History of Architecture 1 - a way of admitting light to the

temple
MEGARON ENNEASTYLE
- an Ancient Greece domestic type - nine columns in the temple
of architecture with a porch, a entrance
vestibule and a large hall, as
AMPHI-PROSTYLE
contributed by the Aegean
- temples have front and rear
TEMPLES
columns
- the most important structure in CARYATIDS
Greece in Hellenic period
- pillars in form of a sculptured
POST AND LINTEL
female figure
- the method of construction used
in Greece CORINTH
DORIC IONIC
- a cross piece rests on two or more IAN
vertical supports SIZE 8:1 9:1 10:1
TEMENOS WITHO WITHOU
BASE WITH
- a sacred enclosure, usually built UT T
on high land FLUTE
20 24 24
CIVIC SQUARES S
- places where Greeks political, SEASHE
social, business and economic life ORNA LL, ACANTHU
SIMPLE
were centered TE RAMHO S LEAVES
ACROPOLIS RN
- the modern term for Temenos STONEHENGE
THOLOS - a megalithic structure and is the
- man-made tomb, in vaulted stone best example of a stone circle
construction and shaped like a - Wiltshire, England (3100 to 1500
beehive BC)
ARCHITRAVE SLIGHTLY CONVEX EGYPT
- solution to optical illusion - also known as Land of the
TRIGLYPH Pharaohs
- blocks with vertical channels MENES
DROMOS - first king of the ancient kingdom
- passageway leading to tomb who united the upper and the lower
chamber Egypt
LION GATE, MYCENAE CUNEIFORM
- best example of an Aegean - these are wedge shaped
palace characters placed on clay tablets
ENTASIS QUEEN HATSHEPSUT
- inclination of the vertical line, - an Egyptian queen who built her
2o65 own funerary temple carved at the
EXEDRAE foothills of a mountain
- alcove with raised seats ZIGGURAT
STOA - in Mesopotamia, these were
- colonnaded shelters called also Holy Mountains
TRANSLUCENT MARBLE RAMESES II
MATERIALS - he built the popular rock temple
 at Abu-Simbel with four figures of SUMERIANS
his likeness - discovered the principle of wheels
BATTER WALL HIEROGLYPHICS
- Egyptian walls which is vertical - symbols in which the history of
inside and inclined outside Egypt was written
HAREM NEBUCHADNEZZAR
- a special place for women in an - build the Hanging Gardens of
Assyrian palace Babylon
PALM TREE MANETHO
- locally available tree in - Egyptian priest
Mesopotamia used for making VULTURE WITH OUTSPREAD
rough beams WINGS
STELE - symbolizes protection
- is an upright stone slab used by POLYCHROME
the Egyptians with the name of the - multi-colored bricks
dead inscribe in it PAPYRUS, LOTUS AND PALM
OBELISK - symbolizes fertility
- is a monolithic structure PROPYLAIA
symbolizing Heliopolis, the sun god - monumental hallway or gateway
MASTABA to Persepolis/Acropolis rock
- an Egyptian tomb made below the HEPHAESTUS
ground - god of fire
SARCOPHAGUS EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
- Egyptian coffin CHARACTER
MONSTROUS FIGURES - Simplicity, Solidity, Grandeur
- ornaments used for decoration by TOMB ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT
both Persians and Assyrians - Mastaba, Pyramid, Rock-cut tomb
SERDAB METHODS OF WALL
- a statue hall inside a Mastaba CONSTUCTION DURING AEGEAN
CRETE PERIOD
- a place in Greece where the - Cyclopean wall, Polygonal wall,
Aegean civilization originated from Rectangular wall, Inclined
SCARAB TYPES OF PYRAMID
- is a sacred beetle which is a - Slope, Step, Bent
symbol for resurrection to the DIMENSIONS OF:
Egyptians - Sphinx: 65 ft. high, 105 ft. long
ATHENA - Obelisk: 105 ft. high
- goddess of wisdom and learning STYLOBATE
and is the patroness of the Greeks - temple platform usually consisting
MENHIR of three steps continuously around
- a monolithic religious structure CELLA
during the pre-historic period - this area combines naos and
- single large standing stone opithodomus independent of any
SAVAGE STAGE external colonnade; internal space
- men were hunting, fishing, food NAOS
gathering - colonnaded front porch
 ERECHTHEION MONUMENTAL
- built to accommodate the - the style which express a quality
religious rituals that the old temple in architecture of definite
housed conception as of grandeur,
AGUA DUCTS solemnity, monumentality or
- structures the ancient Roman property
