^==
=~ O_= Q JOH=^==

L=_ JOH=^==

N1 = XH@= Q OY
N =~
2
O_= Q OY
M.D; S.D. =^ O|O^O : `_:
 ~ O_ _ ^`OO Jx JO= P^~_ #.
Z) M.D. c[Q}` Q~ qiOK|_#. S.D. Q~ fH|_#.
a) M.D. x X, Med, Mode ^~ Q}O K=K. Hx S.D. x ZC_ X ^~ Q}O Ke because the sum of the
squares of the deviations of items from Arithmetic mean is least.

Merits:
1. ^`OO u JO=# fO@Ok.
2. Sampling Theory Q ^#` He LOk.

3. q= xi+O Q, Yz`OQ, +O Q LO@Ok.

4. cr =# J#"# k.
5. uK < =~=#, W`~ H< ` =Q q`O JQ#.
6. MD x Q~ JH O J< Fallacy qK#= =~O K @ =# `y=#.
7. 2 ^ Z= =~ L=_ =}H qK#O H#H=K.
8. P^~ =<xH LO_=# H} #@ iQ} ~ .
9. Skewness, Correlation, Q}O K@, Sampling, regression, probability "~ KH ^O`=, "~
JOK< L y~ .
Demerits:
1. Q}O K@, J~O K H#@ H+O
2. J`kH q= JkH ^#` xK#. JO^K PiH" ` "~ Ja=#O O^H #.
=}H qK#O =#=H~ Y (Standard Deviation)
ZH#q 366 z~Orq
=# =H~ Y H}
:
1. += q[#O X = med = Z (mode)
2. K` ~O Median =# ^~O LO\~.
3. Wq P^~ =H~ Y# zOK#. Wk QO\H~ ## =H~ Y
 =# =H~ Y HOk " x x~zOK@ S.D x L y~ .
 XH =# =H~ Y X #Oz ~ O_" S.D. x Qi q[#O "`O JO= 68.27% JO LO\~.
 J^ q^O Q +_ ~ O_ H=qK#= " Q " O (X +_ 2 ) 95.45% JO:
 _ 3 H=qK#= " Q QO (X +
+ _ 3 ) 99.73% JO LO\~. J#Q JOH=^== #Oz Zx
JO L#" H#Q#=K.

a) X +
_ 1 Covers 68.27%

b) X +
_ 2 Covers 95.45%

_ 3 Covers 99.73%
c) X +

q~ }
=#= =^ O|O^= :
1. Generally Q.D. JxO\H< z#k. `~ "` M.D., S.D. JxO\HO > ^k .
2. Q.D., S.D. 0.6745 (2/3 =O`)Q LO_#.
3. M.D., S.D. 0.8 (4/5 =O`)Q LO_#.

Lorenz Curve
 Max.o ~O* J< PiH" ` H#Q<#.
 q~ }
# ~ M`HOQ Q}O K@ L y~ .
 nxx Lorenz "^@ O^, P^O, O} J^ <xH L yOK#.
 nx ^~ 2 H JO`HO > Z= q[#= =^ Q q~ }
# =K.
 J~` Lorenz =H~ Y q~ } i=}O `eK ^.

xiOK q^O :
 JO i=}O, ##O ~ O_ Oz`O K e.
 Oz` q=# `O `ee.
 JO= Oz` `=# X JHO g^, ## Oz` `= Y JHO fH"e.
 JO= Oz` `=, J#|O^ ## Oz` `= Q #O^ aO^= QiOz HQ Oz`
`= =H~ Y =O k. JO^K Lorenz =H~ Y# 'Cumulative percent curve' JO^~.
 =q[ # =H~ Y, "= ~ Y ZO` Z= ^~O LO> q~ }
JO` Z=.
 O^, P^O, , "`# = "II O} # J^ #O K #.
 qK~} iy# Hk =q[ # ~ Y #Oz ^~O ~Q#.
 OAP ` = J=#`
 OBP Z= J=#`
 OCP K Z= J=#` Q=. J#Q =q[ # ~ Y #Oz ^~O iy# Hk qK~}
~Q#.
 Lorenz ~ Y #Oz yx Q}HO x~zOK=K.

ZH#q 367 z~Orq

 Lorenz ~
Y# LO_ O`O x Q# HO^ LO_ O`O y Q# Qi
x
yx Q}HO = =#O
x+y

 yx Q}HO Z_ 01H =^ LO_#.

 0 O~ =#`#, 1 O~ J=#`# `#.

ZH#q 368 z~Orq

 J+=O / "+=O
 XH q[#O JO H O^< K@ += H=O J=i LO> P q[<x += q[#O JO^~.
 += ` Oz# ^xx J+= O / "+ = O JO^~. J#Q q[#O += OQ #C_, ^xx J+= q[#O
^ "+ = q[#OQ ~ .
 += q[#O QO\H~ ## =H~ Y / =# / P^~ =H~ Y# WO k.
 "+ = q[#O U^ XH z=~ `H L#@ H#|_`Ok.
+= q[#O:
 QO\H~ ~ Y# =# =H~ YQ ~ .
 W@=O\ q[#O X = Med = Mode. D =_ ZC _ ~ =#OQ LO\~.
 K` ~O =^ Q`= # =#^~O LO\~.
J+= q[#O
J+= q[#O ^< `HOQ Qx, |}`HOQ Qx LO_=K.
Z) ^< `H "+ = O: ^< `H "+ = q[#O '`H @O Q #Q _" # LO@Ok. W@=O\ q[#O

X > Med > Z
a) |}`H "+ = O: "+ = O Z_=Q# L#C_ `H Z_=" # #OQ LO_#. nx< |}`H "+ = O
JO^~. WH_ JOH=^== < =^ Q`O < HO

X < Med < Z
A) += q[#O B) ^< `H "+ = O / _" "+ = O

C) ~}`H "+ = O / Z_=" "+ = O

ZH#q 369 z~Orq

"+==<:
 "+ = O L#C_ X; Med; Z =#O H=.
 D q+ x P^~OQ fHx "+ = x Q} ~ . "+ = =< "+ = O Z@" # LOk? i=}O, ~ O_\ x
`#.
~= q~ }
=< (Absolute Measure)
"+=O = X Z,

= X Med,
= Med Z
g\x ^= "+ = =< JO^~.
 ~= =<, K` ~O fHx _ K =K. "+ = q[# K` ~O, += q[#==
=^ Q`O # =# ^~O LO_=. D q+ O P^~OQ "+ = x K|`=. nx< kf "+ = O JO^~.
"+ = O = Q + Q 2 Median
3 1

Hq ~ } =< (Relative Measure & Skewness)

 ~= "+ = # q~ } =<`, y H= <Q =~`~.
H~ ~< Q}OHO: W`# X, Z =^ ^~x P^~OQ K Hx "+ = O Q}# K#. Q}HO H|\ X, Z
`_# =}H qK#O` yOKe.

Karl Pearson Co-efficient of skewness =

 += q[#O X = Z H#H "+ = O #O.

 J+= q[#O SK , (Skewness of Karl peason) q= ^< `HO J~#C_ "+ = O _" # (Right
P

skewed) L#^x J~O , q= |}`HO J~#C_ "+ = O Z_=QO (left skewed) L#^x J~O .
 H~
~< "+ = Q}HO k, i=}O ~ O_O\x `e* #.
 HO x~K#O iQ #C_ H~ ~< K # HOk `O L y~ .
 HO 3 =^Q`O 2 JOH=^=O

 nx q= |}`HO J~` (ex: 0.75) `H Z_=" # L#@ QiOK=K. ("=QO)

"+ = Q}HO:
 += q[#O "^\ , =_= K` ~O =^Q`O # =#^~O LO\~. J+= q[#O g\
=^ Q `_# fHx '"+ = Q}HO K#.

 "+ = Q}HO + 1 q= =^ LO@Ok.

 "_H "+ = Q}Hx H< H~
~< Q}H< Z= L yO.

ZH#q 370 z~Orq

 += q[#O "+=Q}HO (H~~< "+=Q}HO=) _ < =#O JQ#. H~}O
+= q[#O kQ=, ZQ= K` ~O =^ Q`= # =#^~O LO_@".

SKp = 0.039, X = 30.4, = 10.34, Z = ?

H ^` O (Kurtosis)
q[# PH$u `H#@ ^` O J=~O .
 XHi += q[#O J~ _, q[# =H~ Y QO\H~ =# =H~ Y H< K^ #Q LO_@O Qx
=H~ Y LiQO H#`e LO__O Qx [~Q= K.
 XH += =H~ Y H#`e L#^? K^ #Q L#^? `e* H} O# H ^` O JO^~. w+ H ^` O
J#Q Bulginess (L|, H#`e#) Jx J~O .
 q[#O# =iOKH@, @, H O^# H`, q~ }
H`, "+ = O`@ 'q[< 'tY~Q`
^ H ^` O `e* =Ozk.
Z) NC = Normal Curve (=# =H~ Y uaO|O) nx =# H ^` O JO^~. (Mesco Kurtic)
a) PC =HO Li`O K^ #Q LOk. nx Platy Kurtic JO^~.

) LC =HO (Lepto Kurtic) =# =HO HO> Li`O H#`e L#k. D =Hx |$` H ^` =HO JO^~.
 M` Q}OH"` W.S. Gosset H ^`x OQ =iOK#.

Z) Platy Kurtic=H= \ = z# `H` \Q LO_#.

a) Lepto Kurtic =H=, |$` H ^` =H= _"#
`H` HOQ~# e LO_#.

ZH#q 371 z~Orq

 p OY (Index numbers)
 ^~ x =~ U XH H~}O ` HO Q K O. ^~ x =~ H~}, "\ =O ` HO Q
H=_xH ^ _^ . ` HO Q H=_xH gx H~H= " =~# J^ #O K @ z
OY L^t OK@ [iQ#.
 p OY XH ` H" # Q@ .
z OY @ ~`~ = :
 England, Europe iqH q= O [~Q`#C_ ^~ qs`OQ iQ~. ^~ ZO`" ~ iQ
`H=# J=~O U~_Ok.
 Hs (Carli) J< W@b ^ _ 1500 to 1750 A.D =~ ^~ ~Q^ HeKO^ uOK#. 1764 "^\
Index x~}O [iyOk.
 "^@ zOY# ^= q=x =~# H=_xH L yOzi.
 1838 Porter (~~ ) J< J`_ 'z^~ J< ^x "_#.
 r"< p OY J< ^= # L yOK#.
 pOY J#Q HH Q@ H =~ Q@ Jx (Average of Relative / Average of Variations) J~O .
Uses of Index numbers:
1. XH ^ O x i` # WOH ^ O x i` ` =K.
2. =$u `H=K. L`u, "~O, ZQ=u, kQ=` =$u `<O^ L Q_ #.
3. ^~ J^ >O ^ K~ fH=K.
4. Suitable Policies ~OkOK@ L^: L^Q D.A. x~~ OK@C_
5. (Forecasting Future Economic Activities) PiH == Q` ` u HH q +` JOK< ^^_ #. Time
series analysis L Q_ #.
6. Usefull in deflating (^~ ~Q^# ~ @ K @ L Q_ #)
 p OY ^~ H `_ `H#@ HH, q +` [~Q ^xx TOK=K. JO^K "xx
Economic Barometers JO^~.
Classification of Index numbers:
a) Price index (^~
p) ^ H ^~
b) Quantity index (i=} p) ^ H i=}
c) Value index (q= p) ^ H q=)
Z) H ^~ p / ^~ p: XH == # XH xs` HO Q ^~ (given Period) J^ == , P^~ /
=}H HOx ^~ Q x+ux H^ ~ JO^~.
P^~ O=`~ ^~ : P
0

xs` H^~ / ` OII ^~ : P

1

H ^~ : P /P
1 0

nxx 100` Q}Oz `OQ K `=

H i=}O:
` OII i=}O# P^~ O=`~ i=}O` =K.
Q01 = Q1 / Q0 x 100
Q1 = ` OII i=}O, Q = P^~ OII i=}O
0

ZH#q 372 z~Orq

H q=: Value = P x Q,
H q= = P 1
Q1 / P0 Q0
Methods of Constructing Index Numbers:-
a) Un Weighted indices.
b) Weighted indices

~~ ` p:
Z) =# q+ ^u (Simple Aggregative):-
P^~ OII ^~ _e (P ) , ` OII ^~ _e (P )
0 1

P1 360
P01= x 100 = x100 = 120
P0 300

P0 P1
A 40 70
B 50 60
C 80 90
D 110 120
E 20 20
P0 = 300 P1 = 360

 Wk == H ^#`# H xH fH^.

a) =# H H Q@
^u (Simple Average of Relatives):-

iq`:
 D ^u HH JxO\H =# ux^ O D|_#. Wk _ HO`=~ iH^. H~}O Hx
HH qQ`"x HO> Z= ^#` Hey LO\~.

i` p OY:
 i`=# H \~Oz xiOz# p OY# i` p OY JO^~. =# p OYHO> i`
p OY =Oz e `O WK#. g\x ~ O_ ^` ^~ ` ~ K =K.
1. Weighted Aggregative Indices (i` q+ ^u )
2. Weighted Average of Relatives (i` HH Q@ ^u )

ZH#q 373 z~Orq

s` q+ ^u :
 =# p OY =YO U=O> U == ZO` ^#` W" zOK^ . XHi =Y"#
== ^~ iy JO` =YO Hx = ^~ `Q= K. p OY ^~ =~#@ K # \H
=Y"# = ^~ iy#O^=# =K e `= qQ` = ^~ J^ "~ `y# O^=# =K e `=
=#O H=. JO^K == `y#O` ^#O Wz z OY xiOKe. XHH == i`x Z\
x~~ OK< q+ O QiOz J<H Ja L<~.
Jq ~ O_ ~H Ja:
1) P^~ OII i=} ^#` De.
2) =~= # OIIx i=} ^#O De.
Z) Laspeyres Method ( ~ ^u )
a) Paasche Method (j ^u )
) Dorbish & Bowley Method (_i ^u )
_) Fishers ideal Method (+~ ^u)
W) Marshall - Edge worth Method (=~ Z_= ~ ^u )
Z) Kellys Method (Hb ^u )
~ ^u :
P^~ O=`~ = i=}O (Q ) # ~Q fH<#.
0

P1Q0
P01= x 100
P0Q0

P^~ OII HO@# = i=}# ` ^~ _ H<O> Z= "`O Y~ K e. =

i=}O =~^ , H|\ Y~ K =# "`O =z# `_ ^~ =~ =# Oq Oz#k Jx K =K.
j `O:
=~= # OII i=} i`=Q fH<#. (Q ) 1

P1Q1
P01= x 100
P0Q1

 ~~ `O =~= # O=`~ = i=}O =ke"#.

j `O P^~ O=`~ = i=}O =ke"#.
J#Q ~ O_O\# O H^. JO^K ~ O_O\x =^#~K e. ~ `# `O P^~O =`~O
H# = i=}< =~= # O=`~O HO\~< " O P^~OQ fHx K#. "" xH ^~
iy# = i=}O ` = HO\~x =# `. ~ `O ^~ x =~# Z= JOK<
"Ok.
 Z= ^= Laspeyers `O "_K<~.
 ~ z Over estimate K Upward bias H ^if#.
 + p Underestimate K downward bias ^if#.
Dorbish & Bowley's Method:
~, + =# JOH=^=" gi `O. g~ 2 H f<~.
L+P
P01=
2

ZH#q 374 z~Orq

 P1Q0 P1Q1
+
P0Q0 P0Q1
P01= x 100
2
Fisher's ideal index:
p OY i^# [i 134 ` ijeOz XH `O ukOK#.
 P^~ OII ^~ = P 0

 P^~ OII = i=}O = Q 0

 =~= # OII ^~ = P 1

 =~= # O=`~ = i=}O = Q 1

 Wk ~, j `= Q}=^==

 + ~ z 'ideal' (P^~ ) p J#@ H~}=:

Z) Wk p OY x~}O L`= "# G.M. Q@ ^~ Q}O K|_#.
a) Wk ` O=`~= P^~ O=`~ i=}O# fO@Ok.
) + ~ p Hi=~# , H~H= i=~# sH # O`$ ~ O k.
_) It is free from bias.
5. =~ Z_ =~ ^u :
 Wk ` , P^~ O=`~ ^~ # i=}O# H H fOk.
(Q0 + Q1) P1
P01= x 100
(Q0 + Q1) P0

Q P + P1Q1
P01= 0 1 x 100
Q0P0+ P0Q1
6. H b ^u :
P1Q
P01= x 100
P0Q
nx Q J#Q 2 ^ Z= O=`~= i=} Q@
J#Q 2 OII i=} Q@

Where Q = Q0 + Q1
2
D ^u x Fixed weight aggregative index Method JO^~.
i` HH Q@
(Weighted Average of Relatives)
 D ^u =# px i` pQ =~=K. WH_ L yOz# ^<# q=Q iQ}O Ke.
PV
P01=
V
P - Price Relative, V - Value Weights (P0Q0)

ZH#q 375 z~Orq

i=} p OY:
Z) ~~ ^u
Q1P0
Q01= x 100
Q0P0

a) + ^u
Q1P1
Q01= x 100
Q0P1

) + ~ ^u

q= p: ^~ i=}O q=
P1Q1
V= x 100
P0Q0

V1
V01 = x 100
V0

Tests of Adequency of Index number formula:-

~ # p OY ZOH HOk sH zOK|_~.
1. Unit test
2. Time reversal test
3. Factor Reversal test
4. Circular test

1. Unit test:p f# ^~ , i=} `O`OQ LO_e.

 Simple (un weighted) Aggregative Index ` qye# Jx `= D sH# O`$ ~ K#.
2. Time Reversal test: D x=O H~O ~ O_ O=`~ ^xx P^~OQ fHx p OY ` ~K< 2
H=x ^~ x+u XH ~HO Q LO_e. P^~ O=`~x ` O=`~=# `~=~ K p
OY H#HO> Jq XH ^xHH\ =`=Q LO_e.
L^: 1980 ~.5
1990 ~. 20H iy` 1980 H< 1990 400 `O iy#@
P01 = P1 / P0 x 100 P01 = 20 / 5 x 100 = 400

J> P^~ O=`~O# Present Year Q K #C_

 25 `O# `yO ^x `O k. H#H P^~ O=`~OQ U OII f< XH HO# =~ HO# p

OY HQ = #O XH LO@Ok.
P01 x P10 = 1
4 x 0.25 = 1 (100 `yOz#)
D Hi=~# sH# + ~ `O `$ ~K #.
ZH#q 376 z~Orq
 + ~ P^~ `O H~O

H=# `~=~ K p OY `O

+ ~ P^~ p OY `O Hi=~# sH x|_`Ok.

3. H~H= i=~# sH:

^~ p i=} z |O, q=x =~ =#O .

^~ #, i=}O# ~ ~O =i< ~ O_ H Yz`" # D q=< `e*~. D x=x _

+ ~ p `$ ~ K#.

H|\ + ~ ^O`O H~H i=~# sH# O`$ ~ O k.

4. Circular test: (P01 x P12 x P20 = 1 H"e.)

 P^~ O=`~ =~# KOk#^ Circular test Wk time reversal test extension O\k.
 ~ `O, + `O, + ~ `O... D =_ _ nxx O`$ ~K = .
 Simple Aggregative Method =`" nxx O`$ ~ K#.
Consumer Price Index Number:- ^~ ~Q^ =O XH ` H" # `~Q u H KOk# [# Z@O@O^
`eK #. qq^ `~Q ` [ g^ ^~ `Q ^ ~Q^ =O Z LO@O^ H#H=_xH r=#
=p OY `__`~.
 nxx Cost of living index / Price of living index / Cost of living Price index / Consumer Price index JO^~.

ZH#q 377 z~Orq

Method of Constructing the index: 2 ^` H=.
a) Aggregate Expenditure Method / Aggregative Method.
b) Family budget Method / Method of weighted Relatives
a) Aggregate Expenditure Method:

CPI qxQ^~ ^~ z

PV
b) Family budget Method CPI =
V
P1
WH_ P= x 100 V = P0 Q0 (V = Values of the base year)
P0

p OY iq`:
1. p OY O P^~_ K#q. Jx JO H xH fHx Q}O K@ ^ _^ .
2. =< }`# H H fH^.
 qq^ ^` "_@C_ e `= =~ =K#.
Formulas:
Un-Weighted Index Numbers
P1
Simple Aggregative Index:- P01= x 100
P0
P1
x 100
P0
Simple Average of Price Relative Index:- P01=
N
Weighted Aggregative Indexes:

a) ~

b) +

c)

d) + ~ P^~ p

e) =~ Z_= ~ p

f) H b p

Weighted Average of Price Relative Method:

ZH#q 378 z~Orq

 O|O^= (CORRELATION)
 2 H Z= K< fHx, "x =^ O|O^x `ek O|O^= .
L^: =#+ Z` |~= O|O^= , =~ Q_Q J=H, ^~ ~ H, =~`=# O@
kQ|_H O|O^O LO_#.
 Correlation and Causation: O|O^ q+ }
~ O_ ^ Z= K~=^ Q O|O^ ~ (^)
f=`# `#. JO`Hx H~}O e `O O|O^O `^ .

Types of Correlation:
1. Positive / Negative
2. Simple, Partial & Multiple
3. Linear and Non Linear

1A Positive (^<
`H O|O^O )
 K~ =~ k# |\ O|O^O ~ O_ ~H. K~ XH k x J#Q XH KOHO iy`
Q@ # W`~ KOH= _ iy`, XH KOHO `y` , Q@ # W`~ KOHO _ `y` Jk ` H
^< `H O|O^O .
L^: ^~  
X: 10 12 15 18 20 Positive
Y: 15 20 22 25 37

1B Negative: K~ =u~H k x (q=) J#Q XH K~t iy`, ~ O_k `Q @

, XH\ `y`
~ O_k ~Q@ [iy` ^xx Negative Correlation JO^~.
L^: ^~  _=O_ 
X: 20 30 40 50 60 Negative
Y: 40 30 22 15 10

Simple, Partial & Multiple Correlation: f< K~ P^~_ x~z~ .

 ~ O_ K< =^ O|O^O # Simple Correlation JO^~.
L^: ^~ , Q~ @ `Q@H#~ "k ~=_O, _Qi `e^ O __Qi H_.
 3 ^ JO`HO > Z= K~ XHi J^ #O K Jk Multiple Correlation (|O|O^O ) JO^~.
=~`O
kQ|_ Z~=
~O
L^: ZH~ kQ|_H =~`O, Z~= "_HO ~O # O|O^O Q} Jk Multiple Correlation

ZH#q 379 z~Orq

 HH O|O^O : `O` KOH J`O` KOH P^~_ #. ~` O ` KOHO, ~` O ` KOHO
=O KOK `O` KOH JxO\ XH^xx q#~Oz J#Q qQ` `O` KOH Jx
~ O Q LOz XH `O` KOHO#, ~` O ` KOHxH =^ Q O|O^O ije ^xx HH O|O^O
JO^~.
3. Linear & Non linear Correlations: ~
O_ K< =^ qK~} O us ~ x+u LO> "x =^ O|O^O #
~ ~ Y O|O^O JO^~.
L^: ^~ ~Q^ 30% J~` 30% iy< (^) _=O_ 30% `y< Jk ~ ~ M O|O^O
 nx ~ ~A~M (Straight line) O|O^O JO^~. nx< ''u Q=# ~ Y JO^~.
 XH K#O =~# ~ O_= K#Ox =~ ~ x +u #C_ ^xx =H ~ M O|O^O JO^~.
L^: ^~ 20% =~ = 20% ~QH =K. =~Hi =~ =~ ~=K. n< Non-Linear
Correlation JO^~.

Methods of Studying Correlation:

 O|O^= # HOk ^` ^~ J^ #O K =K.

1) "# @O (scatter diagram)

2) O|O^ ~ Mz`O (correlation graph)

3) H~ ~ < O|O^ Q}HO (co-efficient of correlation)

4) ~< H\ O|O^O Q}HO (Rank - Correlation)

1. "# @O: ~ O_ K#=# graph paper g^ QiO. `O` KOHx X - JHO , J`O` KOHO#,
Y - JHO
g^ fHx XH [` q= XH aO^= KC# X q= J#~OQ Y q= LO_ q^O Q
aO^= Qi=. ^`OO Zx [` q=O> ~ M z`O g^ Jx aO^= =~.
 P aO^= "<x (Scatter) |\ ~ O_K< =^ O|O^O L#k, xn x~~ OK=K. J#Q P aO^=
XH aO^ H=x J#iOz JO> T~ k ^ J^ kQ K P ~ O_ K#= O|O^O L#@
K =K.
 =#O QiOz# aO^= U q^" # aO^H=x K#_ ~ O_ K#= =^ O|O^O #@ K =K.
Z) aO^= "# H=O T~ kQ Z_=#Oz _" H ` Jk ^< `HO.

