Designation: E 354 93 (Reapproved 2000)e1

Standard Test Methods for

Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical,
Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

e1 NOTEEditorial changes were made in November 2000.

1. Scope Carbon,Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method 1a

Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 to

1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of 1.10 %)
79
high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Method (0.006 to 1.00 %) 165
nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate OxidationTitration Method
175
(0.10 to 33.00 %)
the following limits: Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method 1b

Concentration Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 to

Element 53
Range, % 75 %)
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Photometric Method (0.10 to 5.0 %) 61
Aluminum 0.005 to 18.00 Copper by Neocuproine Photometric Method (0.01 to 10.00 %) 90
Beryllium 0.001 to 0.05 Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
71
Boron 0.001 to 1.00 Method (0.01 to 10.00 %)
Calcium 0.002 to 0.05 Iron by the Silver ReductionTitrimetric Method (1.0 to 50.0 %) 192
Carbon 0.001 to 1.10 Manganese by the Periodate Photometric Method (0.05 to 2.00 %) 8
Chromium 0.10 to 33.00 Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
184
Cobalt 0.10 to 75.00 metric Method (1.5 to 30 %)
Columbium (Niobium) 0.01 to 6.0 Molybdenum by the Photometric Method (0.01 to 1.50 %) 153
Copper 0.01 to 10.00 Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 to
135
Iron 0.01 to 85.00 84.0 %)
Magnesium 0.001 to 0.05 Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Photometric Method (0.002
18
Manganese 0.01 to 3.0 to 0.08 %)
Molybdenum 0.01 to 30.0 Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 to 5.00 %) 46
1 c
Nickel 0.10 to 84.0 Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method
Nitrogen 0.001 to 0.20
Phosphorus 0.002 to 0.08 Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 to
37
Silicon 0.01 to 5.00 0.1 %)
1b
Sulfur 0.002 to 0.10 Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gravimetric Method
Tantalum 0.005 to 10.0 Tin by the Solvent ExtractionAtomic Absorption Method (0.002
143
Titanium 0.01 to 5.00 to 0.10 %)
Tungsten 0.01 to 18.00
Vanadium 0.01 to 3.25 1.3 Methods for the determination of several elements not
Zirconium 0.01 to 2.50 included in this standard can be found in Test Methods E 30
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the and Test Methods E 1019.
sections indicated below: 1.4 Some of the concentration ranges given in 1.1 are too
Sections
broad to be covered by a single method and therefore this
standard contains multiple methods for some elements. The
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 to
100 user must select the proper method by matching the informa-
7.00 %)
tion given in the Scope and Interference sections of each
method with the composition of the alloy to be analyzed.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on standard. In some cases, exceptions allowed in Practice E 380
Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Material and are the direct
are also used.
responsibility of Subcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys.
Current edition approved July 15, 1993. Published September 1993. Originally 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
published as E 354 68 T. Last previous edition E 354 89e1. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1a
Discontinued April 25, 1986. Its replacement appears as part of ASTM Test responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Methods E 1019, found in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
1b
Discontinued May 30, 1980.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1c
Discontinued April 29, 1988. bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards

Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 E 354
statements are given in Section 5 and in special Warning mittee on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. It is
paragraphs throughout these test methods. assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained
analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures
2. Referenced Documents skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed
2.1 ASTM Standards: in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water2 control practices such as those described in Guide E 882.
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications3 4. Apparatus, Reagents, and Instrumental Practice
E 30 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, Cast 4.1 ApparatusSpecialized apparatus requirements are
Iron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron4 listed in the Apparatus Section in each method. In some
E 50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Precau- cases reference may be made to Practices E 50.
tions for Chemical Analysis of Metals5 4.2 Reagents:
E 60 Practice for Photometric and Spectrophotometric 4.2.1 Purity of ReagentsUnless otherwise indicated, all
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals5 reagents used in these test methods shall conform to the
E 173 Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Studies of Reagent Grade Specifications of the American Chemical
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals6 Society.10 Other chemicals may be used, provided it is first
E 350 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel, ascertained that they are of sufficiently high purity to permit
Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and their use without adversely affecting the expected performance
Wrought Iron5 of the determination, as indicated in the section on Precision
E 351 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Cast Iron and Bias.
All Types5 4.2.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, refer-
E 352 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Tool Steels ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as
and Other Similar Medium- and High-Alloy Steels5 defined by Type II of Specification D 1193.
E 353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, 4.3 Photometric PracticePhotometric practice prescribed
Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium- in these test methods shall conform to Practice E 60.
Nickel-Iron Alloys5
E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units 5. Hazards
(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)7 5.1 For precautions to be observed in the use of certain
E 882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the reagents and equipment in these methods, refer to Practices
Chemical Analysis Laboratory5 E 50.
E 1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur,
Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel and in Iron, Nickel, and 6. Sampling
Cobalt Alloys5 6.1 For procedures for sampling the material, reference
E 1024 Guide for Chemical Analysis of Metals and Metal shall be made to Practice E 1806.
Bearing Ores by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectropho-
tometry5 7. Interlaboratory Studies and Rounding Calculated
E 1097 Guide for Direct Current Plasma Emission Spec- Values
trometry Analysis5 7.1 These test methods have been evaluated using Practice
E 1806 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determi- E 173 or ISO 5725.
nation of Chemical Compostion8 7.2 Calculated values shall be rounded to the desired num-
2.2 Other Document: ber of places as directed in 3.4 to 3.6 of Practice E 29.
ISO 5725 Precision of Test MethodsDetermination of
Repeatability and Reproducibility for Inter-Laboratory MANGANESE BY THE METAPERIODATE
Tests9 PHOTOMETRIC METHOD

3. Significance and Use 8. Scope

3.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals 8.1 This method covers the determination of manganese in
and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test concentrations from 0.05 to 2.00 percent.
such materials for compliance with compositional specifica-
tions, particularly those under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com- 9. Summary of Method
9.1 Manganous ions are oxidized to permanganate ions by
treatment with periodate. Tungsten when present at concentra-
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. tions greater than 0.5 % is kept in solution with phosphoric
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4
Discontinued 1995; see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.
6 10
Discontinued 1998; see 1997 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05. Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, Am.
7
Discontinued 1997; see IEEE/ASTM SI 10Standard, Vol 14.04. Chemical Soc., Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of Reagents not
8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06. listed by the American Chemical Society, see Reagent Chemicals and Standards,
9
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, by Joseph Rosin, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, and the United States
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Pharmacopeia. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD 20852.

