Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles

MOROCCO

by
O. Berkat and M. Tazi
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FAO 2006
 3

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY 7

Major topographic features 7
Major soil types 8

3. CLIMATE AND AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES 9

Climate 9
Agro-ecological zones 9
Major agricultural enterprises in each zone 10

4. RUMINANT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 11

Feeding systems 11
Cattle production systems 12
Sheep production systems 13
Constraints 14

5. THE PASTURE RESOURCE 15

Natural pasture and pastoral ecosystems 15
Fallows, stubbles and crop residues 21
Fodder crops 21
Forage seed production 22
Forage germplasm conservation and utilization 23

6. OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF FODDER RESOURCES 24

7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONNEL 26

8. REFERENCES 26

9. CONTACTS 28
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 5

1. INTRODUCTION

The Kingdom of Morocco is situated

in the north west of the continent of
Africa, between latitudes 21 - 36
N and longitudes 1 17 W. The
country is bordered by the Atlantic
Ocean on the West (2 934 km from
Cap Spartel in the North to Lagwira
in the South), the Mediterranean sea
on the North (512 km from Saidia in
the East to Cap Spartel in the West).
It is bordered in the East and South by
Algeria and Mauritania, respectively
(see Figure 1). The total land area is
710850km2 of which arable land is less
than 12% (Ministre de lAgriculture
et du Dveloppement Rural 2003).
According to the 1994 census,
the population was 26 100 000. The
population growth rate during the
198494 period was 2.06%, lower
[FAO Editorial Note: the status of Western Sahara remains unresolved
than the 2.6% recorded in 1974-84. and was the subject of a proposed UN Agreement on the Status of Western
Presently, the population growth rate Sahara in 2001.]
is 1.7%. Population estimates for Figure 1. Map of Morocco
2002 and 2003 were 29 630 000 and
31600000, respectively and according to the World Factbook the population in July 2006 was estimated
at 33241259 with a growth rate of 1.55%.
Most of the population is concentrated in the north-western areas. Urbanization is over 50% presently,
contrasting strongly with a level of 30% in 1970. Large cities include Casablanca (3.1million) which
is the largest industrial, commercial and financial centre, Rabat-Sal (1.2million) which is the capital,
Marrakech, Fs, Mkns, Ttouan, Oujda and Agadir each have hundreds of thousands of inhabitants.
The countrys history is very ancient as attested by numerous prehistoric and historic monuments and
artefacts. In historical time, the country has seen a number of invaders and civilizations: Phoenicians,
Berber, Carthaginians, Romans, Vikings. The Arab conquest came in 681.
Morocco exists, as a state, since 788, when the Idris the First was proclaimed king. The subsequent
dynasties were:
Idrisside (7881055, foundation of Fes which is part of the UNESCO Universal Heritage),
Almoravide (10551130, foundation of Marrakech with the Place Jamaa Lafna also part of
Universal Heritage),
Almohade (11301258, Foundation of the Capital City of Rabat, construction of Koutoubia and its
twin the Giralda of Sevillia),
Merinide (12581554, construction of Chellah Necropolis in Rabat),
Saadian (15541664, Saadian tombs in Marrakech, plants for processing sugar from cane
and exports to Europe, end to the Portuguese occupation of some coastal places), Alaouite
(1664Present).
Morocco gained its independence from both the French (Central and Southern zones) and the Spanish
(Northern zone) in 1956. At the same time the City of Tangiers, which was under International Rule,
was recovered. The Southern Saharan Provinces were recovered in 1975 [although the status of Western
Sahara remains unresolved and was the subject of a proposed UN Agreement on the Status of Western
Sahara in 2001 Editorial Note].
Agriculture is the backbone of the economy since it contributes 17% of the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and provides employment to half of the active labour force. It has benefited as a priority
6 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

investment sector by the Government during the last four Table 1. Land use
decades. As a result of this policy, 92 large dams have Area (million ha)
Arable and permanent crops 9.2
been built with a total capacity of 14billionm . This and
3
Forests 5.8
other smaller infrastructure, has allowed the irrigation of Alfa steppe 3.2
some 1 200 000 ha. Major irrigated areas are the Rharb Range (1) 52.885
and Loukkos in the NW, the Tadla in the centre north of Total 71.085
the Atlas, the Haouz in the Marrakech region, the Souss- (1) including low productive Saharan steppes, rocky sites
Massa in the Agadir region, the Ouarzazate and Tafilalet and areas occupied by infrastructures as they have not
been estimated separately.
south of the Atlas, and the Low Moulouya in the Northeast. Sources: Ministre de lAgriculture et du Dveloppement
However, agricultural production varies with the weather Rural (www.madrpm.gov.ma/). Stratgie de
dveloppement des terres de parcours au Maroc 1992-
conditions and most crops are grown by subsistence 1995, Direction de lElevage, Ministre de lAgriculture et
farmers, but a modernized sector produces food for de la Rforme Agraire, Rabat.
export. The main products include wheat, barley, pulses,
vegetables, citrus fruit, olives and olive oil, figs, and dates. Agricultural exports include vegetables,
citrus, olive oil and wine. Animal products are consumed locally, except for processed leather.
Fisheries is another important sector as it represents 55% of agricultural food exports and maintains
some 400000 jobs. Handicrafts contribute 10% to the GDP and offers jobs to about 1500000 people.
Tourism is of growing importance to the economy. With 2500000 tourists in 1999, it contributes
7.8% to the GDP, and helps maintain about 500000 jobs.
Mining and energy represent 10% of the GDP. Morocco has the worlds third largest deposits of
phosphate, but a stagnant market and lower world prices have reduced the contribution made by this
previously important export earner.
A small manufacturing sector is growing and bringing export revenues. Consumer goods and semi-
finished goods now account for about half of Moroccos export earnings.
About 15% of the labour force works abroad, mainly in European countries such as Belgium and
France, and the money these workers send back to Morocco helps to offset the countrys large foreign
debt.
In an effort to stimulate economic growth, the government is selling more than a hundred state-owned
enterprises and encouraging other economic reforms.

Land Area, Arable and Pastoral Areas. Land classification in Morocco shows that 78% of the
area (56,000,000 ha) is in desert and dry zones (annual average precipitation <250 mm/year), 15%
(10000000ha) in the semi arid zone (250 to 500mm rainfall per annum) and 7% in the sub-humid to
humid zones (> 500mm rain per year). Arable land and permanent crops represent 12% (9200000ha)
of the land area, of which 1200000ha are irrigated, 12.5% (5800000ha) is forest, and 52900000ha
are rangelands and unproductive lands (Table 1).
Of the total cereal area, which covers 80% of arable land, 50% is sown to barley, 40% to bread and
durum wheat and 9% to maize. Four% of the arable land is sown to pulses, mainly fava bean, chickpeas,
lentils and peas. The area under weedy fallow varies between 1600000 and 2600000ha and is more
prevalent in the drier zones.

The Ruminant Sector. Generally, it is considered that only 18% of farmers gain their incomes solely
from animal husbandry, but livestock constitutes a significant financial reserve for the majority of
farmers, in particular for those who have difficult access to agricultural loans. It also ensures the
production of manure necessary for the fertilization of the land and to yield improvement (mainly
vegetables and citrus orchards). It is also used as draught power; it supplies the necessary raw materials
(wool, skin, leather) to the leather and the craft industries, and plays a role in the transport of goods and
of man (dromedaries in the south, mules in the mountains and horses and donkeys in the plain) It is also
necessary to underline its socio-cultural role (horse and Fantasia, sheep and Eid El Adha).
There are about 2700000 cattle, 17000000 sheep and 5300000 goats in the country, in addition
to 200 000 camels (FAO database only 36,000), 510 000 mules and 980 000 asses, producing some
300000tonnes of meat (with chicken and game meat the total is near to 600000tonnes) and more than
1.35 million metric tonnes of milk (Table 2). Up until 2000 Morocco imported more than 1015000
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 7

Table 2. Livestock numbers and production

Items 197374 1980 1982 1984 1987 199596 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005*
Cattle (,000,000) 3.21 3.38 2.54 2.36 3.18 2.38 2.67 2.69 2.73 2.73
Sheep (,000,000) 11.44 16.51 10.16 12.86 16.14 16.73 16.34 16.74 17.03 17.03
Goats (,000,000) 4.23 6.15 4.09 4.22 5.81 5.70 5.09 5.21 5.36 5.36
Cow milk (,000 mt) 490* 780 625 705 783 865* 1 236* 1 250 1 300 1 300
Beef (,000 mt) 91* 102 111 77 99 113* 170 150 148 148
Mutton (,000 mt) 50* 66 47 54 64 101* 110 105 103 103
Goat meat (,000 mt) 26* 16 15 16 20 20* 20 21 21 21
Sources: Recensement Gnral de lAgriculture (RGA), Ministre de lAgriculture et du Dveloppement Rural, Guessous 1991.
*2002-2005 and others - data from FAO statistical database (2006)

live cattle per year as well as 10M chickens but Table 3. Farm size (1996)
numbers have declined as have beef and veal Size class Number of farms Arable area
in ha (thousands) % (thousand ha) %
imports. Milk and milk product imports have
increased from less than 200000M tonnes milk Landless 64.7 4.3 - 0.0
equivalents in the 1980s to nearly 400000tonnes 0-1 315.3 21.1 170.4 2.0
in 2003/2004. 1-3 446.7 29.8 904.7 10.3
3-5 237.7 15.9 1 011.1 11.6
The Crop Sector. Farms are rather small 5-10 247.8 16.6 1 894.7 21.7
10-20 125.2 8.4 1 880.5 21.5
(Table 3). Of the 1 500 000 holdings, the size
20-50 47.9 3.2 1 526.3 14.5
classes are as follows: i) 4.3% are landless, very 50-100 7.8 0.5 585.1 6.7
probably only keeping livestock; ii) more than Over 100 3.2 0.2 759.4 11.7
70% have less than 5 ha; iii) only 4% have more Total 1 496.3 100.0 8 732.2 100.0
than 20 ha. The small farm size generally leads
to diversified production (cereals, vegetables, Table 4. Number of farms practising animal
livestock) but also to low income levels and high husbandry
vulnerability to market forces and drought events. Size class Numbers in 197374 Numbers in 199596
(ha) (thousands) (%) (thousands) (%)
In the agricultural sector, livestock production
Landless 438.8 26.9 62.5 5.7
ranks second after cereals. It provides 01 340.0 20.8 214.4 19.5
approximately 20% of the total of agricultural 13 332.0 20.4 311.3 28.5
employment and contributes to the income of 35 177.3 10.9 175.2 15.9
more than 80% of the rural population, especially 510 192.1 11.8 190.2 17.3
small farmers. It also plays an important role 1020 101.8 6.2 99.2 9.0
2050 30.7 2.5 38.9 3.3
in mitigating the impact of droughts. Of the
> 50 8.7 0.5 8.5 0.8
1.5 million farms in 1996, 1.1 million had a Total 1 630.4 100.0 1 100.1 100.0
livestock production component (Table 4).

2. SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY

Major topographic features
Morocco has the widest plains and the highest mountains in North Africa. The country has four main
physiographic regions:
1. the Rif mountain range, parallel to the Mediterranean coast;
2. the Atlas Mountains (the Middle Atlas, the High Atlas, the Anti-Atlas) extending across the coun-
try, southwest to northeast, between the Atlantic Ocean and Rif, from which the Atlas is separated
by the Taza Depression. The highest summit is Toubkal, which rises 4165m in the High Atlas
range;
3. a region of broad coastal plains along the Atlantic Ocean, framed in the arc formed by Rif and the
Atlas Mountains; and
4. the plains and valleys south of the Atlas Mountains, which merge with the Sahara along the south-
eastern borders of the country.
8 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

The country has many rivers, mostly seasonal torrents, which, although unimportant for navigation,
are used for irrigation and for generating electricity. The main rivers are the Moulouya, which drains
into the Mediterranean Sea, the Sebou, the Bou Regreg, the Oum Rbia, the Tansift, and the Souss which
flow into the Atlantic Ocean.

Major soil types

The major soil types include (Figure 2): i) yermosols, lithosols, regosols and sierozems which are the
dominant type because of mountainous topography and the large area of the Saharan and arid zones; ii)
rendzinas; iii) xerosols; iv) vertisols; v) gleysols; and vi) saline soils.
The dominant soil types in the main physiographic units are as follows (INRA 1967, Osrhiri, 1985,
Berkat et al. 1999, MADRPM, 2000):
1. Eastern High Plateaux and Moulouya Valley: soils are mostly sierozems on a caliche layer. In
addition, fluvisols (important to agricultural activities) and saline soils are also present;
2. Middle Atlas: the dominant soils are brown soils and rendzinas. However, on steep slopes, litho-
sols and regosols are dominant;
3. Rif: on schists and limestone, dominant soils are brown soils associated with lithosols and rego-
sols. On marls and limestone with marls, dominant soils are brown soils and vertisols;
4. Loukkos: mostly gleysols and brunifis;
5. Rharb plain: soils derive from the sandy-loam formations of the recent quaternary. These are
mainly gleysols and vertisols;
6. Sais plateau: dominant soils are brown limestone and vertisols, associated with lithosols and
regosols;
7. Mamora and Zemmour plateau: soils derive from the sandy formations of the Villafranchian.
They are mostly brown washed with a textural contrast represented by sand underlain by clay;
8. Central plateau: in forested areas, soils are brown associated with lithosols and regosols.
Elsewhere (Zaer), vertisols and gleysols dominate;
9. Doukkala, Chaouia and Abda plains: in areas close to the Atlantic coast, soils are mostly rendzi-
nas associated with lithosols
that have caliche layer. In the
inland, soils are mostly isohu-
mic and vertisols;
10. Plains and plateaux north of
the Atlas: dominant soils are
lithosols (Rehamnas, Jebilete),
sierozems associated with
lithosols on a caliche layer
(Haouz, Chichaoua);
11. Argan zone: soils are mostly
lithosols and regosols, associ-
ated with fluvisols and saline
soils on lowlands;
12. High Atlas: the dominant soils
are lithosols and regosols, in
association with brown soils
and sierozems;
13. Presaharan Zone: lithosols and
regosols dominate, in associa-
tion with sierozems and regs.
In the valleys, saline soils are
frequent;
14. Saharan zone: soils are mostly
yermosols, associated with siero- Figure 2. Soil map
zems, lithosols and saline soils. Sources: MADRPM (2000)
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 9

3. CLIMATE AND AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES

Climate
Morocco is dominated by the Mediterranean climate as rainfall occurs within the cool season, while
the warm season is dry. However, owing to its latitudinal location, and as well as the influence of the
Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and that of the powerful Atlas mountain ranges between the
southern Saharan and the other zones, the climatic conditions are quite diverse. In fact, this diversity
made it ideally suited for the bioclimatic classification of the Mediterranean (Emberger 1955, Sauvage
1963). The main bioclimatic subdivisions are:
Saharan or desert, with annual rainfall less than 100mm and erratic. Winter temperatures are mild
along the Atlantic coast, but become cool some 10km inland and cold further inland;
Arid, with annual rainfall ranging from 100 mm to 400 mm. This concerns the southern fringe
of the Atlas mountains, the Moulouya Valley, the Eastern High Plateaus, the Souss plain and the
plains north of the Atlas. Winter temperature subdivisions vary from warm (Atlantic and Eastern
Mediterranean coast), to temperate, cool and cold. This latter situation is encountered inland in
portions of the Moulouya Valley, and more extensively on the Eastern High Plateaus;
Semi-arid, with annual rainfall ranging from 400mm to 600mm. This concerns the major cereal
regions such as the plains of Doukkala, Chaouia, Gharb, Saiss, as well as large portions of the
Anti Atlas, High Atlas, Middle Atlas, Central Plateau, the Prerif zone and the Eastern part of the
Rif mountain range. This large spatial extension translates also into a large diversity of winter
temperature subtypes;
Subhumid, with annual rainfall ranging from 600 to 800 mm, encountered within the mountain
ranges of the Rif, the Middle Atlas, the High Atlas and on localized coastal area (Western Mamora
cork oak forest). As in the previous type, the winter subdivisions are also diverse;
Humid, with annual rainfall greater than 800mm within the Rif and the middle Atlas mountains.
Rainfall is variable within seasons and between years. It occurs mostly in autumn (October
November), winter (December) and spring (MarchApril). Mean annual rainfall ranges from less than
100mm (Saharan bioclimate), to 1200mm (humid bioclimate).
Drought is the most important and dramatic manifestation of such variability. The country has
witnessed the longest drought episode in its recent history (19791984, most of the 1990s) causing
impacts on agricultural production, on farm economics and sustainability, on systems of production (for
example, more concentrates are being
incorporated into livestock feeding), and
on natural resources and environment
(acceleration of degradation and
resource depletion).
Extreme temperatures are attenuated in
the coastal areas along the Atlantic Ocean
and the Mediterranean sea, translating
into bioclimate sub-types of warm and
temperate winters. By contrast, in the
inland, the temperatures are more extreme
and winters can be quite cold (translating
into bioclimate sub-types of temperate to
cold winters) and the summers very hot.
In the mountain ranges temperatures can
drop to 0F and highest mountain peaks in
both the Atlas and Rif mountain ranges are
snow capped throughout most of the year.

Agro-ecological zones
Several agro-ecological zonings have Figure 3. Rainfall map
been proposed, depending on the Sources: MADRPM (2000)
10 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

objectives and the scale of approach. The fourteen physiographic units described for soils (see above)
could be considered as major agro-ecological zones as they represent some homogeneity in terms of
landform / substrate-soil, rainfall and the growing season (bioclimates and their thermal subdivisions).

Major agricultural enterprises in each zone

The Eastern High Plateaux and Moulouya Valley: because of limited rainfall and generally shallow
soils, most of the area is used as grazing for sheep and goats. However, the Moulouya valley has a number
of irrigated areas, of which the largest is the perimeter of Low Moulouya where agricultural enterprises
include citrus fruits, vegetables and dairy cattle. Cultivation is actively encroaching on grazing lands.
This, and increasing grazing pressure, has induced a downward spiral of pasture degradation. A number
of projects, some financed by IFAD (PDPEO, PDRTT) aim at improving the living conditions of the
rural population in this area while improving the management of rangeland resources.

The Middle Atlas has a relatively high rainfall, except locally. This has resulted in a well developed
natural vegetation cover (grazing land and forests) accounting for more than 70% of land use. Crops
represent less than 30% of the land area (mainly cereals, pulses, and fruit trees in the irrigated valleys).
Most farming is of a subsistence type, based on crops and livestock (sheep, goats and some cattle).

The Rif is diverse in terms of rainfall and land forms. This translates into diversity in land use. Thus,
cropland varies from 23% (Chefchaouen) to 76% (Taounate). Cereals represent more than 50% of the
cropland. Fruit trees contribute 16% and are important in some areas (olives, figs, almonds). Pulses
contribute 9%. Very little forage is grown. Farms are subsistence type combining crops with livestock
(sheep, goats and cattle) (Berkat et al. 1999).

The Loukkos area possesses an irrigated perimeter where vegetables, industrial crops, oil crops,
orchards, forage and cereals contribute 29%, 25%, 25%, 8%, 6%, and 7%, respectively.

The Rharb area has also an important irrigated perimeter (100000ha) and rainfed agriculture (some
288000ha). Major crops in the irrigated perimeter are cereals (32%), industrial crops (19%), vegetables
(16%), forages (11%), orchards (11%), pulses and oil crops. Agricultural enterprises are a mix of
subsistence and large farms. Crops are combined with livestock (mostly sheep and cattle in small herds).

The Sais plateau is mostly concerned with rainfed agriculture. Major crops are cereals, orchards (olives,
vineyards), pulses, forages and oil crops. Livestock is integrated with the crops (sheep and cattle in small
herds).

The Mamora and Central Plateau are characterized by a land use where cropland and forest/
rangelands represent 55% and 45%, respectively. Cereals are the dominant crop (68%), whereas forage
crops, pulses and orchards contribute only 6%, 3% and 4%, respectively (Berkat et al. 1999). Farms are
mostly small with less than five hectares, combining crops with livestock (cattle are well integrated with
the crops, sheep on an agro-sylvo-pastoral system).

The Doukkala, Chaouia, and Abda plains are characterized by rainfall ranging from 300 to 400mm,
and by mild winters. However, the dry season is relatively long (May-October). Land use consists of
some 80% cropland, and 20% forest/range. The cropping system consists of cereals (wheat, barley,
maize: about 80% of the crop area), fallow (13%),vegetables, forages (3%), pulses and orchards.
Vegetables, mainly tomatoes, represent an important activity, geared partly toward export. Livestock
(cattle, sheep) is well integrated with crops. This zone is quite vulnerable to drought as most of the crops
are rainfed. The Doukkala plain has an irrigated perimeter (some 61000ha) where cropping consists of
cereals, industrial crops (sugar beet, cotton), forages and vegetables.

The plains and plateaux north of the Atlas are characterized by low and variable rainfall (200
350 mm). This and the fact that soils are shallow is a major constraint to agricultural productivity.
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 11

Under rainfed conditions, about half of the land is used to grow crops, and the remainder are very
degraded range. The cropping system is based on cereals, particularly barley, but also wheat and
maize (80%). Farms are mostly of the subsistence type (more than half have less than five hectares)
combining cereals and livestock (mostly sheep). Two irrigated perimeters are in this zone: at Haouz
and Tadla. The cropping system of the Haouz is based on cereals, orchards (mostly olives), forages,
vegetables, and some cotton and tobacco. In the Tadla perimeter, cropping is based on cereals, forages,
orchards (olive and citrus fruit trees), sugar beet and cotton, and vegetables. Dairy cattle are well
developed in this perimeter.