constructed to supply water to PALEOLITHIC
cities and industrial sites - their mobile lifestyle influenced
PANTHEON their dwelling site caves, huts,
- Roman public baths, containing tooth or skin hovels, mostly by
large halls with water at various rivers and lakes
temperature NEOLITHIC
THREE MAJOR PARTS IN - farmsteads during this era allows
THERMAE the formation of cities during the
- Calsarium, Frigidarium, Bronze Age
Tepidarium SKARA BRAE
COLOSSEUM - Neolithic I began in the Levant
- it is an elliptical amphitheater in around 8500 to 8000. Evidence of
the center of the Roman city, used which is the discovery of this plot
for gladiatorial contests and public CAVE
spectacles - a hollow or natural passage under
THREE AIMS OF ARCHITECTURE or into the earth, especially one
- Beauty, Strength, Function/Utility with an opening to the surface.
HISTORICAL These are the early shelters for
- style that shows the particular hunters and fishermen in primeval
phase; the characteristics manner times
of design which prevails at a given LAKE HOUSE
time and place - wooden houses on posts at the
GEOGRAPHY shores of lake
- considers the location of the ZIGGURAT, CHOGAN ZANBIL
country which affects the - best preserved ziggurat in ancient
development of commerce, Elam
industry, immigration and WHITE TEMPLE, URUK
civilization - a predecessor of the ziggurat. The
GEOLOGICAL alternating niches and buttresses
- deals with rock and soil formation were typically Sumerian
of a locality which dictates building
History of Architecture 2
materials
CLIMATE ROMANESQUE
- shows how climate determines - the medieval style that revived
character and influence of wall, Roman elements like round arches
type of roof, size of windows and basilica.
DOLMENS TRANSEPT
- a pre-historic tomb of standing - horizontal wings, perpendicular to
stones usually capped with a large the nave and choir which gives the
horizontal slab church plan form of a cross
 NAVE NARTHEX
- long, main section of a church - an enclosed porch or vestibule at
whose walls rise higher than the the entrance
flanking aisle TRIFORIUM
AMBULATORY - a shallow passage above the
- passage surrounding the choir of arches of the nave and choir and
a cathedral; circulatory corridor below the clerestory
created by continuation of the side LANCET
aisles - a narrow window with a sharp
- originally used for processional pointed arch typical of Early
purposes English Gothic arch.
CHEVET STAINED GLASS
- the French term for the east end - glass given a desired color in its
of church, including side aisles, molten state, or by firing a stain
choir , ambulatory, chapels; into the surface of the glass after
chancel forming
CHOIR FLYING BUTTRESS
- area beyond the nave in Christian - the lateral thrust of roof or vault
church, between crossing and altar are taken up by a straight bar of
at east end masonry , usually sloping, carried
WEST WORK on an arch, and a solid pier or
- tower-like structure in Carolingian buttress sufficient to receive the
and Romanesque churches thrust
CLERESTORY ROSE WINDOW
- the upper stage of the main walls - a large, circular medieval window,
of a church above the aisle roof, containing tracery disposal in a
pierced by windows radial manner
ARCADE LIERNE VAULT
- a range of arches carried on piers - any small subordinate rib which is
or columns, either free-standing or inserted between the main ribs
blind HAMMER BEAM
NORMAN - one of a pair of short horizontal
- name given to the Romanesque members attached to the foot of a
style in England principal rafter in a roof, in place of
BUTTRESS a tie beam
- masonry built against the wall to CUSPINGS
give additional support, or to resist - the intersection of two arcs or
the thrust of a vault or arch foliations in a tracery
BASILICA TYPANIUM
- a building consisting of nave and - the triangular or segmental space
aisles with windows above the level enclosed by a pediment or arch
of the aisle roofs DONJON
CLOISTER - castle keep inner stronghold
- a square court surrounded by an CHATEAU
open arcade - a castle or imposing country
residence of nobility in old France
 OCULUS BAB SIR
