International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)

ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-3, Issue-1, January 2016

Effect of Sulphates (Na2So4) On Concrete with

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Pozzolana
P V Rambabu, K.Dendhendra Gupta, G V Ramarao

byproduct. Juice is extracted from sugar cane then ash

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental produced by burning bagasse in uncontrolled condition and at
work that was carried out to determine the effect of sugarcane very high temperature. The ash therefore becomes an
bagasse ash (SCBA) on the durability of concrete to Sulphate industrial waste and poses disposal problems [4]. Bagasse ash
attack when Sugarcane Bagasse ash is utilized as cement mainly contains aluminum ion, silica, iron & calcium oxides..
replacement material. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a
So few studies have been reported that sugarcane bagasse ash
fibrous waste product obtained from sugar mills as byproduct,
which is obtained by burning of Sugarcane Bagasse at 700 to as good pozzolanic material used as a partial replacement of
800 degree Centigrade in sugar refining industry. The Bagasse cement.[5]-[6].
Ash, then ground until the particles passing the 90 micron. The present study was carried out on SCBA obtained by
Sugarcane Bagasse ash mainly contains aluminium ion, silica, controlled combustion of sugarcane Bagasse, which was
iron & calcium oxides. The objective of this work is to study the procured from the industry has agricultural waste. Bagasse is
influence of partial replacement of cement with sugarcane a major by-product of the sugar industry, which is utilized in
bagasse ash in concrete subjected to different curing the same industry as an energy source for sugar production.
environments. A study on salt resistance of concrete using
Sugar cane bagasse ash is most common type of by-product of
Na2So4 Solution is observed. The variable factors considered in
this study were concrete of grade M35 for a curing period of 28
agricultural waste. Approximately 1500 Million tons of
days, 60 days and 90 days of the concrete specimens in 1%, 3%, sugarcane is annually produced over all the world which leave
5% Na2So4 solution. Bagasse ash has been partially replaced in about 40-45 % bagasse after juice crushing for sugar industry
the ratio of 0%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10% by weight. The giving an average annual production of 675 Million tons of
effect of Sodium Sulphate is determines by the loss of strength bagasse as a waste material. This can be used as a replacing
with respect to the conventional concrete which has been material in concrete gives Compressive strength result, shows
determined. that up to 10% replacement of sugar cane bagasse ash in
concrete gives comparable result with normal concrete
without any admixture[7]-[8]-[11].
Index Terms compressive strength, durability, Sodium
[9]-[10] Describes the compressive strengths of concrete
Sulphate, Sugarcane Bagasse ash.
(with 0%, 5%,10%,15% and 20%, weight replacement of
cement with SCBA) cured in different concentrations of(1%,
I. INTRODUCTION 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) Magnesium sulphate solution for 7, 28, 60
,90 and 180, indicate that at 5% replacement there is increase
Now-a-days the most suitable and widely used construction in strength and it extended up to 10% replacement and then
material is concrete. This building material, until these days, decrease in strength is noticed at 15% and 20% replacements.
went through lots of developments. The most important part And Inclusion of SCBA in concrete regardless the
of concrete is cement. Cement manufacturing is a highly replacement level significantly improved the sulphate
energy intensive process, which involves intensive fuel resistance of concrete by reducing the weight loss and
consumption for clinker making and resulting in emission of strength loss due to sulphate attack. The minimum weight loss
Green house gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) in large amount and strength loss obtained were 1.2% and 2.2% respectively
,which is very harmful for the environment[1]. In order to at 15%SCBA. In this paper, the objective is to study the
minimize this problem we use the concept of supplementary influence of partial replacement of Portland cement with
cementations material. The larger quantity of agriculture sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete subjected to Na2So4 curing
waste like rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, palm oil fuel environment The variable factors considered in this study
ash, olive oil ash etc and Industrial wastes, such as blast were concrete grade of M35 & curing periods of 28, 60, 90
furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used as days of the concrete specimens are curing in 1%, 3%, and 5%
supplementary cement replacement materials which are being Na2So4 solution. Bagasse ash has been partially replaced in
a waste, dumping of these industrial and Agricultural wastes the ratio of 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% by weight. After
in open land poses a serious threat to the society by polluting curing of 28, 60, 90 days of the concrete specimens in 1%,
the air and water bodies. This also adds, the no availability of 3%, and 5% Na2So4 solution, we obtained compressive
land for public use[2]-[3]. strength at that age and also durability aspect of sugarcane
bagasse ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested.
One of the agro waste sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA), which
is a fibrous waste product obtained from sugar mills as II. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS
P V Rambabu, Assistant Professor, SRKR Engineering College, 2.1 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash:
Bhimavaram, AP. Sugarcane bagasse consists of approximately 50% of
K.Dendhendra Gupta, PG Student, SRKR Engineering College, cellulose, 25% of hemicelluloses of ligin. Each ton of
Bhimavaram, AP. sugarcane generates approximately 26% of bagasse (at a
G V Ramarao, Professor, Andra University, Vizag, AP.
moisture content of 50%) and 0.62% of residual ash. The