The Argan zone is also characterized with low and variable rainfall (170 to 285mm) and mild winter
temperatures. The dry season is quite long resulting in a short growing season. Crops, forest/range
represents 30% and 70% of the land area, respectively. The cropping system is based on cereals (mostly
barley), fallow, and some almond orchards. Farms are of the subsistence type in 75 to 90% of the cases
(less than 5ha). They combine barley cropping, some almond trees, vegetables and livestock (mainly
goats) in association with the argan tree, and beekeeping. This zone has a high frequency of drought,
and the argan tree plays an important role in drought mitigation by providing forage to goats and also by
producing argan oil for local consumption and for sale. The Souss-Massa irrigated perimeter is in this
zone. Its major crops are citrus fruits and vegetables, partly for export.

The High Atlas is characterized, despite its high elevations, by a modest level of rainfall (400 to 800mm
on the north slopes, 200 to 500mm on the south-facing slopes). This level of rainfall, combined with
shallow soils and steep slopes, and cold temperatures, translates into a short growing season and low
productivity, except locally (valley terraces, high altitude rangeland). Forests/range occupies about 76%
of the land area, whereas crops are limited to about 20% (mostly in lowlands and valleys). These valleys
are intensively cropped. The cropping system is based on cereals (71%), forages (11%), orchards (7%),
pulses, vegetables and fallow (6%). Farms are subsistence type with less than 5ha, combining crops on
terraces, and livestock (sheep and goats grazing on range, cattle integrated with crops).

The Presaharan zone is characterized by a very low (100 to 200 mm) and variable rainfall. Crops
occupy only two% of the land as they are mostly in valleys and oases. Most of the land is used for
grazing sheep, goats, and some camels. Cropping is based on cereals, fallow, orchards (olive trees,
date palms, fig trees, apple trees), forages and vegetables. Two irrigated perimeters are in this zone: the
Ouarzazate perimeter and the Tafilalet perimeter.

The Saharan zone is characterized by a very low (less than 100mm) and erratic rainfall. Thus, cropping
is limited to irrigated areas, or areas receiving runoff. Main crops are cereals, forages and vegetables.
However, the most important activity is extensive livestock production (goats, sheep, camels).

4. RUMINANT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

In the past, extensive and range based livestock allowed the country to satisfy its needs in terms of
animal protein. With the extension of crops at the expense of grazing land, the development of irrigation
and the rapid demographic growth, production systems that associate crops and livestock are expanding.
Under irrigation, dairy production has been developed and cultivated forages were the only way to
provide the needed quantity and quality to sustain production in high performance animals.

Feeding systems
Several factors should be considered when defining livestock production systems: the breeds raised,
production type or objective, reproduction and feeding management. In Morocco the feeding aspects
remain the most important criterion classifying animal production systems. Indeed, feed resources, their
amount, quality, and seasonal availability determine which animal production system predominates.
12 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

Cattle production systems

The distinction of three cattle production systems is based on the parameters: 1. Feeding calendar; 2.
Genetics of the herd; 3. Milk marketing options.

Dairying with irrigation.This system is found in irrigated perimeters, especially large ones managed
by the Offices Rgionaux de Mise en Valeur Agricole (ORMVA). Its main characteristics are (Guessous
1991):
forage produced under irrigation covers part of the animal requirements;
cattle are mainly Friesian or crossbreed;
milk is systematically marketed.
The feeding calendar varies according to the main forage crop which could be either berseem
(Trifolium alexandrinum) or lucerne (Medicago sativa). Berseem, which is the main forage crop in the
areas of Rharb, Loukkos and to some degree in the Doukkala perimeter, is used entirely as fresh cut-
andcarry, during October to March or to June (Guessous 1991). This system leaves the summer and
autumn relatively forage deficient if other forages are not used (lucerne, Sudan grass, Italian ryegrass,
forage beet). In the case of lucerne, which is the main forage crop in Tadla, Haouz, Souss-Massa, Low
Moulouya Valley, Tafilalet and Draa, the growing season is from March to October. Even though some
farmers use part of the lucerne as hay, the system is relatively deficient in autumn and winter (Guessous
1991). In order to alleviate this constraint, other forage crops are brought into the system: barley, oats/
vetch, maize.

Mixed system. This system is found in the most favourable zones under rainfed agriculture, or on
the periphery of irrigated perimeters (Guessous 1991). It can be characterized by the absence (or very
limited contribution) of irrigated forage crops compared to the previous system. However, it shares a
number of characteristics with this system, namely, the use of improved breeds and the marketing of
milk produced.
The feeding system is as follows (Guessous 1991): i) stubble grazing during June to August; ii) the
use of straw from September to March, sometimes coupled with the use of oat/vetch hay; iii) grazing
the fallow pastures during December to March; iv) grazing barley during January to February; and v)
the use of concentrates including wheat chaff, dry sugar beet pellets, molasses, barley grain, especially
in autumn and winter.
Forage crops are lucerne, berseem, Sudan grass or maize when there is some water available for
irrigation. However, as this is rarely the case in the production system, the forages under rainfed farming
are barley (cut and fed fresh, sometimes as silage), oats/vetch, barley/peas and triticale/peas. These crops
are mostly made into hay.
The contribution of forages in the feeding system is still relatively modest; it was estimated to be
28%, 21%, and 1%, in the Rharb, Tadla and Low Moulouya Valley, respectively (Guessous 1991), while
the concentrates contribute 31%, 28% and 53% in the plains [straw and stubble 15, 44, 28; fallow +
range 12, 3, 14].

Beef cattle. This system, based on local breeds, produces calves for fattening. Some milk, after the calf
is fed, is consumed domestically, generally in small quantities, but is not sold. The system is found in
areas of rainfed farming where the main crops are winter cereals or spring-sown maize (Guessous 1991).
This system is at risk from drought.
Feeding is based on crop by-products, denoting a very high integration into the farming system.
The feeding calendar in rainfed regions consists of (Guessous 1991): i) stubble grazing during June to
October; ii) feeding hay and wheat and barley straw during the period September to March; iii) barley
(light grazing of growing crop) during January and February; iv) feeding on weeds collected from the
fields; v) grazing fallows during January to May. Grazing on natural pastures may also contribute up to
five months in some regions.
Cultivated forages include: i) mixtures of cereals/legumes for hay; ii) barley as forage used as cut-
and-carry green forage or grazed; iii) berseem in areas having relatively good rainfall (>450 mm);
iv) annual medics for fallow improvement in a ley-farming system; but, this technology, which was
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 13

introduced during the early nineteen-eighties, appears to be fading away, leaving the fallows without
improvement.
When used in irrigated perimeters, this system benefits from a feeding calendar and forage resources
comparable to those of the dairy cattle system (Guessous 1991). The differences may be in a greater use
of range and fallow. The feeding calendar consists of : i) green lucerne as cut-and-carry from March to
October; ii) lucerne hay from October to February; iii) stubble grazing during the summer; iv) straw
all year long; v) range and fallow during February to April; vi) concentrates during September to April.

Sheep production systems

Livestock production on extensive grazing land is by hardy local breeds of small ruminants (sheep and
goats). A very small number of cattle and camels exploit these pastoral resources.
Four sheep breeds are well identified and are subject to selection programmes by the Association
Nationale Ovine et Caprine (ANOC) in the so called breed cradle zones. These are Timahdit in the
Middle Atlas and neighbouring zones, the Sardi in the plains north of the Atlas, the Beni Guil in the
Eastern High plateaux, and the Dman of the oases (which does not use the range) (Kabbali and Berger
1990, Boujenane 1999).
Some lesser known breeds are used in other regions: the Beni Hsen in the Gharb and Loukkos regions,
the predominant Boujjad in the region of Boujjaad, the Siroua and Sargho raised in the Anti Atlas.
Compared to sheep, goat breeds are less well studied. Three types can be distinguished: the Dman dairy
goat of the oases crosses with Spanish breeds in the north of the country, and the small local goat elsewhere.
There are three main systems defined according to the origin of the feed resources: i) pastoral system;
ii) agro-pastoral system; iii) the oasis system.

The Pastoral System. In this system, the feeding calendar is dominated by grazing, up to 8-12 months of
the year. Differences can be found according to agro-ecological zones. Thus, in the western and central
plains and plateaux where the growing season ends early, range and fallows are used up to April-May,
then the animals graze cereal stubble until the autumn rains. By contrast, in the Eastern High Plateaux,
grazing on range dominates, with animals moving south in winter, and north in summer, or moved in the
same area between alfa (Stipa tenacissima) (winter) to Artemisia herba alba and other shrub-dominated
types (spring, summer and autumn). Stubble grazing takes place during July-August, but is variable
because of the frequent impact of drought on cereal production. In the Atlas Mountains, range/forests
are used at all seasons, although there may be some stubble used in the summer especially at altitudes
below 1500m. Higher altitudes (above 1500m in the Middle Atlas, and more than 2 000m in the
High Atlas) are used in the summer by transhumant herds coming from the lower lands of the mountain
itself or in the adjacent plains. In the Southwest, grazing on forest land (Argania spinosa, Callitris and
Juniper) occurs at all seasons with stubble used in rare wet years during April-June.
The feeding calendar also includes: i) straw (and hay), and concentrates (mostly barley) in autumn-
winter, and periods of drought; ii) barley grazing iii) cut-and-carry branches of forest trees such as
Quercus rodundifolia, Quercus suber, Juniperus spp., Fraxinus zanthoxyloides; iv) cut-and-carry shrubs
and grasses such as alfa (Stipa tenacissima) in the arid ranges.

The Agro-pastoral system. This system is found in the irrigated perimeters outside the Saharan oases
and in rainfed cereal regions. Its main characteristic is the relatively large farm contribution to feed
resources, attaining 50% of the animal requirements (Guessous 1991). The feeding calendar consists of:
i) grazing on range and fallow January to May; ii) stubble grazing June to October; iii) feeding cereal
straw September to March.
Variations around this generalized scheme include: i) moving animals outside the irrigated perimeter
for grazing on forest ranges or rented private pasture on fallow; ii) grazing growing barley iii) cut-and-
carry berseem (Rharb) or lucerne (Tadla).

