Cold Working & Hot
Working & Annealing
{ KM 479 Materials Science and Tech II
Fall 2010 / Seminar
Presentation by:
aatay Yaylac #20723163
Gkhan Uzun #20622962
Gktu Ural #20622957
Hacettepe University | Department of Chemical Engineering | December 29, 2010
OUTLINE
Cold Working
o Definition
o Example Methods aatay Yaylac
o Why/Why not Cold Working
Hot Working
o Definition
o Basic Mechanism Gkhan Uzun
o Application Areas
o Advantages & Disadvantages
Annealing
o Definition
o Physical Properties Gktu Ural
o Stages of Annealing
o Examples
Goals of the Presentation
Following will be discussed:
The properties and process steps of cold & hot
working, annealing
Examples of Application Areas
Advantages and Disadvantages
Cold Working
Plastic deformation which is carried out
in a temperature region and over a time
interval such that the strain hardening is
not relieved is called cold working.
Cold working produces additional
dislocations within the metal structure.
Cold Working
Initially the dislocations can move
through the metal structure.
As the working continues, however, the
movement of the dislocations becomes
more difficult.
The metal becomes less malleable and
ductile.
What Does Cold Working Effect?
The following properties are affected by cold
work significantly:
Tensile Strength
Hardness
Yield Strength
Ductility
Effect of Cold Working on Yield
and Tensile Strength
Cold Working Strength Relation*
*http://info.lu.farmingdale.edu/depts/met/met205/coldwork.html
Effect of Cold Working on
Strength, Hardness and Ductility
*http://info.lu.farmingdale.edu/depts/met/met205/cold
work.html
Effect of cold working on tensile strength, hardness,
ductility and grain size.*
Cold Working Methods
cold rolling
drawing
deep drawing
pressing
* http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/engineering_studies/lifting/3282/image3.jpg
Drawing of a metal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bar_drawing.svg
Deep Drawing of a Metal
http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/DeepDrawingOfMetals/
Why Cold Working?
Good dimensional control
Good surface finish of the component.
Strength and hardness of the metal are
increased.
An ideal method for increasing hardness
of those metals which do not respond to
the heat treatment.
Why not?
Only ductile metals can be shaped
through cold working.
Over-working of metal.
Subsequent heat treatment is mostly
needed
How to Calculate Cold
Working
Ao Ad
%CW x100
Ao
Ao -the original area
Ad -the area after deformation
%CW is a measure of degree of plastic
deformation
Hot Working
Hot working is plastically deforming of the metallic
material at a temperature above the recrystallization
temperature.
No Strain Hardening
Usually performed at elevated temperatures
Lead and Tin are exceptions (low melting point)
Lower limit of the hot working temperature: 60%
of the melting temperature
Recrystallization Temperature
The temperature at which atomic mobility can
repair the damage caused by the working process.
Table: Recrystallization Temperatures of Some Metals *
Metal Recrystallization Temperature [C]
Lead, tin 10 C (below room temperature)
Zinc 25
Magnesium, aluminium 150
Gold, copper and silver 200
Iron, low-alloy steels 450
Tungsten 1400
* http://school.mech.uwa.edu.au/unit/MECH2402/lectures/hot_cold_working/
Hot Working Mechanism
No strengthening occurs during hot working
Elimination of Imperfections
Gas pores can be closed
Composition differences can be reduced
Anisotropic behaviour is gained
Surface has a finer grain size than the center.
Metal remains soft and ductile during process
Historical Applications
Forging is one of the oldest known
metalworking processes. Traditionally, hammers
are used for production of medieval weapons Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
(swords, armors, etc.)
Statue of Liberty in New York City is builded
(1886) from Strain-Hardened copper which is
supported by a frame of iron bars.*
Ref: Getty Images
*http://corrosion-doctors.org/Landmarks/statue-construction.htm
Application Areas
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/es/pa/es_pa_steel_1_e.jpg
of Hot Working
Some processes involving hot
working:
Hot Rolling
Extrusion
Forging
Hot Drawing
Hot Rolling
Aluminum is hot rolled into a coil
of desired thickness.*
Schematic of Hot Rolling.*** Coil of Hot Rolled Steel**
* http://aluminum-foil.alexanderhiggins.com/aluminum-foil-manufacturing.aspx
** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HengereltTekercs10.jpg
*** http://school.mech.uwa.edu.au/unit/MECH2402/lectures/hot_cold_working/degarmo_18-2.jpg
Extrusion
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a
fixed cross-sectional profile.