- round window or opening on the - a small door, usually hidden,
roof found in most medieval Cairene
GARGOYLE architecture, and acted as an
- a waterspout projecting from the escape route
gutter of a building, often carved HARAMLIK
grotesquely - the space in a house or palace
GROIN VAULT allocated for the women
- vault formed by intersection at KABA
right angles of two barrel vaults - the house of God which is located
LOMBARD STRIPS in Mecca
- shallow pilasters on Romanesque LUSTRE
exteriors, joined at top by small - a technique for decorating glass
arches that developed in Egypt and Iraq
DODGE PALACE through the 7th and 8th centuries,
- this famous Venetian Gothic later adopted for the decoration of
structure is mixed with exotic the pottery
influences from the East HAYR
TOWNHALL - walled enclosure, sometimes used
- Gothic structure in Brunswick to contain game for hunting, and
BURGUS CATHEDRAL usually associated with early
- Spains first Gothic cathedral Islamic palaces
(begun 1221), on French cruciform IWAN
plan - a vaulted open hall with a
GOTHIC VAULTING rectangular or arched faade,
- a structure based on the principle worked well as an entrance of a
of the arch, often constructed of mosque
masonry; typically consists of an HAYAT
arrangement of arches that cover - ground floor hall in Anatolian
the space below Ottoman houses used to receive
male guests
History of Architecture 3
MADHHAB
TALAR - a fortress
- an open hall of columns found in - school of Islamic law
many Iranian palaces KIOSK
MADRASA - Turkish term referring to a small
- an institute for higher education, pavilion used for temporary
in which religious sciences were residence
taught HISN
BURI - a wind-catcher on the roof of a
- a tower of a fortress or of city building
walls MAHWAR
MIHRAB - a tribunal or public reception hall
- a prayer niche found in religious ARABESQUE
buildings indicating the direction of - it is basically a scroll of leaf and
Kaba in Mecca stems where the intertwining
 elements created an interfacing make walls, alters, and foundations
geometric system remained elements of Chinese
MASHRABIYYA construction for the next several
- the wooden screens that covers millennia
windows of medieval houses NIRVANA
MUQAMAS - the basic concepts of Hinduism is
- composed of small arches carved salvation
of the building material and TEMPLE OF THE SLEEPING
arranged on top of each other BUDDHA
forming honeycombs; stalactites - two story buildings made of
MINRAB bricks, unusual circular headed
- pulpit from which the imam of the windows of the ground floor and
mosque gives his sermon on Friday clerestory
PISHTAQ HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM
- Persian term for portal projecting - where the proliferation of
vertically or horizontally beautiful shrines in India was due
perpendicular to the faade to
ZULLA SACRED TRINITY OF HINDUISM
- Arabic term meaning shaded - Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
area, which usually refers to the CHAITYA
covered part of the mosque - small stupas placed at the apse
TARIMA end of prayer halls
- open loggia BELL STUPA
SIRDAB - a domical sacred mound
- an underground corridor or tunnel - conical-hatted royal tombs and
MAQSURA shrines in Ayutthaya
- prayer area reserved for the ruler SHI KU MEN
or the governor, separated from - it literally means stone gate is a
the rest by means of a wooden style of housing in Shanghai, China
screen STAMBHAS
TIM -monumental Indian structures of
- covered market pillars consisting of a circular
SHI-HWANG-TI column or shaft slightly tapering
- he (246-210 BC) abolished the towards the summit
feudal system; divided the country JHAROKHA
into provinces, built roads, canal, - it is a type of overhanging
public buildings, and a royal palace balcony used in Indian architecture
HAKKA KACHCHA
- typically designed for defensive - it is a building made of natural
purposes and consists of one materials such a mud, grass,
entrance and no windows in ground bamboo, thatch or sticks and is
level therefore a short-lived structure
INDUS VALLEY FENG SHUI
- where the first civilization of India - ancient Chinese practice believed