2
 E 354
acid. Solutions of the samples are fumed with perchloric acid for 20 to 30 min, and cool. Use this water to dilute solutions to
so that the effect of periodate is limited to the oxidation of volume that have been treated with KIO4 solution to oxidize
manganese. Photometric measurements are made at approxi- manganese, and thus avoid reduction of permanganate ions by
mately 545 nm. any reducing agents in the untreated water. CautionAvoid
10. Concentration Range the use of this water for other purposes.
10.1 The recommended concentration range is 0.15 to 0.8 14. Preparation of Calibration Curve
mg of manganese per 50 mL of solution, using a 1-cm cell 14.1 Calibration SolutionsUsing pipets, transfer 5, 10,
(Note 1) and a spectrophotometer with a band width of 10 nm 15, 20, and 25 mL of manganese standard solution (1
or less. mL = 0.032 mg Mn) to 50-mL borosilicate glass volumetric
NOTE 1This method has been written for cells having a 1-cm light
flasks, and, if necessary, dilute to approximately 25 mL.
path and a narrow-band instrument. The concentration range depends Proceed as directed in 14.3.
upon band width and spectral region used as well as cell optical path 14.2 Reference SolutionTransfer approximately 25 mL of
length. Cells having other dimensions may be used, provided suitable water to a 50-mL borosilicate glass volumetric flask. Proceed
adjustments can be made in the amounts of sample and reagents used. as directed in 14.3.
14.3 Color DevelopmentAdd 10 mL of KIO4 solution,
11. Stability of Color
and heat the solutions at not less than 90C for 20 to 30 min
11.1 The color is stable for at least 24 h. (Note 2). Cool, dilute to volume with pretreated water, and
12. Interferences mix.
12.1 Perchloric acid treatment, which is used in the proce- NOTE 2Immersing the flasks in a boiling water bath is a preferred
dure, yields solutions which can be highly colored due to the means of heating them for the specified period to ensure complete color
presence of Cr (VI) ions. Although these ions and other colored development.
ions in the sample solution undergo no further change in color 14.4 Photometry:
quality upon treatment with metaperiodate ion, the following 14.4.1 Multiple-Cell PhotometerMeasure the cell correc-
precautions must be observed when filter photometers are used: tion using the Reference Solution (14.2) in absorption cells
Select a filter with maximum transmittance between 545 and with a 1-cm light path and using a light band centered at
565 nm. The filter must transmit not more than 5 % of its approximately 545 nm. Using the test cell, take the photometric
maximum at a wavelength shorter than 530 nm. The band readings of the calibration solutions versus the Reference
width of the filter should be less than 30 nm when measured at Solution (14.2)
50 % of its maximum transmittance. Similar restrictions apply 14.4.2 Single-Cell PhotometerTransfer a suitable portion
with respect to the wavelength region employed when other of the Reference Solution (14.2) to an absorption cell with a
wide-band instruments are used. 1-cm light path and adjust the photometer to the initial setting,
12.2 The spectral transmittance curve of permanganate ions using a light band centered at approximately 545 nm. While
exhibits two useful minima, one at approximately 526 nm, and maintaining this adjustment, take the photometric readings of
the other at 545 nm. The latter is recommended when a the calibration solutions.
narrow-band spectrophotometer is used. 14.5 Calibration CurvePlot the net photometric readings
12.3 Tungsten, when present in amounts of more than 0.5 % of the calibration solutions against milligrams of manganese
interferes by producing a turbidity in the final solution. A per 50 mL of solution.
special procedure is provided for use with samples containing
15. Procedure
more than 0.5 % tungsten which eliminates the problem by
preventing the precipitation of the tungsten. 15.1 Test SolutionsSelect and weigh a sample in accor-
dance with the following:
13. Reagents Tolerance in
13.1 Manganese, Standard Solution (1 mL = 0.032 mg Manganese, Sample Sample Dilution,
% Weight, g Weight, mg mL
Mn)Transfer the equivalent of 0.4000 g of assayed, high-
purity manganese (purity: 99.99 % minimum), to a 500-mL 0.01 to 0.5 0.80 0.5 100
volumetric flask and dissolve in 20 mL of HNO3 by heating. 0.45 to 1.0 0.35 0.3 100
0.85 to 2.0 0.80 0.5 500
Cool, dilute to volume, and mix. Using a pipet, transfer 20 mL
to a 500-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and mix. 15.1.1 For Samples Containing Not More Than 0.5 %
13.2 Nitric-Phosphoric Acid Mixture Cautiously, while Tungsten:
stirring, add 100 mL of HNO3 and 400 mL of H 3PO4 to 400 15.1.1.1 To dissolve samples that do not require HF, add 8
mL of water. Cool, dilute to 1 L, and mix. Prepare fresh as to 10 mL of HCl (1+1), and heat. Add HNO3 as needed to
needed. hasten dissolution, and then add 3 to 4 mL in excess. When
13.3 Potassium Metaperiodate Solution (7.5 g/L) dissolution is complete, cool, then add 10 mL of HClO4;
Dissolve 7.5 g of potassium metaperiodate (KIO 4) in 200 mL evaporate to fumes to oxidize chromium, if present, and to
of hot HNO3 (1 + 1), add 400 mL of H3PO4, cool, dilute to 1 L, expel HCl. Continue fuming until salts begin to separate. Cool,
and mix. add 50 mL of water, and digest if necessary to dissolve the
13.4 Water, Pretreated with MetaperiodateAdd 20 mL of salts. Cool and transfer the solution to a 100-mL volumetric
KIO4 solution to 1 L of water, mix, heat at not less than 90C flask. Proceed to 15.1.3.