The Oasis System.This system is specific to the oases of the Saharan zones, mainly Tafilalet in the Ziz
valley, Draa in the Dra Valley, and the Figuig area in the southeast. Its characteristics include (Guessous
1991): i) highly productive irrigated agriculture on small units, generally not exceeding 1 to 2 hectares;
14 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

ii) a sheep breed (Dman) which is very

prolific, kept in small herds and penned
almost all the time; iii) a feeding calendar
where lucerne is the most important
element.
The feeding calendar varies according
to the growth of the lucerne: i) cut-and-
carry lucerne during March to October,
with other contributing sources including
straw, barley, chaff, date by-products;
ii) lucerne hay, in addition to straw and
concentrates during November-February.

Constraints
The productivity and sustain-
ability of the agricultural sec-
tor are hindered by the following:
i) climatic constraints, particularly the
high frequency and severity of drought;
ii) land tenure not always facilitating
prudent use and investments for the Figure 4. Map of feed resources
medium and long term; iii) resource deg- Sources: MARA (1986)
radation, including soil loss to water and
wind erosion, loss of soil fertility, soil salinization, decrease in levels of aquifers, and degradation of
range and forest resources due to overgrazing, cultivation of marginal lands, and wood and other plant
harvesting for fuel and commercial purposes.
In addition to constraints to forage crops development (farm size, prices of concentrates as compared
to those of forages and to animal products, research and extension limitations), other constraints have
been described, particularly with respect to livestock production on rangelands (MARA, 1993):
i) inadequate feeding is the major constraint responsible for high mortality of young animals, and
for growth and reproduction performances well below the genetic potential. Inadequate feeding
results from low pasture productivity, inadequate use of crop residues, lack of producer knowl-
edge of the nutritional value feed and concentrates;
ii) inadequate stock water in most range areas. Animals may have to travel long distances to water
points, and some water is of poor quality;
iii) inadequate herd management practices leading to uncontrolled reproduction with no castration
of inferior males, low replacement of old females. These practices translate into little genetic
improvement in the herd. An increase in ANOC activity to integrate more producers would prob-
ably help alleviate some of this;
iv) health management of the herd is still insufficient, despite important efforts made by the Ministry
of Agriculture in terms of prophylactic programmes and actions. Parasites are a limitation to herd
productivity in many range areas.

Socio-economic constraints
Socio-economic limitations to improving the pasture and forage resources and to animal production
reside in the following:
insufficient technical packages, staffing and extension;
vulnerability of small producers to drought impacts and vis--vis the buyers in the marketing
system;
meat prices to the producer not sufficient to encourage investments;
inadequate infrastructure for processing and adding value to meat for the benefit of the producer;
changes in production systems where more and more concentrates are being used puts extra pres-
sure on farm financial resources and on ranges;
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 15

land tenure characterized by collective ranges and State forests used also for grazing. In both cases,
major difficulties exist in organising the users of range resources for their sustainable management.
In addition, this situation is not an incentive for investments for rehabilitation of collective ranges.
Moreover, collective ranges are subject to cultivation encroachment where ecological conditions
are not suitable, creating conditions for desertification.

5. THE PASTURE RESOURCE

According to MARA (1986), the main forage sources in Morocco were: i) natural pastures; ii) stubble
and straw; iii) sown fodder; iv) fallow; v) crop residues; vi) cereal grain; vii) industrial by-products.
Their respective estimated contribution to the forage budget was 28%; 38%, 10%, 6%, 2%, 7% and 8%.
However, it is important to make a few comments about these numbers: i) the trend toward a decrease
in the contribution of the natural pastures over the years is due to their degradation, to the recurrent
drought, and to extension of crops on marginal lands which once were used as range; ii) these numbers
are averages over the entire country, reflecting the importance of forage demand of cattle production
systems and which are met mostly by on farm production.
Small ruminants, on the other hand, rely more on natural pasture (more than 70% in some regions);
iii) these estimated averages vary according to weather conditions in any given year. Thus, in a dry year,
relatively more resources are contributed by natural pasture (which also results in increased grazing
pressure and degradation) and grains (which puts increased pressure on the economics and stability of
the farms, particularly the most vulnerable ones). During a wet year, important sources include increased
cereal yields), fallows, and grain (due to increased barley production and thus increased availability to
animal feeding).

Natural pasture and pastoral ecosystems

Natural grazing land, in varying degrees of productivity and use, extend over some fifty three million
hectares. Ten pastoral zones can be distinguished according to topography, climate, vegetation and
use (MARA, 1992). These are: i) Zone 1: Eastern High Plateaux and the Moulouya Valley; ii) Zone
2: the Middle Atlas; iii) Zone 3: the High Atlas; iv) Zone 4: the Rif mountain and its borders; v) Zone
5: the Mamora and Central Plateau; vi)
Zone 6: the plains and plateaux north
of the Atlas mountains; vii) Zone 7: the
Atlantic coastal meseta; viii) Zone 8: the
Argan tree area; ix) Zone 9: Presaharan
ecosystems; x) Zone 10: the Saharan
ecosystems.
Rangeland ecosystems have been
described and mapped for each zone
(Berkat et al. 1992). The number of such
ecosystems (scale 1/ 2500000) is 29, 17,
13, 9, 5, 9, 1, 7, 12, 12, for the respective
pastoral zones 1 to 10.

Ecosystems of the Eastern High

Plateaux and the Moulouya Valley
This zone extends over more than five
million hectares. Thus, it is characterized
by a climatic gradient and diversity
in soil and vegetation resources, even
though the vegetation physionomic types Figure 5. Pastoral zones
are only a few: alfa steppes, low shrub Sources: MADRPM (2000)
16 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

steppes, woodlands and shrublands. The bioclimatic gradient extends from subhumid in the Debdou
area in the North, to Saharan in the South (Bou Arfa 160mm) and in the Moulouya valley to the West
(Outat El Haj 157 mm). However, the largest proportion of the area is the arid bioclimate with cold
winters (200 to 350mm of annual rainfall). Dominant soils in the area are lithosols and regosols, but
brown steppic and halomorphs are also present. Livestock production is based primarily on sheep, and
secondarily on goats. Beef cattle have increased somewhat during the last two decades, but are still of
limited importance
Major range ecosystems are:
i) forest stands of the sub-humid bioclimate composed of Quercus rotundifolia, Juniperus oxy-
cedrus, Stipa tenacissima, Rosmarinus officinalis. The low herbaceous strata include Dactylis
glomerata, Festuca ovina and Koeleria vallesiana. This type covers about 140,000 hectares;
ii) woodlands of the semi-arid, composed of Callitris articulata, Pistacia lentiscus, Stipa tena-
cissima, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cistus villosus, Lavandula multifida, Dactylis glomerata,
Artemisia herba-alba, extending over some 200000ha;
iii) halophytic steppes composed of Salsola foetida, Atriplex halimus, Stipa capensis covering
some 115000ha;
iv) steppes of the arid bioclimate with cold winters, in fair to deteriorated condition composed of
Anabasis aphylla, Noaea mucronata, Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Stipa capensis,
Frankenia corymbosa, covering some 880000ha;
v) steppes of the arid bioclimate with temperate winters, in a fair condition, composed of Artemisia
herba-alba, Frankenia corymbosa, Noaea mucronata, Teucrium polium, Stipa capensis, Stipa
parviflora. This type covers some 290000ha.
vi) steppes of the arid bioclimate with cold winters, in fair to good condition, composed of
Artemisia herba-alba, Stipa parviflora, Stipa barbata, extending over some 190000ha;
vii) steppes of the piedmonts composed of Stipa tenacissima, Rosmarinus officinalis, Artemisia
herba-alba, Thymus spp., Stipa parviflora, Stipa barbata. This type covers some 330000ha;
viii) alfa (Stipa tenacissima) steppes on varying soil types and substrates, and in varying ecological
conditions, associated with species such as Thymus sp., Noaea mucronata, Stipa parviflora,
Atractylis seratuloides, Schismus barbatus, Artemisia herba-alba, Lygeum spartum. This type
extends over 2500000ha. It provides an important forage reserve, albeit of low quality, espe-
cially in this zone characterized by long and severe drought events. It also provides invaluable
soil protection when not degraded. However, the recurrence of droughts, along with maintain-
ing too many animals by extensive use of concentrates has recently led to a large scale degrada-
tion of this resource;
ix) degraded steppes of arid to Saharan bioclimate in the middle Moulouya valley composed of
Lycium intricatum, associated according to local ecological conditions with Helianthemum
spp., Halogeton alopecuroides, Salsola gemmascens, Noaea mucronata, Atractylis serratuloi-
des, Aristida spp., Hammada scoparia. This type covers some 420000ha.

The Middle Atlas

This zone has an estimated area of range extending over 1230000ha. It is a mountain range in the
centre of the country with a SWNE direction. Three subdivisions can be distinguished according to
topography and climate: 1) the tabular Middle Atlas, with elevations from 1000 to 1900m, with high
rainfall; 2) the rugged middle Atlas, ranging from the semi-arid to the sub-humid; 3) the Khnifra area
in the southwest, also ranging from the semi-arid to the sub-humid. Livestock production in this zone is
based mostly on small ruminants.
Major ecosystems are:
i) woodlands of the piedmonts and temperate valleys which are composed of Callitris articulata,
Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacia lentiscus, Olea europea, Phillyrea angustifolia. Species of the
lower strata include Globularia alypum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Stipa tenacissima, S. parvi-
flora. They extend over an estimated area of 185000ha.
ii) forests of the semi-arid to subhumid zones with a cold winter composed of Quercus rotundi-
folia, generally in dense stands, but with openings having a herbaceous vegetation including
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 17

Dactylis glomerata, Bromus spp., Festuca spp., Cynosurus elegans. They cover an area esti-
mated at 340000ha;
iii) forests of the humid zone with a cold winter, composed of Quercus mirbeckei, Q. rotundifolia,
Crataegus lacinita, Rosa sp., Cynosurus elegans, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius.
It extends over a relatively limited area (6000ha);
iv) forests of the subhumid and humid zones with a cold winter, composed of Cedrus atlantica,
Acer monspessulanum, Quercus rotundifolia, and in the drier and colder parts Bupleurum spi-
nosum and Erinacea anthyllis. This type covers an area of 180000ha;
v) forests of the sub-humid composed of Quercus suber, Arbutus unedo, Cistus spp., Halimium
halimifolium, Dactylis glomerata, covering an area of approximately 15000ha;
vi) low shrublands of the humid zone composed of Adenocarpus boudyi, Genista pseudopi-
losa, Genista quadriflora, Festuca rubra, Hieracium pseudopilosella, extending over some
18000ha;
vii) mountain grasslands or turf, composed of Poa bulbosa, Dactylis glomerata, Stipa lagascae,
Festuca rubra, Festuca ovina, Hieracium pseudopilosella, Scorzonera pygmea, Medicago suf-
fruticosa, covering some 50,000 hectares;
viii) mountain shrublands composed of spiny xerophytes such as Erinacea anthyllis, Cytisus pur-
gans ssp. Balansae, Alyssum spinosum, associated with herbaceous species such as Stipa lagas-
cae, Poa bulbosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, covering some 100,000 hectares.
The last three types are the most productive and also with the highest herbaceous plant diversity. They
are grazed mostly by transhumant herds during June to October-November.