ZH#q 380 z~Orq

 a) J^ kQ Z_=#O_ _ H HOkH ky` |}`H O|O^O .
) =#O QiOz# aO^= =# XH ^O U~_H ` P ~ O\ =^ O|O^O #@.
The greater the scatter of the plotted points on the chart the lesser is the relation between the two variables.

 ~ ~ Y ^Q~ Q aO^= "#O KOk Z_= #Oz _H H "e` P O|O^O perfectly positive.

Low degree of Low degree of N correlation

Positive correlation Negative correlation

aO^= q $`OQ "#O KOk LO> Jq `= O|O^O# `#.

aO^= x JH=# =O`~OQ ^ J=OQ "Oz LO> K~ =^ O|O^O #@.

: 1) "#k, Q}`O Hx ^u
2) Extreme q= =# =`O H^.

iqu : O|O^O q+O XH PK# WK#. Z= ^ `= Jx `#. Hh O|O^

~ `^. (Cannot establish exact degree of correlation).

ZH#q 381 z~Orq

QH "^_ :
~O_ K< q=# Q K X- JHO "^\ q=#, Y- JHO ~O_= q=# QiOKe.
~O_ =H =~.
Z) ~O_ =O`~OQ x ^<`H O|O^O LO@Ok.
a) ~O_ ~Y =u~HOQ x "x =^ |}`H O|O^O LO@Ok.
H } KOk# ^`OxH "# @O KO. Hh ~M@O K=K.

[O@ 1 2 3 4 5 6
OY
O=`~ ~ 22 24 26 28 30 31
+ve =
~ 18 20 20 23 25 27
=
[O@ OY

S
ve
^~ |}`H O|O^O
D

_=O_ {

J~` "# @O, ~Mz` @O ^~ O|O^x OM ~O `=.

3. H~ ~< O|O^ Q}HO :

O|O^O# OM~O `@ Z= "_H L# ^u Wk. =Y r= G"`, Q}OH
G"` J~# H~~< O|O^ Q}HO OKMu KOk#k.
~O_ } JOH=^== #Oz H=OQ "\ JO= qK< H#Hx qK< J#~
OH#O, "\ =}H qK< xH } Q [` OY` Q}OKQ =z#
"`O` yOz#@~` ~O_ K< O|O^ Q}HO =Ok.
dx dy
O|O^ Q}HO r=
N . x y

dx dy = x1 y K< JOH=^=O #Oz f# qK< OH#O.

x = x } =}H qK#O
} =}H qK#O
[` OY
ZH#q 382 z~Orq
 H} :
1. O|O^ k K#
Q}HO q= { J~` ^<`HO
J~` |}`HO Jx QiOKe.
2. O|O^ ~
OM ~O K=K 1 =^ LO@Ok.
{1 = Z= ^<`H O|O^O
1 = Z= |}`H O|O^O
0 = O|O^O #O

3. O`$H ~ Q}# :
nx A.M. , ~O_O\x Ly<O.
~< Q}# ~O_ =}H qK<x q_q_Q H#H#=~O O_ `O W@ "=K.

`H ^u ^~ Qx, ^Q~ ^u ^~ Qx nx Q}OK=K.

r
N===+
01 dx dy
= O=` ^+O : (Probability Error)
dx 2 dy 2
H~~< O|O^ Q}HO, =Mx ^x P^~ Q`# H#H=_xH O=` ^+O
Q}# LQ_#. O|O^ Q}HO O=` ^+O

PE of r = 0.6745
(1 r )
2

r = ~<
O|O^ Q}HO
[` OY
} =^ H~K~} O|O^O LO_e. `O` H~H J~` "x =^ O|O^O ^.
Wq Z_ linear - relationship < K# J< "O` xKOk.
W`~ ^` e# nx Q}OK@ JkH =O _`Ok.

J#=i`O :
J~` O~ ^<`H O|O^O
J~` O~ |}`H O|O^O
J~` ~ =^ O|O^O ^.
{1, 1 H r ^Q~Q LO> K~ =^ O|O^O L#>

ZH#q 383 z~Orq

 O|O^O 1 =^ LO_#.
H ^Q~ J~` O|O^O `= L#@.
It is independent of change of scale and origin of the variable x and y.

J#Q O|O^ Q}HO , =O =~ q`O H^. ZO^HO> Jk `O` OY.

Co-efficient of determination :
- It is equals to r2

- r = 0.9
- r2 will be 0.81

- Co-efficient of determination is defined as the ratio of the explained variance to the total variance.
- Maximum value of "r2" is unity
- r, r 2 =^ O|O^O :
r q= `y# Hk r q= =iO` "QOQ `Q#.
2

r q= Z_ r q= HO> Z=.
2

r r2
0.90 0.81
0.80 0.64
0.70 0.49
0.60 0.36
0.50 0.25
0.40 0.16

4. ~=< ~OH O|O^ Q}HO :

Q}`H q+, JO^KO^, `eq`@, hu x*~f, H =~, ^#^~ O\
JO= =^ O|O^O x~~OK@ ~=< O|O^ Q}HO LQ_^. Q}`H
q+ =^ O|O^O x~~OK@ 1904 ~=< J< a\+ =#H ``"`, GA_
#`# q^#O H#Q<#. nx< Spearman Co-efficient of Rank correlation JO^~.
U JO=<< Yz`OQ JOH K#\H e ~OeO. L^ : JO^ \, =O@
\, ^~# \.
}x JO H\ez, H\ `_# (D) Q}Oz ^xH =~O K ( D 2 ) HOk
`O "_e.

6 D2 ~O `_ =~O "`O
N [` OY

ZH#q 384 z~Orq

Q}# ^` :
Z) ^~ ~O W=#_ (~OH =#O W"e)
a) ^~ ~O Wz#_
) ~O #~=$`O J~#_

O|O^O LQ= :
1. ~O_ } =^ Q@#, O|O^=# `H=K.
2. "^GO Q`Q_xH, Tiu` H#~ Q O|O^O `H=K.
3. PiH "~ ~OQO (L^: ^~, _=O_ =^ O|O^O) H@# Y~, J=H U k
OqOK< `#.
4. K~ =^ x` O|O^O LO^O> XH K~t q=# |\ ~O_= ^xx JOK< "=K.
5. q+` O@# TOK=K. L^ : P~^~ L`u iy` ^~ `Q#.

uQ=#O (Regression) :
XH }x XH<H q= Wz#_, ~O_ }x H="# q=# g#O` =~ `HQey
LO_e.
L^ : XH =H _= Wz#_ J`x |~= ZO` LO@O^ (^) U =H |~"< W J`x _=
ZO` LO@O^ JOK< "Qey LO_e.
U ^#= ^~ XH }x q= Wz#_, ~O_ }x H`="# q= `H#=K<
P Q}OH ^#=# ''uQ=#O JO\~.
~~^~"# ~O_ K~ `O` K~t q= ukHQ, J`O` K~tx `H#@
HiOK gH~} ^#< uQ=# q+} JO^~. II = a.iK=O_
''uQ=#O J#Q "#H =~_O Jx J~O. D ^O# "^\ iQ ~ x Q< LyOK#.
_Q L# `O_ Q@ Z` "i =~ Q@ Z` HO> Z=Q LO@O^x, \Q L#
`e^O_ Q@ Z` "i =~ Q@ Z` HO> `=Q LO@O^x x~iOK#.
2 K~ =^ O|O^x =# uQ=#O JO^~. 2 ^ Z= K~ =^ O|O^O#
| uQ=#O JO^~.
L^ : O@ kQ|_, Z~= "_HO =^ uQ=# O|O^O Z~= "_HO# `O` K~tQ#,
O@ kQ|_x J`O` K~tQ# fH"e.
~O_ ~ K~ J~#_ "x =^ O|O^=# zOK ~Y# uQ=# ~Y JO^~.
x, y J< ~O_ K~ =^ uQ=# ~Y LO\~. x g^ y uQ=#O ~Y ^~ x q=
Wz#_ y Z= O=` q=# Q}O. J^q^OQ y g^ x uQ=# ~Y ^~ y q=
Wz#_ x H O|OkOz# Z= O=` q=# Q}O.

---

ZH#q 385 z~Orq

 ECONOMY

*f^O =#"a=$k p ~R L`u

q+ zH
1. Q
2 2008 ZH#g
` O ... XH J=Q#...
2. Q
2 2008
~ J_y#

q=~}` =^< (D x\ )
3. *f^O x~K#O
4. *f^O qq^ =#
5. `i P^O
6. *f^O =kO ^`
7. *f^ x~}O =$k, ^~}
8. *f^O JOK<
9. *f^O Q}O K@ Z^~ =,
=Y`
10. P^ KH

"
O
11. =#"a=$k p
12. PO^
^
PiH == l.Z._..
qq^ ~OQ "\, xK "i `O
13. H ~O\.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 386
 ECONOMY

Q II 2008, ZH#g
`
O .... XH J=Q#
APPSC "~ x~Oz# Q 2 2008, ~ 3 ZH#g `x, |# ije U
JO Z= ^$+ iOKe? ~o Z\ LOk? U x\ #Oz Z= =z#q?
Q}OH Z\ K^" e? J< q+ O J=Q`= =`Ok.
2008 `O qq^ x@ #Oz =z# OY
qQO 1 ~`^ O }oH ~K# qQO 2 PO^ ^ PiH ==
~` PiH ==
1. ~` }oH 10 1. *f^O, HDI, GSDP 19
2. PiH q^< 29 2. Z.. }oH 9
3. [=#~, [<
a\+ < =O 16 3. Z.. ==O 24
4. ^=OOHOQ ` q`O 10 4. Z.. i= H~ ~OQO 12
5. =$k, Ja=$k, Q}OHGO 9 5. PDS, MSP, AP "~OQO 12
74 76
qQO 2 *f^O, HDI J< JO WO_ < ZH#gH KOk#q. H|\, WO_ < ZH#g
#Oz 90 , Z.. ZH#g #Oz 60 J_Q_ O [iyOk.
Z.. ZH#g HO>, WO_ < ZH#g #Oz =z# Z= H+ O Q L#q. u x\
#Oz Fact based ` @ Concept based _ Z=Q< J_Q_ O [iyOk. Hx
ZH#gx `Q J^ #O K"~ =`" ["| > q^O Q J_Q_ O [iyOk. Hx
L^~}Q fO>
Knowledge based Questions :

1. Zxq^= OK=~ }oH "^\# k U O=`~O ?

~`^ }oHO K~ < (1= x\ }oH)
2. ^~ ~ L i= nx O` O K|_#k (2= x\ PiH q^<)
3. 1853 ~`^ O "@" ^\ ~ }O ZH_#Oz ~OaOK|_Ok
(3= x\ a\+ < =O)
4. P~.a.S. ` Q=~~ Z=~ (4= x\ ^=O OHOQ)
5. 'Stages of Growth' J< ^O`O Z=i` =__ LOk (5= x\ =$k Ja=$k)

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z~Orq 387
 ECONOMY

6. `O`= ~H=O^ "^\ iQ *f^x H Oz#^=~ (1= x\ *f^O)

7. PO^ ^ "^\ OK=~ }oH JOK<"# @|_ =~ (2= x\ Z.. }oH)
8. 200506 PO^ ^ x H=` OY =~ (3= x\ Z.. ==O)
9. PO^ ^ iqH J=# H~~+< (APIIC) O z# iqH "_ OY =~
(4= x\ Z.. i=)
10. PO^ ^ ~RO QO_ *f ~ ^~ (5= x\ "~OQO)
Concept based Questions :

1. U OK=~ }oH PtOz# =$k ~ @ qOz# "= =$k ~ @ LO_#k (1= x\ }oH)
2. qxQ^~x qQ J< =# U q^#O L Q_ `Ok (2= x\ PiH q^<)
3. ~`^ O a\+ i< HO D HOk"x Uk B^yH @|_ =i = "}[=#
(Industrial capital & colonial exploitation) QiH|_^ (3= x\ a\+ # =O)
4. W.J. = L^ H~O ` H ^= _=O_ g\ P^~_ #
(4= x\ ^=O OHOQ ^~ ~ x~ O)
5. O`e` =$k J< =# HH O|OkOz#k (5= x\ =$k Ja=$k)
6. L`u H~H ^$ *f`uH< , =~\ ^~ *f`u Z=Q LO_@ H~}O?
(1= x\ *f^O)
7. PO^ ^ OK=~ }oH q`O K=~ gx#O_ a O k (2= x\ Z.. }oH)
8. H<~ ~OQ~= Hq\ x"kH ^ #OQ HOk"x` O|O^O He LOk
(3= x\ Z.. ==O)
9. PO^ ^ ~` HOk"x ^ # ` H^ (4= x\ Z.. i=)
10. W\= O=`~O PO^ ^ `O |_\ @ # `# k. nx =M^ O
(5= x\ Z.. "~OQO)

H|\ WO_ < ZH#gx J^ #O K@_ Concepts Z= ^$+ i Facts QiOKH"e.

Facts Z.. ZH#g Yz`" # =K~x HiOz, factsx J=Q# K O@ Q~O KH"e.
2008 ~ XHH x\ #Oz =z# OY `~ "` ~ _ J^ q^O Q ~"x ^ .
Jx x\ ^#` W J^ #O K e. D 10 x\ #`# PiH O~},
PiH q^<, a\+ < =O, ^~ ~ x~ O, ^"}O, =$k, Ja=$k, *f^O,
O~} O\ JO Z=Q concept based H|\ "\ Z= ^$+ iOKe. =}H Text
H #, =QOQ J^ #O K# _ J=Q<` i # =^#O QiOKQ O.

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z~Orq 388
 ECONOMY

APPSC (GROUP - II) 2008

PAPER III ECONOMY
*f^O x\ #Oz J_y#

1. ~`^= `O`= ~H=O^ "^\ iQ *f P^x HOz#^=~?
1. Z". Z<. ~ 2. q.H.P~.q. ~" 3. H.Z<. ~* 4. ^^ <~l
[ : 4
q=~} :
`O`xH ~O =#^O *f^x "^\ iQ Q}O z#"~ ^^ <~l. 186768
O=`~xH O|OkOz ~` *f^O ~II 340 H@ Q#, [<# 17 H@=OkQ#, `i
P^O ~II 20/ Q# JOK< "#.
<~l `~ "` qeO _w, +~+, HO|\, q.H.P~.q. ~", P~.. ^, "_ *+,
H, =Ys, + O\"~ *f, `i P^# JOK< "i .
`O` ~ JOK< "^\ JOK<Q q.H.P~.q. ~" Qi JOK<# (193132
OIIxH) ~O\~. PiH ==# ~ O_ ~HQ (== ~OQO, H~~+< ~OQO) ql Oz "^\
^x L`u =kO ^u x, ~ O_=^x P^ =kO ^u x J=OaOK#.
2. L`u H~H ^$ *f`uH<, =~\ ^~ *f`u Z=Q LO_@ H~}O
1. ~H # 2. a_ 3. ~H # a_ 4. ~H # + a_
[ : 3
q=~} :
= L`uH ^^_ L`u H~H# q, =, =^# O, ==# @HO, "`# O, =_,
~O u Ke ~ . W^ = L`uH J =O. nx< L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ *f^O
JO^~.
D L`u =xH =#"# ^~ qkOz = =# =~\ Jq` =K P^" =~\ ^~
P^O.
J~` =xH =#"# ^~ qkOz J"@_ `O *HO K Hx ZH * OHO, J=HO #
O\ ~H # qkOK#. nx= =~\ =^ ~ , =O HO> JkHO Q LO_#. D # P^O
L`uH~H K~^ . H|\ ~H # "~ L`uH~H P^O HO> =~\ ^~ P^O Z=Q
LO_#.
`O Hx O^~ == a_ W==K. nx= =~\ =^ ~ ` =Q LO_#. =~\
= ^~ a_ He`, L`u =O (L`u H~H " P^O) =O k.
JO> L`u H~H ^$ P^O` e#_, =~\ ^~ P^O ~H # J^# OQ
LO@#q. =i a_ "`O ` =Q LO@#q.
~H # #Oz a_ f" xH~ ~H # =K#. D xH~ ~H # =~\ ^~
P^O Z=Q LO_#.

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z~Orq 389
 ECONOMY

3. *f P^O Z= "`= U ~OQ= #O_ =#k

1. `~OQO 2. "@~OQO 3. xH~OQO 4. "\ UnH^
[ : 2
q=~} :
[=#~O Q PiH= =# `, " \ ~OQQ ql ~ . }oH ~OaOK <\H l._..
`~OQO "\ H =O 8% LO_k. qye# 92% " @ ~OQx^.
}oH ~OaOz# `~ "` ` <=, `~OQ O qi OK@= l._.. `~OQ
"\ ~Q` 199394 <\H 26%H KiOk.
1991 #`# PiH O~} " \# `~ "`, K `~OQ O J\H # ~=_O=
`O `# @|_ LO iOKH#@ ~OaOz, `xH H \~Oz# ~OQ# " @ ~OQxH
J#=uOK#. e `OQ 200506 <\H l._.. `~OQO "\ 23%H `yO k.
<\ H *f^O J`kH "\ " @ ~OQO #OK (77%) =O k.
4. ~` *f J^O ^qH ~OQ=H =z` `= ZO`?
1. 40 2. 50 3. 60 4. 70
[ : 1 (i # =^#O 20%)
q=~} :
~` *f^O 195051 ^q H~O QO "\ 57% LO_k. 198081 <\H `Q ` =z
40%H KiOk.
200607 <\H ^q H~O QO "\ =iO`Q `Q K 20%H KiOk.
Wz# P< 20% ^ . J~` Hx+ `x zOK OY 40% H|\ nx< Z#H"e.
5. D HOk "\ Uk |kb KeO ?
1. OH ^` KeO 2. a_ 3. QO@ 4. =$^ ##
[ : 4
q=~} :
Z@=O\ L`^H H~H# #O_ UHH O Q O^ u # |kb KeO JO^~.
JO> ` L`uH ZO\ H~= JOkOK O_ O^ u .
=$^ OK# , x~^Q $ u |=`, q^~ HK ~+ , ~}
~ HK O, i>~
J~#"iHK OK# , =~^ O\ H$ u " s ` Oq Oz#_ K O, `O_ =~_HK
H\ =h, "^Q#q |kb KeO L^~}.
|kb KeO Wz#"i#Oz HiOK"iH ^= "O LO@OkQh, ^xH |^Q, HiOK
"i#Oz Wz#"iH "= (=, H~H) "O LO_^ .
6. ^=H *f`u, ^j L`uH< JkH=. XH"
(GNP is greater than GDP if the country's)
1. ZQ=`# qOz kQ=` L#K 2. ^~ H}
3. kQ=`# qOz ZQ=`#K 4. xH~ q^j P^O ^<`HOQ L#K
[ : 4

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z~Orq 390
 ECONOMY

q=~} :
^j L`u (GDP)H, *f`u (GNP)H `_ xH~ q^jH~H P^O (NFIA). Wk (GNP)
He LO_#.
GNP = GDP + NFIA
GDP = GNP - NFIA
GDP, GNP Uk Z= LO@O^<k NFIA P^~_ #.
xH~ q^jH~H P^O ^< `H" ` GNP Z= LO@Ok (xH~ q^j H~H P^O GNP He
LO@Ok H|\)
xH~ q^j H~H P^O ~}`H" ` GDP Z= LO@Ok.
xH~ q^j H~H P^O XH^ L`u H~H# q^ "_O> =K u O q^j H~H#
P ^O "_O> KeO K u O.
7. ~` *f^O nx =` HO|_#
1. P^ ^u 2. L`u ^u 3. = ^u 4. Jx ^`
[ : 4
q=~} :
*f^x Q}O KO^ (1) L`u =kO ^u (2) P^ =kO ^u
(3) = =kO ^u Jx =_ ^` Q=.
~`^ O ^q H~O QO, il+~ =#HiOQ ~OQO, x~}~OQO (@}
) L`u =kO ^u x
J=Oa<~.
J< il+~ =#HiOQ, q^` Q h\~ ~ , `$f ~OQ P^ =kO ^u x J=Oa < ~.
x~}~OQO (Qg}) = =kO ^u x J=Oa < ~. JO> ~`^ O *f^ Q}#
=_ ^` # "_K<~.
8. ~` ^j L`u (l._..)H `O = ~OQO =~ "\ =~
1. 70% qOz 2. 50% qOz 3. 25% 4. 30%
[ : 2
q=~} :
195051 GDP =~OQO JOkOK "\ =~ 30%. }oH J=i# `~ "` GDP
==~OQO "\ `Q K , "~OQO "\ ~Q` 198081 <\ 38%H KiOk.
O~} `~ "` "~OQO "\ "QO Q ~Q` 200607 <\H 55%H KiOk. JO> 50%Q

LOk. ( 1 = =O` Q )
2
9. Q## HOk "x iQ}~
1. ==~OQO 2. iqH ~OQO 3. `$f ~OQO 4. J=# H~ ~OQO
[ : 2
q=~} :
C.S.O ~` PiH= =# ^q H, kf, `$f ~OQQ ql Oz#k. ^q H~O QO
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z~Orq 391
 ECONOMY

1) ==O 2) J@g O^ 3) =` O^ 4) Q# `=HO J< L~O QO\~.

kf ~OQO 1) =#HiOQ 2) q^`, Q, h\ ~ ~ 3) x~}O J< L~O QO\~.
^q H ~OQO Q Q# `=Hx kf ~OQxH Ki ''i= ~OQO =O k.
H|\ Q# J<q iqH ~OQO QO.
10. =#= Ja=$k zH JO= Hxk?
1. ~`^= P O=` 2. JH~` ~@ =i ~ Q@ O=`~
3. t=~} ~@ 4. P^=
[ : 3
q=~} :
1990 #Oz UNDP "~ =#"a=$k z (HDI)x xi< ~. nx 3 JO fO@<~.
1) P~ O (Life expectance at birth)
2) JH~ ` (Adult literacy Rate + combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio)
3) `i GDP (PPP US $)
1979 "i _q_" i P.Q.L.I J< px (1) P~ O (2) t =~}~ @ (3) JH~ ` J<
=_ O H JO` ~OkOK#.
Hx UNDP "~ t=~}~ @# q_z\, `i P^O J< JOx Ki O H { PiH JO
O` HDIx ~OkOK#.
11. ~` *f =#= Ja=$k x"kH 2001 H~O, PO^^ H =#= Ja=$k zH q=
1. ~`^xH =#O 2. ~`^ q=H< JkHO
1
3. ~`^ q=H< `= 4. ~` HDI zH q= = QO
4
[ : 3
q=~} :
*f =#"a=$k x"kH (2001)#, =#^O }oH O O ~OkOz#k. UNDP "~ f#
=_ JO< fHx 15 ~ HDIx ~OkOK#.
1981, 1991, 2001 H HDIx ~OkOK#. *f =#"a=$k p q= 1981 0.302,
1991 0.381, 2001 0.472Q JOK< "#.
2001 O=`~xH HDI~OH "^\ #O H ~ (0.638 pq=) O^Q, z=i#O c~ (0.367)
Ok#k.
PO^ ^ 0.416 p q=` 2001 15 ~# 10= #O LOk. Wk *f =#"a=$k
p q= (0.472) HO> ` =.
12. UNDP "~ xi# =#= Ja=$k zH `i P^x HxH nxx fO\~
1. NNP per capita 2. GDP per capita
3. GDP per capita US $ in terms of puchasing power parity
4. GDP per capita US $ at Market Exchange Rate
[ : 3

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z~Orq 392
 ECONOMY

q=~} :
UNDP "~ ~OkOz# =#"a=$k p P~ O, JH~ `` @ `i P^O XH\ .
'`i GDPx `i P^OQ fH<#. D `i GDPx ~ O_ ~HQ K =K.
Z) =~\ qx= ~ @ `i GDP
a) H#Q H =#` (PPP purchasing power parity) ~O Q `i GDP.
UNDP "~ ~ O_=^xx JO> PPP Q `i GDPx fO@<~. nxx _ J"iH _~
(US $) =H
~ ~ .
13. ^ ^xH ux^= =Ok.
1. P^ KH " ~Q^ (An injection in the circular flow of income)
2. <`HOQ# =i |}`HOQ# (both a leakage and injection)
3. KH "= `~Q^ (a leakage in the circular flow of income)
4. q UnH^ (None of the above)
[ : 3
q=~} :
PiH= = ~ O_ ~OQ#_ @O|~OQO, O ~OQO Jx LO\~. @O|~OQO `# =^# #
L`u H~H# O ~OQxH JOkOK#. JO> O L`u H~H u KeO K#. O
L`u H~H O` = = ` ~K @O JOkOK#. JO> @O = =
=O K #.
D q^O Q O #Oz @O| ~OQxH (H~H u ~O), @O #Oz O ~OQxH
(= = = ~O) x~O`~O P^O =OK_x P^ KH "O JO^~.
@O, O `= =z# P^O "`x =O K# _ D P^ KH "O x~O`~O
[~Q#. XH" @OQx, O Qx =z# P^O HO` ^K Jq K =O
`y =@=, P ^ "~ P^ "O `y =# (Leakage in the circular flow of income).
14. ~O_ ~OQ #=< =`O LO__xH H=e# i`
1. q+ P^O = q+ =O 2. ^ = @|_
3. ZQ=` = kQ=` 4. # = ` =O
[ : 2
q=~} :
~ O_ ~OQ #=< Q$ / @O| ~OQO, O / "~ ~OQ=O_#. O ~OQ =O Q$
~OQxH P^O HQ, Q$ ~OQ =O O ~OQxH P^OQ " # .
D ~ O_O\ U ~OQ" < (^ ~ O_ ~OQ) ^ K# _ P "~ =O `y, P^ "O
`Q # . JO> ^ P^ "x `yO K#. JO^K ^# P^ "xH z^O (Leakage)
Q q~ .
^ OHOQ, q` O ^~ =^# =~\H "t OK#. g\#Oz ~} O^@^~
O @|_ _`~. @|_ _ =" JO> @|_ = P^ "O ~Q#. JO^K

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z~Orq 393
 ECONOMY

@|_x Injection in circular flow of Income Q q~ .