3
 E 354
15.1.1.2 For samples whose dissolution is hastened by HF, lutions as directed in 14.4.
and 8 to 10 mL of HCl (1+1), and heat. Add HNO3 and a few
drops of HF as needed to hasten dissolution, and then add 3 to 16. Calculation
4 mL of HNO 3. When dissolution is complete, cool, then add 16.1 Convert the net photometric reading of the test solution
10 mL or HClO 4, evaporate to fumes to oxidize chromium, if and of the background color solution to milligrams of manga-
present, and to expel HCl. Continue fuming until salts begin to nese by means of the calibration curve. Calculate the percent-
separate. Cool, add 50 mL of water, digest if necessary to age of manganese as follows:
dissolve the salts, cool, and transfer the solution to either a 100- Manganese, % 5 ~A 2 B!/~C 3 10! (1)
or 500-mL volumetric flask as indicated in 15.1.5. Proceed to
15.1.3. where:
15.1.2 For Samples Containing More Than 0.5 % Tungsten: A = manganese, mg, found in 50 mL of the final test
15.1.2.1 To dissolve samples that do not require HF, add 8 solution,
B = apparent manganese, mg, found in 50 mL of the final
to 10 mL of H3PO4, 10 mL of HClO4, 5 to 6 mL of H2SO4, and
background color solution, and
3 to 4 mL of HNO3. Heat moderately until the sample is
C = sample weight, g, represented in 50 mL of the final
decomposed, and then heat to copious white fumes for 10 to 12
test solution.
min or until the chromium is oxidized and the HCl is expelled,
but avoid heating to fumes of SO3. Cool, add 50 mL of water, 17. Precision and Bias
and digest, if necessary, to dissolve the salts. Transfer the 17.1 PrecisionNine laboratories cooperated in testing this
solution to either a 100- or 500-mL volumetric flask as directed method and obtained the data summarized in Table 1.
in 15.1. Proceed to 15.1.3 17.2 BiasNo information on the accuracy of this method
15.1.2.2 For samples whose dissolution is hastened by HF: is known. The accuracy of this method may be judged by
Add 8 to 10 mL of H3PO4, 10 mL of HClO4, 5 to 6 mL of comparing accepted reference values with the corresponding
H2SO4, 3 to 4 mL of HNO3, and a few drops of HF. Heat arithmetic average obtained by interlaboratory testing.
moderately until the sample is decomposed, and then heat to
copious white fumes for 10 to 12 min or until the chromium is PHOSPHORUS BY THE MOLYBDENUM BLUE
oxidized and the HCl is expelled, but avoid heating to fumes of PHOTOMETRIC METHOD
SO3. Cool, add 50 mL of water, digest, if necessary, to dissolve
18. Scope
the salts, cool, and transfer the solution to a 100- or 500-mL
volumetric flask as directed in 15.1. Proceed to 15.1.3. 18.1 This method covers the determination of phosphorus in
15.1.2.3 Cool the solution, dilute to volume, and mix. Allow concentrations from 0.002 to 0.08 %.
insoluble matter to settle, or dry-filter through a coarse paper 19. Summary of Method
and discard the first 15 to 20 mL of the filtrate, before taking
19.1 See Section 19 of Test Methods E 350.
aliquots.
15.1.3 Using a pipet, transfer 20-mL aliquots to two 50-mL 20. Concentration Range
borosilicate glass volumetric flasks; treat one as directed in 20.1 See Section 20 of Test Methods E 350.
15.3 and the other as directed in 15.4.1.
15.2 Reagent Blank SolutionCarry a reagent blank 21. Stability of Color
through the entire procedure using the same amounts of all 21.1 See Section 21 of Test Methods E 350.
reagents with the sample omitted.
15.3 Color DevelopmentProceed as directed in 14.3. 22. Interferences
15.4 Reference Solutions: 22.1 See Section 22 of Test Methods E 352.
15.4.1 Background Color SolutionTo one of the sample 23. Apparatus
aliquots in a 50-mL volumetric flask, add 10 mL of nitric-
phosphoric acid mixture, and heat the solution at not less than 23.1 See Section 23 of Test Methods E 350.
90C for 20 to 30 min (Note 2). Cool, dilute to volume (with TABLE 1 Statistical InformationManganese by the
untreated water), and mix. Metaperiodate Photometric Method
15.4.2 Reagent Blank Reference Solution Transfer the Man-
reagent blank solution (15.2) to the same size volumetric flask Test Specimen
ganese Repeatability Reproducibility
as used for the test solutions and transfer the same size aliquots Found, (R1, E 173) (R2, E 173)
%
as used for the test solutions to two 50-mL volumetric flasks.
1. Nickel alloy, 77Ni-20Cr 0.074 0.002 0.008
Treat one portion as directed in 15.3 and use as reference (NIST 169, 0.073 Mn)
solution for test samples. Treat the other as directed in 15.4.1 2. High-temperature alloy 0.289 0.007 0.026
and use as reference solution for Background Color Solutions. 68Ni-14Cr-7A1-6Mo
(NIST 1205, 0.29 Mn)
15.5 PhotometryEstablish the cell corrections with the 3. Cobalt alloy 41Co- 1.49 0.03 0.08
Reagent Blank Reference solution to be used as a reference 20Ni-20Cr-4Mo-4W (NIST
solution for Background Color solutions. Take the photometric 168, 1.50 Mn)
4. Stainless steel 18Cr-9Ni 1.79 0.03 0.07
readings of the Background Color Solutions and the test (NIST 101e, 1.77 Mn)
solutions versus the respective Reagent Blank Reference So-

4
 E 354
24. Reagents
24.1 Proceed as directed in 24.1 through 24.7 of Test 38. Summary of Method
Methods E 350. 38.1 See Section 38 of Test Methods E 350.