emerged to utilize the Laws of both heaven
HANGTU and earth to help one improve life
- the pounding of layers of earth to by receiving positive Qi
 PAI-LOU sides, or four Tirthankars would be
- resembles the Indian toran and placed back to back to face four
Japanese torri cardinal points
- a monumental gateway in GARBHA GRIHA
Chinese arch. - inner sanctum of a basic Hindu
THE TEMPLE OF THE GREAT temple; womb-chamber
DRAGON FORBIDDEN CITY
- circular plan; triple roofed; - built from 1406 to 1420, the
erected in a square mile compound palace complex consists of 980
which also contains the dwellings surviving buildings with 8,707 bays
of the priests of rooms and covers 720,000
SILK ROAD square meters
- the special term which describes NAGARA
the trade route between the - a beehive shaped tower
Central Asia and China DRAVIDA
CHHATRIS - the tower consists of
- elevated, dome-shaped pavilions progressively smaller storey of
used as an element in Indian arch. pavilions in Hindu temple
or funerary sites MAHA MANDAPAM
NINE BAYS - a big hall in temples for holding
- number of bay for emperor religious discourses
PAGODA AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS
- the most typical Chinese building - immense distinct regional
is octagonal in plan, of numerous variation in the 7th century
stories, repeated floor with up Northern India
turned corner eave, highly colored KEN
CHHAJJA - the modular unit (about 10 feet
- it is the term for projecting eaves by 15 feet) was defined as the
or cover usually supported on large basic measurement in construction
carved brackets THE GREAT WALL
JALI - intended to keep the nomadic
- term for a perforated stone or Mongols from the hilly country
latticed screen, usually with an north out of Chinas agricultural
ornamental pattern constructed lands
through the use of calligraphy and KOREA
geometry - country provided the link between
VIHARA China and Japan
- these consisted of a central hall BUDDHISM
with small cells all around in which - state religion in the 8th century
the monks lived and Emperor Honshu
TODA commissioned a temple in each
- tribal hut in India province
CONFUCIANISM EDO
- basis of ethical code of moral - an age of architectural opulence
doctrine and golden rule of conduct in Japanese architecture
CHAMUKHS SHIMMEI
- these ford maker would face four - simple gateway of two pillars
 driven straight to earth two bell is hung one of a pair of small,
horizontal beams one bracing the identical, symmetrical placed
structure the other acts as a lintel pavilions in a Japanese Buddhist
KATSUOGI temples
- a short wooden billets placed at CHUMON
right angles to the ridge of a Shinto - the inner gateway to the precinct
shrine billet of a Japanese temple
CHIGI BUTSU
- crossed finial formed by the - a representation of Buddha
projecting barge boards at each DAIBUTSU
end of the ridge of a Shinto shrine - a large representation of Buddha
HASHIRA SHINTO
- sacred post in Shinto architecture - the indigenous religion of Japan,
NAGARE-ZUKURI marked by cultic devotion to deities
- style of Shinto shrine based on Ise of natural forces, ancestor worship,
prototype; the front slope of roof veneration to the emperor and
extends to form a canopy over descendant of the Sun-Goddess,
entrance stair which eventually Amaterasu
developed into a prayer room SHIMMEI-ZUKURI
KASUGA-ZUKURI - small unpainted rectangular
- shrine characterized by a hipped structure, raised above ground
roof extending from the main roof level on posts inserted to the earth,
over a centrally-placed entrance railed veranda surrounds the
stair at one gable end structure at floor level,
HAIDEN freestanding post at each gable-
- a hall of worship of a Shinto end supports the ridge,
shrine usually in front of the bargeboards extend outward from
Honden thatched roof
TORRI HORYU-JI (NARA)
- a monumental, freestanding - 7th century structure worlds
gateway on the approach to a oldest surviving wooden buildings
Shinto shrine TODAI-JI
KODO - the temple was founded in 745
- an assembly hall for monks in a and built to rival Chinese Tang
Japanese Buddhist temple where temples
sacred texts are read NANDAIMON