~ O_ ~OQ #=< =`O LO_O> ^ (Leakage), @|_ (Injection) =#OQ LO_e.
15. W\= O=`~O PO^^ =$k~@ =~

1. 1 1 % 2. 2 1 % 3. 3 1 % 4. 7 1 %
2 2 2 2
[ : 4
q=~} :
~RO 1980 =~ =$k~ @ ` =Q (=~ 3%) LO_k. 1980 `~ "` =$k ~ @ ~Q` =zOk.
9= }oH (19972002) 5.59% =$k ~ @ #"^ K HQ, 10= }oH 8.33% =$k~ @ #"^
KOk.
~ ^~ PO^ ^ GSDP =$k ~ @
200304 9.35%
200405 8.15%
200506 10.24%
200607(R) 11.16%
200708(Q) 10.62%
200809(UA) 5.53%
16. PO^^ ~R P^x JOK< ""~
1. ~R }oH ~ 2. J~Q}OH _~H~@ 3. ^# q` H~^i 4. HO^Q}OH Y
[ : 2
q=~} :
^O *f^x H O^ Q}OHO (C.S.O) JOK< " #.
~RO ~^x PiH Q}OH _~ H~ @ (D.E.S Directorate of Economics & Statistics) "~ JOK<
" ^~.
17. PO^^ 200607 O=`~O ` ^~ `i P^O =~
1. ~II 30,000 2. ~II 25,000 3. ~II 40,000 4. ~II 20,000
[ : 1
q=~} :
~R `i P^x ` ^~ #, ~ ^~ # JOK< "~ .
200607 ~R `i P^O ` ^~ ~II 30,000 ^\Ok.
OII ` ^~ `i P^O ~ ^~ `i P^O
200506 26,662 21,728
200607 (R) 30,439 23,898
200708 (Q) 35,864 26,195
200809 (UA) 39,597 26,983

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z~Orq 394
 ECONOMY

18. PO^^ ~R P^x JOK< "_xH \# ^u

Z. L`u ^u a. L`^H ^u . = ^u _. P^ ^u

1. Z =i a i J~#k 2. Z, a =i i J~#k
3. =i _ i J~#k 4. Jh i J~#"
[ : 4
q=~} :
*f ~= ~RO _ =_ ^` ^~ ~^x Q} ~ . PO^ ^ GSDP =kO
O^~ O Q PiH ==# 9 ^ # ~OQQ 17 L~O QQ ql Ozi.
gx 6 L~O Q L`u =kO ^u x (^q H, =#HiOQ il+~ )
1 L~O QO = =kO ^u x (x~}O)
10 L~O Q P^ =kO ^u x (qye# ~OQ) J=Oa < ~.
19. ~ ^~ GDP, PO^^ H GSDP# JOK< "_xH ` HO iQ}OK P^~O
1. 199091 2. 199394 3. 19992000 4. 200001
[ : 3
q=~} :
^O GDPx, ~RO GSDPx ~ ^~ Q}O KO^ XH P^~ O=`~x fO@<~.
` O D ~ O_O\h Q}O KO^ 19992000 O=`~x Base yearQ fO@<~.
194849, 196061, 197071, 198081, 199394, 19992000 O=`~#
W\=~ f<~.

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z~Orq 395
 ECONOMY

*f^O (NATIONAL INCOME)

1. =Y"# ^
Normal Residents : XH^ O x=t, "i PiH PH P ^O < LO> "ix Normal Residents
JO^~. giK L`uK |_# JOu= = =< *f`u JO^~.
(Normal Residents are "Those persons who ordinarily resides in a country and whose economic interests lie in
that country". National income is defined as the value of final goods and services produced by the normal residents
of a country.)
Domestic Territory XH ^ QoH ^ ~[H i^ # `#. q^j ~~, JO`~f
:
O nx#Oz q#~OK|_`~. ^ QoH i^ [iQ L`u
'^j L`u Q =|_#.
Stock and Flow variables : x (Stock), "O (Flow) =^ `_ LOk. Stock J< =# XH xi+
HxH KOk#k. Wk Point of Time x zOK#. Flow J<k xq` HxH
KOk#k. Wk Period of Time x zOK#.
L^: 2009 =i 31 <\H ~`[ < J<k Stock HQ, 2008 09 =^ [#< OY Flow x `#.
2009 _O|~ 31 <\H qY@OQ "`O WO_ Stock variable HQ, 200809 =^ xi`" # WO_ Flow
variable Q =|_#.
 J\Q O^ Stock HQ *f P^O Flow.
 2009 =i 31 <\H ^ "`O Stock HQ, < < K ^ Flow.
Stock variable Flow variable
O^ P^O
[< [#< OY
^ (Savings) <i ^ (Saving)
"`O ^=
<i =O
"`O JC JC =_
=^ O`~ == : L`u H x W`~ == L`uH ^^_ == # =^ O`~
== O^~. g\x L`u^~ L y~ . *f^ Q}# =^ O`~
= q=# H OK~^.
JOu= == : =#= H~# ` HO Q O`$ ~ q. J#Q JOu= L Q ^~ (Final
Users) J" == # JOu= == O^~. JOu= L Q^~
qxQ^~ H=K ^ L`u^~ H=K.
xH~ ~H # : ~H ##Oz a_ q#~ =K^ xH~ ~H #
Net Indirect Taxes = Indirect Taxes Subsidies.
~H # : = = qkOK #. ~H # ~h W`~ H |kb K =K.
a_ : `O L`u O HK PiH O. nx= L`u =O HO> ` = ^~
qxQ^~ == # JOkOK=K.
GDP Gap (JO`~O
) : PiH == =#~# O~O Q L yOz L`u K Q Qi+ L`uH
"= OQ K# L`uH =^ `_ GDP JO`~O .
Green GDP : ~=~} #xH GDP x ~ @ K ^xx Green GDP JO\~.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 396
 ECONOMY
q= P^O :
H~~\ O HO_ L#_ O` "~O K"~ XHi `= O "<[~Q `" xK =K.
`# @O| < P O xK~OK=K. "<[~Q K =K r`O, J^ @O|
KeO K=# r`, "`< # He q= P^=x ~ .
*f^O x~K<: ''XH ^O , xs`H O ^~} x"t`K (Normal Residents) L`u K |_#
JOu= = = =~\ q" *f^O. Wk ^O Qh, ^O "Qh L`u H|_=K.
Value of all final goods and services produced by the residents of
a country, whether operating within the domestic territory of the
country or outside, in a year.
 Wk XH O=`~O [iy# L`u< ``Ok. Hx =O^ O. [iy# L`ux `^.
Q x~K#O : ^=O` H=_xH g# , q^#Oz =K P^O`
O xH O K P^" *f^O.
+ ~ x~K#O : `k qxQ^~ uH ^ =#= i~ #Oz O^ =
=^" *f^O.
=~ x~K#O : XH ^O =, =^< x L yOz, [=#~ O`
u O=`~O L`uK uH, JuH = =` _#
xH~ = = "`" P^ "q H xH~ "iH P^O.
= < *\ x~K#O : ^O x L`^H =#~ ^~ [x`" , U\ `k qxQ^~#
K~ = = "`O xH~ q=# ^ =^# ~tH [`K |_
xH~ q=# *f^O JO^~.
National Income Committee (NIC) : XH xs` HO XH == # ~ O_~ q= H@ O_
*Q` _ ` ` ~ # Jx == q=# JOK<" Jk
*f^O.
Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) : XH O=`~ HO "`< @HO, =_, ~O XH^
x"t` (Normal Residents) $+O K L`u H~H P^O#
*f^O JO^~.
*f^xH O|OkOz Hx ^ =^ `_ (Basic Distinctions):
*f^xH O|OkOz qq^ =# `H<=O^, Hx =Y"# ^ J~O, "x=^ O|O^O
`H"e LOk.
1. , xH~ L`` (Gross product (Vs) Net product):
 L`u H x HO`HO@ x~@OHOQ L`ux JOkOK "\x ~ = ^# O JO^~. L^:
O`, = <, iH~.
 =^# == # (~ = ^# O) O`, ZH" O\, Hs aeOQ L`u H <@ _
J~Q, `~ Q^ (Weat and Tear) Qi JQ#. nx< `~ Q^ (Depreciation) JO^~.
 JO> ~ = ^# qxQx (Consumption of Fixed capital) `~ Q^ JO^~.
 `~ Q^ He L#^ ^, q#~OK|_ L#^ J<^xx |\ L`u xH~ L`u=^ `_
Q=xOK=K.
 `~ Q^` He L`ux H L`u. `~ Q^# q#~Oz L`ux H xH~ L`u.
L`u xH~ L`u { `~ Q^
xH~ L`u L`u `~ Q^
`~ Q^ L`u xH~ L`u
`~ Q^ ~ = ^# qxQO (CFC)
 @|_H, xH~ @|_H `_ `~ Q^. Wk @|_ He LO_#. H|\ `~ Q^ f"
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 397
 ECONOMY

xH~ @|_ =K#.

 @|_ P^~OQ ^O L`u H , Jk L`u.
 xH~ @|_ P^~OQ ^O L`u H Jk xH~ L`u.
2. ^j, *f L`` (Domestic Vs National Product):
 XH ^ QoH i^ L`u [~Q`#^? ^, XH" *fK (Normal Residents) L`u
K |_`#^? J< ^x P^~_ ^j, *f L`` # K =K.
 XH ^ QoH i^ (Domestic Territory) [iQ L`ux ^j L`u JO^~. XH ^ QoH
O`O [iy# D L`u ^jKQx, q^jKQx K |_=K. JO> Wk O`xH ^#`
WK#.
L^: [< KOk# AH H~ HOh WO_ H~# L`u K, Jk ~` QoH i^ L`u [iyOk
H|\ ^x ^j L`u K`~. J\Q =#^xH KOk# \\"~ =+ << H~# L`uK
Jk ^O " L`u [iyOk H|\ ^xx ^j L`u K~ .
 XH O=`~ HO XH^ ~K (Normal Residents of a country) K |_# JOu= = = q"
*f`u. D L`u P ^ QoH i^ Qx, ^O "Qx [~Q= K. JO> nx ^ xH<,
P ^ ~ ^#` LO@Ok.
L^: [<"i AH HOh WO_ H~# L`uK , ^x q= [< ^xH KO^e. ZO^H#Q Wk [<
=^# O =K P^O. J\Q =#^xH KOk# \\ "~ =+ << H~# L`uK P L`u
q= ~fK K |_Ok H|\ ~`^ xH KO^e. << H~ L`u q=# Ki, lH H~ L`u
q=# f" =K^ *f`u.
 ~`^ L`u H~H# q^ L y =K P^O #Oz, q^j L`uH~H ~`^ O
qxy KeO Ke# =O f" =K^ xH~ q^j H~H P^O NFIA (Net Factor Income from Abroad).
NFIA = q^j#O_ =K H~H P^O (R) - q^ KeO K H~H =O (P)
NFIA = Received Income (R) Payment Income (P)
 JO> ^j L`u, *f L`u `_ xH~ q^j H~H P^O. ^j L`uH NFIA Ki *f`u
=K#.
*f L`u ^j L`u + NFIA
^j L`u *f L`u NFIA
NFIA *f L`u ^j L`u
NFIA = RP
 ^j, *f L`` Uk Z= LO@Ok J<k NFIA P^~_ #.
 NFIA q= ^< `H" ` (R > P), *f`u Z=Q LO_#.
NFIA q= ~}`H" ` (R < P), ^j L`u Z=Q LO_#.
NFIA q= #"` (R = P), ^j, *f L`` =#OQ LO_#.
3. =~\ ^~ , L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ P^O (Market Prices Versus Factor cost):
 xH~ ~H # He L#"? ^, q#~OK|_ L#" J<^x|\ =~\ ^~ L`uH, L`u
H~H ^$ P^xH =^ `_ K =K.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 398
 ECONOMY

 q, =, =^# O, ==# J< L`u H~H O` = L`u [~Q#. D L`u H~H

@HO, "`# O, =_, ~O u KeO K|_#. W^ L`uH J =O. nx< L`u H~H
Ys^ ^$ (L`u) P^=O^~.
 D L`u H~H ` ~K# L`ux =~\ ^~ qxQ^~ Jq#_, =K P^" =~\
^~ P^O.
 L`u =xH =#"# ^~ qkOz =~\ == J"@_ `O ZH * OHO, J=H #,
O\ ~H # qkOK=K. nx= =~\ =^ ~ , ^x L`u =O HO> Z=Q LO_#. D
#"~ P^O L`u H~H K~ O_ `xH K~ #. H|\ ~H #"~ L`uH~H P^O
HO>, =~\ ^~ P^O Z=Q LO_#.
 JO> # L`u H~H P^O QOH^.
=~\ ^~ P^OxOz ~H # f" L`uH~H aOK P^O =O k.
 Hx O^~ `O == a_ W==K. nx= =~\ =^ ~ ` =Q LO_#. =~\
=^ ~ a_ He`, L`u =O (L`u H~H " P^O) =O k.
 JO> L`u H~H ^$ P^O` e#_, =~\ ^~ P^O ~H # J^#OQ LO@#q
=i a_ "`O ` =Q LO@#q.
 ~H # #O_ a_ f" xH~ ~H # =K#. D xH~ ~H # "~ P^O L`u
H~H Ys^ ^$ P^OHO> =~\ ^~ P^O Z=Q LO_#.
 L`uH~H Ys^ ^$ P^O =~\ ^~ P^O ~H # { a_
=~\ ^~ P^O L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ P^O { ~H # a_
L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ P^O =~\ ^~ P^O xH~ ~ H #
=~\ ^~ P^O L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ P^O { xH~ ~H #
xH~ ~H # =~\ ^~ P^O L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ P^O
xH~ ~H # ~H # a_
4. <==` , "= P^ (Nominal Vs Real Incomes):
 ` O=`~ ^~ P^x H ^xx ` ^~ P^O ^ <==` ^ ^= P^O
JO^~.
L^: 200910 O=`~ *f^x 200910 O. ^~ H OK@.
 J~` HO`HOQ (over a period of time) ^ *f P^x iO^ ` ^~ *f^
JOK< L Q_ = . ZO^=##Q L`u ~Q O_< ^~ ~Q^= *f^O iy#@
H#_=K.
 ~ ^~ *f^x H ^xx "= P^O JO^~. XH O=`~x P^~ O=`~O (Base
year)Q fHx, P O=`~ ^~ P^x H J^ ~ ^~ P^O. L^: =#^O W\=~
194849, 196061, 197071, 198081, 199394, 19992000 =i 20042005 O=`~#
P^~ O=`~Q fHxi.
 ` ^~ P^x Q}O z#\H, ^xx ~ ^ ~ H =~=K. nxH Price deflator x "_`~.
(Deflator is a statistical technique to neutralise the effect of changes in prices over a period of time)

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 399
 ECONOMY

` ^~ P^O
~ ^~ P^O X 100
^~ p
L^: 200809 ^~ P^O 18,00,000 H@. ^~ p 200 J~` ~ ^~ P^O ZO`?
18,00,000
~ ^~ P^O X 100 9,00,000
200
` ^~ P^O Q} <==` P^O
~ ^~ P^O Q} "= P^O
` ^~ P^O
~ ^~ P^O X 100
^~ p
=Y"# `_:
1) , xH~ L`u =^ `_ `~ Q^
2) ^j, *f L`u =^ `_ xH~ q^j H~H P^O (NFIA)
3) =~\ ^~ , L`u H~H Ys^ =^ `_ xH~ ~H #
4) <==` , "= P^O =^ `_ =#O fH< ^~
*f^ =#:
, xH~ L`u, ^j, *f L`` O` PiH" ` 4 ~H *f^ =# =H i i.
1) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
2) Gross National Product (GNP)
3) Net Domestic Product (NDP)
4) Net National Product (NNP)
u =## =~ =~\ ^~ #, L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ Q} ~ . J\O@_ "`O 8 =#
=~.
1) =~\ ^~ ^j`u (GDP ) MP

2) =~\ ^~ *f`u (GNP ) MP

3) =~\ ^~ xH~ ^j`u (NDP ) MP

4) =~\ ^~ xH~ *f`u (NNP ) MP

5) L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ ^j`u (GDP ) FC

6) L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ *f`u (GNP ) FC

7) L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ xH~ ^j`u (NDP ) FC

8) L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ xH~ *f`u (NNP ) FC

1. ^j L`u (=~\ ^~ ) GDP : MP

XH O=`~ HO XH^ QoH i^ [iQ JOu= = =# =~\ ^~ K z =K^

=~\ ^~ ^j`u.
 nx J#Q `~ Q^# He L`u q=# KC @.
 ^j J#Q ^ QoH i^ P ^jKQx, q^jKQx K |_ L`u.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 400
 ECONOMY

 L`u J#Q JOu= = =. nx =^ O`~ == L`u fH~^.

 =~\ ^~ J#Q ~H # He, a_ q#~Oz LO_ ^~ .
GDP H O|OkOz =MO:
MP

1) GDP J<k "=#. Wk XH O=`~O [iQ L`u. =O^ O=`~ L`ux `^ .

2) GDP JO> Value of output H^. nx#Oz =^ O`~ qxQO f"
MP
e. J#Q Wk sum total of
value added =`" .
3) GDP |kb KeO , Capital gains, Financial transactions K@= u~Y ^=O q#~OKe.
MP

4) GDP = ^~ X JOu= = = i=}O

MP

5) ~ O_~ H O =# x"iOKO^ JOu= = = fH"e.

6) GDP J<k ^j QxH KOk#k. H|\ xH~ q^j H~H P^O (NFIA) q#~OKe.
MP

GDPMP = Valve of output in Domestic Territory Value of Intermediate consomption

(or)
GDPMP = Sum total of Value Added

2) *f`u (=~\ ^~ ) GNP :

MP

XH O=`~ HO P^ *fK (Normal Residents of a Country) L`u K |_# JOu= =

= =~\ q=# =~\ ^~ *f`u JO^~.
 GDPH xH~ q^jH~H P^O (NFIA), Ki GNP =K#.
 L`u H|\ `~ Q^ He LO_#.
 *f L`u H|\ NFIA nx He LO_#. nx L`u J<k P ^O Qx, ^O "Qx
K|_=K.
 GNPMP = GDPMP + NFIA (Net Factor Income from Abroad)
 GDP, GNP ^x q= Z=Q LO@O^<k NFIA P^~_ LO@Ok.
 NFIA J<k ^<
`HOQQx, ~}`HOQ Qx LO_=K.
NFIA ^< `H" ` ( q^ KeO z# H~H P^OHO>,q^#Oz =z# H~H P^O Z=O>
R > P)
J<k, GDP HO> Z=Q LO_#.
GNP
NFIA ~}`H" ` (=z# H~H P^OHO>, KeO z# H~H P^O Z=O> R < P) GNP J<k
GDP HO> ` =Q LO_#.

GDP, GNP =^ ` _
GDPMP GNPMP
 ^j QO [iQ L`ux `#  P ^ [K [~| _ L`ux `#
 nxx ^jQx, q^jQx K =K  Wk Normal Resident of a country J~ LO_
O KO ZH_< L`u H|_=K.
 Wk Oz` =#  Wk q"# (Broader) =#
 Wk ^
xH ^#` WK#  Wk ~ ^#` WK#
 GDP = Value of output in Domestic Territory
Value of Intermediate consumption  GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from abroad
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 401
 ECONOMY

 GDP = GNP NFIA  GNP = GDP + NFIA

 NFIA q= ~}`H" `
GDP > GNP  NFIA q= ^<
`H" ` GNP > GDP
(Payments exceed Receipts P > R) (Receipts exceed payments R > P)

P>R R >P

..........................................................................................................................................................

+ = + =
..........................................................................................................................................................
GDP R P GNP GDP R P GNP

3. xH~ ^j`u (=~\ ^~ ) NDP : MP

 GDP, GNP `~ Q^# q#~OK=. H|\ Jq PiH == Q "= = = "x `e* =.

JO^K L`uH |^ xH~ L`u Q}O K@ J=~O .
 =~\ ^~ ^j`u (GDM ) #O_ ~ = ^# qxQO (`~ Q^), f" xH~ ^j`u
MP

=K#.

 L`u H =^# == # L yOK@= J~Q, `~ Q^ Qi JQ#. D `~ Q^# GDP
#O_ f" , NDP =O k.
NDP =
MP
GDP `~ Q^
MP

NDPMP = GDPMP Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC)

GDPMP = NDPMP + `~ Q^
4) xH~ *f`u (=~\ ^~ ) NNP : MP

 =~\ ^~ *f`u (GNP ) #Oz `~ Q^# q#~ =~\ ^~ xH~ *f`u

MP

=K#.
 xH~ J#Q `~ Q^ q#~OK|_#.
 *f J#Q NFIA nx Ki LO_#.
NNP MP
= GNP D `~ Q^
MP
NNPMP = NDPMP + NFIA
NNPMP = GDPMP + NFIA D

NNP H, GNP H `_
NNPMP GNPMP
1) `~ Q^ q#~OK|_# 1) `~ Q^ He LO_#.
2) NNP = GNP D
MP MP
GNPMP = NNPMP + D

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 402
 ECONOMY

NDP H NNP H `_
NDPMP NNPMP
1) ^j QO [~Q# 1) P ^jK ^O Qx, "Qx [~Q#
2) nx NFIA Ki LO_^ 2) nx NFIA He LO_#
3) NDP = NNP NFIA
MP MP
3) NNP = NDP + NFIA MP MP

L`uH ~H Ys^ ^$ P^O

XH ^O L`uH ^^_ L`u H~H P^# H@ ^~ ^j P^O O^=K.
@HO, "`< , =_, Ki ^j P^O =K#.
5) ^j L`u (L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ ) GDP : FC

 ^j QO Jh L`u H~H PiOz# P^O# `#.

 nx `~ Q^ He LO_#.
 GDP H GDP H `_ xH~ ~H #.
MP FC

 H|\ GDP #Oz xH~ ~H # f" GDP =K#.

MP FC

GDPFC = GDPMP Net Indirect taxes

GDPFC = GDPMP (Indirect Taxes Subsidies)
= GDPMP Indirect Taxes + Subsidies.
GDPFC = (@HO { "`< { =_ { ) { `~ Q^.
6) *f`u (L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ ) GNP : FC

 =~\ ^~ *f`u#Oz xH~ ~H # f" , L`uH~H Ys^ ^$ GNP =K#.

GNPFC = GNPMP Net Indirect Taxes
GNPFC = (~H # a_)
GNPMP
GNP ~H # { a_
MP

7) xH~ ^j`u (L`uH~H Ys^ ^$ ) NDP : FC

 nxx xH~ ^j^O JO^~.

NDPFC = NDPMP Net Indirect Taxes
NDPFC = GDPFC `~ Q^

NDPMP NDPFC
1) nxx =~\ ^~ Q} ~ 1) nxx L`u H~H ^~ ` Q} ~
2) NDP = NDP + xH~ ~H #
MP FC
2) NDP = NDP xH~ ~H #
FC MP

3) JOu= = =# `# 3) L`u H~H Ok# P^x `#

8) xH~ *f`u (L`u H~H Ys^ ^$)/ *f^O NNP : FC

 NNP < *f^O JO^~.

FC

 ^j H~H P^xH NFIA Ki *f^O =O k.