25. Preparation of Calibration Curve for Concentrations 39. Interferences

from 0.005 to 0.05 mg/100 mL 39.1 The elements ordinarily do not interfere if their con-
25.1 Proceed as directed in 25.1 through 25.6 of Test centrations are under the maximum limits shown in 1.1.
Methods E 350.
40. Apparatus
26. Preparation of Calibration Curve for Concentrations 40.1 See Section 40 of Test Methods E 350.
from 0.05 to 0.30 mg/100 mL
26.1 Proceed as directed in 26.1 through 26.6 of Test 41. Reagents
Methods E 350. 41.1 Proceed as directed in 41.1 through 41.6 of Test
Methods E 350.
27. Procedure
27.1 For Samples Containing Less Than 0.5 % Tungsten 42. Calibration
and Less Than a Total of 1 % Columbium and Tantalum or 1 % 42.1 Proceed as directed in 42.1 through 42.6 of Test
of Either of the Latter Elements: Methods E 350.
27.1.1 Test Solution:
27.1.1.1 Proceed as directed in 27.1.1 through 27.1.3 of Test 43. Procedure
Methods E 350. 43.1 Proceed as directed in 43.1 and 43.2 of Test Methods
27.1.2 Proceed as directed in 27.2 through 27.5 of Test E 350.
Methods E 350.
27.2 For Samples Containing More Than 0.5 % Tungsten 44. Calculation
and More Than a Total of 1 % Columbium and Tantalum or 44.1 Proceed as directed in Section 44 of Test Methods
1 % of Either of the Latter Elements: E 350.
27.2.1 Test Solution:
27.2.1.1 Proceed as directed in 26.2.1.1 through 26.2.1.3 of 45. Precision
Test Methods E 352. 45.1 Although samples covered by this method with appro-
27.2.2 Proceed as directed in 26.2.2 through 26.2.5 of Test priate sulfur concentrations for evaluation of the method were
Methods E 352. not available, the precision data summarized in 45.1 of Test
Methods E 353 should apply.
28. Calculation
28.1 Proceed as directed in Section 28 of Test Methods
SILICON BY THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
E 350.
29. Precision
29.1 Eight laboratories cooperated in testing this method 46. Scope
and obtained the data summarized in Table 2. 46.1 This method covers the determination of silicon in
concentrations from 0.05 to 5.00 % in alloys containing not
more than 0.1 % boron.
SULFUR BY THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
(This method, which consisted of Sections 30 through 36, 47. Summary of Method
was discontinued in 1988.) 47.1 See Section 47 of Test Methods E 350.

SULFUR BY THE COMBUSTION-IODATE 48. Interferences

TITRATION METHOD 48.1 The elements normally present do not interfere. When
boron is present in amounts greater than 0.1 %, the sample
solution requires special treatment with methyl alcohol. (Cau-
37. Scope tion: See 6.1.9.3 of Practices E 50) prior to acid dehydration.
37.1 This method covers the determination of sulfur in However, since no boron steels were tested, this special
concentrations from 0.005 to 0.1 %. treatment was not evaluated.

TABLE 2 Statistical InformationPhosphorus 49. Reagents

Phosphorus Repeatability Reproducibility 49.1 Proceed as directed in 49.1 through 49.4 of Test
Test Specimen
Found,% (R1, E 173) (R2, E 173) Methods E 350.
1. Cobalt-base alloy 41Co-20- 0.008 0.005 0.006
Ni-20Cr-4Mo-4W-3Nb
(NBS 168, 0.008 P) 50. Procedure
50.1 Proceed as directed in 50.1 of Test Methods E 350.

5
 E 354
50.2 Proceed as directed in 50.2 of Test Methods E 350 if TABLE 4 Statistical InformationCobalt
tungsten is greater than 0.5 %. Cobalt
Repeatability Reproducibility
50.3 Proceed as directed in 50.2 or 50.3 of Test Methods Test Specimen Found,
(R1, E 173) (R2, E 173)
%
E 350 if tungsten is less than 0.5 %.
1. No. 1, E 352 1.86 0.05 0.12
50.4 Proceed as directed in 50.4 through 50.6 of Test 2. No. 2, E 352 4.82 0.08 0.11
Methods E 350. 3. No. 3, E 352 8.46 0.03 0.07
50.5 Proceed as directed in 50.7 of Test Methods E 350, but 4. High-temperature alloy 11.27 0.06 0.16
20Cr-13Ni-5Mo-2W-1Cb
if the sample contains more than 0.5 % tungsten, ignite at 750 5. Ni-base alloy 57Ni-14Cr 13.88 0.09 0.18
C instead of 1100 to 1150 C after volatilization of SiO2. (NBS 349, 13.95 Co)
6. High-temperature alloy 19.54 0.08 0.10
21Cr-20Ni-4Mo-3W
51. Calculation 7. Co-base alloy 21Ni- 42.91 0.18 0.15
51.1 Proceed as directed in Section 51 of Test Methods 20Cr-4Mo-5W-3Cb (NBS,
E 350. 167, 42.90 Co)
8. Co-base alloy 28Cr- 60.10 0.19 0.31
6Mo-3Ni
52. Precision
52.1 Eleven laboratories cooperated in testing this method
and obtained the data summarized in Table 3. A sample with that represent between 100 and 125 mg of cobalt and weighed
silicon concentration near the upper limit of the scope was not to the nearest 0.1 mg.
available for testing.
59. Calculation
59.1 Proceed as directed in Section 59 of Test Methods
COBALT BY THE ION-EXCHANGE E 351.
POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION METHOD
60. Precision
60.1 Ten laboratories cooperated in testing this method and
53. Scope obtained the data summarized in Table 4 for specimens 4
53.1 This method covers the determination of cobalt in through 8. Although samples covered by this method with
concentrations from 2 to 75 %. cobalt concentrations near the lower limit of the scope were not
available for testing, the precision data obtained for specimens
54. Summary of Method 1, 2, and 3 using the method indicated in Table 4 should apply.
54.1 See Section 54 of Test Methods E 351.
COBALT BY THE NITROSO-R-SALT
55. Interferences
PHOTOMETRIC METHOD
55.1 The elements ordinarily present do not interfere if their
concentrations are under the maximum limits shown in 1.1.

56. Apparatus 61. Scope

56.1 See Section 56 of Test Methods E 351. 61.1 This method covers the determination of cobalt in
concentrations from 0.10 to 5.0 %.
57. Reagents
57.1 Proceed as directed in 57.1 through 57.4 of Test 62. Summary of Method
Methods E 351. 62.1 See Section 54 of Test Methods E 350.