Hot extrusion is a hot working process above
recrystallization temperature.
Extrusion through a die *
Hot extrusion of stainless steel **
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extrusion.JPG
** http://www.gspsteelprofiles.com/manufacturing_processes.html
Forging
Forging is defined as a
manufacturing process
involving the shaping of
metal using localized
compressive forces (Very
High Pressures).
There are many process
types:
Drop Forging
Press Forging
Roll Forging, etc Forging process under a hydraulic press *
* http://www.siegmanandsons.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/forge3.jpg
Hot Drawing
Drawing is a metalworking
process which uses tensile
forces to stretch metal.
Hot drawing above
recrystallization
temperature.
The basic drawing process for a
Various types for processed metal bar *
material: *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bar_drawing.svg
Bar Drawing
Tube Drawing
Wire Drawing
Advantages of Hot Working
Hardness and ductility of metal is not changed.
Porosity is eliminated.
Grain structure of the metal is refined and physical
properties improved.
Large shape changes are possible without ruptures.
Smaller, faster acting machines.
Impurities are broken up and distributed
throughout material.
Surfaces need not be clean and scale free.
Disadvantages of Hot Working
Metal loss due to high temperature a rapid
oxidation or scale formation takes place during
process.
Weakening of surface due to metal loss
This weakening may cause fatigue failures.
Close tolerances cannot be maintained.
High cost of tooling for some processes
(High temperature & High Energy Consumption)
ANNEALING
Heat Process
Heating to specific temperature(generally until
glowing) / colour
Cool very slowly
Physical Properties of
Annealed Materials
Bend with pressure
Deformed easily than Hardened
Metals
Low hardness, yield strength,
tensile strength of the steel
Annealing induce ductility
Homogenised structure
Hardened Materials
*Difficult to cut and shape.
*Impossible to bend
*Heated,then cooled very quickly
reverse of annealing!!
*http://www.technologystudent.com/equip1/heat3.htm
Stages of Annealing
1. Recovery phase
***softening metal through removal
of crystal defects (dislocation) and the
internal stresses
***covers all annealing phenomena that
occur before the appearance of new
strain-free grains
Stages of Annealing / 2
2. Recrystallization
***new strain-free grains nucleate and
grow to replace those deformed by
internal stresses
3. If annealing is allowed to continue,
grain growth will occur, in which the
microstructure starts to coarsen and
may cause the metal to have less than
satisfactory mechanical properties.
Setup and Equipment
Large ovens
The inside of the oven is large enough to place
the workpiece in a position to receive
maximum exposure to the circulating heated
air
the workpieces are sometimes left in the oven
in order for the parts to have a controlled
cooling process
Annealed glass
http://americanglassresearch.com/content.
asp?id=12&title=Annealing%20and%20Tempering
Setup and Equipment II
While some workpieces are left in the
oven to cool in a controlled fashion, other
materials and alloys are removed from
the oven,
After being removed from the oven, the
workpieces are often quickly cooled off in
a process known as quench hardening
An annealing oven*
*http://www.garymolitor.com/kilns/kilns.htm
Advantages
Softens the material.
Increases the ductility
Enhances the toughness
Improves the homogeneity
The grain size of the material is refined a lot by annealing
Application Areas
Bridges
Skyscrapers
Example: Coin
A Traditional Coin*
http://goldprice.org/buy-silver/uploaded_images/us-silver-coin-values-714624.jpg
Types of Annealing
Some types of annealing;
Full Annealing
Process Annealing
Stress Relief Annealing
Isothermal Annealing
Sub-critical Annealing
Process annealing and sub-critical annealing cycles*
*http://heattreatment.linde.com/International/Web/LG/HT/like35lght.nsf/repositorybyalias/apps_annealing/$file/
Annealing.pdf
Conclusion
What is cold working & hot working &
annealing?
Mechanisms of these processes
Some Examples of Application Areas
Advantages / Disadvantages
Thank You For Your Attention
: ))
Questions?
Hacettepe University | Department of Chemical Engineering | December 29, 2010
Presentation by: aatay Yaylac | Gkhan Uzun | Gktu Ural
By the way, we wish you a;