 NNP #Oz xH~ ~H # f" NNP / *f^O =K#.
MP FC

 GNP #Oz `~ Q^ f" NNP =K#.

FC FC

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 403
 ECONOMY

 NNPMP HO>, NNP x["# H=#OQ K =K. H~}O Wk ~H # =~= q`O H^.
FC

Note: ~H # iy`, "=

L`u ~QH ~< NNP ~Q#. Hx NNP J<k D ~H #=
MP FC

q`O H^.
NNP FC
= ^j H~H P^O (NDP ) + NFIA FC

NNP FC
= NNP xH~ ~H #
MP

NNPFC = GNPFC D
qq^ =# =^ JO` ~ O |O^ O .
, xH~ ~O#, =~\ ^~ , L`u H~H Ys^~O#, ^j, *f L`` # q=iOK_O
[iyOk. Wq XH ^xHH\ JO`~ O |O^O Hey L#q. U =# #Oz J~<, qye# =## HO` ~ @
^~ O^=K.

GDPMP + NFIA D Net IT

GNPMP
NNPMP
NNPFC/NI

D O|O^x =~H ~HO Q _ K=K.

GNPMP
-NFIA

^ xH~
` Q
~ ~ H
#

GDPMP
NNP MP GNPFC
Ne
t IT
xH~
~
NFIA

^
NFIA

Q
^
H #
` Q
~
`~

NDPMP GDPFC
NNPFC
xH~ ^
` Q
NFIA

~ ~
H
#

NDPFC

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 404
 ECONOMY

 *f^xH O|OkOz Hx ~ @ K @^~ " \ ~OQxH KOk# Hx =# O^=K.

Jq..
1) Private Income (" \ P^O)
2) Personal Income (=+ P^O)
3) Personal Disposable Income (=~^O)
Private Income:
 " \ ~OQxH qq^ =~ ^~ ` O =K P^x Wk `#.
 qq^ P^~ ^~ L`u H~H JiOz# "`O P^xH, `O #Oz, W`~ O KO (Rest of
the World) #Oz Ok# |kb KeO Ki " \ P^O =K#.
 *f^xH (NNP ), Hx ~ @K Private Income =K#.
FC

 `O , qQ, ` P , ==# #Oz =K P^O =i ` _~" O>`~

O K ^ (E.g. HMT, SAIL), " \ ~OQ P^O H^ H|\ *f^O #Oz f" e.
 `O `# qxQ J=~H [#Oz ~}O fHO@Ok. D ~}O KeO K =_ _ |kb
KeO O\^. `O =$^ OK# , x~^Q $ u, "_H J"#, ~+ , y ~O
" \ ~OQxH D |kb KeO JOkOK#. H$ u " s ` Oq Oz#_ ~` `O P~O,
=, =O^ O\ "\x q^ O K Q, q^ _ =#^O H$ u " s `
Oq Oz#_ O K #. =# =z# |=`, O#Oz =#O q^ K# x
f" xH~ q^j |kb KeO =K#. " \ ~O QO WO\ |kb KeO ~O P^O O^#.
Wk " \ P^O QO. Hx *f^O QO H^.
Private Income = National Income Income from property and entrepreneuership accruing to the Govt.
Savings of non - Departmental enterprises
+ Interest on National debt
+ Net current transfers from government
+ Net current transfer from abroad.
 " \ P^=<k *f^O `, " \ ~OQ =^ q[ ## `#.
 " \ ~O QO H # qkO ~O (Pre - tax Income) u x " @ P^O zOK#.
Note: |kb KeO :
L`uH~H P^O J<k ` L`uH ^^_ ` =Kk. J~` Hx ~H P^ ZO\ L`^H
H~H# #O_< ~=K. g\x |kb KeO JO^~. JO> ` L`uH ZO\ H~O
O_< O^q.
L^: =$^ O K# , x~^Q$ u, q^~ HK ~+ , ~}
~ HK O, i>~ J~# "iHK
#< , y , _<+< Gifts and Donations, H$ u " s ` =O K O, `e^ O _ HK
H\=h, ` ~}O KeO K =_ "II
=+ P^O (Personal Income):
 = (Q$~OQO) OkOz# P^xH, "= OQ KuHz# P^xH `_ LO@Ok.
 " @ P^O = qq^ P^~ ^~ PiOz# P^x `Q, =+ P^O = , "= OQ
Ok# P^x `#.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 405
 ECONOMY

 = OkOz# P^O HO` QO "iKuH ~^.

Z) O OkOz# P^O HO` QO "\^~ Oz@~ . q +` @|_H nx LOK`~.
D Qx Oz@|_x (Undistributed profits or retained earnings) JO^~.
a) O P^O HO` QO H~~\ #Q KeO K|_#. nxx Corporate Profit Tax JO^~. D
H~~\ # `xH =#.
=+ P^O " \ P^O Oz@|_x H~~\ #
 Wk = =^ P^ O} Z\ LOn? " HH # ~x `#.
=~ =+ P^O (Personal Disposable INcome):
 = KuHz# P^=O` =O K gH^. nx P^ #, O^ #, =$u # O\ =+
# KeO KQ qye# Q" =O K |_xH =Q#.
 H|\ =+ P^O #Oz =+ #Q qye# ^xx =~ =+ P^=O^~.

Personal Disposable Income = Personal Income Personal Taxes

=~^O =+ P^O =+ #, <b "II
 =~^O HO` QO qxQO K Q qye#k ^ K~ .
JO^K =~^O qxQO { ^
 =~^O J<k = = LO_Q _=O_ (Potential Demand) # `e*
#. "~"` nx
P^~OQ `= L`u H~H JOK< "~ .

GDPMP + NFIA D Net IT G + TP CT, UDP PT

GNPMP
NNPMP
NNPFC/NI
Private Income

Personal Income (PI)

DPI

G = Income from property and entrepreneurship accuring to the govt. and savings of non - departmental enterprises
TP = National debt Interest, current transters from the govt.
CT = Corporation taxes
UDP = Undistributed Profits
PT = Personal Taxes
DPI = Personal Disposable Income.

`i P^O (Per Capita Income):

[< ` XHO\H =KP^x `#.
*f^x ^ [#K y =Kk `i P^O.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 406
 ECONOMY

*f^O
`i P^O (PCI) =
[< (OII=^ [<)
*f^O iy<, [< `y< , ~ O_ [iy<, `i P^O ~Q#. PCI J<k [ r=#
=}x zOK#.
` ^~ `i P^x Q} <==` `i P^O =K#.
` ^~ *f^O
<==` `i P^O
[<
~ ^~ `i P^x Q} "= `i P^O =K#.
~ ^~ ("= ) *f^O
"= `i P^O
[<
"= `i P^O iy` [ r=# =}~ =$k KO^#.
` ^~ `i P^x, ~ ^ ("= ) H =~=K.
` ^~ `i P^O
~ ^~ `i P^O X 100
^~ p
`i P^ =$k~ @:
*`^ =$k~ @ #Oz, [<=$k ~ @#f" `i P^ =$k~ @ =K#.
`i P^ =$k~ @ *f^ =$k~ @ [<=$k~ @
L^: *f^ =$k~ @ 5% [< =$k~ @ 2%, J~< `i P^ =$k~ @?
`i P^=$k~ @ 5% 2%
3%
` , ~ ^~ *f^O :
 J^ O=`~OQ =~\ ^~ JOu= = = q=# H ^xx ` ^~ *f^
=O^~. JO> J^ O=`~O L`u, J^ O=`~O ^~ .
L^: 200910 O. ^~ *f^x H Jk ` ^~ *f^O.
 XH P^~ O=`~OQ ^~ K ` O=`~OQ JOu= = =# H ^xx ~ ^~
*f^=O^~.
L^: 200910 O=`~O [iy# L`ux 20042005 O=`~ ^~ H ^xx ~ ^~
*f^=O^~.
 ` ^~ P^x H , ^~ ~Q^= P^O ~Q= K H|\ Jk PiH == "= =~x
zOK^ . JO^K ~ ^~ H ~ . nxx "= *f^ =O^~.
 ^~ pK ~ @ K @^~ ` ^~ P^h, ~ ^ ~ H =~=K.
` ^~ *f^O
~ ^ ~ *f^O X 100
` O=`~ ^~ p
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 407
 ECONOMY

Summary :
 ^j L`u: ^ QoH i^ [iQq (q^j _ K =K).
 *f L`u: XH ^ ~K K |_ L`u (^O " _ H=K).
 *f L`u ^j L`u { NFIA
NFIA =z# H~H P^O (R) KeO z# H~H P^O (P)
 =~\ ^~ P^O : =~\ ^~ JOu= = = q=
 H~H ^~ P^O : L`u H~H =K P^ "`O
 H~H ^~ P^O =~\ ^~ P^O xH~ ~H #
 xH~ ~H # ~H # a_
 NDP = GDP D
 GNP = GDP + NFIA
 NNP = GNP D
 Technically NNPFC is called National Income
 |kb KeO ` L`uH ^^_ O_ O^ P^O
 " \ P^O *f^O ` P #Oz =K P^O
<< _~" O@ O ^
{ `~}O =_
{ |kb KeO
 =+ P^O " \ P^O Oz@|_x , H~~\ #
 =~ P^O =+ P^O =+ #
*`^O
 `i P^O =
[<
 ` ^~ *f^O : ` =~\ ^~ Q} =Kk.
 ~ ^~ *f^O : P^~ O=`~ ^~ Q} =Q#.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 408
 ECONOMY

2. *f^x =kOK ^`
 L`uH~H# L yOz = = L`u K~ . D L`u q= L`u H~H P^Q OK|_#.
D P^O qxQ, @|_ == =O K |_#. =O uiy L`uH ^^_ #.
 L`u= P^O $+O K|_#. P^O = = _=O_# HeOK#. _=O_= = = =O
[~Q#. =O uiy L`uH ^if#.
L`u
(== { =)
=O
(qxQ { @|_ =O)
O}/P^O
@HO{"`# O{=_{

 JO^K g\x Production Distribution Disposition Q K`~.

 H|\ PiH == L`u, P^O, =O =#OQ LO\~. JO^K *f^x =_ ^`
Q} ~ .
1) Net Product Method (or) Value Added Method (L`u =kO ^u )
2) Income Method (P^ =kO ^u )
3) Expenditure Method (= =kO ^u )
1. L`u =kO ^u :
nxx Product Method, Value Added Method, Industrial Origin Method, Net Output Method Jx ~ .
= < l<\ nxx 'L`u " ^u Jx eK#.
 PiH == O=`~HO JOu= = = L`ux Ki xH~ L`u =K#.
 PiH == Q ^q H, kf, `$f ~OQ [iy# L`ux Ki "`O L`u (Gross Output)
=O k. J~` XH ~OQO [iy# L`ux =~H ~OQO L`u H~HO (=^ O`~ == )Q "_=K.
J\O@_ "\ q=# f" e.
L^: =~f L^Q eq>_ Steel, Tyres "II "xx Hx =~f H~# L`uK , xH~ L`u *f`u
Q}O K@_ "`O Steel, Tyres, H~ L`ux HO_ u^ J^#OQ Ki# q=< (Value Added) fH"e.
J#Q H~ q=#Oz ^x ` sH L yOz# =^ O`~ =q = (Steel, Tyres) # f" e.
 Gross Value Added = Gross value of output Intermediate consumption
 Net value Added (NVA) = Gross valve Added (GVA) Depreciation
 NVAFC = NVAMP Net Indirect Taxes
 NVAFC < L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ xH~ ^j`u JO^~. nxH NFIA Ki NNPFC =K#. W^
*f^O.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 409
 ECONOMY

nxx HOkq^O Q K=K.

Gross value of output

( ) Intermediate consumption

Gross Value Added (GVAMP) or GDPMP

( ) `~ Q^

Net Value Added (NVAMP) or NDPMP

( ) xH~ ~H #

L`uH~H ^$ xH~ ^j L`u NDP FC
/ NVAFC

({) xH~ q^jH~H P^O (NFIA)

*f^O (NNP FC
)
L`u =kO ^u fH=# *Q` (Precautions):
1) XH == ~ O_~ H OK O_ *Q` _ e. WO^Q#...
Z) JOu= == < H H fH"e (^)
a) q= Ki# ^u << "_e.
2) ^~ ~Q^ =O O_ K_e. nxH ~ O_ =~<~.
Z) ~ ^~ *f`ux Q}O Ke (^)
a) ` ^~ Q}O z#\H, _@
~ O` "= P^OH =~e.
3) O qxQO (Self consumption) =~\ ^~ H ~^H|\ K~e. L^: ~ ` O`xH "_#
P~^ <.
4) O`OQ [=x LO@# WO\= (Imputed Rent of owner occupied houses) K~e. L^: Imputed
Rent, Imputed Interest.
5) Q$}= (Services of house wives) ^=~O JOK< " O. H|\ *f^#Oz
q#~OKe. L^: =O@ K @, O~H} .
6) Second - hand goods ^ existing commodities H , qH K~ ~^. L^: `H~, ` W, `
~O\OQ J=HO K~ ~^.
Note: J~` `== J"@_ H~ (Broker) Hg+< K~e (J`x = ` O=`~xH
KOk#q H|\)
7) Bonds and Shares J=H *f^O#Oz q#~OKe. (nx= P |kb J=`~ Hx,
#`#OQ Ug $+O K|_=) J~` Shares, Bonds J"@_ H~ = H OKe.
8) =^ O`~ == # *f^O K~ ~^.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 410
 ECONOMY

Note: W<O@s ~Q^ *f^O K~e, `~ Q^# f" e.

2. P^ =kO ^u (Income Method):
 nxx Factor Payment Method, Distributed Share Method, Income Paid Method, Income received
Method Jx ~ .
 L`uH~H ( q, =, =^# O, ==# ) `= = JOkOK@^~ u (@HO, "`# O,
=_, ) O^`~. D u # He` *f^O =O k.
 L`u H~H O` L`u [~Q`Ok. P L`u q= L`u H~H K~ `Ok. P H~H u
h
He` *f^O =K#. *f^O @HO { "`# O { =_ { { q= P^O
 L`u H~H =K P^O ~ O_ ~HQ ql OK=K.
I) ^j H~H P^O (Domestic Factor Income)
II) xH~ q^jH~H P^O (Net Factor Income from abroad)

Sources of Factor Income

 
Domestic Factor Income NFIA
  
Compensation of Operating Surplus Mixed Income of the
Employees (COE) (OS) Self employed

 Wages and Salaries in cash  Income from Property

 Compensation in Kind
 Employer's contribution to Income from Entrepreneuership
Social Security Schemes

I).^jH~H P^x 3 ~HQ ql OK=K.

1) =# JOk =K P^O (Labour Income/ Compensation of Employees)
2) =^# O/ P #Oz P^O (Property Income/ Operating Surplus)
3) q= P^O (Mixed Income) XH =H ~ O_O\x JOk =K P^O.
1. Compensation of Employees: q, L^Q `= =# JOkOK@ ^~ O^ i~O (u )
=_ q^Q LO_#.
Z) ^=~OQ "`< , r`. L^: r`O, _.Z., KP~Z, X\Z., #, Hg+<, LTC (Leave Travel
Concession) etc.
a) =~ O JOkOK i~O (Compensation in Kind). L^: Lz` Q$O, "^ O, Lz` x~O, P~O,
Lz`q^, ~"}, =_ O_ ~}^ O, Creches for children of Employees etc.
) [=#O L^QHK O H ^` KeO (Employer's Contribution to social security schemes).
L^: .Z, rq`c=, i>~ " O\ #<H JOkOK "\, Q W#~<, Q_\ "II
2. Operating Surplus: =^< x, [=<x He LO_@= =K P^O. JO> P , ==# #Oz

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z~Orq 411
 ECONOMY

=K P^O (Income from Property and entrepreneurship).

Z) =, = < He LO_@= @HO =K#. Rent of Self-occupied house (Imputed Rent) _
@HO Q" .
 ~}, _l\ =K =_.
 Q# bAHz#_ =K ~b, >O\ , H ~ \ =K ~b nx QO.
 Rent, Interest, Royalties J<q Income from property Q K =K.
a)HOh "\^~ OK _q_O_:
 ^ HOh `= "`O P^x +~ ~ H _q_O_ ~O Oz@=. HO` P^x
Oz@ O_ LOK`~. nxx Oz@|_x (Undistributed profits) JO^~.
 D Oz@|_x HO` QO Corporate Profit Tax Q#, HO` QO Corporate Saving Q#
LO@Ok. JO> Dividends, Undistributed Profits, Corporate Tax J<q Income from entre preneurship Q
=|_`~.
3. Mixed Income: L`u H XH =H =#, =^< x JOk =K P^O q= P^O. JO>
HO` Labour Income HQ, HO` Property and Entrepreneurship #Oz =K P^=Q#. L^: O`
"~O, Carpenters P^O, O` Hx H=^ _H~ JOkOK =, `# O xK ~ ` .
II) xH~ q^jH~H P^O (NFIA) = H~H# JOkOz#O^ q^#Oz Ok# P^O (R) ^ QO
q^ JOkOz# H~H = KeO K KeO (P).
 NDP = L^Q i~O { Operating Surplus + q= P^O.
FC

 NNP = NDP + NFIA

FC FC
nx< *f^=O^~.
*f^O [COE + OS + mixed Income] + NFIA
^jH~H P^O { q^j xH~ H~H P^O.
P^ =kO ^u fH=e# *Q` :
1) O qxQ q= (Self - consumption), Imputed rent of the Self - occupied houses He.
2) |kb KeO K~ ~^. L^: Old age Pensions, x~^Q$ u, ~+ , H~ = =O `O
JOkOK O. Wq ` L`uH ZO\ `_@# JOkOK=.
3) K@= u~H ^=O K~ ~^. L^: Q~ P^O, illegal drug Traders (Wq K@= u~H H~H
O> =z#q. =i Q}O x q).
4) *f~}O =_ K~ ~^. `O ^~}OQ qxQ J=~H ~}O fO@Ok J< " O=
~}O =_ K~ ~ (Wk J#`^H L^ O ` fH|_Ok H|\)
5) Second hand goods, bonds, shares Jq` =K P^O K~ ~^. J~` g\ J=H H~ Hg+<
H OKe.
6) " @ |kb KeO K~ ~^. L^: `e^ O _ HK Pocket Money, =$^ HK ^=O "II
(nx XHi#Oz =~HiH H =O ^=O =`" |kb JQK#k)
7) Qe"@ (windfall gains) *f^ Q}# K~ ~^. L^: @s ^~, prizes ^~ =K
P^O (Wq _ ` L`uH ZO\ `_@# JOkOK=).
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z~Orq 412
 ECONOMY

8) H~~+< # fH ~O L# # *f Q}# fO\~. H|\ ` HOQ H~~+< ##

fH#=~O^.
9) O^ # , |=u# O\q ` P^O #OzHH, ~ ^ #Oz Ke ~ . H|\
*f^O QO H^.
3. = =kO ^u (Expenditure Method):
nxx Income Disposal Method, Consumption and Investment Method Jx JO^~.
 PiH == [iQ JOu= =O H OK@^~ GDP x O^=K. JOu= == K JOu= =O
^~ nxx Q} ~ . JOu= == J<q qxQxHQx, @|_H Hx H=K. JO> JOu= qxQ
=O, JOu= @|_ =O H@ ^~ nxx O^=K. JO^K nxx Consumption and Invest
ment Method JO^~.

XH ^ QO JOu= =O K ~OQ <QO\~.

1) Q$~OQO (Household sector)
2) O / "~ ~OQO (Business/ Producing Sector)
3) `~OQO (Government Sector)
4) W`~ O K~O QO Rest of the World (Row)
JOu= = = D <Q ~OQ K =O D q^O Q LO@Ok.
Z) qxQ =O (Consumption Expenditure) C
a) @|_ =O (Investment Expenditure) I
) ` =O (Government Expenditure) G
_) xH~ ZQ=` (Exports Imports) X M
Z) " \ JOu= qxQ =O (C):
qxQ == , = Q$~OQO, L^ O x KO ^ O K =O nx Q.
 =xHx (non-durables goods) P~O, h, |, @` K =O.
 =xHQ (durable goods) TV, iK~, H~, H, AC "II "\ =O.
 ~"}=, "^ = O\ = =O.
 g\ K =x =~\x i> ^~ (Retail Prices) P^~OQ Q} ~ .
Note: #`# W H#Q qxQ =OH^. Jk @|_ =O HOkH =O k.
` L`u =" fH"e. `H~, `== =O fH~^.
L`u^~ `#H LOz# Self-Consumption _ qxQ =O Q" .
Imputed Rent on Self - occupied houses _ qxQ =O Q" .

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z~Orq 413
 ECONOMY

B)@|_ =O (I):
 uH =^# == ~Q^ @|_ L^: O`, Hs ~_x WO_, O W<O@s
~Q^.
 @|_ =< Gross Domestic Capital Formation (GDCF) JO^~. nx =_ Q Q=.
a) ~
@|_/ ~ =^# H#: #`# O\, O`, Z" O\, Hs , ~"} Z" O\,
x~}# (_O, >e<< ) "II "x K =O.
b) ~ _x K =O: #`# WO_ x~}O =O (W#=, " O\, =_, W@H, = "II
"x a~K =O). nxx Commodity Flow Approach JO^~. Major repairs, Renovations nx Q" .
WO_ x~}=<k @|_QO.
Note: Capital goods @|_H, WO_x ~}O @|_H HkQ `_ LOk. WO_ J<q Q$~OQOK H#Q
K |_Q, =^# == O K H#Q K |_#.
c) x=~ (W<O@s): =_~ , QO ` ~ # == , J=HxH ^O QL# JOu===
(Final goods awaiting sale) "IIq W<O@s. D W<O@s =K =~x @|_ =OQ fO\~.

 Change in stock = closing stock opening stock.

 ~ @|_ { ~ _x WO_ x~}O { W<O@s =~ K =x @|_Q K =K.

gx HO` QO J~Q, `~ Q^ Qi J~# "\ #O @|_ H|_=K. D Replacement amount
x `~ Q^ (Depreciation) JO^~. H|\ @|_#O_ D `~ Q^# f" xH~ @|_ =K#.
Net Domestic Investment = Gross Fixed Business Investment +
Inventory Investment +
Gross Residential Investment - Depreciation.

C) `=O (G):

 nxx ` JOu= qxQ ==O^~.

 i#, ~H} , Ou XO^, q^ "^ OH = = =O ` =O. ` =O=
=~\ J" == L`uH= H|\, g\H =~\ ^~ O_=. ` = JOkOKO^ `O
L^Q K =O, `O = JOkOK@_ == K =O He` ` =O =K#.
 J~` ` = =~\ ^~ J=H~#\H, <==` ~O fH=K. (L^: Hospitals
<==` ~O, q^O A ) J\O\ ~|_x, =O #Oz f" xH~ =O =K#.
 L^Q i~O "`< , r`, O H KeO ~O LO_#.
 ` JOu= qxQ =O L^Q i~O { ^j =~\ = = xH~ H#Q { q^#Oz
= = xH~ H#Q.
 xH~ J#Q H#Q q=, J=H q= =^ Q `_.
D) xH~ ZQ=` Net Exports (X M) :
 = = ZQ=` q=#Oz kQ=` q= f" , xH~ ZQ=` =K#. Wk ^< `HOQ Qx,
~}`HOQQx LO_=K. Net Exports = Exports Imports
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 414
 ECONOMY

 xH~ ZQ=` J<q ^j L`u (Domestic product) QO.