The High Atlas

This notable mountain range is composed of a series of longitudinal crests with a SW-NE direction,
between which are situated large depressions. Highest points are at 4165m (Jebel Toubkal), 4070m
(Mgoun), Tignousti (3819m), Rhat (3,781 m), El Ayachi (3700m) and Azourki (3677m). Valleys are
generally of a NS direction. Annual rainfall ranges from 500mm to 800mm on the northern slopes, and
from 200 to 600mm on south facing slopes, the driest part being the Southeastern part of the mountain. A
portion of rainfall comes in the form of snow (about 20 days above 3200m) and a sizable portion comes
in the form of intense summer storms, representing an important cause of erosion, and an important risk
to agricultural land in the valleys. Soils are relatively diversified but localized because of steep slopes:
rendzinas, brown forest soils, lithosols, regosols. However, because of steep slopes, the dominant soils are
lithosols. This, along with a relatively high runoff and the nature of substrates (schists, marls), makes the
ecosystems of the mountain relatively dry, less diversified than in the Middle Atlas for example. Further,
as pastures, they are generally less productive (owing to the previously mentioned constraints, and a short
growing season at altitudes above 1800m). Livestock production is based on small ruminants, mostly
goats on rangelands and forests, and some cattle integrated to small farms on the terraces.
Major rangeland ecosystems are:
i) woodlands of the piedmonts and valleys, with temperate winters, composed of Callitris articu-
lata, Pistacia lentiscus, Ceratonia siliqua, Olea europea, Lavandula multifida. Variations with
Juniperus phoenicea associated with Callitris articulata and Thymus satureoides are also found.
The area is estimated at 280000ha;
ii) forests and woodlands at altitudes 14001800m, semi-arid with temperate winters, composed
of Quercus rotundifolia, Juniperus phoenicea, Thymus spp., Globularia alypum, Dactylis glom-
erata, and locally Callitris articulata. The type extends over an approximate area of 370000ha;
iii) woodlands of the subhumid and semiarid, with cold winters, composed of Quercus rotundifolia,
Pinus halepensis, or Juniperus phoenicea, Globularia spp., Thymus spp., covering an area over
160000ha;
iv) forests and woodlands of the subhumid, with cold winters, composed of Quercus rotundifolia,
Cistus spp., Festuca spp., Dactylis glomerata. The area covered is estimated at 320000ha;
v) mountain grasslands of the high altitudes composed of Festuca maroccana, F. rubra, Scorzonera
pygmaea, Nardus stricta, and Trifolium humile. This is a relatively productive ecosystem which
extends over 85000ha;
18 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

vi) high altitude shrublands composed of Vella mairei, Bupleurum spinosum, Alyssum spinosum,
Festuca maroccana, Dactylis glomerata, with locally Juniperus thurifera, covering approxi-
mately 770000ha;
vii) high altitude low shrublands composed of Ormenis scariosa, Adenocarpus anagyrifolius,
Retama dasycarpa, Alyssum spinosum, Bupleurum spinosum, Dactylis glomerata, Stipa nitens.
The area concerned is about 50000ha;
viii) high altitude steppes composed of Artemisia herba-alba, Ormenis scariosa and Bupleurum
spinosum and covering about 93000ha;
The last four ecosystems are used mostly by transhumant herds from both sides of the High Atlas.
Despite the relatively high animal pressures exerted on them in the summer months and the appearance of
degradation indicators, these ecosystems remain relatively productive and with a good species diversity.

The Rif mountains

This range extends all along the 400km of the Mediterranean coast and some 100km inland, and covers, with
its borders, approximately 916000ha. The range is characterized by a topographic dissymmetry represented by
short and abrupt northern slopes (over 40km only), and a southern slope with altitudes decreasing progressively
over long distances. It is also characterized by a W-E decreasing climatic gradient (from over 1200mm to less
than 300mm). Three bioclimatic domains could be distinguished: 1) semi-arid in the coastal and sub-littoral
areas, and also in its southern and eastern borders; 2) humid in its central zone with altitudes exceeding often
2000m; 3) sub-humid in the remaining areas. Soils include rendzinas over marly and limestone substrates,
luvisols/acrisols (rouges) over schists and hard limestones, vertisols, and lithosols. However, due to high
intensity rainfall events, degradation of the vegetation cover (mostly through inappropriate cropping on steep
slopes), and the type of substrate, soil erosion is a major problem with an average of 2 000 T/sq km/year.
Livestock production is based on small ruminants, mostly goats, in small-size herds.
Major rangeland ecosystems are:
i) tall shrublands (matorral) in semi-arid areas with temperate winters (mostly along the
Mediterranean coast, composed of Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea angustifolia, Olea europea and
locally Juniperus phoenicea, Callitris articulata, Lavandula spp., Piptatherum miliaceum. The
area of interest is about 83000ha;
ii) tall shrublands along the Mediterranean coast and in the Eastern part of the range, composed of
Callitris articulata, Cistus villosus, Lavandula multifida, Teucrium fruticans, Hyparrhenia hirta,
Piptatherum miliaceum. The area covered is 140000ha;
iii) forests and brushlands of the semi-arid and sub-humid with cold winters, composed of Quercus
rotundifolia, Thymus spp., Cistus spp., Genista sp., Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata. The area
is estimated at 160000ha;
iv) herbaceous vegetation of the sub-humid western part of the zone, composed of Urginea mari-
tima, Asphodelus microcarpus, Cynodon dactylon, Chamaerops humilis, Plantago spp., Rumex
sp.. Locally, remnants of perennial grasses such as Dactylis glomerata, Hyparrhenia hirta,
Piptatherum miliaceum. This type is found as part of a mosaic with cropland and fallows. The
area covered is approximately 20000ha;
v) woodlands and forests in the sub-humid with temperate to cool winters composed of Quercus
suber, Erica arborea, Cistus spp. In the temperate area, other species such as Callitris articulata,
Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo, Hyparrhenia hirta, Piptatherum miliaceum. The area covered
is 288000ha;
vi) brushlands resulting from the degradation of forests in the humid with temperate to cool win-
ters, composed of Chamaerops humilis, Cistus spp, Erica arborea, Arbutus unedo. Locally,
Ampelodesma mauritanica stands can be found. The area covered is 160000ha;
vii) forests in the humid with cool to cold winters, composed of Cedrus atlantica, Acer monspes-
sulanum, Quercus spp. A small forest of Abies maroccana is found in this type.

The Zone of Mamora-Zaers

This zone of approximately 800000ha is situated on a series of plateaux extending from the Atlantic
ocean between the cities of Sal and Kenitra to the west, to the Middle Atlas to the East and the Phosphate
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 19

plateau to the South. These plateaux are: 1) Mamora plateau between 30m of elevation to 350m; 2) the
Central plateau between altitudes of 300m to over 1000m. The climate can be characterized by a number
of gradients: 1) N-S: Kenitra 600 mm (sub-humid), Rabat 520 mm (sub-humid), Casablanca 440 mm
(semi-arid); 2) W-E: Rabat 520mm, Tiflet 450 mm (semi-arid); 3) altitudinal gradient: Rabat (coastal
city) 520mm; Oulms at 1260m 784mm (sub-humid). Soils resources include sandy soils, gleysols
(hydromorphes), vertisols, and lithosols. Livestock production is based mostly on sheep and cattle.
Major rangeland ecosystems are:
i) the Mamora cork oak (Quercus suber) forest on sands of variable depths, interrupted with
cropped areas and commercial plantations of Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia cyanophylla.
Associated species include: 1) shrubs such as Teline linifolia, Thymelaea lythroides, Cistus
salviaefolius, Lavandula stoechas, Ulex boivini; 2) herbaceous species such as the perennials
Dactylis glomerata, Festuca caerulescens, Aristida tunetana, Holcus lanatus, Stipa gigantea,
Hyparrhenia hirta, Cynodon dactylon, Sanguisorba minor and the annuals Vulpia alopecura,
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lolium multiflorum, Brachypodium distachyum, Bromus sterilis, Briza
spp., Ormenis mixta, Helianthemum guttatum, Sonchus oleraceus, Tolpis barbata, Ornithopus
isthmocarpus, Trifolium spp; Area 140000ha;
ii) forests and woodlands of the semi-arid temperate to warm winters, composed of Callitris articu-
lata, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea angustifolia, Olea europea, Rhus pentaphylla, Cistus villosus,
Lavandula multifida, Dactylis glomerata, Hyparrhenia hirta, Asphodelus microcarpus, Bromus
spp. Brachypodium distachyum. The area is about 280000ha
iii) forests of inner lands under sub-humid bioclimate and cool winters, composed of Quercus
rotundifolia, Cistus spp.; Lavandula stoechas, Thymus spp., Dactylis glomerata, Festuca caer-
ulescens, Cynosurus sp., Bromus spp., Brachypodium spp. The area covered is about 87000ha;

The Plains and Plateaux North of the Atlas

This zone extends over an estimated area of 1275000ha. It is composed of the following physiographic
units: 1) the phosphates plateau (300400mm of rainfall); 2) the Rhamna range (250mm of rainfall);
3) the Jbilete range (250300mm); 4) the Bahira plain (250mm); 5) the Haouz plain (250mm); 6) the
Chichaoua plateau (200mm). Soil resources include lithosols with caliche layers, rendzinas, xerosols
(steppic isohumic). Livestock production is based on sheep and cattle.
Major rangeland ecosystems are:
i) degraded herbaceous vegetation on lithosols with caliche, composed of Asphodelus microcar-
pus, Chamaerops humilis, Stipa capensis, Macolmia patula, Medicago spp., Ziziphus lotus. The
area concerned is about 280000ha;
ii) degraded steppes composed of Stipa capensis, Calendula bicolor, Medicago spp., Notoceras
bicorne, Eruca vesicaria extend over 250000ha in a mosaic with croplands;
iii) degraded steppes situated in the driest parts and shallow soils, composed of Hammada scoparia,
Eruca vesicaria, Notoceras bicorne, covering an area of 126000ha;
iv) degraded steppes composed of Salsola vermiculata with Aizoon hispanicum, or with Atriplex
halimus, Anacyclus radiatus, Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua, covering a total area of about 100000ha
in a mosaic with crops;
v) degraded steppes of the Rhamna and Jbilete ranges with lithosols, composed of Stipa capensis,
Asphodelus tenuifolius, Notoceras bicorne, Diplotaxis spp., Peganum harmala. Desirable spe-
cies such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Cenchrus ciliaris, Lavandula dentata are minor elements or only
as traces like Artemisia herba-alba. This type covers about 328000ha;
vi) degraded steppes composed of Lycium intricatum, Plantago ovata, Peganum harmala, Ferula
communis, covering some 96000ha.