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 Effect of Sulphates (Na2So4) On Concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Pozzolana

residual after combustion presents a chemical composition The crushed aggregates used were 20mm nominal maximum
dominates by silicon dioxide (sio2). In spite of being a size and are tested as per Indian standards and results are
material of hard degradation and that presents few nutrients, within the permissible limit. It is free from impurities such as
the ash is used on the farms as a fertilizer in the sugarcane dust, clay particles and organic matter etc.
harvests. In this project bagasse ash was collected from the
industry. 2.5 WATER
The water used in the mixing of concrete was portable water
and it is free from suspended solids and organic materials.
The pH value should be in a range 6-8.5 according to PH scale.
Conforming to the requirements of water for concreting and
curing are as per IS: 456-2009.

Fig.1 Sugarcane bagasse ash

2.1.1 Physical properties of SCBA: III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
S. 3.1 Mixing
Property Test Result The cementations materials are thoroughly blended and then
No
1. Colour Reddish Grey the aggregate is added and mixed followed by gradual
2. Bulk Density(Kg/m3) 994 addition of water and mixing. Wet mixing is done until a
3. Specific Gravity 2.88 mixture of uniform color and consistency are achieved which
is then ready for casting. Before casting the specimens,
4. Moisture(%) 3.14
workability of the mixes was found by compaction factor test.
5. Mean particle size(m) 0.1-0.2
6. Particle shape Spherical
3.2 Casting of specimens:
Specific Surface
7. 514 The cast iron moulds are cleaned of dust particles and
area(m2/Kg)
applied with mineral oil on all sides before concrete is poured
in to the moulds. The well mixed concrete is filled in to the
moulds by vibration. Excess concrete was removed with
2.1.2Chemical properties of SCBA: trowel and top surface is finished to level and smooth as per IS

Percentage
S. No Component Symbol
weight
1. Silica SiO2 64.59
2. Alumina Al2O3 4.38
3. Ferric Oxide Fe2O3 6.98
4. Calcium Oxide CaO 11.8
Magnesium
5. MgO 2.51
Oxide
Sulphur
6. SO3 1.48
Trioxide
Potassium 516-1969.
7. K2O 3.53
Oxide
Loss on
8. LOI 4.73
Ignition Fig.2 Casted Specimens