58. Procedure 63. Concentration Range

58.1 Proceed as directed in 57.1 through 57.6 of Test 63.1 See Section 55 of Test Methods E 350.
Methods E 352, using 0.50-g samples for cobalt concentrations
not greater than 25 %; at higher concentrations use samples 64. Stability of Color
64.1 See Section 56 of Test Methods E 350.
TABLE 3 Statistical InformationSilicon 65. Interferences
Silicon Reproducibility 65.1 See Section 57 of Test Methods E 350.
Repeatability
Test Specimen Found,
(R1, E 173)
% (R2, E 173)
HCIO4 Dehydration 66. Reagents
1. Ni-base alloy 75Ni- 0.029 0.006 0.026 66.1 Proceed as directed in 58.1 through 58.4 of Test
12Cr-6A1-4Mo-2Cb-0.7Ti
H2SO4 Dehydration Methods E 350.
1. Ni-base alloy 75Ni- 0.030 0.007 0.030
12Cr-6A1-4Mo-2Cb-0.7Ti 67. Preparation of Calibration Curve
2. Co-base alloy 66Co- 1.01 0.03 0.06
28Cr-4W-1.5Ni 67.1 Proceed as directed in 59.1 through 59.5 of Test
Methods E 350.

6
 E 354
TABLE 5 Statistical InformationCobalt this occurs the copper should be dissolved from the platinum
Cobalt Repeatability
Reproducibility cathode and redeposited (Note 6).
Test Specimen
Found, % (R1, E 173)
(R2, E 173)
74. Apparatus
1. Ni-base alloy, 36Ni (NBS 0.032 0.005 0.006
126b, 0.032 Co)
74.1 Apparatus No. 9.
2. No. 2, E 353 0.094 0.006 0.013
3. No. 3, E 353 0.173 0.011 0.026 75. Reagents
4. Ni-base alloy, 17Cr-15Fe 0.468 0.020 0.028
(NBS 161, 0.47 Co) 75.1 Ammonium Sulfate-Hydrogen Sulfide Solution
5. No. 2, E 352 1.87 0.09 0.13 Dissolve 50 g of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO 4) in about 800
6. No. 3, E 352 4.94 0.08 0.17 mL of H2SO4 (1+99), dilute to 1 L with H2SO4 (1+99) and
saturate with hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
75.2 Ferric Chloride Solution (2 g Fe/L)Dissolve 10 g of
ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 36H2O) in about 800 mL of
68. Procedure HCl (1+99) and dilute to 1 L with HCl (1+99).
68.1 Test Solution: 75.3 Sulfamic Acid (H(NH2)SO3).
68.1.1 Proceed as directed in 67.1.1 through 67.1.3 of Test
Methods E 352. 76. Procedure
68.2 Proceed as directed in 60.2 through 60.4 of Test
76.1 Select and weigh a sample in accordance with the
Methods E 350.
following:
Copper, % Sample Weight, g Tolerance in Sample Weight, mg
69. Calculation
69.1 Proceed as directed in Section 61 of Test Methods 0.01 to 1.0 10 10
E 350. 1.0 to 2.5 5 5
2.5 to 5.0 2 2
5.0 to 10.0 1 1
70. Precision 11
70.1 Eight laboratories cooperated in testing this method and Transfer it to a 1-L Erlenmeyer flask.
obtained the data summarized in Table 5 for specimens 1 and 76.2 If the sample type is other than cobalt base, proceed as
4. Although samples covered by this method with cobalt directed in 76.3 through 76.22 of Test Methods E 350; treat
concentration near the extreme limits of the scope were not cobalt base samples as directed in 76.2.1.
available for testing, the precision data obtained for other types 76.2.1 Add 30 mL of HNO3 and 10 mL of HBr. Heat
of alloys, using the methods indicated in Table 5 should apply. cautiously to dissolve the sample. Evaporate the solution to a
syrupy consistency and cool. Add 115 mL of HCl (1 + 2) and
heat until salts are dissolved. Boil the solution 2 to 3 min. If the
COPPER BY THE SULFIDE PRECIPITATION- solution is clear, proceed as directed in 76.4 and 76.8 through
ELECTRODEPOSITION GRAVIMETRIC METHOD 76.22 of Test Methods E 350. If the solution contains insoluble
matter, proceed as directed in 76.4 through 76.22 of Test
Methods E 350.
71. Scope 76.3 Add 115 mL of HCl (1+2) plus an additional 9 mL of
71.1 This method covers the determination of copper in HCl (1+2) and 1 mL of HNO3 for each gram of sample. Heat
concentrations from 0.01 to 10.00 %. until dissolution is complete, and then boil the solution for 2 to
3 min. If the solution is clear, proceed as directed in 76.4 and
72. Summary of Method 76.976.22.
72.1 Copper is precipitated as the sulfide from dilute acid 76.4 Carry a reagent blank through the entire procedure
containing chloride and nitrate ions. After dissolution of the using the same amounts of all reagents with the sample
precipitate, iron is added and tin is separated from copper by omitted.
double precipitation with ammonium hydroxide (Note 3). 76.5 If the solution contains insoluble matter, add paper
Chloride ions are removed from the filtrate, and copper, as the pulp, digest 15 to 20 min, and then filter through medium filter
metal, is deposited on a platinum cathode. paper into a 1-L Erlenmeyer flask. Suction may be used if
NOTE 3This method describes the preliminary separations for the
necessary. Wash the filter 4 or 5 times with water. Reserve the
determination of tin by the sulfide-iodatimetric titration method. filtrate. Proceed as directed in 76.5.1 or 76.5.2 according to
preference, bearing in mind that the latter procedure may be the
easier to apply when copious amounts of insoluble matter are
encountered.
73. Interferences
76.5.1 Transfer the paper and precipitate to the original flask,
73.1 Ammonium salts may cause the copper deposit to be
add 20 mL of HNO3 and 10 mL of HClO4, heat moderately to
spongy and subject to air oxidation while drying in the oven. If
oxidize organic matter, and finally heat to mild fumes of
HClO4. Cool the solution, add 1 to 2 mL of HF, and repeat the
11
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: E03- fuming.
1028. 76.5.2 Transfer the paper and precipitate to a platinum