The Coastal Meseta

This zone is mostly cropland. However, the land closest to the Atlantic ocean, or what is called the Sahel,
over a width of 30km, is in the form of consolidated dunes with exposed limestone and dolomite on
the surface and so is mostly covered by natural vegetation used for grazing in autumn, winter and early
spring. Animals move to arable plains inland in summer for stubble grazing.
20 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

Vegetation is basically composed of herbaceous species such as Asphodelus microcarpus, Rumex

bucephalophorus, Plantago coronopus, Spergularia fimbriata, Lotus maroccanus, Vulpia myuros,
Bromus rigidus and Paronychia argentea. However, desirable perennials, including woody species, may
regenerate with protection from grazing: Chamaecytisus albidus, Retama monosperma, Sanguisorba
minor, Dactylis glomerata and Piptatherum miliaceum.

The Argan zone

This zone extends over an estimated area of 1.5millionha. Consequently, it is quite diverse in terms of
physiographic and climatic conditions: 1) coastal plains of Abda and Chiadma; 2) the Essaouira region;
3) the western area of the High Atlas; 4) the Souss plain; 5) the western Anti-Atlas. Rainfall gradients
are: 1) decreasing N-S: Oualidia 392mm, Safi 327mm, Essaouira 278mm, Agadir 250mm, Anti-Atlas
200250mm; 2) increasing with altitude in the western High Atlas; 3) decreasing from W to E in the
Souss plain south of the High Atlas. Soil resources are mostly lithosols. Fluvisols are found in lowlands.
Livestock production under rainfed conditions is mainly goats on rangelands (particularly browsing on
tops of the argan tree). Under irrigated systems, cattle and sheep are dominant.
Major rangeland ecosystems consist of
i) coastal or sub-coastal steppes of the Saharan bioclimate with warm to temperate winter, com-
posed of either: 1) Euphorbia echinus, Euphorbia regis-jubae, Helianthemum confertum,
Retama monosperma; or 2) Argania spinosa, Artemisia herba-alba, Euphorbia echinus; and
covering 40000ha;
ii) wooded steppes of the arid bioclimate with cool to warm winters, composed of Argania spinosa,
Artemisia herba-alba, Ziziphus lotus, Stipa capensis and Asphodelus fistulosus; and covering
680000ha;
iii) argan forests in the semi-arid with temperate winters, associated with Olea europea, Pistacia
lentiscus, Genista sp., Chamaerops humilis; and covering 235000ha;
iv) forests and woodlands composed of Callitris articulata, Olea europea, Phillyrea angustifolia,
Ceratonia siliqua, Pistacia lentiscus, Cistus villosus, Lavandula multifida, Thymus sp; Teucrium
fruticans; and covering 225000ha;
v) oak forest of the sub-humid with cool winters, composed of Quercus rotundifolia, Callitris
articulata, Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo, Juniperus phoenicea; and covering 76000ha;

The Presaharan zone

This zone extends over 5.7millionha. It is bound by the 100mm and the 200mm isohyets, respectively to
the South and the North. As such, it comprises the Southern slopes of both the High Atlas and the Anti-Atlas.
Major rangeland ecosystems are:
i) relatively degraded steppes of the arid bioclimate with cold winters, composed of Artemisia herba-
alba, Thymus spp., Anvillea radiata, Launaea acanthoclada, Stipa parviflora. This type is neverthe-
less relatively productive (about 400kgDM/ha/year) and covers approximately 2200000ha;
ii) alfa steppes at their southern limit composed of Stipa tenacissima, Stipa parviflora, Thymus spp.,
extending over an estimated area of 300000ha;
iii) steppes of the South eastern plain of Tamlelt, composed of Hammada scoparia, Atractylis ser-
ratuloides, Farsetia hamiltoni and Aristida obtusa. Stands of Artemisia herba-alba, Atractylis
serratuloides and Stipa parviflora can also be found. This is an ecosystem of relatively high
potential, despite the climatic constraints and the impact of past use on vegetation and soil. This
covers around 350000ha;
iv) degraded steppes of the Saharan bioclimate composed of Fredolia aretioides, Hammada sco-
paria and Cymbopogon schoenanthus, covering 350000ha;
v) degraded steppes of the Saharan bioclimate on regs, composed of Fredolia aretiodes, Launaea
arborescens, Limoniastrum fei and Gymnocarpos decandrum. Area 570000ha;
vi) degraded steppes of the Saharan bioclimate on regs/hamadas, composed of Hammada scoparia,
Atractylis serratuloides, Farsetia spp. and Limonium sp. The area covered is about 1000000ha;
vii) degraded steppes of the Saharan bioclimate on regs, composed of Zilla macroptera, Launaea
arborescens, Hammada scoparia and Farsetia spp. The estimated area is 750000ha;
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 21

The Saharan zone

This zone extends over a considerable area of 46500000ha. However, forage productivity is generally
low and variable because of low and variable rainfall (less than 100 mm). Nevertheless, the zone
possesses a relatively high ecosystem diversity due to the extensive area, and to spatial variability
(wadis, regs, hamadas, sebkhas, dunes). This diversity is at the base of livestock activities, particularly
camels adapted to make good use of diversity over long distances.
Major rangeland ecosystems are:
i) steppes of the regs and hamadas, composed of Hammada scoparia, Aristida spp. This is the most
extensive type with over 34500000millionha;
ii) steppes of the consolidated dunes, composed of Aristida pungens, Calligonum comosum, cover-
ing about 2600000millionha;
iii) coastal steppes composed of Euphorbia regis-jubae, Euphorbia echinus, Euphorbia balsamifera
and Senecio anteuphorbium, relatively productive (200kgDM/ha) 1200000ha;
iv) coastal steppes composed of Salsola tetrandra, Zygophyllum waterlottii, Launaea arborescens
and Lycium intricatum. Area concerned: approximately 1300000ha;
v) steppes of the wadis (Dra valley) composed of Atriplex halimus, Retama retam, Tamarix sp.,
Limoniastrum ifniense and Nitraria retusa. These steppes are among the most productive in the
Saharan zone. Area 2400000ha;
vi) wooded steppes composed of Acacia raddiana, Withania adpressa and Cymbopogon schoenan-
thus. Area 440000ha;
vii) halophytic steppes of the sebkhas, composed of Zygophyllum waterlotii, Zygophyllum gaetulum,
Suaeda mollis and Suaeda monodiana. These steppes are the most productive (800 kg DM/ha).
Area 1700000ha;
viii) steppes of the rocky plateaux and mountains, composed of Nucularia perrini, Traganum nuda-
tum, Salsola spp. and Hammada scoparia. Area 1700000ha.

Fallows, stubbles and crop residues

Fallow land. Each year, more than 2000000ha are under fallow which is used for seasonal grazing. The
flora is dominated by weedy species and varies according to agro-climatic conditions: i) in the Southwest
(Souss), where precipitation is less than 250mm and the temperatures relatively warm, fallows are poor
in terms of floristic composition and productivity. Species include Stipa capensis, Medicago minima,
Eryngium tricuspidatum, Diplotaxis spp.; ii) in the Atlantic plains and plateaux with less than 350mm
rainfall, and temperate winters, species include: Malcolmia sp., Notoceras bicorne, Diplotaxis spp.,
Eryngium sp., Medicago spp. iii) in the Atlantic plains and plateaux with rainfall greater than 350mm,
Malva hispanica, Calendula bicolor, Papaver sp., Sinapis sp., Avena sterilis, Medicago spp., Bromus
spp., iv) inland plains and plateaux: Avena sterilis, Bromus spp., Phalaris minor, Papaver sp., Medicago
spp., Hordeum murinum, Lolium rigidum; v) in the mountains: Avena sp., Papaver sp, Trifolium spp.,
Hordeum murinum, Vicia sp.; vi) in the Eastern Region: Bromus spp., Eruca vesicaria, Stipa capensis,
Medicago spp.

Stubbles. Stubbles are used from harvest (May-June) to September-October. Their quality is
relatively good during the first four weeks (Kabbali and Berger 1990) due to a high grain content
and a high leaf/stem ratio. Later on, supplements are necessary, especially for pregnant sheep and
after September.

Crop residues and by-products. These include wheat chaff, pelleted sugar beet meal, molasses,
sunflower and cottonseed meal. The quantities utilized in 1989 were 1, 138, 159, 185, and 48 KT,
respectively (Guessous 1991). In the recent past, increases in availability have been greater for wheat
chaff, and the sunflower and cottonseed meal.

Fodder crops
Fodder crops are grown on approximately 386000ha. This includes annuals such as oats, fodder barley,
berseem and fodder maize; lucerne as a perennial.
22 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

Oats: or the oats/vetch mixture were grown in 1994 on approximately 70 000 ha and 50 000 ha,
respectively (Amine and El Baghati 1997). Mixtures are used in Sais and pure oats in Khemisset,
Tangiers, Khenifra, Ifrane. The contribution of oats to the forage resource is 10%, corresponding to an
average yield of only 1500FU/ha (MAMVA 199495): Fodder unit (FU) is defined as the equivalent to
the net energy content of 1 kg of standard barley grain.

Fodder Barley: occupies the second rank in fodder acreage, after lucerne. It is cultivated on about
82000ha or 20% of the fodder acreage and contributes 9% to the total fodder units (FU) produced by all
sown fodder in the country (Amine and El Baghati 1997).It is mixed with a legume, generally peas, on
about one sixth of its area (Ouknider 1997). Most fodder barley (90%) is gown under rainfed conditions,
particularly in the plains of Chaouia, Doukkala, Abda, Tadla, and the Khemisset area (Amri and El
Mzouri 1997). Under irrigation, it is grown in the Tadla, Doukkala and Tafilalet perimeters. Yields are
relatively low on the average, attaining 1 500 FU/ha and 3 000 FU/ha, under rainfed and irrigation,
respectively (Amri and El Mzouri 1997).

Lucerne: occupies the largest area of sown fodder in the country, 85000ha or about 22% (Birouk et al.
1997). Owing to its high productivity, it contributes about 50% of the total FU of the sown fodder. It is
used as cut and carry fed fresh, to make hay, silage, and pellets. Most of the lucerne is grown in three
major areas: i) the oasis systems of the valleys of Ziz, Draa and Dades south of the Atlas mountains; ii) the
terraces in the valleys of the Atlas mountains; iii) the irrigated perimeters north of the Atlas, such as Tadla,
Doukkala, Haouz, Moulouya and Souss-Massa. Average yield is 53tonnesfu/ha (Birouk et al. 1997).