 Open Economy XH^ O W`~ ^` JO`~f "~O K XH^ O W`~ ^ == , =
(+ OQ, c=, OHOQ, ~"}, ~@H =) ZQ=uK =K. J\Q q^ P ^xH P~O,
handicrafts O\ == # H#=K. J^q^O Q q^#Oz == , kQ=u K H=K.
 = =kO ^u ZQ=`#, kQ=`# ^j =O ZO^ fH"e?
 ZQ=` q^ =O K# \H, P == ^j QO L`uH|_q H|\ Jq ^j
L`u QO.
 kQ=` J<q q^ L`uH|_#\H, "x =O J<q ^j qxQ @|_ =QO.
 J~` XH ^ QO L`u ZO` J~#n `H"O> kQ=` f" e.
 xH~ q^j @|_ xH~ ZQ=` + NFIA.
 PiH == [iQ qxQ, @|_, `, xH~ ZQ=` He` GDP =K#.
GDPMP = C + I + G + (X M)
Note : @|_x fH<@_ xH~ @|_ fO> GDP H |^ NDP =K#.
 GDP H NFIA Ki, GNP =K#. nx#Oz `~ Q^ f" NNP =K#. nx#Oz xH~ ~H
MP MP MP

# f" NNP =K#. W^ *f^O.

FC

*f^O(NI) = C + I + G + (X M) + NFIA D Net IT

nxx D q^O Q K=K C + I + G + (X M)

GDPMP

( + ) NFIA

GNPMP


( ) Depreciation


NNPMP


( ) Net IT


NNPFC / National Income.
Note: * GDP xH~ ZQ=` (X M) J<q QO.
* GDP H NFIA (RP), Ki GNP =K#.
= =kO ^u *f^ =#

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z~Orq 415
 ECONOMY

C+I+G+(XM) + NFIA D Net It G + TP CT, UDP PT

GDPMP

GNPMP

NNPMP

NNPFC / NI

Private
Income
Personal
Income

DPI

= =kO ^u fH=e# *Q` :

1) JOu= == xO\x fH"e (=~\ g\ =O [iy<, [~QH ~<).
L^: Self - consumption, Imputed values.
2) =^ O`~ == =O H OK~^ (Wk JOu= =O QO H|\) .
3) Second - hand goods K =O H OK~^ (Wq Q` O=`~ L`uH =~).
4) +~, O_ (Financial assets) K =O H OK~^ (nx [=#O =`" |kb JQ#. ZO\
#`# P L`uH=).
5) |kb KeO K =O H OK~^. L^: OK#, x~^Q $ u .
 ~`^ O O\ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ =xH O|OkOz i # =K~O H =_O= D ^u x
J=OaOKO .
 PiH == "@, ` = "\ `H<O^, qxQO, @|_ `H<O^
==kO ^u J=Oa~ .
*f^O Q}OK@_ q#~OK=# JO :
 #<
 Q`O L`u K# ==
 q^ #Oz |kb
 HOh O_ J=HO
 qOu
 i\ J=H, H#Q
 Purchase of Second Hand Machine of a Domestic Service
 Purchase of New Shares of a Domestic firm

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z~Orq 416
 ECONOMY

 `O q^~ Hz# ~+
 ` P` Lz` "^ O
 ` ~}O =_
 @s ^~ =K P^O
 Remittances from Abroad
*f^O Q}OK@_ iQ}H fH"e# JO : (K~e# JO)
 +~#
J" Hq+< U*O@ P^O
 [=x LO@# WO\ = : Wk imputed value Q K =K. *f^O K~e.
 _H~ H H#+ < A

 ~y =O^ =O
 #~ JOkOz# Lz` xO
 #
 WHO O xK ~f P^O
 Provident Fund # L^Q "\
 #`# WO_ x~}=
 OH~ [_H K r`O
 MP H WK J"#
*f^ Q}# ~`^O J=OaOK ^u :
 =# ^O #=^y# ^`O H =@ =# U XH ^u x L yOz O~O Q *f^x
H==.
L^ : == ~OQO P^ ^u ^~ ^`O H~} [~Q^ . JO^=# =#^O qq^
~OQ qq^ ^` # J=Oa < ~. JO^K =# ^O J#iOK ^u q= ^u JO\=.
^u ~OQO
1) L`u =kO ^u 1) ^q H ~OQO. (==O, J@g O^, K OHO ,
Value Added Method Q# `=HO)
2) Manufacturing (il~ J~#q)
3) x~} ~OQ= (@} O`)
2) P^ =kO ^u 1) Manufacturing (il~ Hxq)
2) q^`, Q, h\ ~ ~
3) `$f ~OQO, (~"}, H=xH+#, =~H O , HOQ, c=
` = "^Q#q).
3) = =kO ^u 1) x~} ~OQO (Qg} O`)

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 417
 ECONOMY

JO> *f^O Q}# =# ^O =_ ^`# Ly<~.

C.S.O. ~OQ"s q[# :

CSO "~ =# PiH ==# OQ HOk q^O Q ql Ozi. D q[ # i= H#_= .

1) ^q H ~OQ= Z) ==O ( +} nx QO)

a) J@g O^
) =` O^
=_ JO# H e q J~ O "Agriculture,
forestry and fishing" JO^~.

_) Q# `=HO
D <= (_) JOx =_ (Z,a,) JO He` ^q H
~OQ= =K#. D H~Hh H$ u P^~_ # q.

2) kf ~OQ= Z) Manufacturing nx 2 JOO\~.

1) il~ (Hs K@O HO^ #"^# q)
2) J< il~ (Hs K@O HO^ #"^ Hxq)
a) q^`, Q, h\ ~ ~
) x~} ~OQ=
=_ (Z,a,) JO# He kf ~OQO JO^~.

Q=xH :  ^q H ~OQ Q Q# `=Hx f" kf ~OQxH Ki i=

~OQO =K#
 i= ~OQO Q# `=HO { kf ~OQO
 PiH ==# ^q H, kf, `$f ~OQQ ql Q# `=HO J<k
^q H ~OQO QO. J\ HH ==, iqH, " ~OQQ
ql iqH ~OQO Q# `=HO J<k QO.

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z~Orq 418
 ECONOMY

3) `$f ~OQ= Z) =~H O , @, ~ ~ O@

a) ~"}, x, =K~O
) < <, OHOQ, c=, i Z\ =i W`~ "~ =
_) =lH, O H =HQ ` =
<Q (Z,a,,_) JO# `$f ~OQ= JO\~.

~`^ O *f^ =$k x~}O, ^~}

*f^, `i P^ ~Q^ ^~} :
` O=`~ ^~ *f^x H , *f^O ~Q^ J<k...
Z) =` u ~Q^ =# Oq OK=K.
a) ^~ ~Q^ =# Oq OK=K.
^~ ~Q^ "x `yOKO^ *f^x ~ ^~ H ~ . ^ ` ^~ `
H "" ^x O^O^ *f^x _\ K~ . ^~ ~Q^ "x `yOKO^
_\ ~# L y~ .
 J~` *f^O J<k [< "x H OK^ . nxH *f^xH |^ `i P^O
Q}O Ke. `i P^O [ r=# =}O# zOK#.
1.
1.*f, `i P^ =$k ~ @ (Growth Rates))
HO *f^ =$k ~ @ `i P^ =$k ~ @
195051 #O_ 198081 3.5% 1.4%
198081 #O_ 200001 5.6% 3.2%
200001 #O_ 200405 6.4% 4.7%
200405 #O_ 201011 8.4% 6.9%
"^\ 30 O=`~ HO *f^ ~Q^ ~ @ Q@ # 3.5%Q #"^ J~Ok. `i
P^ ~Q^ ~ @ 1.4%Q #"^O k. WO` n~ HO =$k ~ @ ` =Q LO_@, =$k ~ @
~Q@ |^ `Q@ =# II ~*H$+Q~ nxx =OQOQ "Mx ''O^ =$k ~@Q
eK~. JO`HH DHO *f^ ~Q^ ~ @H<, `i P^O ~Q^~ @ ` =Q LOk.
nxH H~}O JkH [< ~Q^ ~ >. `~ "` ~ O_ ^ 1980 #Oz K H^y# q^O Q =$k
Hx O k. D HO *f^ =$k ~ @ 5.6%Q#, `i P^ =$k ~ @ 3.2%Q #"^O k.
JO> "^\ 30 O=`~ =$k ~ @ HO> `~ "` 20 O=`~ =$k~ @ "~QQ LOk. JO>
~` PiH == ~*H$ +Q ~ ~# O^ =$k~ @# JkQq OKQe yOk.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 419
 ECONOMY

200405 #O_ 201011 =^ *f^ =$k ~ @ 8%# , `i P^ =$k ~ @ 6%#

#"^O k. Wk K PtOK^Q Ja=$k.
 1980 `~"` *f^ =$kH `i P^ =$kH =^ JO`~O `Q_xH H~}O [<
~Q^~@ `Q@.
~`^O J`kH =$k ~@ OqOz# O=`~ :
GDPFC NNPFC
197576 ........................9.2% 9.5%
198889 .......................10.2% 10.3%
200506 ........................9.5% 9.5
200607 ........................9.6% 9.5
200708 ........................9.3% 9.6
=#^O J`kH =$k ~ @ Oq Oz# O=`~O 198889 (10.3%)
=#^O 9, JO`HO > Z= =$k ~ @ #"^# O^~ 5 ~ (200708# HHx)
~ O_= J`kH GDP =$k~ @ #"^# O=`~O 10= }oH z=i O=`~O (200607)
J` =$k ~ @ : NNPFC (GDPFC)
195758 -1.8% 1.4
196566 -4.5% 3.4

197273 -0.8% 0.3
197980 -6.0% 4.9
J`kH ~}`H =$k~ @ #"^# O=`~O 197980 (-6.0).

}oH HO O=`iH =$k ~@

} oH NNPFC PCI (Per Capita Income)
1. 195156 4.4% 2.6%
2. 195661 4.0% 2.0%
3. 196166 2.6% 0.4%
4. 196974 3.1% 0.8%
5. 197479/78 4.9% 2.6%
6. 198085 5.4% 3.1%
7. 198590 5.5% 3.3%
8. 199297 6.7% 4.5%
9. 19972002 5.3% 3.3%
10. 20022007 7.8% 6.1%
11. 20072012 9% H O
(Source : Economic Survey 2010 -11)

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z~Orq 420
 ECONOMY

 J## H O HO> K ` = =$k ~ @ kOz# }oH 3= }oH

nxH H~}O 196566 f= H~`, 196667 H~ = Oq OK_O , 1962 K< ^~H=},
 1965 H<` ^O "^Q u O @# Oq OK@ =# D }oH ~OQ q "O k.
W\=~ J`kH =$k ~ @ 10= }oH kOzOk.(7.8%)
~ O_= J`kH =$k ~ @ kOz# }oH 8= }oH. (6.7%)
 10= OK=~ }oH O=`~ "sQ =$k~ @ (GDP ) =i `i P^ =$k~ @
FC

200203 3.8% 2.0%

200304 8.5% 7.0%
200405 7.5% 5.6%
200506 9.5% 7.8%
200607 9.6% 7.9%
10 = }oH Q@ 7.8%
 11= }oH "^\ ~ O_ O=`~ GDP =$k~ @
2007 08 9.3%
2008 09(PE) 6.8%
2009 10(QE) 8.0%
2010 11(AE) 8.6% (=iOz#k 8.4%)
2011 12(AE) 6.9%
2. *f, `i P^:

~ ^~ (20042005) ` ^~
OII *f^O `i P^O *f^O `i P^O
NNP (H@ ~II)
FC
(~II) NNP
FC
PCI (~II)
(1999 2000)
1950 51 2,04,924 5,708 9,152 255
(2004 2005)
2008 09 36,69,890 31,801 46,85,873 40,605
2009 10 39,46,540 33,731 54,39,557 46,492
2010 11 42,59,782 35,917 65,03,394 54,835
 ~ ^~ *f^O 195051 #O_ 200910 <\H 2 H H@#O_ 42 H H@ iQ#.
J#Q D HO *f^O 20 ~ @ iyOk.
 ~ ^ ~ `i P^O W^ HO =~ ~.5,700/ #Oz ~.35,900/ iQ#. JO> `i
P^O 6 ~ @ iQ#.
 *f^O HO> `i P^O ` =Q ~Q_ xH H~}O [< ~Q^ ~ @ Z=Q LO_@.
 ` ^~ *f^O W^HO 9,000 H@#Oz, 65 H H@ iQ#. JO> 710 ~ @ iQ#.
` ^~ `i P^O D HO ~II 255/ #Oz ~II 54,800/ iQ#. JO> 215 ~ @
iQ#.
 ~ ^~ HO>, ` ^~ *f, `i P^ Z=Q ~Q_ xH H~}O ^O ^~ ~Q^
JkHO Q LO_@.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 421
 ECONOMY

*f^O qq^ ~OQ "\ :

195051 200809 201011 (Q)
1. ==O J#|O^ ~OQ 55.4% 16.9% 14.3%
2. "x OQ =#HiOQ(i= ~OQO) 15.0% 25.8% 27.9%
Z) "x OQ Hs~OQ 1.4% 2.0% 2.3%
a) =#HiOQ 8.9% 14.5% 15.8%
) h\ ~ ~ , q^`, Q 0.3% 2.0% 1.9%
_) x~} ~OQO 4.4% 7.3% 7.9%
3) = ~OQO 29.6% 57.3% 57.8%
Z) ~"}, H=xH+# =~H O 11.3% 28.6% 27.6%
a) OHOQ, < < i Z\ 7.7% 14.8% 17.4%
) =lH =HQ ` = 10.6% 13.9% 13.4%
Z) = ~OQ= 1 { 2 70.4% 42.7% 42.2%
a) " ~OQ= 29.6% 57.3% 57.8%
"`O 100% 100% 100%

~OQO 195051 200910 (Q) 201011 (Q)

^q H ~OQO 56.8 16.9 16.6
kf ~OQO 13.6 25.8 25.6
`$f ~OQO 29.6 57.3 57.8
^ # ~OQ "sQ K ^q H ~OQO "\ 195051 56.8 % #Oz ("x OQ Hs~OQ He)
201011 <\H 16.6%H `yO k.
` O ^q H ~OQO "\ ~OO #Oz `Q ` LO__O ` kf, `$f ~OQ HO> _
` =Q LOk.
kf ~OQO "\# ije 195051 13.6%Q L# QO ("x OQ Hs~OQ q#~Oz)
201011 <\H 25.6%H iyOk. W_ *f^O nx "\ `$f ~OQO HO> ` =Q#,
^q H ~OQO HO> Z=Q# #"^ K O@Ok.
`$f ~OQO "\ 195051 29.6% #Oz 201011 <\H 57.8% iyOk. ` O *f^O
J`kH "\# JOkOKk `$f ~OQ" .

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 422
 ECONOMY

L~OQ "sQ ije...

^q H ~OQO :
Z) ^q H ~OQO ^ "\^~ ==".
==O "\ 50% #Oz 201011H 14%H `yO k.
a) K OHO #Oz =K "\ 0.8% KiOk.
) J@g O^# ije ~OO 6.7% LO_k. ` O 1.5% H `y ~Ok.
_) Q# `=Hx ije 1.4% #Oz 2.33%H HkQ =`" iyOk.
kf ~OQO :
Z) kf ~OQO ^ # "\^~ =#HiOQ. nx Z) il~ , a) J<il~ J# ~ O_ L Q
H=. J< il~ qQO HO> il~ qQO Z= "\ Hey LO_@ HH, Z= =$k ~ @ #"^O k.
a) x~} ~OQO "\ _ ~Q` =zOk. =#HiOQ `~ "` ~ O_= #O LOk.
`$f ~OQO :
Z) =~H O ~"}, H=xH+#, ije 201011 <\H J`kH "\#OkOKk D qQ" (27.6%).
a) OHOQ, < <, i Z\ "\ ~Q` =zOk.
) ` #, q^, P~QO, @O| OH = O ~Q@ =# =lH = "\ _ ~Q`
=zOk.
 =#^O *f^O =z# D == ~H =~ H~}O }oH =# [iy# H$+ .
 199091 `~` ~"}, =K~= =$k~ @ K "QO Q LOk.
PiHa=$k H == ~H =~ ~=_O [O Hx D =~ K <=kQ Oq < ~.
nxH H~}O =#HiOQ ~OQO <=kQ =$k KO^_" .
Q=xH : =#^O iqHH~ }
^ K~ O_ iqHH~ }
`~ "` ^ J~# "~OQO# ^\
" |_#. nx=# `eO^q@O> =# ^O iqHH~ } K\ =#HiOQ ~OQx |`O
K = LOk. J Jx ==~OQx x~H O K ~^. == P^~ i=# O Ke.
i= _ ==xH H=# L`^H# K e. J_ Ja=$k KO^`# ~`^ O
Ja=$k KOk# ^O Q =~ KO^Q ^.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 423
 ECONOMY

4. *f^O `~OQO "\ :

195051199394 200809
l._.. ` ~OQO "\ 7.6 % 25.9% 20.8 %
 }oH ~OaOz#\#Oz `~OQO ~A~AH qi =zOk.
 1955 Q~ Hq\ ~ WOi OH P WO_ # SBI Q *fO Ki .
 1969 14 "}[ O
1980 06 "}[ O
1956 ZS (LIC)
1972 lS (GIC)# *fH~} QqOzi.
 1956 STC (State Trading Corporation) U~@.
 2= }oH ~~ (t= [~h), a (~), ^~ ~ (WOQO_), 3= }oH H~ (~)
L H~Q~# `~OQO O K#.
qq^ ~OQ `~OQO qi ~=_O= 195051 GDP 7.6% He# `~OQO "\
199394 <\H 26%H iyOk.
`O`O =z# `~ "` Q, "x OQ, HOh *f~H~} , O *f~H~} , W#~< O ,
q^` O , W#=L H~Q~O O\ ^ O # `= K@ _ O =# 199394 =~ `
~OQO "\ qi =zOk. 1991 `~ "` #`# PiH O~} " @@ =# # =K O
#Oz `O `# @|_# LO iOK_O =# *f^O ` ~OQO "\ 199394 `~`
`Q ` =z 200809 <\H 21% H `yO k.
5. Qg}, @} ~OQ "\ : xH~ ^j L`u
~OQO 197071 19992000
Qg} O`O 62.4 48.3
@}
O`O 37.6 51.7
 xH~ ^j L`u Qg} ~OQO "\ H=OQ `Q ` 19992000 <\H 48%H `yO k.
 xH~ ^j L`u @} O`O #Oz =K "\ 197071 #Oz 19992000 =^ 37.6% #Oz
51.7% iyOk. JO> xH~ ^j L`u QO HO> Z= "\ @} ~OQO #O_ =QK#k.
 xH~ ^j L`u @} ~OQO "\ ~Q_ O =#O H~^y # i}=" J~#\H Qg} ~OQO
#Oz =K "\ <\H 48% LO__O Qg} PkH `# `e* #.
6. *f^O ==H$`, J==H$` ~OQ "\ :
CSO H~= XH ~OQO# ==H $ ` ~OQOQ "O>
Z) Jk U K@O HO^<< #"^ LO_e.
a) P O u O=`~O P, P \x ` ~ K LO_e.
~OQO 198081 200708
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 424
 ECONOMY

J==H $ ` ~OQO 70% 57%

==H $ ` ~OQO 30% 43%
 *f^O J==H $ ` ~OQO "\ `Q ` =z, 200405 <\H 58% H KiOk. J~#\H QO HO>
Z= "\ nx#OK =O k.
 *f^O ==H $ ` ~OQO #Oz =K "\ ~Q` LOk. Wk PtOK^Q ^ Hh W\H
J==H $ ` ~OQO #Oz =K "\ Z=Q (57%) LOk. Wk "#H@`<x zOK#.
~OQ"sQ K. ..
Z) ==O, J_=, K OH ~OQ J==H $ ` ~OQO "\ 95% #Oz 94%H `yO k.
a) "x OQ, =#HiOQ ~OQ# ije ==H $ ` ~OQO "\ 57% #Oz 63% iyOk.
) "~OQO# ije 40% #Oz 62% ==H $ `~O QO "\ iyOk.
Qg} ^j`u (Rural GDP) :
OII ==O i= =
197071 73.8 11.3 14.9
200708 42.0 29.6 28.4
 ~*+ H =i H .Z.kv Qg} GDP =z# x~}`H =~# J^ #O Ki .
 1970 ^H O =$k~ @ (2.3%) HO> 2000 `~ "` =$k~ @ (5%) iyOk.
 197071 Qg} GDP ==O "\ 74% HQ qye# i=, = "\ 26%Q LOk.
 ==O "\ x~O`~O `Q ` , 200708 <\H 42% `yO k. =~" i=, = "\ 58%H
iyOk.
 JO> Qg} GDP x~}`H =~ K@ K O@#q. ==O "\ `Q ` , ==`~
~OQ "\ ~QK#k.
 Qg} GDP J`kH "\#OkOKk ==O HQ, ~ O_= #O i=, 3= #O =H=.
 ^ GDP "^\ #O =, ~ O_=#O i=, z=i#O ==O O^#.
~`^ O *f^ JOK<
*f^ JOK< u O=`~O L`u J=K# = = Qi `e*~. *f^O
~Q^ ^ #uH zH. `i P^Ox ~Q^ [ r=# =} ~x `e* O k.
qq^ ~OQ L`u H_ "~ ~Q `H=_xH gO@Ok. *f^ H L`u ^<
=^ P^O U q^O Q O} J~#k `e* #. "`O P^O "`< `O ZO`?
"\ ZO`? `#. ^O [iQ @|_, ^ qxQxH O|OkOz# q=~ O_ }oH
` ~K _O J^ O. JO> `# PiH q^< ~OkOKH=_xH *f^ H `__`~.
`O`xH ~O ~`^ O *f^ H :
 a\+ # *f^x JOK< " _xH `~O Q ^Q H$+ [~Q ^ . HO`=Ok

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z~Orq 425
 ECONOMY

PiH" ` =HQ ` ^ *f^x JOK< "i .

 =#^O "@" ^\ iQ ^^~ <~l *f^O, `i P^O JOK<# 186768
O=`~xH O|OkOz Q}O K_O [iyOk. J\ `i P^O 20 ~, *f^O
~.340 H@ [< 17 H@. ~` ^iH =# `# "Poverty and unBritish Rule in India" J<
QO^O `e<~.
 1875 J\<< a\+ WO_ Q=~"O\ xK~. 20 O=`~ ==k `i P^O H Oz
31% iyO^<# .
 1882 iOQ _q_ JOK< K~.
 189899 qe" _w JOK< H~O *f^O ~.428 H@., `i P^O ~.19.
W`# = ~OQx iQ}xH fH^ . JO^K <~r JOK<H< ` =Q =zOk.
 1901 ~ H~< , 1903 P~.y<, 1911 P~.~, 191114 =H =~O[<, 191314
"_ *+, 191920 e< , 1921 a.Z.~ "^Q"~ *f^O# JOK< "i .
 192122 H .\. =i HO|\ "Wealth and Taxable capacity of India" J< QO^O *f^O
~.2,364 H@, `i P^O 74 ~Q JOK< "i .
 193140 P~..^ `# "Consumer expenditure in India 1931-32 to 1940-41" J< i^#
^O x @O K =x P^~OQ K x *f^O# H OK#.
 J~` g~O^~ =HQ`OQ HOK@ =# `= O`xH iq`O JQ@ =# gi H
` ^ . J~#\H _II q.H.P~.q.~=Qi *f^ JOK< Z=
`` _#qQ
K=K.
 +~ 1911, 1922, 1931 OIIQ# *f^O# JOK< "#.
PK~ q.H.P~.q. ~= JOK< :
 `O`xH ~O ~` *f^x XH H= ^u JOK< "# #` q.H.P~.q.~=QiH
^ `Ok. (gi i ~ q[O^ H i ~OQ =~^ ~*~=)
 192529 "An essay on India's National Income" J< "O *f^O Qi `e*#.
 193132 ''a\+ WO_ *f^O J< H O ,
 q.H.P~.q.~=Qi 193132 O=`~O# O|OkOz *f^O 1689 H@Q#, `i P^O
62 ~Q# JOK< "#.
 q.H.P~.q.~= PiH ==# 1) == ~OQO (==O, J@gO^, Q#, +}, K
OHO "^Q#q), 2) H~~+< ~OQO J# ~ O_ QQ ql OK#. (i=, x~}O,
"~O, ~"}, aH s "II#q H~~+< ~OQO HO^ =~).