7
 E 354
crucible. Dry the paper and heat at 600C until the carbon is of HNO3. When the reaction has subsided, add another 5 mL of
removed. Finally ignite for 30 min at 1100C. Cool, add 3 HNO3 and again wait until the reaction subsides. Continue
drops of HNO3 and 1 to 2 mL of HF, and evaporate to dryness. adding 5-mL increments of HNO 3 in this manner until there is
Add 10 mL of HNO3 (1+1) and digest at 90 to 100C for 5 min. no further reaction with the chloride ions. Cover the beaker
Transfer the contents of the crucible to the original flask, add with a ribbed cover glass and warm gently until the vigorous
10 mL of HClO4, and heat to mild fumes of HClO4. evolution of gas ceases. Evaporate to fumes of SO 3. Cool, add
76.6 Cool the solution from 76.5.1 or 76.5.2, add 100 mL of 25 mL of water, and heat to dissolve the salts. Cool, transfer to
water and digest at or near boiling for about 45 min. a 250-mL beaker, add 3 mL of HNO3, and dilute to 175 mL.
76.7 If tungsten is present, as indicated by the presence of a 76.17 With the electrolyzing current off, position the anode
bright yellow precipitate of tungstic acid, add a slight excess of and the accurately weighed cathode in the solution so that the
NH4OH and 20 g of tartaric acid. When the tartaric acid has gauze is completely immersed. Cover the beaker with a split
dissolved, again add a slight excess of HN4OH and digest near cover glass.
the boiling point until dissolution is complete, or nearly so. 76.18 Stir the solution with an automatic stirrer, start the
76.8 Add 5 mL of H2SO4 and heat at 85 to 95C for 30 min. electrolysis and increase the voltage until the ammeter indi-
If insoluble matter persists, repeat the steps as directed in cates a current which is equivalent to about 1 A/dm2. Electro-
76.576.8. When dissolution is complete, combine the solution lyze at this current density until the cathode is covered with
with the filtrate reserved in 76.5. copper, and then increase the current density to 2.5 to 3 A/dm2.
76.9 If the volume is less than 600 mL, dilute the solution (Note 5). Continue the electrolysis until the absence of color in
approximately to that volume and treat with H2S; admit the gas the solution indicates that most of the copper has been
at a rate sufficient to cause a steady stream of bubbles to leave deposited.
the solution. Continue passing the gas into the solution for at
NOTE 5If the solution is not stirred during electrolysis, the current
least 1 h. Allow to stand until the supernatant solution becomes
density should be limited to about 0.5 A/dm2, and 2 to 3 h should be
clear, but not longer than 12 to 15 h. allowed for complete deposition.
76.10 Add paper pulp and filter using a fine filter paper.
Wash the filter thoroughly with ammonium sulfate-hydrogen 76.19 Add about 0.5 g of sulfamic acid, rinse the underside
sulfide wash solution. Discard the filtrate. of the cover glass and the inside walls of the beaker, and
76.11 Transfer the filter paper and precipitate to the original continue the electrolysis for 10 to 15 min to ensure complete
flask, add 12 mL of H2SO4, and heat to char the paper. Add 20 deposition of the copper.
mL of HNO3, and evaporate to fumes to destroy organic matter. 76.20 Slowly withdraw the electrodes (or lower the beaker)
Add HNO3 in 1-mL increments and heat to fumes after each with the current still flowing, and rinse them with a stream of
addition to oxidize the last traces of organic matter. water from a wash bottle. Return the voltage to zero, and turn
76.12 Cool the solution, rinse the sides of the flask, and off the switch.
repeat the fuming to ensure the complete removal of HNO3. 76.21 Remove the cathode, rinse it thoroughly with water
76.13 Cool, add 100 mL of water, and boil to dissolve the and then with acetone or ethanol. Dry it in an oven at 105 to
soluble salts. Add 15 mL of HCl, and digest for about 10 min. 110C for 2 to 3 min.
76.14 Filter through a coarse filter paper into a 400-mL NOTE 6If the deposit appears dark, showing evidence of copper
beaker. Wash the filter alternately with hot water and hot HCl oxide, reassemble the elctrodes in a fresh electrolyte consisting of 3 mL of
(1+99). Discard the filter paper. HNO3 and 5 mL of H2SO4 in 175 mL of water contained in a 300-mL
76.15 Add 10 mL of FeCl3 solution to the filtrate. Add just tail-form beaker. Reverse the polarity of the electrodes, and electrolyze
enough NH4OH (1+1) to precipitate the iron, tin, and chro- with a current density of 3 A/dm2 until the copper has been removed from
mium and to complex the copper (indicated by the formation of the original electrode. Reverse the polarity and redeposit the copper on the
original electrode as directed in 76.17 and 76.18. Proceed as directed in
a blue color), and then add 1 to 2 mL in excess. Add paper pulp, 76.19 and 76.20.
and heat the solution to boiling to coagulate the precipitate.
Filter the hot solution through a coarse filter paper, and wash 76.22 Allow the electrode to cool to room temperature
alternately five times each with hot NH4OH (1+99) and water undesiccated, and weigh.
into an 800-mL beaker. Reserve the filter and the filtrate. NOTE 7To prepare the electrode for reuse, immerse it in HNO3(1+1)
Dissolve the precipitate by washing the filter alternately with to dissolve the deposit of copper, rinse thoroughly with water and then
hot HCl (1+1) and hot water, and reserve the filter paper. with acetone or ethanol. Dry in an oven, cool to room temperature, and
Precipitate the iron, tin, and chromium as before. Wash the weigh.
reserved filter paper three times with hot NH4OH (1+99) and
then filter the hot solution into the 800-mL beaker reserved
from the first filtration: wash alternately five times each with 77. Calculation
hot NH4 (1+99) and water. 77.1 Calculate the percentage of copper as follows:
NOTE 4If tin is to be determined by using the same sample, reserve Copper, % 5 @~~A 2 B! 2 ~C 2 D!!/E# 3 100 (2)
the precipitate and proceed as directed in 100.5 through 100.8.
76.16 Acidify the combined filtrates with HNO3, and evapo- where:
A = weight of electrode with deposit from the test solution,
rate at low heat until salts begin to appear. Remove the beaker
g,
from the hot plate and while the solution is still hot add 5 mL