Berseem: is grown on approximately 50000ha annually. The area continues to extend (20% increase
in the last decade) (Bounejmate 1997a). Its production attains 250 million FU (about 20% of the FU
produced by sown fodder) (Bounejmate 1997a). Berseem is grown mainly in the irrigated perimeters of
the Rharb, Doukkala, Haouz, and Tadla (Bounejmate 1997a). It is not grown in the southern perimeters of
the oases because of the cold, and lucerne is better adapted. Berseem is grown under rainfed conditions in
the Rharb and Loukkos plains and in the North (Chefchaouen, Tetouan, Sidi Kacem). Average production
attains 8 to 10 t DM/ha (Ameziane 1987), well below the potential of 16tonnesDM/ha.

Fodder maize: is grown on approximately 15000ha, corresponding to 4% of the sown fodder (total
maize area is 375 000 ha mostly for grain). It contributes some 116.6 million FU, corresponding to
11.5% of the sown fodder production (MAMVA 1994-95). The major areas of fodder maize under
irrigation are the Rharb, Sous-Massa, Chefchaouen, Tetouan, and Doukkala. Under rainfed conditions,
it is mainly grown in the northern parts of the country.

Forage seed production

Forage and pasture seed production is less developed compared to other crops. This is due probably to the
fact that forage seeds are considered by all stakeholders and mainly by farmers as a by-product to forage
production. Therefore, most seeds are
produced and distributed through the Table 5. Forage and pasture varieties
informal sector. Crop Variety Country
The most important forage crops Lucerne African, Moapa, Sonora Morocco
Annual medics Bariya (CPSP00097), Haouzia Morocco
are lucerne, berseem clover, barley and (CPSP00097), Mettouh (CPSP0148), Jabilia
maize under irrigation; oat, vetch, barley, (INDAI), Badrya (V124), Karama (V384)
Oat Karia, Taza (320), Tedders (412), Zhiliga Morocco
ryegrass, fodder peas, and annual medic in (095), Paras (Cokfr79-17), Ghali (Il 3411),
the rainfed zones. For range improvement Soualem (Mo 06423), Rahma (C7512cpx),
Tislit (83 Ab3101), Zahri (72 Ab3082), Tissir
plants used are perennial grasses (Dactylis, (87wiqr157-5), Amlal (87 Wi 8202-03), Nasr
Festuca, Agropyron, etc.), annual medics, (88 M 1420)
Fodder peas Alfia5 (F305), Alfia17 (F317), Alfia21 (F321) Morocco
clovers and fodder shrubs (Atriplex, Vetch Ghazza (6194), Guich1 (6242), Hallaba Morocco
Acacia, and native shrubs). (6238), Nawal (6235), Nora (6194),
Salholtma (1812), Hesba (Acc573), Marhaba
Although, efforts have been made (Acc577), Yamama (Acc7o9)
to develop new forage crop cultivars Source: Tazi (1998)
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 23

(Table 5), forage and pasture seed production in the coun- Table 6. Forage areas, seed requirements
try is less developed compared to other crops. and seed production (19901994)
In general, the assessment of forage and pasture Crops Forage
areas
Seed
needs
Certified
seed
seed needs is very difficult due to the fluctuation of the needs
amount of informal seed used by farmers and to the lack ha tonnes tonnes
Oats 121 500 9 010 2 793
of precise information related to the subject. Table 6 gives
Barley 90 700 8 544 171
areas cultivated with forage crops, seed requirement, Lucerne 19 600 587 270
production and importation. Vetch 52 400 4 189 1 424
Seed production in the country is highly dependent Berseem 50 800 2 030 325
on the amount and the distribution of rainfall in the year. Maize 14 000 351 211
Therefore, seed needs are covered either through national Fodder Peas 13 200 396 198
Peas 8 700 695 348
production or through imports. In general seed import
Lupin 4 200 506 506
constitutes the rescue solution for forage and pasture Annual medics 3 500 69 69
seeds particularly in dry years. Sudan grass 1 600 31 32
In Morocco forage seed marketing and distribution Rye 1 800 246 246
are carried out by the National Society for Seed Triticale 800 116 116
Commercialisation (SONACOS). Some pasture seeds Others 12 200 891 446
Total 395 000 27 661 7 155
are also distributed to range projects by the Pastoral Seed
Source: Tahiri et al (1997)
Production Centre (CPSP at El Jadida) (Tazi, 1998).
It should be emphasized that Morocco began range
seed production during the 1980s. This is undertaken by public institutions such as the Centre de
Production des Semences Pastorales at El Jadida and the Forestry Department. However the quantities
produced do not exceed 50 tonnes/year (Tazi, 1995). Range seed production is undertaken for: (a)
rehabilitation of degraded rangeland, (b) improvement of fallow land, and (c) improving fodder crop
production.

Forage germplasm conservation and utilization

Morocco is an important centre of diversity for several forage species. Germplasm collecting has been
undertaken by international scientists and institutions since the beginning of the century. During the last
decade, national institutions and programmes have paid great attention to collecting forage plant genetic
resources (Table 7). Special emphasis was put on forage legumes particularly the genus Medicago in
the arid and Saharan zones by the Livestock Department and the IAV Hassan II (Birouk et al., 1991).

Table 7. Principal forage and pastoral collecting expeditions in the past decade in Morocco
Year, Participants Species collected (number of Site of
populations) conservation
1990- M. Tazi (CPSP), A. Birouk & J. Lewall (IAV Hassan II) & H. Legumes (188), Grasses (85), Shrubs (73) CPSP
Prendergast (KG) Kew
1990- B. Buirchell (WADA) & INRA Lupinus spp. (48), Medicago spp. (24), SCPF
Trifolium spp. (3), Vicia (2), Pisum (2)
1992- C.P. West (UA) & INRA Acremonium coenophialum (51)
1993- L. Robertson (ICARDA) Vicia, Lathyrus (450) ICARDA
C.M. Francis (WADA) & INRA SCPF
1994- L. Robertson (ICARDA) Vicia, Lathyrus (209) ICARDA;
C.M. Francis (WADA) & INRA SCPF
1994- P.J. Cunningham (DAV), W. Graves (UC) & INRA Lolium, Festuca, Dactylis, Phalaris, SCPP
Trifolium (226) CPSP
1995- A. Birouk (IAV), M. Tazi (CPSP) & M. Van Slageren (KG) Pastoral species (73) Kew
Medicinal & others (129) CPSP
1995- S. Saidi, C. Al Faiz & M. Taoufiq (INRA) Avena (17), Aegilops (19), Grasses (18), SCPF
Others (28)
1997- A. Birouk (IAV), M. Tazi (CPSP) & M. Van Slageren (KG) Pastoral species & others (35) Kew; CPSP
1998 A. Birouk(IAV) and K. Mokhtari Medicago sativa from saline areas (32) IAV
1999 A. Birouk (IAV), M. Tazi (CPSP) & M. Van Slageren (KG) Pastoral and wild species Kew; CPSP
CPSP: Centre de Production de Semences Pastorales, Direction de lElevage, El Jadida, Morocco
ICARDA: International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria
IAV Hassan II: Institut Agronomique et Vtrinaire Hassan II, Morocco
KNAES: Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station, Nishigoshi, Kumamoto, Japan
SCPF: Station Centrale des plantes Fourragres, INRA, Morocco
24 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

Forage germplasm from Morocco has been widely used in breeding programmes around the world.
Several traits and characters including high yielding, disease and insect resistance and cold or drought
tolerance serve as the basis of crop improvement in these programmes. Local ecotypes have been used
at an international level to produce commercial cultivars such as Berber, Kasba of Dactylis glomerata;
El Golea and Sirocco of Phalaris aquatica; Maris Jebel and Maris Kasba of Festuca arundinacea,
Demnat of Medicago sativa, Rivoli of Medicago tornata, El Gara of Ornithopus compressus and Jebala
of Ornithopus pinnatus (Bounejemate, 1997b).
The demographic pressure that different countries in the region have experienced has engendered a
high population demand for agricultural and livestock products. This has pushed farmers to overexploit
the pastoral resources, leading to overgrazing, and to convert productive range to marginal croplands.
These effects have became aggravated by:
absence of private investment in range infrastructure and management;
recurrent drought common to the region;
maladjustment of the legislation to the range management activities;
weakness and/or the lack of forage reserves for feed shortage and drought periods;
insufficiency of technical support to livestock holders in the pastoral regions;
insufficiency of research in range management fields.
This series of constraints obviously has repercussions, direct or indirect, on the development of
pastoral seed demand. Although the range reseeding has allowed a mastery of techniques and has given
positive results in some countries, it has remained very limited. This low rate of realization can be
explained by:
low level of involvement of populations in the carrying out of seeding activities notably because
all these programmes are wholly government funded;
insufficiency of funds allocated to the range rehabilitation programmes;
insufficiency of extension activities concerning range improvement.

6. OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF FODDER

RESOURCES

In order to overcome some of the limitations stated above, the Ministry of Agriculture has developed a
strategy for range development. The main objectives of this strategy aim to:
create an economical environment compatible with the objective above, allowing the adhesion of
the producers and the sustainability of animal production systems;
satisfy the demand for red meat by the year 2020;
create a facilitating economic environment for the long term participation of producers and for the
sustainability of animal production systems;
organize stakeholders and facilitate the modernization of pastoral activity;
conserve natural resources and improve livestock productivity.
The following actions are being taken at different levels in order to achieve the stated objectives:

Policies and legislation

Strengthen management capacity to make better economic use of investments and for the integra-
tion of livestock into farming systems. This would be a prerequisite to improving livestock pro-
ductivity on rangelands;
Improve marketing channels to benefit herders, particularly the large number of small-scale opera-
tors, by providing them access to agricultural credit and markets.

Land tenure
Promote community-based organization(s) to ensure active and continued participation of all
members of the community in the management of grazing land, to establish and/or clarify by
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 25

delimitation and registration the status of collective pastoral lands, and especially to put restrictions
on land sub-division and shifting agriculture;
It must be made clear that range management is not simply a technical issue because it also trans-
lates land policy into economic use/conservation of basic resources, and the type of development
provided to producers without adversely affecting the interest of their heirs or of the nation;
The selection of interlocutors is crucial to the success of the endeavour, given the nature of the
activities to be undertaken. Consequently the beneficiaries must all have similar needs and aspira-
tions in order to minimize conflict. The group leaders must also be clearly identified.

Conservation and sustainability. One of the main objectives of the strategy for rangeland development
relates to the sustainable use of the resources. Protection of the environment is central to this strategy
(combating desertification, conservation of biodiversity and agro-biodiversity).

Range rehabilitation
Strengthening the base for initiating rangeland management initiatives through surveying the use of
pastoral resources, to be undertaken on twenty million hectares over twenty years, and the registration of
communal lands in order to clarify the status of the area to be managed. Undertaking range improvement
and rehabilitation, and taking action, both in time and space, which allows for the generation of
credible production and conservation statistics. These actions will involve the rehabilitation of severely
degraded rangelands (8.3millionha over 20 years at a rate of 200000ha/year), the improvement of the
productivity of rangelands with high potential (50000ha/year over 20 years) and the improvement and
management of rangelands that are presently still considered to be in satisfactory condition.