TO - built in the 12th century with the
- a Japanese pagoda enshrining great double gate and
Buddhist holy relics misleadingly called Indian style
NANADAIMON in Chinese idiom
- principal gateway to a Japanese BULGUKSA TEMPLE
temple - oldest existing temple in Korea
SORIN built on a stone platform at the
- crowning spire on a Japanese foothill of Mt. Toham near Gyeongju
pagoda SHRINE OF SEOKGURAM
SHORO - the shrine located on the crest of
- a structure from which the temple Mt. Toham, construction began in
 742 and grotto was completed by contemplativeness in the simplest
the Silla court in 774 of days, artifacts and rituals done
- built by Sailendra Dynasty in this structure
HIMEJI CASTLE SHIMMEI TORRI GATEWAY
- a main 5 storey castle keep - simple gateway of two pillars
connected to 3 smaller keeps by driven straight to the earth; two
fortified covered corridors located horizontal beams one bracing
at the Hyogo prefecture the structure and the other acts as
MARUOKA CASTLE a lintel
- the oldest standing castle located MYOJIN TORRI GATEWAY
in Marouka, Fukui, also known as - a style refinement of Shimmei
Kasumi ga JA (Mist Castle) Torri usually features double
NIJO CASTLE lintels
- a castle consists of two HONDEN
concentric rings of fortifications - main sanctuary of a Shinto shrine
located in Kyoto, Japan RUMAN ADAT
KUTI - is a distinctive style of traditional
- a small structure, built on stilts, housing unique to each ethnic
design to house a monk group in Indonesia
BENCHAMABOPHIT ISTANA (PALACE)
- a style in Thailand that shows - architecture in Indonesia based
high influence in of the Khmer on the vernacular adat domestic
WAT styles of the area
- a typical Thai temple that has two KHMER KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
enclosing walls that divide it from - named for its capital, drew its
the secular world religious and political inspiration
HOR RAKANG from India
- bell tower (Thailand) ANGKOR WAT
VIHARN - a spectacular temple in southwest
- assembly hall that contains the Cambodia built during the reign of
principal Buddha images King Suryavarman II
CHEDI ANGKOR THOM
- bell-shaped relic chambers, which - means Great City; quadrangle
contains the relics of pious or of defensive walls totaling 12 km
distinguished people BANTEAY SREI TEMPLE
JAPANESE - referring to cremation ritual
- often inseparable from the highly thought to have taken place at the
design and manicured landscape or temple base
garden PRE RUP TEMPLE
FORKED FINIALS - three-tiered stepped pyramid
- this simple structures made of crowned with five towers
logs or branches elaborately MING TOMBS
carved boards rising through the - final resting place of 13 of the 16
ends of a thatched roof emperors, located 42 km northwest
TEA CEREMONY PAVILION of Beijing, in a mountain valley just
- ancient Zen ritual encouraging a below the Great Wall
sense of quiet and
 PASUPATI NATH TEMPLE NAGA TOWERS
- original pagoda style of Nepal - Guardians of the City; a 54-story
before the 6th century, dedicated to tower designed as a cultural
Lord Shiva symbol of the snake; Gujarat
BHADGAON international Finance Tec-City
- known as Bhaktpur City of CHANDIGARH CITY
Devotee, has an altitude of 4600 - city full of gardens and parks,
feet above the sea wide roads, modern architecture;
IMPORTANT INNOVATION IN urban project in India by Le
THE ARCHITECTURE OF Corbusier from 1951 to 1965
CLASSICAL KHMER PERIOD GRAND NATIONAL THEATRE
- God-king, Temple mountain, - The Egg; an opera house in
surrounded by moats and featured Beijing, China opened in June 2007;
artificial lakes Paul Andreu
ARCHITECTURAL CENTRAL CHINA TELEVISION
ACHIEVEMENTS IN CAMBODIA (CCTV) HEADQUARTERS
- Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom - designed by Rem Koolhaas and
BOROBUDUR OMA/Ole Scheeren; completed in
- this complex in Indonesia is 2008
considered as one of the seven LINKED HYBRID
wonders of the world located in - an area of 220,000 square meters
South of Magelang, in Central Java housing complex consisting of
Spirals eight towers linked by eight
BUDDHA bridges; designed by Steven Holl
- means Awakened One Arch.