8
 E 354

B = weight of electrode used in A, g, NOTE 10For precision-testing this balance see 7.4 of Methods E 319,
C = weight of electrode with deposit from the blank or its equivalent.
solution, g,
D = weight of electrode used in C, g, and
E = sample used, g. 83. Reagents
83.1 AcetoneThe residue after evaporation must be
<0.0005 %.
78. Precision 83.2 Iron (Low-Carbon) AcceleratorIron chips (Note 11).
78.1 Six laboratories cooperated in testing this method and 83.3 OxygenPurified as described in 8.1.3 of Practices
obtained eight sets of data summarized in Table 6. Although E 50.
samples covered by this method were not available for testing, 83.4 Tin (Low-Carbon) Accelerator, granular (Note 11).
the precision data obtained for specimens using the method 83.5 Tin-coated Copper Accelerator, granular. Copper and
indicated should apply. tin metals in the ratio of approximately 30:1 may also be used.
NOTE 11Prior to use, all accelerators should be washed three times
TOTAL CARBON BY THE COMBUSTION with acetone by decantation until free of organic contaminants and then
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD dried.

79. Scope 84. Preparation of ApparatusInduction Furnace

79.1 This method covers the determination of carbon in 84.1 The train of the induction furnace shall include an
concentrations from 0.05 to 1.10 %. oxygen purifier, catalyst heater (Note 12), particle filter, and
carbon dioxide purifier. The oxygen must flow from the top of
80. Summary of Test Method the combustion tube through a small orifice so as to impinge
80.1 The sample is burned in a stream of oxygen, and the directly on the surface of the sample.
carbon dioxide in the evolved gases is collected in a suitable NOTE 12The catalyst heater contains copper oxide heater to about
absorbent and weighed. 300C to ensure complete conversion of CO to CO2.
80.2 Oxygen flow rates and sweep times as well as control of
84.2 Conditioning of Apparatus:
plate current for induction heating depend upon the equipment
84.2.1 Transfer 1 g of a sample containing approximately
used, and the type of sample analyzed. The control of these
0.5 % carbon and 1 g of the accelerators (see Section 83) to a
parameters should be established by analysis of control
cupelet, crucible, or boat.
samples similar in carbon content and alloy characteristics to
84.2.2 Open the furnace, position the cupelet, crucible, or
the sample to be analyzed.
boat with the sample in the combustion tube, close the furnace,
and adjust the oxygen flow rate to 1200 to 1500 mL/min.
81. Interferences
Sweep the system with oxygen for 30 s.
81.1 The elements ordinarily present do not interfere if their
84.2.3 Open the stopcock(s) of the absorption bulb and
concentrations are under the maximum limits shown in 1.1.
connect it to the carbon train.
82. Apparatus NOTE 13The Fleming, Turner, and Nesbitt bulbs have all proved
82.1 Apparatus No. 1. satisfactory. Bulbs shall not be handled with bare fingers at any time.
Weighing time, that is, the interval from the completion of the burn and
NOTE 8The induction furnace must be equipped with suitable con- sweep to the completion of the weighing, must be closely controlled and
trols to regulate the power input to the induction coil. kept rigidly constant. If a two-pan balance is used, a bulb may be used as
NOTE 9The preferred position for a graduated flowmeter is at the exit a tare and may be carried alongside the sample bulb at all times in the
end of the furnace. The graduated flowmeter may be positioned at the procedure.
inlet, but in either case a sulfuric acid bubbler tube must be positioned at
the exit end of the equipment. 84.2.4 Turn on the power switch of the furnace, record the
time (if an automatic timer is used, adjust it for a 5-min burning
82.2 Balance, AnalyticalEither a single-pan or double-pan period), and burn the sample for 5 min while controlling the
balance may be used. The balance shall weigh to the nearest plate current to provide a temperature of at least 1325C.
0.1 mg and have a standard deviation for a single weighing of During the burning it may be necessary to reduce the plate
0.05 mg or less. current to maintain the temperature and prevent sample loss.
TABLE 6 Statistical InformationCopper NOTE 14During the sample burn, oxygen is consumed at a rapid rate.
Copper Repeatability Reproducibility If necessary, manually increase the oxygen flow rate to maintain a positive
Test Specimen
Found, % (R1, E 173) (R2, E 173) pressure within the combustion tube.
1. Low-alloy steel (NBS 0.020 0.005 0.006
152a, 0.023 Cu)
84.2.5 Sweep the system with oxygen (maintaining the
2. No. 2, E 352 0.079 0.003 0.006 original flow rate) after the combustion is complete.
3. No. 3, E 353 0.364 0.009 0.010
4. No. 3, E 351 0.678 0.037 0.041 NOTE 15Oxygen flow rates and sweep times vary to some extent with
5. No. 4, E 351 5.49 0.10 0.10 equipment used, and the type of sample to be analyzed. Sweep times of 2
to 5 min have been found to be adequate in most cases. A control sample

9
 E 354
with carbon content and alloy characteristics similar to the sample to be sample weight to be used and 1 g of tin or tin-copper
analyzed should be used to control these parameters. accelerator to the combustion boat containing Alundum bed-
84.2.6 Detach the absorption bulb, close the stopcock(s), and ding material (Note 16). Proceed as directed in 85.2.285.2.4.
set the bulb by the balance to cool. Remove the sample from 86.2.3 Proceed as directed in 86.1.3 and 86.1.4.
the furnace. 86.2.4 Proceed as directed in Section 87.