Grazing land improvement. Results achieved during the phase 19691980 made it possible to draw the
main lines for rangeland development. These, which are supported by the organization of beneficiaries,
the range studies and the rational exploitation of the rangeland, have formed the basis for development
of several range projects such the Middle Atlas project, the FAO-UNDP project and the USAID Range
improvement project under which capacity building has been reinforced.
During the period 19801990 efforts were concentrated on:
the establishment of the rangeland service in the Ministry of Agriculture;
the training of engineers specialized in range management;
the delimitation of eleven range improvement areas;
the organization of the stockbreeders in pastoral cooperatives;
the launching of the ley farming programme in the dryland zones ( use of annual medics and
clovers on traditional fallow bour);
the planting of fodder shrubs on 17000ha; mainly Atriplex nummularia and Opuntia inermis
the installation of protected areas on 28000ha in the High Atlas and Tafrata zones;
the establishment of the El Jadida seed production centre (Centre de Production des Semences
Pastorales);
the execution of several studies relating to rangeland use;
the execution of a large programme related to the basic infrastructures concerning water, wells,
pastoral roads and dipping tanks.
However, the actions undertaken were not sufficient enough to achieve the defined development
objectives. This has pushed the Ministry to develop the livestock strategy described above.

Integration of forages into farming systems

The most important action to integrate forages into the farming systems was the ley farming operation.
Other actions include promotion of the new feed production techniques such as fodder conservation,
valorization of straw, and utilization of agro-industry by-products.
The ley farming operation was launched in 1986 aiming at the integration of sheep and cereal
production by cultivating the 1600000 to 2600000ha that have been fallow each year. Despite the
real advantages that this operation represents in the semi-arid regions of Morocco, the substitution of the
rotation cereal-annual medics or cereal-subterranean clover was only done on about 5200ha/year. The
26 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

main reason for the limited adoption of this system is related to the size of the farms. In fact, most of the
farms are very small and scattered which makes movement of the herd and grazing difficult.

7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND

PERSONNEL

The following institutions are involved in forage research and development:

Direction de lElevage (Livestock Directorate); its main focus areas include: planning conserva-
tion and development programmes, rangelands management, rehabilitation of degraded rangelands
and execution of national and internationally assisted projects. All these programmes are con-
ducted in collaboration with the Provincial Directorate and Regional Offices of Agriculture which
are the implementing agencies.
Ministre des Eaux et Forts (Ministry of Forestry).
Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (National Agricultural Research Institute) the
emphasis of its forage research programme is on the introduction of fodder crops in rotations on
irrigated agricultural schemes and broadening the base of fodder crops utilized in different agricul-
tural systems.
Institut Agronomique et Vtrinaire Hassan II (Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II)
at Rabat which is, through the rangeland, Animal Science, Agronomy and Plant Breeding, and
Social Science Departments, involved in teaching, practical training and research on rangelands
and fodder crops. Many of the M.Sc. and Ph.D. research projects focus on forage resource prob-
lems from an ecological, agronomic, nutritional or economic angle.
Ecole Nationale dAgriculture (National Agricultural School) at Meknes which, like the previous
institute, is involved in teaching, practical training and research on rangelands and fodder crops.
Many of the M.Sc. and Ph.D. research projects focus on forage and pasture resource problems.
Ecole Nationale Forestire dIngnieurs at Sal which has a training and research programme
on forestry and natural resources, including range resources.
Centre de Production des Semences Pastorales (Pasture Seed Production Center) at El Jadida is
involved the collection, conservation and evaluation of plant genetic resources and in forage and
range seed production.

The Regional Directorates of the Ministry of Agriculture (Offices de Mise en Valeur Agricole and
Directions Provinciales de lAgriculture) are the main actors in implementing Ministry policy and
programmes. They also play an important role in extension.

8. REFERENCES
Al Faiz, C., S.Saidi and G. Jaritz. 1997. Avoine Fourragre (Avena sativa L.). in: Jaritz, G. et Bounejmate,
M. (d.), Production et Utilisation des Cultures Fourragres au Maroc, pp 209224. INRA, Rabat, Maroc.
Ameziane, T.E. 1987. Les Systmes Fourragers Actuels et Potentiels en Irrigu au Maroc. Al Awamia
62:4563.
Amine, M. and H. El Baghati. 1997. Situation Actuelle, Problmatique et Perspectives dAvenir de la
Production Fourragre. In: Jaritz, G. et Bounejmate, M. (d.), Production et Utilisation des Cultures
Fourragres au Maroc, pp 1-6. INRA, Rabat, Maroc.
Amri, A. and M. El Mzouri. 1997. Orge Fourragre (Hordeum vulgare L.). In: Jaritz, G. et Jaritz, G. et
Bounejmate, M. (d.), Production et Utilisation des Cultures Fourragres au Maroc, pp 126137. INRA,
Rabat, Maroc.
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile 27

Berkat, O., B.E. Norton and A. Merzouk. 1992. Carte des Ecosystmes Pastoraux du Maroc: In: Stratgie
de Dveloppement des Terres de Parcours au Maroc. Situation Actuelle des Terres de Parcours, Vol. I
Inventaire des Ressources Fourragres des Parcours. Ministre de lAgriculture et de la Rforme Agraire,
Direction de lElevage, Rabat, Maroc.
Berkat, O., L. Lajouad, A. Harzeni and M. El Hailouch. 1999. Caractrisation des Units Bour Homognes.
Rapport Final projet FAO-PNUD/92/TO1-I.S.C.R.A.L. Ministre de lAgriculture du Dveloppement Rural
et des Pches Maritimes. Rabat, Maroc.
Birouk, A., A. Bouizgaren and B.Baya. 1997. Luzerne (Medicago sativa L.). In: Jaritz, G. et Bounejmate, M.
(d.), Production et Utilisation des Cultures Fourragres au Maroc, pp 126-137. INRA, Rabat, Maroc.
Birouk, A., J. Lewalle and M. Tazi. 1991. Le Patrimoine Vgtal des Provinces Sahariennes du Maroc. Actes
Editions, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Maroc.
Boujenane, I. 1999. Les Races Ovines du Maroc. Actes Editions, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Maroc.
Bounejmate, M. 1997b. Le Patrimoine Fourrager et Pastoral du Maroc: Acquis et Perspectives. In: A. Birouk
and M. Rejdali (eds). Ressources Phytogntiques et Dveloppement Durable, pp. 219-236. Actes ditions,
Rabat, Maroc.
Bounejmate, M. 1997a. Bersim (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). In: Jaritz, G. et Bounejmate, M. (d.), Production
et Utilisation des Cultures Fourragres au Maroc, pp 140-147. INRA, Rabat, Maroc.
Emberger, L. 1955. Une classification bioclimatique des climats. Rec. Trav. Fac. Sc. Montpellier, srie bot.,
7: 3-45.
Guessous, F. 1991. Production Fourragre et Systmes Animaux, Plan Directeur Fourrager (MOR/87/001).
Raport de Synthse, Actes Editions, 118p.
INRA. 1967. Tourne du Congrs International de Pdologie. Al Awamia n 24 et 25. Institut National de le
Recherche Agronomique, Rabat, Maroc.
Kabbali, A. and Y. M. Berger, (Eds).1990. LElevage du Mouton dans un Pays Climat Mditerranen, le
Systme Agro-Pastoral du Maroc. Actes Editions, IAV Hassan II, Rabat. 235 pp.
MADRPM. 2000. Atlas de lAgriculture. Colloque National de lAgriculture et du Dveloppement Rural.
Ministre de lAgriculture du Dveloppement Rural et des Pches Maritimes. Rabat, Maroc.
MAMVA. 1994-95. Bilan des Cultures Fourragres, Campagnes 1992-93, 1993-94. Ministre de lAgriculture
et de la Mise en Valeur Agricole. Rabat, Maroc.
MARA. 1986. Dveloppement de la Production Fourragre. Projet TCP/MOR/4402. FAO. Ministre de
lAgriculture et de la Rforme Agraire, Rabat, Maroc.
MARA. 1992. Stratgie de Dveloppement des Terres de Parcours au Maroc. Situation Actuelle des Terres de
Parcours, Vol. 1: Inventaire des Ressources Fourragres des Parcours. Direction de lElevage, Ministre
de lAgriculture et de la Rforme Agraire, Rabat, Maroc.
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de Parcours, Vol. 2:LElevage sur Parcours: Aspects Conduite, Economique et Sociologique. Direction
de lElevage, Ministre de lAgriculture et de la Rforme Agraire, Rabat, Maroc.
Osrhiri, A. 1985. Aperu Gnral sur la Rpartition des Sols au Maroc. Papier prsent aux Journes
Pastorales tenues du 6 au 10 Mai 1985 El Jadida. Projet Maroc-USAID dAmlioration Pastorale.
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Ouknider, M. 1997. Mlanges Gramines-Lgumineuses. In: Jaritz, G. et Bounejmate, M. (d.), Production
et Utilisation des Cultures Fourragres au Maroc, pp 283-293. INRA, Rabat, Maroc.
Sauvage, Ch. 1963. Etages bioclimatiques. In: Atlas du Maroc.
Tahiri, A., M. Bouchrifa, M. Tazi and A. Lahlou. 1997. Production et Approvisionnement en Semences
Fourragres. In G. Jariitz & M. Bounejmate (eds.) Production et Utilisation des Cultures Fourragres au
Maroc. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Rabat, Maroc.
Tazi, M. 1995. Le Secteur des Semences Pastorales au Maroc: Situation Actuelle et Perspectives. Mmoire
dAccs au Grade dIngnieur en Chef. MAMVA. Rabat, Maroc.
Tazi, M. 1998. Pasture and Range Seed Production in Morocco. In L. Grass & M. Turner (eds). Pasture
and Forage Seed Production in Africa and West Asia. Proceedings of the on Forage and Pasture Seed
Production Workshop. October 27-31, 1997. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ICARDA.
28 Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile

9. CONTACTS

The profile was prepared by:

Omar Berkat, Institut Agronomique et Vtrinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
Tel. (212) 37 771758; (212) 68 493066. E-Mail: oberkat@hotmail.com
and,
Mohammed Tazi, Chef du Centre de Production des Semences Pastorales, BP 79, El Jadida, Morocco.
Tel. (212) 23 344350. E-Mail: m.tazi@menara.ma

[This profile was completed in January 2004 by the authors and was edited by J.M. Suttie and S.G.
Reynolds in January/February 2004. Livestock data were updated in August 2006 by S.G. Reynolds.]