3.3 Curing of the specimens:

2.2 CEMENT The specimens are left in the moulds undisturbed at room
The cement used was ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of temperature for about 24 hours after casting. The specimens
53 grade having a Standard Consistency of 32%. Specific are then removed from the moulds and immediately
care has been taken to store it in airtight containers to prevent transferred to the curing pond containing clean and fresh
it from being affected by the atmospheric and monsoon water and cured for required period as per IS: 516-1969.
moisture and humidity.
3.4 Durability:
2.3 FINE AGGREGATE In present project, the durability tests are conducted by partial
: Locally available free of debris and nearly riverbed sand is replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash against Na2So4 salt.
used as fine aggregate. The river sand, passing through 4.75 The response of Na2So4 attack on sugarcane bagasse ash
mm sieve and retained on 600 m sieve, conforming to Zone concrete for various percentages was studied by observations
II as per IS 383-1970 was used as fine aggregate in the present like loss in strength. For conducting these tests, concrete
study. The properties of sand such as fineness modulus and cubes with different percentages were casted. These cubes
specific gravity were determined as per IS: 2386-1963. were immersed in 1%, 3% and 5% solution of Na2So4 for
different periods of 28, 60, and 90 days, and deterioration was
2.4 COARSE AGGREGATE studied by means of loss of strength.

22 www.ijeas.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-3, Issue-1, January 2016
3.5 Testing of specimens on compression machine: Compressive Compressive Compressive
The compression testing machine used for testing the cube % of strength Strength Strength
specimens is of standard make. The capacity of the testing SCBA N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
machine is 2000 KN. The machine has a facility to control the at 28 days at 60 days at 90 days
rate of loading value. 0% 43.99 53.76 57.09
After the required period of curing, the cube specimens are 5% 44.56 54.99 57.61
removed from the curing tank and cleaned to wipe off the 6% 46.17 55.55 58.98
surface water. It is placed on the machine such that the load is
7% 45.76 53.16 56.78
applied centrally. The smooth surfaces of the cube are placed
on the bearing surfaces. The top plate is bought in contact 8% 43.12 52.76 55.12
with the specimen by rotating the handle. The oil pressure 9% 42.76 51.02 53.86
valve is closed and the machine is switched on. A uniform rate 10% 44.96 55.04 57.99
of loading 140kg/sq.cm/min is maintained.
Table 4: Compressive strength results for cubes cured in 5%
Na2SO4 solution

Compressive Compressive Compressive

% of strength Strength Strength
SCBA N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
at 28 days at 60 days at 90 days
0% 42.82 52.92 55.00
5% 43.76 54.01 56.18
6% 45.76 55.68 57.76
7% 44.89 53.89 55.76
Fig.3 Testing of Specimen
8% 42.76 52.76 54.86
9% 41.86 51.68 52.10
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 10% 44.12 54.99 56.79
Table 1: Compressive strength results for cubes cured in
water
Compressive Compressive Compressive V. DISCUSSIONS
% of strength strength strength The SCBA was replaced by weight of cement in 5%, 6%, 7%,
SCBA N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 8%, 9%, & 10% respectively in concrete. The concrete cubes
at 28 days, at 60 days, at 90 days, which are replaced with SCBA are cured in normal water in
0% 46.19 56.82 59.99 order to study the durability of concrete. It exposed to Na2So4
5% 47.08 57.54 60.18 solution in 1%, 3% & 5% in 28days, 60days & 90days
6% 48.99 59.59 62.76 respectively. The compressive strength of concrete specimens
7% 47.16 58.99 61.10 results are presented graphically from graph 1 to 4. From all
8% 45.72 57.10 59.86 graphs it is seen that the compressive strength increases with
9% 44.62 55.76 58.17 the age of days. Graph 1 shows the cubes cured in normal
10% 47.99 58.06 60.96 water. From graph it can be seen that the compressive strength
of concrete cubes increases with increase in different periods
Table 2: Compressive strength results for cubes cured in 1% of curing. For different period of curing, an increase in
Na2SO4 solution compressive strength is observed up to 6% replacement and a
decrease in strength is observed at 7%, 8% and 9%
Compressive Compressive Compressive
replacement and a slight increase is observed at 10%
% of strength Strength Strength
replacement. Graphs 2, 3, 4 shows the results for SCBA
SCBA N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
concrete cubes exposed to 1%, 3% and 5% Na2So4 solution.
at 28 days at 60 days at 90 days
From the graphs it can be seen that the compressive strength
0% 44.60 54.97 58.40
of SCBA replaced concrete cubes increases with increase in
5% 45.25 55.90 59.24
the period of exposure for all percentages of replacement in
6% 46.79 56.81 60.76
Na2So4 Solution. For different period of curing, an increase in
7% 44.99 54.76 59.16 compressive strength is observed up to 6% replacement and a
8% 43.56 53.06 57.76 decrease in strength is observed at 7%, 8% and 9%
9% 42.99 52.18 56.18 replacement and a slight increase is observed at 10%
10 46.55 56.29 59.99 replacement. From the above graphs it is clear that, 6%
Table 3: Compressive strength results for cubes cured in 3% replacement of SCBA is the optimum level of replacement for
Na2SO4 solution higher strength of concrete.
GRAPH.1: Compressive strength results of SBCA Concrete
cured in normal Water