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z~Orq 426
 ECONOMY

 ==~OQO L`u =kO ^u x, H~~+< ~OQO P^ =kO ^u x *f^O

JOK< " @ L yOK#. D ~ O_ ~OQ q^j xH~ H~H P^O He` *f^O
=K#. q.H.P~.q.~=Q~ L yOz# ^u x <\H _ ~`^ O J#i< ~.
Q=xH : ~=Q~ *f, `i P^ <=kQ ~Q`O^x ~O>, ^ Wq ~Q_ O ^x
~<#. ~= H =O a\+ WO_ Q} , ^ a\+ WO_ , Native India He Q}O K#.
*.P~.H, =Ys, Z.H.Q :
g~ 18601945 =^ =# ^O x `i P^ =$k ~ @# Q}O K#. a\+ # n~H OQ
0.5% `i P^ =$k LO^x ~<#. JO> PiH == | ` LO^x ~xi. "The frame work
of the Indian Economy" J< QO^O
D Q}OH# `ei.
`O`= `~"` *f^O JOK< :
 *f^ JOK< =Y`# QiOz ~` `O 1949 ..= <a J^ H` # _.P~.Q_ ,
q.H.P~.q.~=# Q *f^ JOK< Hq\x xqOK#. nx< High Powered Expert
Committee JO\~. <\H JO`~f Mu<Ok# = < *<\ , <, _~ < D Hq\ OkOk.
"^\ iQ ^O "`xH O|OkOz# H # K@ @ =# *f^ Ki` nxx Land Mark
Q ~ .
1951 ^= x"kH#, 1954 `k x"kH# JOkOzOk. "^\ x"kH 194849 ^~
`i P^O ~.225, *f^O ~.8710 H@.
nx =MO :
Z) *f^O QO P^O ==~OQO #OK =O k.
a) "x OQ, L`u, Ku=$` (i= ~OQO "\) 1/6Q LOk.
) "}[O, ~"}, H=xH+# "\ 1/6Q LOk.
_) NDP `~OQ "\ 7.6%Q LOk.
C.S.O. JOK< (HO^ Q}OH O) :
 Central Statistical Organisation # `O 1951 O zOk. nx ^ # H~O #_b
Q^.
J\=~ L# *f^ JOK< qQO# 1954 CSO H JyOK#. CSO *f^x
` ^~ #, P^~ O=`~ ^~ # H O k. =#^O <\= ~ f# P^~ O=`~
 194849, 196061, 197071, 198081, 199394, 19992000, 200405
 2009 #Oz 20042005# P^~ O=`~OQ f<~.
 2000OII .~OQ~[< J^ H` # *f Q}OH Hg+<# xqOK#. (National Statistical Com
mission). ~RQ}OH q=~ H~} XH U*hH =~H U*hH `_<x, "\x ik^_ O
^$+x H OnHiOKx nxx xqOzOk.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 427
 ECONOMY

 `O NSSO # CSO # qo`= K NSO (National Statistical Organisation) # 2006

U~@ KO^ ` K#. nxH =Y Q}O_Q ~ + >O_~# xqOK~.J~`
Wk WOH PK~}
H ~^ .
 ` O *f^ H C.S.O. ~`< K i`O J=`<~.
 1950 NSS U~_Q, 1970 Jk NSSO Q =iOk.
200910 (Q) 201011 (AE)
GDPFC (` ^~) (H@) 65,50,271 78,77,947
GDPFC (~ ^~) (H@) 44,93,743 48,79,232
`iP^O ( ` ^~ ) (~) 46,492 54,835
`iP^O (~ ^~ ) (~) 33,731 35,917

1. ~`^ O "@" ^\ i *f^O, `i P^O# JOK< "# "^\ =H ^^~

<~l (1876) (186768 OII# Q#)
2. `O`xH ~O `eiQ |^OQ *f^x JOK<"#"~ PK~
q.H.P~.q.~=
3. ~`^ O "@" ^\ iQ JkHiHOQ *f^O# JOK< " @ 1949 U~@
K# *f^ Hq\H J^ _ ~ ..=<a. D Hq\ *f^ Q}#
JO`~f MuQOz# = < *<\ , *P~Z< < =i *.a._. _~ < # O^~.
4. O H Q}# "@" ^\ iQ 1940 q_, < J< PiH" ` " \~ .

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 428
 ECONOMY

*f^ Q}# Z^~ =:

*f^ Q}# Z^~ =# OQ ~ O_ ~HQ ql OK=K.
1) =<`H = 2) PK~} `H =
1) =<`H =:
Z) =: *f^ Q}# =# H OK? q#~OK? J<k =. =i < PiH" `
(Marxian Economists) =# q#~OKe Jx qOKQ, qye# "~ K~x qOzi. +e ^ g\x
q#~OKQ, H @e ^ (WO_ ` He) g\x K~ < ~.
a) Q$}=: K~H = ^=~O KeO O_=. Q$} = (L^: =O@K @, O~H} ),
`@x, ~ KC @ "II "x Love, affection He LO_@K, "xH ^=~O Q}O K@ H+O . W"
= |@ "iH K (L^: Maid Servant, gardener, tutor) L`u J^ J~#\H *f^O ~Q#.
~` ^O O\ Ja=$k ^ WO\ = Z= H|\ *f^O ` =Q (Under estimate) JOK<
" |_`Ok.
" =# Q q=iOK@K nxx Q " s `O (Pigou paradox) JO^~.
) =^ O`~ == QiO =:
*f^ Q}# JOu= == fO\~Qx, =^ O`~ == # fH~. J~` gx=^ Yz`" #
`_# QiOKO . K == "\ qxQO|\ =~`O\~. Hs "_H O_ (Flour) =^ O`~ == HQ,
Q$}H JOu= == . Office # K~ H=_xH J ~"}=O =^ O`~ =OHQ, @O|O Holiday Trip H
~"} =O JOu= ==Q#.
_) ` i# : `O JOkOK =, < =O ZO`"~ *f`uH
^^_ < Yz`OQ K O. L^: Ou ^` , ~ K =O.
W) P^~ O=`~O x L`u : P^~ O=`~O O_, `~ "` HO #`# == L`u
[iy`, "\x ~ ^~ H OK@_ = Z^~Q #.
Z) W<O@s =~# q=H@@ : W<O@s =~# q= H>@_ Original Cost P^~OQ
Q}O K? ^ ` ^~ Q}O K? J<k =~ =.
l) `~ Q^ JOK< : `~ Q^ q=# O`O H Original cost JOK< " ?
^ Replacement cost P^~OQ Q}O K? J<k =~ =.
K) ^=^ ieH = : "~ "~ H#Q HQ H~hQ ^ =^ *f, `i
P^, r=# =} i@ J~~ `=x HO^i PiH" `
JaO.
2. PK~}
`H =:
Z) ^" `~ ~OQO : ~`^ O O\ "#H|_# ^ J==H $ `, ^" `~ ~OQO Z=.
^=O L yOK O_ = = ~~ ^u ^~ qx=O J
~OQx ^" `~ ~OQO JO^~. ==~OQO K L`u ^=
=~\H ~O_, O` qxQO, == i_ ^~ qx=OH
`Ok. e `OQ *f^ H JOK< < (guess - work)
[~Q`#q.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 429
 ECONOMY

a) =$u ` HH~ }
H =@ : ~` O\ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ =$u ` HH~ } H =@K
O=`~ HO XH^xHO> Z= H~H #\H, U^
XH H~HO =K P^" H H =O k.
) z# L`u^~ : JHO@ ^#`# QiOKH JHO@ x~OKH =@K i #
=K~O W=H `<~.
_) ^ O , L`u^~ : # ~O#Oz ` OKH<O^ `C _ H K`<~.
W) x"kOK|_x K@ =u~H ^=O : P^ O^ # ZQ"` H i # P^, O^ =K~x
W=^ . Wk Black Money H ^ifO k. K@| ^, K@= u~H
^"O__x Parallel (or) Hidden Economy JO^~. nx=
*f^O Under estimation [~Q`#k.
Z) qOK^Q Q}OH O HH=@ : ~` O\ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ ^ # = qh"#
Q}O H =@. tH} Ok# Q} H~`= i # =K~O
~H=@, == L L`` # ~Q, O_, \O|~ "II
"xH O|OkOz i # =K~O ~H=@ H#|_`#k.
*f^ JOK< ^#`:
1) PiH ~Qa=$kH pQ xK #.
2) qq^ ^ *f, `i P^ ieH L Q_ #.
3) PiH == =K == ~H =~ J~O K <O^ L Q_ #.
4) qq^~ O Q#O_ =K H "\# `H=K.
5) PiH == Q qq^ =~ [ P^ =` `H=K.
6) }oH ~K# *f^O H ^^_ ` ~.
7) XH^ O < "~ ~ H PiH == ~a=$kx i=K.
8) ~ L`u O` ^O qq^ O` =^ Of =` Q OK=K.
9) `i P^x Q}O z, [ r=# =}x JOK< " =K.
10) GNP q O^ "\ P^~OQ Trade Union, Labour organisations `= q^< ~OkOK
H=K.
11) *f^ H "~O `= L`u, =~\OQ = ~OkOKO^ ^^_ ` ~.
12) PiH =$kx Q}O KO^ *f^ H ^^_ ` ~.
XH =@ KO> PiH =$kx Q}O KO^, PiH q^< ~OkOKO^ Wq ^^_ ` ~.
PiH == Wq uaO|O =O\q.

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z~Orq 430
 ECONOMY

3. P^ KH "O
(Circular Flow of Income)

 *f^=<k "=# (Flow concept). H|\ x~O`~O XH ~OQO#Oz =~H ~OQxH =O k.

 L`u H~H O` = = L`u H|_#. D L`u q= ^xH ^^_ # L`uH~H
P^ ~O K~ #. D P^O uiy = = Y~@|_#. JO> L`u P^x W=Q
P^O =xH ^^_ # =O uiy L`u, P^xH ^^_ #.
 JO> PiH == = =, L`uH~H = x~O`~O L`u^~, Q$~OQO =^ qx=O [~Q#.
 PiH == qq^ ~OQ =^ = = =i L`u H~H = KeO =i ~|_ ~O
=OK@ P^ KH "O.
 P^ KH "O#, ~ O_ ~HQ ql OK=K.
A) Real Flow B) Money Flow.
A) Real Flow ("=
"O): L`uH~H [=# (@O|~OQO) #O_ H~H = L`u^~ (O ),
=~. P L`u H~H# LyOz `~K# == L`u^~#Oz, H<"iH (Q$/@O|
~OQO) K~ #. JO> H~H =, = = qq^ ~OQ =^ =OK@ "= "O.
B) Money Flow (^= "O): P^ xH PiH == Jh ==~ ^=O`< x~OK|_`~. @O|~OQO
O L`u H~H = JOkOz#_ O H~H KeO K~. Wk @O H~H P^O
JQ#. O L`u K# = = @O H#Q K# _ =O [~Q#. JO> O P^O
=K#. H~H = ^= P^O~Q, Jk = = =O K @^~ qq^ ~OQ =^ ^="O
[~Q#.
x*xH Real Flow, Money Flow J<q XH <}O# ~ O_ " =O\q. = = "= "O J<k, ^x
=u~H kQ ^= "xH =#O (Real Flow of goods and services is matched by an equal but reverse
money flow). L^: O ~OQO 100 H@ == # Q$~OQxH, Q$~OQO ^x 100 H@ =O K #.
 JO> H#Q^~x =O J=HO^~x P^=Q#.
 P^ KH "O# q=iOKO^ PiH ==# 4 ~HQ ql OK=K.
1) Q$/ @O| ~OQO (House hold sector)
2) O / "~ ~OQO (Firms/ Business sector)
3) `~OQO (Government sector)
4) q^j~OQO (Foreign sector/ Rest of - the - world)
1) Q$~OQO: L`uH~H ( q, =, =^# O, ==# ) [=x ^ #OQ Q$~OQ" . Wk H~H =#
O Jq, |^Q P^x O^#. D P^= Z= Q= O JOkOz# = = =O
K #. P^O HO` QO ^K, HO` `xH #Q KeO K#.
2) "~/ O ~OQO: O @O|~OQO#Oz H~H =# J^ fHx, "x O` = = L`uK
"\x Q$~OQxH, W`~ O , `xH, W`~ ^ qH~OK#. O =YOQ L`u H~H =
H#Q^~ =i = = L`u^~. "~~O QO " @ O , ` O He LO\~.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 431
 ECONOMY

3) `~OQO: `~OQ=#Q ^~} `O ( ` O # q#~OKe). `O @O|~OQO,

O ~OQO ` H. ~H # qkOK@ ^~ P^O O^#. = =# O #Oz, L`uH~H =#
@O|~OQO #Oz Hx =O K #. D = =#, H~H =# [ =H [<H (L^:
Police, Education, law and order, Medical facilities etc.) L yOK#.
4) q^j ~OQO: XH ^O W`~ ^ = =# ZQ=u K #. J> kQ=u _ K H##. J> H~H =
_ ^ i=^ ^\ |@ " # .
 P^ KH " q=~}H 4 ~OQ# Three models Q ql OK=K.
1) Two - sector Model : Q$~OQO, "~~O QO He LO_#.
2) Three - sector Model : Q$~OQO, "~OQO, `~OQO He LO_#. nxx Closed Economy
JO^~.
3) Four - Sector Model : Q$ { O { ` { q^j "~ ~OQO_#. nxx Open Economy
Model JO^~.
1) ~ O_ ~OQ #=< (Two - Sector Model):
nx ~ O_ L #=<<~.
a) Two - Sector Model without saving:
b) Two - sector Model with saving and investment:
A) Two - sector Model without saving : nxx O~ = PiH == JO^~. `~OQO, Rest of the World
=x, H =O Q$~OQO, O ~OQ" L#=x " O K e. L`u H~H [=x J~# Q$~OQO `# H~H
=# O qH~Oz @HO, "`< , =_, ~O P^O O^#. O D L`u H~H
O` = =# L`uK "\x @O qH~OK#. @O Q`O Ok# H~H P^x D
= = =O K #. @O K# D =" O P^O.
"= "O: Q$~OQO #Oz L`u H~H = O , O ~OQO #Oz = = Q$~OQxH =OK#.
nx< "= "O JO^~.
( q
, =

O , =

" ^# O
H (
@H , ==

H ~
O
O ,"` #
`
u ~
H K
e #
)
L
u
H O, = _
L` ,
)

Q$~OQO O ~OQO

= = KeO
@O, O ~ O_ =~\ JO`~ O|O^x He LO\~. a) Factor Market, b) Product Market H~H
= = "O
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 432
 ECONOMY

=~\ L`uH~H H qH [~Q#. nxx Upper Outer circle zOK#. = =~\ = =

H qH [~Q#. nxx Lower outer Circle zOK#.
^= "O: @O JOkOz# H~H = O u (@HO, "`# O, =_, ) KeO K#. JO>
P^O O #Oz @O =OK#. J> @O O OkOz# = = =O K #. JO>
P^O @O#Oz O =OK#. nx< ^= "O JO^~. Inner Circle ^= "x zOK#.
 O `= P^O "`x H~H = =O K x, @O `= P^O "`x = =
=O K x, " O K _O [iyOk. JO> O Qx, @OQx ZO\ ^ K =.
H|\ O =O @O| P^O HQ, @O| =O O P^=Q#.
 D #=<#Oz HOk JO Q OK=K.
1) O K L`u H~H KeO Q$~OQxH =K H~H P^O
2) Q$~OQO H = = =O O P^O
3) "`O qxQO O = = L`u
4) "= "O ^= "O
B) Two - Sector Model with savings and Investment: nxx q` = PiH == JO^~.
 x*xH @O `= =z# P^=O` =O K =. P^O =O K x Q" ^.
(A part of the Income which is not spent by house holds is called saving). TOKx J=~, =$^ O
^`H @O ^ K #. O _ P^#O` H~H = =O K =. `~ Q^
x^ Q#, Oz@|_x ~O HO` ^ K~.
Leakages: O #Oz @O Ok# P^=O` qxQO K H, HO` ^K O "
P^O `Q # . JO> @O| ~OQO#Oz, O ~OQxH P^O =OK@_ ^ J<k =x `yO K@
^~, P^ "x `yO K#. JO^K ^# Leakage (withdrawal) in circular Flow of Income JO^~.
=^# =~\ (q` O ): Q$~OQO, O ~OQO K# ^ O, c= O , Mutual Funds
O\ q` O K~ #. nxx = ^# =~\ JO^~. Wk ^ K# "ix, @|_ >" ix, JK"iH,
JC fH<"iH =^ =i` O =OK#. JO> q` O Ki# ^ uiy ~}Q O HiOz, "\x
@|_Q _`~.
Injection: O ~}Q f# "`x uiy @|_Q @#. @|_ _ =" H|\, @|_
P^ =x OK#. JO^K @|_x Injection into the circular Flow of Income JO^~.
P^ KH " =`O: P^ KH "O =`O LO_O> @O, O K ^
(Leakages), O K @|_H (Injection) =#OQ LO_e.
 ^ P^ "x `yO K#. @|_ P^ "x OK#. ^, @|_ =#"# _
(S = I), ^ H OHK e `O (Contractionary effect), @|_ H q~ }
e `O (Expansionary
effect) =#" P^~ =#OQ LO_#.
 Equilibrium Condition of Circular Flow of income is S = I
 ^ @|_x JkQq
(S > I), P^ "O `Q # .
 @|_, ^x JkQq (I > S), P^ "O ~Q#.

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z~Orq 433
 ECONOMY

= "
L`uH~H O

L`uH~H Ke O

S S
Q$~OQO =^# =~\ O ~OQO
I

= = = O

= = "O
2. =_ ~OQ #=< (Three - Sector Model):
~ O_ ~OQ PiH == ` ~OQx Ki =_ ~OQ PiH == =O k. nxx i< PiH
== JO^~.
#: |`O @O| ~OQO, O ~OQO # qkOK@ ^~ P^O O^#. # KeO K@=
@O, O K =O `Q # . e `OQ P^ "O `Q # . JO^K ## Leakage into the
Circular Flow of Income JO^~.

`=O: # ^~ =z# P^x @O|, O ~OQO `O =O K #. (a) @O

JOkOK L`u H~H = "`< , r` ~O =O K #. =i @O |kb KeO ~O
(L^: =$^ OK#, x~^Q$ u, ~+ ) =O K #. (b) O L`uK = = =O
K @^~ =i O a_ WK@ ^~ =O K #.
 |kb KeO ` `O#Oz @O, O ^="O LO@Ok Hx, "\#Oz `xH
ZO\ "= "O LO_^ .
 ` =O= P^ "O ~Q#. JO^K ` =x Injection in the circular Flow of
Income JO^~.

 `O `# =z# P^#O` (#), uiy =O, |kb KeO ~O =O K P^

"O =`O LO_#.
 =_ ~OQ #=< Taxes = Government Expenditure J~#_ P^ "O =`O LO_#.
T=G

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z~Orq 434
 ECONOMY

O
=

=
L` u H~H = Ke O

=
=^# =~\
~ } S
S

(I)
O ~OQO
@O| ~OQO
S ~

_
a
}
H~H

#
Ke

(I)

#Q
O

H

|k

=
b
Ke

=
O
` ~OQO

3) <Q ~OQ #=< (Four Sector Model):

WO`=~ q^j "~O x =_ ~OQ Qi KiO_" O k. nxx Closed Economy JO^~. A Closed
Economy is an Economy which does not engage in International Trade. Hx "" xH u^O q^j "~O
=Y ` +OK#. Q$ { O { `~OQxH q^j "~O (Rest of the World) Ki, Jk Open
Economy Q =|_#. q^j "~O x PiH ==# Autarky Jx _ JO^~.
 q^j "~O ~ O_ ==~O\~. (a) = = ZQ=`, (b) = = kQ=`.
 == ZQ=`=, q^#Oz ZQ=u P^O =K#. nx= ^O P^ "O ~Q#.
JO^K ZQ=` Injection into the circular Flow of Income Q =|_#.
 == kQ=`= ^O [iQ =O q^ =#. JO> P^O q^ =@K P^
"O `Q # . JO^K kQ=` Leakage into the circular Flow of Income Q =|_#.
 ^O #Oz |@k (Out Flow), ^O H =Kk (In Flow), =#OQ L#_ P^ "O
=`O LO_#. JO> kQ=` q= ZQ=` q= (M = X) =#OQ LO_e.
 (a) Q$~OQO q^#Oz == kQ=u K Hx "iH KeO K Q, L`uH~H = JOkOK@^~
Foreign remittance O^#.
(b) O == #, =# (Shipping, Insurance, Banking etc.) ZQ=uK P^O O^Q, = =#
kQ=u K Hx "\ q^ =O K #.
(c) `O _ = =# ZQ=u, kQ=u K H##. D =_ ~OQ q^ #Oz O^ P^
In Flow HQ, q^ KeO K KeO Out Flow JQ#.

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z~Orq 435
 ECONOMY

 Leakages have a contractionary effect on National Income

 Injections have an Expansionary pressure on National Income
~OQO Leakages Injections Equilibrium
Two-Sector Economy Saving (S) Investment (I) S=I
Three Sector Economy Saving (S) + Taxes (T) Investment (I) + Government
Expenditure (G) S+T=I+G
Four-Sector Economy Saving (S) + Investment (I) + S+T+M=I+G+X
Taxes (T) + Government Expenditure (G) +
Imports (M) Exports

^#`: (a) PiH == qq^ ~OQ Uq^O Q JO`~ O |O^O (Inter - related) He L#q, ~ ~O Uq^O Q
P^~_ # q (Inter - dependent) nx^~ Q OK=K.
(b) nx ^~ P^ i=}O (Size of Income) x~~ OK=K.
(c)
PiH =`xH J=~" # +~` Q OK=K. L^: ~ O_ ~OQ #=< ^, @|_
=#"` P^O =`O LO_#.

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z~Orq 436
 ECONOMY

4. =#"a=$k p
P.Q.L.I. H\
O z#10 O=`~ `~ "` SH~[ quH KOk# UNDP "~ 1990 #Oz HDI #
~OkOz, O K ^ =#"a=$kx, ~# `e x"kH# u O=`~O q_^ K < ~.
 ^xH x["# O^ P ^O x [. [ K# , ZOH # q$ `~ K _ " PiHa=$k =Y
H O. =#"a=$kx OH O Q HeK ^# " D zH.
 ''[ ZOH # q$ `O K _O`@ * # OOkOK H=x =#"a=$k Jx ''=|
L H x~zOK#.
1990 #Oz HDR # UNDP "~ K i< ~. "^@ HDR UNDP "~ HDI x K iOzi.
Wk Mahbub-Ul-Haq P^ ~O ~OkOK|_#.
HDI ;
 1990 nxx ~OkOK#.
 HDI ~H # =|LH, iK~ *b, Q"~ h+, " <^ ^, OH = PiH" ` J=~ <
H$+ LOk.
 J~#\H 'HDI ~teQ =|LHx ~O\~.
HDI f< JO :
Wk 3 JO kOz# Q@ e `# `#.
Z) n~H P~Q=O`" # r=#O : nxx P~ O1 ` Q} ~ .