CATEGORIES IN THAI MODE GAKUEN COCOON
ARCHITECTURE TOWER
- Wat, Palace, House - an innovative educational facility
MONKS QUARTER located in Ninshi-Shinjuku high-rise
- Kuti, Refectory, Pantry district; the buildings elliptical
GROUPS IN THAI WAT shape, wrapped in a crisscross web
- Temple, Kamporian of diagonal lines, embodies the
WAT PHRA SRI SARAPET cocoon concept
- built in the reign of King TAIPEI 101
Boromtrilokanath, with cluster of - located in Xinyi District, Taipei,
bell-like stupas capped with conical Taiwan; tallest and largest green
spires building in the world; designed by
WAT PHRA KAEW C.Y. Lee & partners and constructed
- the Temple of Emerald Buddha, primarily by KTRT Joint
consists of over 100 brightly Venture/Samsung C&T Corporation
colored buildings, golden spires BURJ KHALIFA
and glittering mosaics; 1782 - tallest skyscraper in the world
LOTUS TEMPLE (829.8 m/2,722 ft.) located at
- is a Bahai House of Worship Dubai, UAE; September 21, 2004 to
completed in 1986 located in New October 1, 2009; Adrian Smith as
Delhi, India; flowerlike chief architect and Bill Baker as
chief structural engineer
 INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE RYUGYONG HOTEL
EXCHANGE - is at height of 330 m (1,080 ft.),
- a 118-storey, 484 m (1,588 ft.) making it the most prominent
skyscraper completed in 2010 in feature of Pyongyangs skyline and
West Kowloon, HK by far the largest structure in North
PETRONAS TOWER Korea; consists of three wings
- twin skyscraper in Kuala Lumpur, KEANGNAM HANOI LANDMARK
Malaysia TOWER
GREENLAND CENTER- ZIFENG - Pham Hung Boulevard, Cau Gaiy
TOWER District, Hanoi, Vietnam; consists of
- a 450 m (1,480 ft.) skyscraper one 72-storey office tower and two
completed in 2009 in Nanjing, 48-storey residence towers
China; 89-storey building BITEXCO FINANCIAL TOWER
JIN MAO TOWER - this skyscraper in Ho Chi Minh
- this building literally Golden city, Vietnam, with 68 floors above
Prosperity Building is an 88-story ground and three basements, the
landmark skyscraper in the Lujiazui building has a height of 262.5 m
area of the Pudong District of (861 ft.); American architect Carlos
Shanghai, PRC; 128-storey building Zapata drew inspiration for this
AL HAMRA TOWER skyscrapers unique shape from
- designed by architectural firm Vietnams national flower, the
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill; Lotus
tallest building in Kuwait on JW MARRIOT MARQUIS DUBAI
completion in 2011 at 412.6 m HOTEL
(1,354 ft.); worlds tallest - is a 72-storey, 355 m (1,165 ft.)
sculptured tower twin-tower skyscraper complex in
MAYBANK TOWER Dubai, UAE
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the MARINA BAY SANDS
construction of Maybank Tower - the resort id designed by Moshe
commenced in 1984 on Court Hill, Safdie, who says it was initially
over the site of a colonial era inspired by card decks
Sessions Court Building, and was ESPLANADE TOWER
completed in 1988; 244 m (801 ft.) - Theatres on the Bay is a
NORTHEAST ASIA TRADE waterside building located on six
TOWER hectares of waterfront land
- this skyscraper in Songdo alongside Marina Bay near the
International City, the worlds most mouth of the Singapore River; DP
expensive private real estate Architects of Singapore and the
project in Incheon Free Economic London-based Michael Wilford &
Zone, South Korea; 305 m (1001 Partners
ft.); 68 floors