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 Effect of Sulphates (Na2So4) On Concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Pozzolana

70 70
0%SBCA 0%SBCA

60 60
5%SBCA 5%SBCA
50 50

Compressive strength N/mm2

Compressive strength N/mm2

6% SBCA 6% SBCA
40 40

30 7% SBCA 30 7% SBCA

20 20
8% SBCA 8% SBCA

10 10
9% SBCA 9% SBCA

0 0
28 60 90 28 60 90
10% SBCA
10% SBCA
No of days exposed to 5% Na2So4
No of days exposed to normal water

GRAPH.1: Compressive strength results of SBCA Concrete VI. CONCLUSION

cured in 1% by volume Na2So4 solution The following conclusions have been made based on the work
carried out:
70
0%SBCA I. The compressive strength tests are conducted and observed
60
that specimens have reached the target mean strength.
5%SBCA
50 II. The results show that the SCBA concrete had significantly
Compressive strength N/mm2

6% SBCA higher compressive strength compare to that of the

40
concrete without SCBA.
30 7% SBCA
III. The compressive strengths of sugarcane bagasse ash
20
8% SBCA replaced concrete cubes increases with increase in age of
curing for all percentages of replacements in normal
10
9% SBCA
water.
0
28 60 90
10% SBCA
IV. The compressive strengths of sugarcane bagasse ash
No of days exposed to 1% Na2So4
replaced concrete cubes also increases with increase in
age of curing for all percentages of replacements in
different percentages of MgSo4 Solution.
GRAPH.3: Compressive strength results of SBCA Concrete
cured in 3% by volume of Na2So4 solution V. The partial replacement of SCBA in cement not only
enhances the strength to the concrete but also prevent it
from the attack of sulphates.
70
0%SBCA
VI. It is found that the cement can be replaced with SCBA for
60 6%, which is the optimum value of replacement.
5%SBCA
50
VII. It was clearly shown that SCBA is a pozzolanic material,
Compressive strength N/mm2

40
6% SBCA such that it can be used as partial cement replacement
material and can contribute to the environmental
30 7% SBCA sustainability.

20
8% SBCA
REFERENCES
10
9% SBCA [1] Shraddha Mishra, Dr. Nehal Anwar Siddiqui, A Review On
0 Environmental and Health Impacts Of Cement Manufacturing
28 60 90 Emissions, International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and
10% SBCA Environmental Sciences, ISSN: 2348-0254, Volume 2 Issue 3
No of days exposed to 3% Na2So 4 June 2014.
[2] Md. Safiuddin, M.F.M. Zain, Supplementary Cementing Materials
for High Performance Concrete , BRAC University Journal, Vol. III,
GRAPH.4: Compressive strength results of SBCA Concrete
No. 2, 2006, pp. 47-57.
cured in 5% by volume of 1% Na2So4 solution

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 International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-3, Issue-1, January 2016
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