3
Longevity of life measured by life expectancy at birth.
a) q*#O (Knowledge) : nxx JH~ `` Q} ~
=[# JH~ ` (2/3 =O` ~O)
^q H, kf, `$f q^ L=_ #"^ x+u (1/3 =O`)
) "~Q # r=# =}O (Standard of living) :
nxx "= `i l._. ^~ H~ . (US $PPP ^~ Purchasing Power Parity)
P~ O, JH~ ` `i l._. =#~O W=|_#.
 P~ O, q^, r=# =}xH =#~O W=|_#.
A) Life Expectancy Index (LEI) P~ O
B) Educational Attainment Index (EAI) q^ ^# zH
C) Standard of Living Index (SLI) r=# =} zH
nxx PQLI x Q}O z# ^u Q} ~ . HDI = (LEI + EAI + SLI)

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 437
 ECONOMY

HDI x Q}OK@ Hx+, Qi+ q=:

2010H =O^# ^u 2010 #O_ H` ^u
JOO z x\ Hx+ q= Qi+ q= z x\ Hx+ q= Qi+ q=
P~QO LEI (at birth) OII 25 85 LEI OII 20 83.2
JH~ ` EAI % EAI
a) ALR % 0 100 a) MYS years 0 13.2
b) CER % 0 100 b) EYS years 0 20.6
r=# `i `i 100 40,000 SLI `i 163 1,08,211
=}O P^O GDP GNI
(PPP$) (PPP$)

JOH=^ =O (Arithematic Mean) Q}=^ =O (Geomatric Mean)

JO p (Component Index) "= q= Hx+ q=

=
Qi+ q= Hx+ q=
HDR 2009 HDI P^~_ O K ^# 4 ~HQ ql OK#. HDR 2010 q[ #
Z) ` = =#"a=$k ^ 0.000 #O_ 0.499 0.000 0.479
a) =^ ~ =#"a=$k ^ 0.500 #O_ 0.799 0.480 0.669
) JkH =#"a=$k ^ 0.800 #O_ 0.899 0.670 0.784
_) J`kH =#"a=$k ^ 0.900 #O_ 1.000 0.785 1.000
HDR 2007: 2005 Q}OH P^~OQ 2007 HDR x K iOzi. nx 177 ^ fHQ ...
"^\ #O Iceland, 177= #O Sierra leone, 128= #O India
HDR 2008: 2006 Q}OH P^~OQ 2008 HDR # ~OkOzi. nx 179 ^ fHQ...
"^\ #O Iceland, 179 = #O Sierraleone, 132= #O India
HDR 2009 : 2007 Q}OH P^~OQ 2009 HDR x ~OkOzi. nx 182 ^# fHQ
"^\ #O <~. 182 #O <Q ~ HQ, WO_ #O 134.
HDR 2010 : 169 ^# fHQ,
"^\ #O <~. 169= #O lO, WO_ #O 119 (0.519)
2010 HDR HDI Q}# #`#OQ K# =~
1. `i P^Q}# `i GDPH |^ `i GNI x fH<#.
2. JH~ ` =[# JH~ `, L=_ #"^ x+uH |^ Expected years of schooling, Mean years of
schooling# " ># .
3. =_ JO H Hx+, Qi+ q= =~#.
4. =_ JO Q@ Q}O K@_ =# JOH=^ =O# |^ Q}=^ =x fH<#.
3 LEI, EAI, SLI

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z~Orq 438
 ECONOMY

HDR 2011 : Human Development Report. nx HDI q= P^~OQ <Q ~HQ ^ ql OK|_#.
1) Very high human developed countries 47
2) High human developed countries 47
3) Medium human developed countries 47
4) Low human developed countries 46
187

 gx "^\ ~HO ^ Ja=$k KOk# ^HQ, qye# =_ Ja=$k KO^`# ^Q

=|_`<~.
^# O^O : Sustainability and equity : A better future for all.
 2011 HDR "^\ 5 ^, z=i 5 ^, WO_ H W~Q ~Q## ^ D q^O Q L<~.
"^\ 5 ^ z=i 5 ^ ~` ~Q ^
Rank ^O Rank ^O Rank ^O
1 <~ (0.943) 183 K^ (0.328) 97 NOH (0.691)
2 Pe (0.929) 184 "*OaH (0.322) 101 K< (0.687)
3 <^~O_ (0.910) 185 |iO_ (0.316) 109 =b= (0.661)
4 J"iH (0.910) 186 <Q~ (0.295) 134 WO_ (0.547)
5 #rO_ (0.908) 187 _"H\H iaH P HOQ (0.286) 145 H< (0.504)
146 |OQ^ (0.500)
149 =<~(0.483)
157 < (0.458)
172 Px < (0.398)
 ~`H O > =O^# W~Q~Q ^: NOH, K< , =b=,
 ~`H O > "#HO[ L# W~Q ~Q ^: H<, |OQ^ , =<~, <, Px <
 Q "#H|_# P ^O Px < (172= ~OH)
 HDI ~OHOQ ~`H ~ O_ " Q ^ H =~ (133 ~OH)
~` (134 ~OH)
< (135 ~OH)
 BRICS ^ (l, ~, WO_ , K< , ^H}
H )
66 ~ (0.755) (BRICS ^ "^\ #O)
84 l (0.718)
101 K< (0.687)
123 ^H} H (0.619)
134 WO_ (0.547) (BRICS ^ z=i#O.)
 2011 HDR H~O ~` P=}O 65.4 O=`~
Expected Years of Schooling 10.3
Means Years of Schooling 4.4%
`i GNI 3,468 (US$ PPP)
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 439
 ECONOMY

 HDI ~OH W\=~ <~ 9 ~ "^\ #O O^Q

H #_ 8 ~
[< 3 ~
SO_ 2 ~ "^\ #O O^#.
PiH= $k, =#"a=$k =^ O|O^O :
 ^~}OQ Z= PiH =$k Hey# ^ =#"a=$k _ Z=Q< LO@Ok. ` = PiH= $kQ
^ ` = =#"a=$k LO@Ok.
 J~` D O|O^O Z_ WQ LO@O^x K O. Hx ^ JkH PiH= $k L#\H, =#"a=$k
` =Q LO_=K. =iHx ^ ` = PiH= $k L#\H JkH =#"a=$k LO_=K.
 PiH =$k =#"a=$k Qu x OK`O^x Yz`OQ K O. L^ : =# `i GNI 3468
(PPP$) HQ, ~OHOQ 134= #O kOzOk. J^ q`O ` = `i GNI Hey L#\H
(2805$) JkH =#"a=$kx Hey 128= #O LOk. q`O HO> ~` JkH =$kx Hey#\H
P =$k ~` L`= q^, P~Q H~ HeOKH ~O^x `O k. q`O ` = PiH
=$k` [ JkH =#"a=$kx JOkOKQe yOk.
qq^ ~ HDI
 =#^O K ~ =^ ~ O K ^` =#OQ L<~. H|\ "\ =^ HDI
`_ `H#@ HDI Q}O K@ J=~O . nx 3 ` =Y"# q.
 1997 UNFPA "~ ~` =#"a=$k (Human Development)
"India Towards Population and Development Goals" J< H x K iOzi.
 Mahbub-Ul-Haq `# H O "Human Development in South Asia, 1997" _ qq^ ~ =^
HDI # Q}O K#.

1. <> _ <+< O _ ~ +< UHq \ ( UNFPA) : 3 JO P^~OQ Human Development

Q}Oz#k.
Z) Index of life expectancy (r=<~ zH)
a) Index of Per capita income SDP (~R `i P^ zH)
) Index of Education (q^ zH)
UNFPA "i Q}# "^\ #O Ok# ~RO H~
z=i#O (15) Ok# ~RO c~
PO^^#O 9= ~OH

2. =|LH _ W" JO f#\H Hk =`O Q^. q^ p Literacy Rate

fx, School Enrollment Ratio q_z># .
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 440
 ECONOMY

 =|LH Q}# "^\ #O Ok# ~RO H~

z=i #O Ok# ~RO =^ ^
PO^ ^ #O 9= ~OH

3. _II a+l`Q : D# =#"a=$kH KOk# K JO L#\H UNFPA, Haq J^ <

"\x q_z\# q J<#. =#"a=$kH =~ 3 JO K~ #. "`O 6 JO. gx` 4 zH
` ~ K#. Wq 198894 =^ O`xH KOk#q. J~` "^_ r =`O UNDP "i^ L yOK#.
Z) The Quality of life (r=# <}`)
a) Poverty eradication (^iH x~#)
) Urbanisation (@} H ~ } )
Z ) Quality of life : 5 JO ^~ xiOK#.
1. Access to safe Drinking Water (~H` " # `Qh~ H~ O)
2. q^` H<H <
3. O=`~O "`O g^ ~A 2 @ [#O
4. H WO_ x"O
5. "`O [< = _ ` ( ` P`)
a) Poverty Eradication : }oH O O x} Q K# "~ ^i^~ Y # # "ix (APL)
"ix fO\~.
) @}H~} : 1991 H H~O fO\~.
g\ H~O HDI1, HDI2, HDI3, HDI4 Q ql OK#.
J~` Hk =`#\H UNFPA, HAQ, GUHA , UNDP Methodology < "_#.

"^\ #O z=i (15) #O A.P. #O

1) UNFPA H~O H~ c~ 9= ~OH
2) Haq (H) H~O H ~ =^ ^ 9= ~OH
3) Guha (Q) H~O
A) HDI1 H~ L`~ ^ 9= ~OH
B) HDI2 H~ L`~ ^ 9= ~OH
C) HDI3 H~ Xi 7= ~OH
D) HDI4 H~ Xi 6= ~OH
GUHA : UNDP ^u x J=OaOz#\H "\x qi OK#. Q p HDI4 =Q" # p.
K H^y# q+ O Uq@O> Q H 4 p# H ~ ^= #O LOk. kQ= #O =`O
=~`<~.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 441
 ECONOMY

PO^ ^ q+ O q~^O Q LOk. HDI1 9= #O.

HDI4 6= #O.
Q p _ =#"a=$kx `e Hx JO K~ = LOk.
 Q ~# QO^O "A study of inter-state Disparity"
1. P~ O
2. ~R `i P^O
3. JH~ ` HDI1

4. r=# <}` HDI2

5. ^iHO HDI3

6. @}
H ~ }
HDI4

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT - 2001

*f =#"a=$k x"kH (NHDR) # =#^O }oH O O ~OkOz#k.
}oH O O ~OkOz# *f =#"a=$k i~# 2002 K iOK#. 1981, 1991, 2001
HxH }oH O O ~"sQ, ^O "`O Q ` ~ K#. ^`OO H~` H~}OQ 15
~H 2001 =#"a=$k px ~OkOK#. UNDP L yOz# n~H =O`" # r=#=,
q^^# , PiH ^# < Wk _ L yOz< HOKO =`O H^. 15 ~ =#"a=$k
zH PO^ ^ k 10= #O.
UNDP "i, } oH O O "i =#"a = $k JO i eH
UNDP zH JO }oH OO zH (NHDR)
1. P~ O (\# \ #Oz) n~H =O`" # r=#O 1) P~ O (O=`~O #Oz) 65%
t =~} ~ @ 35%
2. JH~ ` (=[< JH~ ` { q^^# 2) JH~ ` ~ @ (7 OII P# )
L=_ #"^ x+u) x` q^ ^#` W=|_#.
3. "= `i P^O PiH ^# 3) "= `i qxQ =O
(US$PPP )

=#"a=$k p ~ : =_ H# ~` =#"a=$k p ~Q` =zOk.

1981 1991 2001
India 0.302 0.381 0.472
A.P. 0.298 0.377 0.416
A.P. #O 9 9 10 (Q 2, 2011)
JO`~f =} H~O <\H ~`^ O ` = =#"a=$k Q ^O .
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 442
 ECONOMY

 PO^ ^ =#"a=$k (0.416), WO_ (0.472) HO> ` =Q LOk.

15 ~ PO^ ^ 1981, 1991 9= ~OH# 2001 10= ~OH# Ok#k.
 =#"a=$k p H ~ "^\ #O O^Q c~ z=i #O Ok#k.
z# ~, H O^ e` O` qQ` "xHO> "~Q # e `x< ~.
=#"a=$k ZQ=## ~ (0.5 # ) kQ=## ~ (0.4 )
1) H ~ (0.638) 11) Xi
2) O* (0.537) 12) =^ ^ (0.394)
3) `q<_ (0.531) 13) L`~ ^ (0.388)
4) =~R (0.523) 14) JO (0.386)
5) ~< (0.509) 15) c~ (0.367)
H~ HDI q= 0.638. c~ HDI q= 0.367.
PiHO Q "~Q_# ~ =#"a=$k z "~QQ LOk. PiHO Q "#H|_# ~ =#"a=$k
z "#H|_ LOk. J~` =^ P^ ~ D O|O^O H#|_@^ .
~ =^ P^ J=#` HO>, ~ =^ HDI J=#` ` =Q L<~. J#Q `i
P^O ` = =#\H ~ P~QO, q^ J=OaOK q^< H~}O.
=#"a=$k J`kH #O Q H ~, P^O =^ ~ P^O Q ~RO.
=~R P^O "^\ #O HQ, =#"a=$k 4= #O.
India Human Development Report 2011
"^\ 5 ~ H.D.I. q= z=i 5 ~ H.D.I. q=
1 H ~ 0.790 19 *~O _ 0.376
2 _b 0.750 20 =^^ 0.375
3 =K ^ 0.652 21 c~ 0.367
4 Q" 0.617 22 X_ 0.362
5 O* 0.605 23 KfQ_ 0.358
 PO^ ^ #O 15 0.473
 AP HO> "~Q # HDI q= Q ~:
H ~, _b , =K ^ , Q", O*, =~+, `q<_, ~<, [=Hj~, Q[~`, H~@H,
t= OQ, L`~ YO_
 AP HO> ` = HDI q= Q ~:
JO, ~[<, L`~ ^ , *~O _, =^ ^ , c~, X_, Kf Q _
Q=xH: 2011 }oH O O K iOz# HDR Hx =~ K#.
i) P~ x \# \ #O_ Q}O K# (UNDP =)
ii) JH~ `# fH<@C_ Mean year of schooling (MYS) H ~ @ K#.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 443
 ECONOMY

PO^^ =#"a=$k x"kH (ANDHRA PRADESH HDR)

 PO^ ^ =#"a=$kx ~OkOK ^ `# PiH, =lH J^ < O (CESS-Centre for
Economic and Social Studies) K\ O k. PO^ ^ HDR # ~OkOK_O W^ "^\ i.
=#^O "^@Q =#"a=$kx ` ~ K# ~RO =^ ^ .
200405 PO^ ^ ^iHO 15% =~ LOk.
[< ~Q^# JiH@_ O , O |$O^ Ja=$k PO^ ^ Q}h"# Qu kOzOk.
=~" HDI K ` = LOk. 15 ~ 10= #O LOk. PiHa=$k kOz#\H,
=lHa=$k =`O Q "#H|_ LOk.
^O JH~ ` ` =Q L# ~ PO^ ^ XH\. ^ JH~ ` 65% HQ ~+ JH~ ` 61%
=`"
^iH x~#, Hi, |_=x"# "iH O`#^ .
^iHO ` =Q LO_ Hi Z=Q L# ~ PO^ ^ XH\.
1983 #O_ 199394 =~ Lk ~OQO Ja=$k 2.7%
O~} `~ "` 199394 #O_ 200405 =^ 0.95%Q #"^ J~Ok. Wk ^O < K ` =.
W^ =O *f~ Lk 1.9%Q #"^O k.
=~H PO^# q+ O 19932000` e 19992005 =^ x[ "`< `y ~. 200405
<\H PO^ ^ x Hi 94% =Ok JO \` ~OQO "~.
GSDP == ~OQO "\ 1950 60% ` O 22% `yO k.
1960, 70 ^ ==xH x^ H \~O Oz#\H 1980, 1990 D ~OQO x~H xH
Q~ O k.
PiHa=$k, `i P^ *f~ ~i` ^Q~Q L<, =#"a=$k zH Lk
J=H Ja=$k PO^ ^ Q "#H|_ LOk.
`i P^O =O^# qY@O P~QO, q^ "#H|_ LOk. t=Q^=i, H$, <~ ,
z`~ l `i P^O H< q^ ~Qu LOk.
Hi : Qg} O` Hi Z=Q L<~. 1014 OII =^ =Q
Z=Q L<~.
199394 14.8% 200405 6.6% Wk *f~ HO> ~ \O Q LOk.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 444
 ECONOMY

l"s HDI :
HDI Rank
l 1991 2001
^~^ 1 1
H$ 2 2
=|#Q~ 22 23
q[#Q~O 23 22
l"sQ K ~RO =#"a=$k ^= #O ^~^ HQ, ~ O_= #O H$.
=# ~RO =#"a=$k "#H|_# "^\ l =|#Q~ HQ ~ O_= "#H|_# l q[#Q~O .
2001 ~RO q^ "^\ #O Ok# l ^~^.
2001 ~RO q^ "#H|_# l =|#Q~
2001 ~RO P~QO "^\ #O Ok# l ^~^.
2001 ~RO P~Qa=$k "#H|_# l q[#Q~O .

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 445
 ECONOMY

5. A.P. ECONOMY
PO^ ^ ^ QoH q~ O 8.37% Hey LO_ ^O <= Ju^ ~ROQ LOk.
PO^ ^ ^O 5= Z= [< Hey# ~RO
200809 <\H xH~ Q q 109.60 H H~` "`O ~RO QoH q~ O 39.8% Hey
LOk.
PO^ ^ 62 H H~ J@g O`O Hey LOk.
^O 2= Ju^ H f~x Hey L# ~RO PO^ ^ (974 H.g.)
2001 [< H H~O Qg} [< 72.7%, @} [< 27.3% Hey LOk.
, ~+ x+ux ije 2001 <\H 978 LOk. Wk WO_ (933) HO> "~QQ LOk.
~R L`u f~`# (State Domestic Product Trends):
XH^ PiH == f~`#, qq^ ~OQ Ja=$k H_ #, "\ ^#`# OQ `H=_xH
*f^ JOK< LHi ~. J^q^O Q XH ~R PiH iu x, Ja=$k H_ #, qq^ ~OQ ^#`#
J=Q# K H=_xH P ~R L`u JOK< L Q_ ` ~.
GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product):
''~R QoH Z ik XH O=`~ HO L`u K |_# Jx = = q=# ~R L`u
(GSDP) JO^~.
 L`u K |_# Jx = = q=# He` Gross Value of Output =O k. nx#Oz "\ L`uHO
L yOz# =^O`~ L`^H q=# f" H|_# q= (Gross Value Added) =O k.
Gross Value Addeed = Gross Value of Output Intermediate Inputs / value of inputs.
 JO> L`u q= (GVO) #O_, =^ O`~ L`u H~H q=# f" GVA =O k.
 D GVA < GSDP JO^~.
NSDP (Net State Domestic Product):
H|_# q= (GVA) #Oz, ~ =^# qxQ q= (Consumption of Fixed capital) # f"
H|_# xH~ q= (Net value Added NVA) =O k.
NVA = GVA CFC / D (Group-II, 2011)
 D NVA < NSDP JO^~.
 ~ =^# qxQx (CFC), `~ Q^ (D) JO^~.
 GVA CFC = NVA / NSDP (^)
 GSDP D = NSDP(H|\ NVA = NSDP)
 =~\ ^~
L# NSDP #O_ xH~ ~H # f" L`uH~H Ys^ ^$ NSDP =O k. nx<
~^O/ xH~ ~R L`u JO^~.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 446
 ECONOMY

~R `i P^O :
~R P^x, ~R [<K y ~R `i P^O =O k.
NSDPFC NVAFC
~R `i P^O (^)
~R [< ~R [<
DES (Directorate of Economics and Statistics): 1971 O K~.
~` *f^x H O^ Q}OH O (Central Statistical Organisation) Q}O KQ, ~R P^x ~R
PiH, Q}OH O (Directorate of Economics and Statistics DES) Q} O k.
=kO ^` :
*f ~ *f^O ^j L`u, *f L`u Jx ~ O_ ~HQ H OK_ #. ~` QoH
i^ [iQ L`u ^j L`uHQ ^ QoH J=^ ` xq`O O_ ~f, ~`^ O
$+O K P^x *f L`u JO^~.
W^ ^u ~R L`ux =<~O Q ~ O_ q^< H OK=K.
A) Pq~q OK P^O (Income Originating): (Group-II, 2011)
~R QoH i^ $+O K|_ P^ =`" H OK|_#. *f ~ nxx GDP ` ~ .
Note: ~R [ W`~ ~Qx, W`~ ^Qx OkOK P^O# H OK~ .
 ~R L`ux H OK_xH H=e# ^`O =K~O ~RO O H=_O` PK~} D q^#O< ~R
L`ux H < ~.
B) kO K P^O (Income Accruing): (Group-II, 2011)
~R QoH i^ ` O|O^O O_ ~R x"` W`~ ~#O_ Qx, W`~ ^#O_Qx
aOK P^O# nx H~. JO> ~R [ ~RO " L`uK == q=# _ nx
K~ ~ . *f~ nxx GNP ` ~ .
 J~` nxH H=e# ^`O =K~O ~RO O HH=@K, "^\ ^u ^~< (Income Originating),
GSDP x Q} < ~.
~R L`u (GSDP) x, =_ ^` ^~ =kO K < ~.
1) L`u =kO ^u (Production Approach)
2) P^ =kO ^u (Income Approach)
3) = =kO ^u (Expenditure Approach)
GSDP =kO L^ xH, ~R PiH ==# OQ ==, iqH, "~OQQ ql < ~.
9 ^ # ~OQ# =~ L~O QQ ql OK#. Jx L~O Q He "`O 17. g\... (Group-II, 2011)
6 L ~OQ L`u =kO ^u x
10 L ~OQ P^ =kO ^u x
1 L ~OQO = =kO ^u x L y< ~.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 447
 ECONOMY

A) L`u =kO ^u :
PiH == Q "`O = = q=# He, ^x #Oz L`u H L yOz# =^ O`~
L`^H# f" @ ^~ nx q=# O^`~.
1. ==O, 2. O^, 3. J@g O^, 4. K OHO , 5. Q# `=HO, 6. =#HiOQ (il+~ )
~OQ nxx L y~ .
B) P^ =kO ^u :
L`u H~H =K u K~ @^~ J#Q @HO, "`< , r`, =_, H@ ^~ nx
q=# O^`~.
1. =#HiOQ (J< il+~ ) , 2. q^` Q, h\ ~ ~ , 3. =~H O , @, ~ ~ O\, 4. ~ ~"}, 5.
W`~ ~"}, x, 6. =K~O, 7. OHOQ c=, 8. i Z\ , W`~ "~ =, 9. ` #, 10. W`~
=. D 10 L ~OQ nxx L y~ .
C) = =kO ^u :
=O [iQ ^ P^x Q}O K@ ^~ nx q= O^`~. "`O P^O qxQO =i
^Q =~#. D ~ O_O\x K~ @^~ nx q=# O^=K.
1. x~}~OQO ==kO ^u x L y< ~.
` ~ ^~ GSDP :
*f^O = ~R P^x _ ` (Current Price) ^~ #, ~ ^~ # (Constant Price)
Q} ~ .
` O=`~ ^~ = = q=# JOK<" ` ^~ GSDP =O k. J~` Wk PiH ==
"= =$kx zOK^ . H~}O nx ~ O_ " H e LO_#.

1. = = =~, 2. = = ^~ =~. D ~ O_O\ Uk =i< GSDP =~#. ^~ =~
"h `yOKO^ ~ ^~ GSDP x JOK< "~ .
~ O=`~ ^~ GSDPx Q}O KO> P^~ O=`~x fH"e. Z@=O\ X_^_ x XH
=# O=`~x (Normal year) P^~ O=`~OQ fHO\~.
PO^ ^ W\=~ fH# P^~ O=`~ :
P^~O O=`~O fH# O=`~O
196061 1967
197071 1978
198081 1988
199394 1999
19992000 200506
2004 05 2009
` P^~ O=`~O 2004 05
P^~ O=`~x =~@ Q H~} :
Z) PiH == x~}O =K =~ `H#@
a) JO`~f =} `H#@
) J^ # ^` # "~Q~ K@
_) PiH == "q H =$kx `H#@

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 448
 ECONOMY

GSDP qq^ ~OQ "\ :

195556 #Oz 200809 =^ qq^ ~OQ "\
~OQO 195556 20022003 20102011(AE)
^qH~OQO 64.5 28.58 24.6
kf~OQO 9.0 21.30 21.6
`$f~OQO 26.5 50.12 53.5
OQ ije ^q H ~OQO "\ GSDP 195556 #Oz 201011 (AE) <\H 65% #Oz
24.6% `y# k.
kf ~OQO "\ 9% #Oz 21.6%H iy#k.
`$f~OQO "\ 26.5% #Oz 53.5%H iy#k.
` xH PO^ ^ GSDP J`kH "\^~ `$f~OQO (~`^ O _ W^ iu LOk.)
PO^ ^ GSDP J`kH "\#OkOK ~ O_= ~OQO ^q H ~OQO (~`^ O =`O `$f~OQO
`~ "` Z= "\ #OkOKk kf~OQO).
PO^ ^ GSDP ` = "\ #OkOKk kf~OQO (~`^ O ` = "\# JOkOKk ^q H
~OQO).
L ~OQ "sQ GSDP (~ ^~):

Sl.No. ~OQO (Industry) 200101 200506 201011 (A)
% % %

1. ==O, J@g, =` O^
1.1Z ==O 20.14 15.40 12.24
1.1a O^ 6.45 7.17 5.58
1.2 J@g O^ 1.02 0.73 1.16
1.3 K OHO 2.53 2.37 2.52
== ~OQO 30.15 25.8 21.51
2. "x OQ Hs~OQ 2.84 3.02 3.05
3. =#HiOQ 11.49 11.67 11.05
3.1 il+~ 7.80 8.15 8.1
3.2 J< il+~ 3.68 3.51 2.9
4. q^`, Q, h\ ~ ~ 2.64 2.32 2.27
5. x~}O 5.63 7.72 8.34
iqH ~OQO (2{3{4{5) 22.61 24.73 24.7

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z~Orq 449
 ECONOMY

6. =~H O , @, ~ ~ O@ 13.27 13.32 14.41

7. ~"}, x, H=xH+# 7.28 9.78 8.96
7.1 ~ 1.40 1.42 1.03
7.2 W`~ ~"} x 4.21 4.74 5.20
7.3 =K~= 1.66 3.61 2.72
8 < xOQ, c=, i Z\ al< = 12.12 12.96 18.45
8.1 OHOQ, c= 4.18 4.66 6.45
8.2 i Z\ , al< = 7.93 8.29 12.00
9 =lH =HQ ` = 14.55 13.50 11.93
9.1 ` # 4.99 4.14 3.68
9.2 W`~ = 9.55 9.35 8.25
"~OQO (6{7{8{9) 47.22 49.57 83.8
L~O Q "sQ ije (201011 (AE) )
GSDP ==O ( O^` He) "\ 201011(A) <\H 17.82%xH `yO k.
O^# q#~Oz XH ==x fO> H =O 12% =`" =O k.
J@g O^ "\ 1.16% Q L#k.
"x OQ Hs~OQ "\ <=kQ ~QK 3%H KiOk.
"x OQ` He L# ^q H~O QO "\ 201011(A) <\H 24.5%H `yO k.
"x OQ` He L# iqH ~OQO J`kH "\# JOkOKk =#HiOQ ~OQO (11%). nx
JkH QO il+~ =#HiOQ ~OQx^.
iqH ~OQO ~ O_=#O x~}x^.
`$f / "~OQO JxO\ "\ ~QK#\H, #`# PiH O~} QOQ `~OQ
^#` =~@= =lH = "\ XH "~ Q `Q K #k.
<\ : PiH ==# ^q H, kf, `$f ~OQQ ql GSDP J`kH "\#OkOK@
"^\ #O`$f ~OQO
~ O_= #O ^q H ~OQO
z=i #O kf ~OQO
PiH ==# ==O, i=, = Jx ql 200506 `~ "` JOK< GSDP
"^\ #O"~OQO
~ O_= #O i= ~OQO
z=i #O == ~OQO

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 450
 ECONOMY

~OQO 200405 201011(AE)

==O~OQO 25.1 21.5
iqH ~OQO 24.3 24.7
"~OQO 50.6 53.8
2001 =~ ~R GSDP, `i P^ =$k ~ @ :
O=`~O GDP & GSDP =$k ~ @ `i P^ =$k ~ @
A.P India A.P India

198081 #O_ 199091 5.5 5.37 3.33 3.24

199394 #O_ 2001 5.31 6.13 4.04 4.38
O~} ~O ~R GSDP =$k ~ @ 5.5%HQ, O~} `~ "` =$k ~ @ 5.31%H _ ~Ok.
O~} ~O, ~` HO> Z.. =$k ~ @ Z=Q LO_k, O~} `~ "` ~` HO> Z.. =$k
~ @ ` =Q LOk.
~R `i P^ =$k ~ @ O~} ~O (3.33%) HO>, O~} `~ "` (4.04H) iyOk.
P~H~O Q GSDP =$k ~ @ `y< , `i P^ =$k ~ @ iyOk. nxH H~}O 1990= ^H O
~RO [< ~Q^ ~ @ Q}hOQ `Q_ " .
200304 #Oz WO_ =$k ~ @ HO> ~R =$k ~ @ Z=Q LOk.

J~` 200809 ~ ^~ ~` =$k~ @ 6.7Q JOK< " Q ~R=$k ~ @ 5.02%Q JOK<
" |_#.
` ^~ GDP & GSDP =$k ~ @
A.P India

O=`~O GSDP =$k ~ @ GDP =$k ~ @

(H@) % (H@) %
200607 3,01,035 17.62 39,52,241 16.60
200708(R) 3,64,813 21.19 45,81,422 15.92
200809(P) 4,15,832 13.98 52,82,086 15.29
200910(Q) 4,75,267 14.29 61,33,230 16.11
201011(A) 5,65,066 18.89 72,56,571 18.32
R = Revised P= Provisional Q = Quick A = Advanced

201011 (A) ` ^~ ~R GSDP =$k ~ @ 18.89%. Wk WO_ HO> Z=.

200607 ~R GSDP ` ^~ =~ 3,00.000 H@ ^@Q, 201011 (A) ~R GSDP
` ^~ =~ 5,65,000 H@ ~II ^\Ok.

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z~Orq 451
 ECONOMY

P^~ O=`~O (~) ^~ GDP & GSDP =$k ~ @

O=`~O GSDP =$k ~ @ GDP =$k ~ @
(H@) % (H@) %
200607 2,73,730 11.18 35,66,011 9.58
200708(R) 3,06,645 12.02 38,98,958 9.34
200809(P) 3,22,053 5.02 41,62,509 6.76
200910(Q) 3,40,712 5.79 44,93,743 7.96
201011(A) 3,71,007 8.89 48,79,232 8.58
~ ^~ ~R GSDP =$k ~ @ *f ~ HO> Z=Q LOk. J~` 200809, 20092010
=`O ~R =$k ^= $k HO> ` =Q LOk. 201011(A) ~+ =$k Z=.
201011(A) ==~OQO 8.39%, iqH ~OQO 7.79%, "~OQO 9.61%, GSDP =$k
8.89% JOK< "#.
~ ^~ ~R GSDP 200607 2,73,000 H@ HQ 201011 (A) 3,71,000 H@ KiOk.
` ^~ ~R ^ `i P^, =$k ~ @ :
A.P India
O=`~O `i P^O =$k ~ @ `i P^O =$k ~ @
200607 33,135 16.10
31,198 15.02
200708(R) 39,727 19.89 35,820 14.82
200809(P) 45,007 13.29 40,605 13.36
200910(Q) 51,025 13.37 46,492 14.50
201011(A) 60,224 18.03 54,527 17.28
200607 ` ^~ ~R `i P^O ~II 33,000/ HQ 201011 (A) ` ^~ ~R
`i P^O ~II 60,224/H iyOk.
Q` Hx O=`~Q WO_ `i P^O HO>, ~R `i P^O Z=Q LO@ =zOk.
` ^~ 201011(A) ~R `i P^ =$k ~ @ 18.03%. Wk WO_ (17.28%) HO> Z=.
~ ^~ (20042005) ~R, ^ `i P^, =$k ~ @
A.P India

O=`~O `i P^O =$k ~ @ `i P^O =$k ~ @

200607 30,114 9.56 28,083 7.91
200708(R) 33,239 10.38 30,354 8.09
200809(P) 34,716 4.44 31,801 4.77
200910(Q) 36,345 4.69 33,731 6.07
201011(A) 39,240 7.97 36,003 6.74
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 452
 ECONOMY

~ ^~ ~R `i P^O 200607 ~II30,100/ HQ, 201011(A) <\H ~II39,200/H

iyOk.
~ ^~ ~R `i P^O WO_ HO> Z=Q LOk.
~ ^~ `i P^ =$k ~ @ Q` Hx O=`~Q WO_ HO> =# ~RO Z=Q
L#\H, 200809, 200910 =`O WO_ HO>, ~RO ` =Q LOk.
200910 xH~ ~^O (NSDP) Z=Q Q ~ (` ^~):
1 =~+ 7,17,000 H@
2 L`~^ 4,28,000 H@
3 PO^^ 3,68,700 H@
`i ~R P^O :
200910 ` ^~ J`kH `i P^O Q ~, H O^e` O` :
1. KO_~ 1,28,000
2. O_K i 89,000
3. ~< 77,000
4. O* 61,000

J`kH `i P^O Q H O^e` O`O KO_ ~ (1,28,000/)
J`kH `i P^O Q ~RO Q"
^ ~ J`kH P^O Q ~RO ~< (77,878/)
Ju ` = `i P^O Q ~RO c~ (14,654/)
GDDP (Gross District Domestic product) :

XH l QoH Z ik XH O=`~ HO L`u K# = = PiH q=#, P l "`O

P^O ( l L`u) JO^~.
` ^~ :
200910(Q) ` ^~ J`kHO Q GDDP Q l ^~^ (42,006 H@)
~ O_= l qY@O (36,229 H@)
J` GDDP Q l q[#Q~O (9,924 H@)
~ O_= l NHO (10,023 H@)

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 453
 ECONOMY

~ ^~ :
200910(Q) J`kH GDDP Q l ^~^ (31,670 H@)
~ O_= l qY@O (26,801 H@)
J` GDDP Q l NHO (6,819 H@)
~ O_= l q[#Q~O (7,117 H@)
O` "sQ ije J`kH P^O =K O`O `OQ}
~ O_=k H PO^
J` P^O =K O`O ~=
l `i P^O :
l P^x (GDDP), l [<K y `i l P^O (per capita GDDP) =O k.
` ^~ :
200910(Q) J`kH l `i P^O (`i GDDP) Q l
^~^ (86,012/)
~ O_=#O qY@O (73,964/)
J` l `i P^O Q l NHO (33,779/)


~ O_= l =~OQ (37,614/)
~ ^~ :
200910(Q) J`kH l `i P^O Q l
^~^ 64,620/
~ O_= #O qY@O 54,094/
J` l `i P^O Q l NHO 23,010/
~ O_=#O q[#Q~O 26,621/
~ =^# H# : PiH == L`^H H =^# OK #O P^~_ LO@Ok. nxx
=^# H#` JOK< "~ . JkH =^# OK #O =# JkH =$k ~ @ Oq OK#.
~ = ^# H# (Gross Fixed Capital Formation GFCF) L`^H =~ O P^~_ #. nxx
Q}O KO^ = =kO ^u x "_`~. " \ H~~\ ~OQO GFCF O|OkOz# =K~O
RBI J^ < ^~ Hi~ .

GFCF# ~RO GSDP `OQ =H ~ ~ .

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 454
 ECONOMY
GFCF as percentage of GSDP

Year Andhra Pradesh All India

2004 - 05 25.86 31.31
2005 - 06 28.21 33.20
2006 - 07 28.82 34.04
2007 - 08 30.08 35.54

2008 - 09(P) 29.43 34.75

GFCF ` " \ ~OQ "\ ije " \ ~OQO "\ ~Q` =O k. J`kH "\ " \
~OQx^!
~OQO 19992000 200708 20082009(P)
" \ 67.7 70.36 69.95
` 32.3 29.64 30.05
GSDP ^#` :

~R PiHa=$k f~`# `H#@ L Q_ #.

~R `i P^O#, `^~ [ r=# =}O# `H#@ L Q_ #.
~RO =K x~}`H =~ J=Q# L Q_ #.
~x, W`~ ~` e, ~R <x JOK< "O^ L Q_ #.
~RO qq^ ~OQ H ^#`# `H<O^ Q_ #.
~R }oH P^~O.
~RO ^, @|_ J=Q# Q_ #.
l"s L`ux Q}O K@^~, Of J=#`# J~O K H=K#.
~R PiH q^<# J=Q# K H#@ Q_ #.
 PO^^ =$` "s q[# :
PO^ ^ PiH == x~}xH xK =HH =^ "~ ^ O H#|_`Ok. Q` 40 O=`~#
ije =$` "s q[ # WOKqOKQ J\Q LOk. =~" qq^ ~OQ #Oz =K "\
K H^y# q^O Q =~ =O k. ^q H~O QO #Oz #Oz =K "\ `Q ` =O k.
xK"i `O =i GSDP "i `O
~OQO 196061 200001
work force (%) GSDP(%) work force (%) GSDP(%)
^q H ~OQO 72 63.49 64.6 36.64
kf ~OQO 13 11.49 13.0 21.08
`$f ~OQO 15 25.02 22.4 42.28

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 455
 ECONOMY

Q}OH ije == ~OQO P^~_ [< 72% #Oz 65%H `yO k. D `Q ^ K

` =Q LOk.
=~" L`u ije ^q H ~OQO "\ 63% #Oz 200001H 36%, 200607 <\H 26%H
`yO k. JO> GSDP ^q H ~OQO "\ Z=Q LOk.
JO`HH ==~OQO #Oz `i P^O ` =Q LO__" HH `Q ` =O k. nx= P^
J=#` ~Q`#q.

== ~OQO xK"~ : (==^~, == q)

PO^ ^ == ~OQO ==^~ J#`O x~O`~O `Q ` =O k. =~" 1971 #Oz
== q ~QK<~.Wk qKiOK^Q JOO
1991 `~ "` _ "`O == ~OQO xK"~ 69% #"^ ~.
19912001 =^ ije "`O xK "i == ~OQO xK"i `O 68.6% #Oz
62%H `yO k. nxH H~}O ==O K ==^~ 27% #Oz 22%H `Q_ " .
2001 <\H 62% (==^~ { == b) xK "~ ==O P^~_ K<~.
Wk O* 39% `q<_ 49%Q LOk. JO`HH XHH ==^~_H Q@ # W^~ ==
q<~. c~ `~ "` J`kH == q# ~RO PO^ ^ .
HO ==^~ == "`O ==^~, ==
q == ~OQO q x+u
x K"~
1961 40.12 28.59 68.71 0.71
1981 32.74 36.79 69.53 1.12
1991 27.74 40.87 68.61 1.47
2001 22.70 39.60 62.30 1.74
2001 <\H ==^~ 22.70% HQ ==q 39.60% H~.
PO^ ^ _ =`O lH, lH =~`Ok. `~Q^=i ==^~ 11.3% HQ,
== q 50.9%Q #"^ ~.
H$+, Q^=i O`O == q Z=Q H OnH$`" L<~. nx=# q O} K
O~} J= K =# P=H` LO^x `O k.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 456
 ECONOMY

`Q JH_g =MO :
199394 ^~
196061 (H@ ~II) 200203 (H@ ~II)
^q H ~OQO 9,513 (63.87%) 42,956 (28.5%)
kf ~OQO 722 (4.85%) 32.009 (21.3%)
`$f ~OQO 3749 (25.17%) 75,316 (50.12%)
GSDP 14,894 (100%) 1,50,281 (100%)
196061, 200203 =^ GSDP ^q H ~OQO "\ 64% #O_ 28.5 `xH `y# k. W^
HO kf ~OQO "\ 4.8% #O_ 21 `xH iy#k. `$f ~OQO "\ 25% #O_ 50 `xH
iQ#. D 40 OII HO ~+ P^O 10 ~ @ iyOk (`Q JH_g H~O 6 ~ @). D 40 OII
^q H ~OQO ^#` `Q K , kf, `$f ~OQ ^#O iyOk. J~` i= ~OQO HO>
"~OQxH ^#O iyOk.
 19992000 #O_ 200708 =^ (19992000 ^~ ) :
^q H ~OQO ==O "\ JkHO Q `y# @ Q=xOK=K.
GSDP ==O "\ 18.78% #O_ 14.67% H `yO k.
== ~OQOx W`~ L~O Q =z# =~ Z= =Y` QqQ =.
i= ~OQO# Q=xOK^Q =~ ~^ .
"~OQO =K~ ~O J< L~O QO Q}h=~ HxOzOk. JO> nx"\ 1.4% #O_
4.8%H iyOk.
== ~OQO ` @|_ `Q @ , =~ =O "^Q = =# ~+O ==O
"\ `yO k.
^q H ~OQO, kf ~OQ HO> "~OQO< Z= `O (71%) =$k HxOk.
~` qq^ ~ HOO_ =$k ~ @ :
19992000 ^~ 19992000 #O_ 200506 =~ HOO_ =$k ~ @# Q} J`kH =$k~ @`
Q[~` (7.48%) ^= #O LOk.
~OQ"sQ ije :
^q H ~OQO J`kH HOO_ =$k~ @ Q ~+O : 1. Q[~` (8.98%)
2. PO^ ^ (5.01%)
kf ~OQO J`kH HOO_ =$k~ @ Q ~+O : 1. JO (12.25%)
2. H ~
7. PO^ ^ (5.97%)
`$f ~OQO J`kH HOO_ =$k~ @ Q ~+O (^ # ~) :
1. ~< (10.04%)
2. H~@H (8.25%)
4. PO^ ^ (7.63%)
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 457
 ECONOMY

`i P^O :
~` `i P^O HO>, ~+ `i P^O XH 19992000 ` JkHO Q< LOk.
200506 xH_ ^~ =^ JkH `i P^O Q ~+O : ~<.
GDDP :
l~ }oH ~H # GDDP H J=~O .
l Ja=$k ~x zOKk P l H P^O (GDDP)
GDDP x Q}O K@ = PiH }oH ^~ l =^ J=#` `yOK=K.
~+ L`ux Q}O z#> GDDP x _ Income Originating ^u Q} ~ .
19992000 xH_ ^~ 200405 OII# JkH `i P^O Q l : qY@} O
J `i P^O Q l : =|#Q~
~+ Q@ `i P^O HO> '9 l `i P^O JkHO . ~=x Jx l ~+
Q@
`i P^O HO> ` = `i P^O Hey L<~.
~OQ~_, Hyd, "^H l Govt. offices, "~ O JkHO Q LO_@O = GDDP Qh, `i
P^OQh D lH Z= LO_e. Hh qY JkHO Q LO_@O q+O .
H Ja=$k KOk# lQ ~# L Q^=i, H$, QO@~ `i P^O HO> qY
`i P^O Z=Q LO_@O _ KC H^y#^.
GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation :-
~ = ^~ H# (GFCF)
XH ~+ PiH == L`^H =~ O P ~+ =^# OK #O (Capital Accumulation)
P^~_ #.
=^# OK #O ~ @ JkHO Q LO_Hk PiH= = L`^H =~ O _ JkHO Q LO@Ok.
=^# H#HO> GFCF i # zH.
200506 ~+ GFCF 22.28% (*f ~ GFCF 23.97%) JO> *f ~HO> ~+O
HOKO ` =.
GFCF `, " \ ~OQ ~ O_ O\~. Jd ~` ~#, =# ~+O # GFCF
" \ ~OQ" JkH "\# Hey L#k.
19992000, 200506 =^ qq^ ~ L`u HOO_ ~ @ ije PO^ ^ =_=
#O#,
^q H ~OQO HOO_ =$k~ @ 2= #O#,
iqH ~OQO HOO_ =$k~ @ 7= #O#,
`$f ~OQO HOO_ =$k~ @ 4= #O# LOk.
196061, 200506 =^ 45 OII HO xH_ ^~ ~+ `i P^O 31/2 ~ @ iyOk.
200506 OII `i P^O JkHO Q Q ~ =# ~+O '7= #O LOk.
"`g ^ ~+ PiHa=$k O`$H ~ O Q L#\H W`~ ~` e ZO` ~Qu KO^e =Ok.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 458
 ECONOMY

KEY POINTS

1. L`u, xH~ L`uH `_ `~ Q^

2. L`u `~ Q^ xH~ L`u
3. xH~ L`u { `~ Q^ L`u
4. `~ Q^ =~H ~ ~ =^# qxQO
5. ^j L`u, *f L`uH `_ xH~ q^j H~H P^O (NFIA)

6. *f L`u NFIA ^j L`u

7. ^j L`u + NFIA *f L`u
8. U O^~ O GNP > GDPQ LO@Ok NFIA ^< `H" `
9. U O^~ O GDP > GNPQ LO@Ok NFIA ~}`H" `
10. =z# q^jH~H P^O(R) q^j H~H KeO (P) NFIA

11. =~\ ^~ P^xH, L`u H~H Ys^ ^$

P^xH `_ xH~ ~H #
12. =~\ ^~ P^O xH~ ~H # L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ P^O
13. L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ P^O{xH~ ~ H # =~\ ^~ P^O
14. xH~ ~H # J#Q ~H # a_
15. GDP + NFIA = GNP

16. GNP - `~ Q^ (D) NNP

17. NNP - xH~ ~H #

MP
NNPFC

18. L`u H~H Ys^ ^$ xH~ *f`u< *f^O JO^~

19. x~^Q $ u, q^~ HK ~+ , =$^ ,
i>~ J~#"iH WK O K# , ` ~}O =_ |kb KeO
20. *f^O ` P #Oz =K P^O,^
{ |kb KeO " \ P^O
21. " \ P^O Oz@|_x H~~\ # =+ P^O
22. =+ P^O =+ # =~ P^O
23. *f^O `i P^O

[<
24. *f^ =$k ~ @ [< =$k ~ @ `i P^ =$k ~ @
25. ` =~\ ^~ *f^x H OK@ <==` *f^O
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 459
 ECONOMY

26. ~ ^~ *f^x H OK@ "= *f^O

27. Value Added, Industrial origin, Net output method L`u =kO ^u
28. Gross value of output - intermediate consumption Gross value added

29. Gross value added - Depreciation Net value added

30. L`u =kO ^u *f^ Q}#,

K~e# JO O qxQO
Inputed Rent, Interest

31. L`u =kO ^u q#~OK=# JO Q$} =, ` == J=HO,

+~, O_ J=H= =K P^O
32. Factor Payment, Distributed share method P^ =kO ^u
33. #, Hg+<, Lz` x~O, q^, ~"} O\
= "`# O, _q_O_, ` H~ J"@_, +~
J"@_ H~ Hg+< P^ =kO ^u K~e
34. K@ =u~H ^=O, |kb KeO , @s^~ =z#
P^O P^ =kO ^u K~~^
35. Income disposal, consumption and investment method = =kO ^u

36. = =kO ^u GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)

37. xH~ ZQ=` J#Q ZQ=` kQ=`

38. q^j "~O x PiH == Closed Economy / Autarky

39. ~`^ *f^ Q}# L yOK ^u =_ ^` (L`u { P^ {

= =kO ^` )
40. Qg} O` x~}~OQO J=OaOK ^u = =kO ^u
41. ==O J@g, =` O^ { Q# `=HO ^q H ~OQO
42. kf ~OQO { Q# `=HO iqH ~OQO
43. 1980 =~ 3.5%Q L# =$k~ @# 'O^ =$k ~ @Q
"MxOz#k II ~*H$ +
44. WO_ J`kH =$k ~ @ #"^# O=`~O 198889
45. WO_ J`kH =$k ~ @ #"^# }oH 10= }oH (7.8%)
46. =#^O JkH ~}`H =$k ~ @ Oq Oz# O=`~O 197980
47. =#^O ` = =$k #"^# }oH 3= }oH
48. ` O *f^O J`kH "\#OkOK ~OQO "~OQO (57%)

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~Orq 460
 ECONOMY

49. ` O *f^O Ju ` = "\#OkOK ~OQO ^q H ~OQO

50. `, " \ ~OQ JkH "\#OkOKk " \ ~OQO
51. Qg}, @} O` JkH "\#OkOK ~OQO @} O`O
52. ==H $ `, J==H $ ` ~OQ JkH "\#OkOK ~OQO J==H $ ` ~OQO
53. Qg} ^j L`u JkH "\# JOkOKk ==~OQO
54. "^\ iQ *f^x JOK< "# k ^^~ <~l
55. Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India QO^H~ ^^~ <~l
56. `O`O ~ JOK< Z= `` _#
*f^ JOK< _II q.H.P~.q. ~=
57. *f^ Hq\ (1949)H J^ _ .. =<a
58. C.S.O. (Central statistical organisation) H O^ H~O #_b
59. ` O ~`^ O *f^x H OKk C.S.O

60. *f^ JOK< ` O fH< P^~ O=`~O 20042005

61. Q$} = H O, W<O@s =~ q= H@@
^= =~\H ~x == , K@ =u~H ^=O, =$u
` HH~ }
H =@ etc. *f^ Q}# =
62. Q$ ~OQO { O ~OQO Q PiH == Two sector Economy

63. ~ O_ ~OQ PiH == P^ KH "xH z^O ^

64. ~ O_ ~OQ #=< P^ "xH Injection Uk @|_
65. ~ O_ ~OQ PiH == P^ =` x|O^# ^ @|_
66. Q$ { O ~OQxH ` ~OQO Ki` Three Sector Economy

67. =_ ~OQ PiH == LeakageQ =|_k #

68. =_ ~OQ PiH == InjectionQ x K #k ` =O
69. Closed Economy + q^j "~ ~OQO Four Sector / Open Economy

70. <Q ~OQ #=< LeakageQ xK #k kQ=`

71. <Q ~OQ PiH == InjectionQ xK #k ZQ=`
72. HDIx 1990 #Oz ~OkOKk UNDP

73. HDI ~te =|LH

74. P~ O { JH~ ` { `i GDP J<k HDIx JO

75. UNDP "~ ~OkOK HDI `i GDP US$ H#Q H =#` (PPP)
~O fO\~
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 461
 ECONOMY

76. HDR 2011 WO_ #O 134= ~OH (0.547)

77. 15 ~ HDI , HDI , HDI , HDI Q}O z#k
1 2 3 4
a+l` Q
78. *f =#"a=$k x"kH (NHDR 2001) ~OkOz#k }oH O O
79. NHDR 2001 ^= , z=i < Ok# ~ H ~, c~
80. NHDR 2001 AP #O 10= ~OH (0.416)
NHDR 2011 AP #O 15= ~OH (0.473)
81. =#^O "^\Q =#"a=$k px ` ~K# ~RO =^ ^
82. PO^ ^ HDIx ` ~K# k CESS

83. AP HDR =#"a=$k p (2001) "^\,

z=i < ^~^, =|#Q~
84. =# ~RO ~R L`u (GSDP)x Q}O Kk DES (PiH, Q}OH _~ H~ \)
85. ~RO GSDPx Q}O K ^u L`u { P^ { = =kO
^`
86. ~R P^x (GSDP), H OKO^ `
P^~ O=`~O 200405
87. GSDP J`kH "\# JOkOK ~OQO "~OQO

88. 201011(A) JOK< ` ^~ ~R
`i P^O 60,000 (Q )
89. 201011 (A) JOK< ~ ^~ ~R `i P^O 39,200 (Q )
90. J`kH xH~ ~^O (NSDP) Q ~RO =~+
91. 200910 J`kH `i P^O ( ` ^~ )
Q O`O KO_ ~
92. 200809 J`kH `i P^O Q
( ` ^~ ) ~RO Q"
93. 200910(Q) J`kH l P^O (GDDP) Q l ^~^
94. 200910(Q) J` l P^O (GDDP) Q l q[#Q~O ( ` ^~ )
95. ` ^~ JkH `i P^O Q l
200910(Q) ^~^
96. ~ ^~ JkH `i P^O Q l (200910) ^~^
97. ` ^~ J` `i P^O Q l (200910) NHO
98. ~ ^~ J` `i P^O Q l (200910) NHO
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~Orq 462