85. Preparation of ApparatusResistance Furnace 87. Procedure

85.1 The resistance furnace shall contain as part of the train 87.1 Select a control sample the carbon content and alloy
an oxygen purifier, catalyst heater (see the Oxygen Purifiers characteristics of which are similar to those of the sample being
portion of the Apparatus Section of Practices E 50), particle analyzed, and proceed as directed in 87.287.5.
filter, and carbon dioxide purifier. Turn on the current and NOTE 18The value obtained should not differ from the established
adjust the furnace temperature to at least 1325C. value by more than 0.004 % carbon at levels from 0.05 to 0.2 %, nor more
85.2 Conditioning of Apparatus: than 2 % of the amount present in the higher ranges of carbon.
85.2.1 Fill the boat with Alundum bedding material (Note NOTE 19Low results may be due to (1) incomplete burning of the
16). Make a furrow in the Alundum large enough to contain the sample, which may be detected by examining the slag; ( 2) a leak in the
sample and the accelerator. Place in the furrow 1 g of a sample system, which may be checked by means of a manometer; (3) improper
filling of the absorption bulb, resulting in channeling; or (4) exhaustion
containing approximately 0.5% carbon so that the particles are
of the CO2 absorbent. High results may be due to inadequate purification
in intimate contact. In the same manner add 1 g of one of the of the oxygen or failure to remove oxides of sulfur.
accelerators (see Section 83).
87.2 Open the stopcock(s) momentarily and weigh the
NOTE 16The Alundum bedding material should be previously heated absorption bulb.
in oxygen at 1325C for 15 min, cooled, and stored under cover. 87.3 Select and weigh a sample to the nearest 0.5 mg, in
85.2.2 Open the stopcock(s) of the absorption bulb (Note 13) accordance with the following:
and connect it to the carbon train. Carbon, % Sample Weight, g
85.2.3 Cover the boat with a suitable cover and introduce it
into the combustion tube. Close the tube and preheat the 0.05 to 0.4 2.729
0.2 to 1.0 1.365
sample for 1 to 2 min. Turn on the oxygen, adjust the oxygen 0.7 to 1.5 1.000
flow rate to 300 to 500 mL per min, and maintain this rate for 1.3 to 5.0 0.500
6 to 13 min (Note 14). Transfer it to a crucible, cupelet, or boat containing Alundum
NOTE 17Oxygen flow rates and sweep times vary to some extent with (Note 16).
equipment used and the type of sample to be analyzed. A control sample 87.4 Add an amount of low-carbon iron equal to the sample
with carbon content and alloy characteristics similar to the sample to be weight and 1 g of tin or tin-copper accelerator and proceed as
analyzed should be used to control these parameters. directed in 84.2.284.2.6 and 85.2.285.2.4.
85.2.4 Detach the absorption bulb, close the stopcocks(s), 87.5 Open the stopcock(s) momentarily and weigh the
and set the bulb by the balance to cool. Remove the sample absorption bulb.
from the combustion tube, and shut off the oxygen.
88. Calculation
86. Blank Procedure 88.1 Calculate the percent of carbon as follows:
86.1 Induction Furnace: Carbon, % 5 @~~A 2 B! 3 0.2729!/C#3 100 (3)
86.1.1 Open the stopcock(s) of the absorption bulb momen-
tarily to the atmosphere to equilibrate bulb conditions, and where:
weigh the bulb which has been conditioned as directed in 84.2. A = carbon dioxide found, g,
86.1.2 Add an amount of low-carbon iron equal to the B = carbon dioxide found in the blank, g, and
sample weight to be used and 1 g of tin or tin-copper C = sample used, g.
accelerator to a cupelet, crucible, or boat. Proceed as directed
in 84.2.284.2.6.
86.1.3 Open the stopcock(s) momentarily and weigh the 89. Precision
absorption bulb. 89.1 Nine laboratories cooperated in testing this method and
86.1.4 Repeat the determination of the blank until it is obtained the data summarized in Table 7. Repeatability ( R1)
constant within 0.2 mg and the average does not exceed 0.3
mg. If the blank does not become constant within this limit, TABLE 7 Statistical InformationCarbon
determine the source of the difficulty and repeat the blank Carbon Repeat- Reproduc-
determination before proceeding. Test Specimen Found,A ability ibility
86.1.5 Proceed as directed in Section 87. % (R1, E 173) (R2, E 173)

86.2 Resistance Furnace: 1. Monel-type alloy 64Ni-31Cu (NBS 0.080 0.005 0.006
162a, 0.079 C)
86.2.1 Open the stopcock(s) of the absorption bulb momen- 2. High-speed steel 8Mo-2W-4Cr-1V 0.81 0.01 0.03
tarily to the atmosphere to equilibrate bulb conditions, and (NBS 134a, 0.808 C)
weigh the bulb which has been conditioned as directed in 85.2. 3. Nickel-base alloy 60Ni-18Cr-1.8Mo 1.49 0.06 0.09
86.2.2 Add an amount of low-carbon iron equal to the A
All values based on duplicate determinations by each laboratory.

10
 E 354
and reproducibility (R 2) are defined in Practice E 173 and were 97.1.1 Select a sample in accordance with the following:
respectively calculated from within laboratory standard devia- Copper, Sample Tolerance in Sample Dilution, Aliquot
tion sw and the total standard deviation S. Since these last % Weight, g Weight, mg mL Volume, mL
terms are related by: 0.01 to 0.15 1.00 1.0 100 20
0.10 to 0.25 1.00 1.0 250 30
S2 5 sw2 1 s a2 (4)
0.20 to 0.50 1.00 0.5 250 15
where sa is the among laboratories standard deviation, both 0.40 to 1.00 0.50 0.5 250 15
0.80 to 1.50 0.50 0.1 250 10
S and sw can be evaluated by an analysis of variance if 1.40 to 3.00 1.00 0.1 1000 10
replicate determinations (duplicates in this case) are carried out 2.80 to 5.00 0.60 0.1 1000 10
on each specimen by a number of laboratories. With single 4.80 to 7.50 0.80 0.1 1000 5
7.25 to 10.00 0.60 0.1 1000 5
determinations on each specimen, only the total standard
deviation S can be evaluated. Transfer it to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask.
89.1.1 The repeatability is related to and can be estimated 97.1.2 Proceed as directed in 96.1.2 of Test Methods E 352.
froms w as follows: Let X 1 and X2 be the difference between 97.1.3 Proceed as directed in 121.1.3 and 121.1.4 of Test
two values obtained within a laboratory. The standard deviation Methods E 350.
sd of this difference is 97.2 Proceed as directed in 121.2 through 121.5 of Test
Methods E 350.
sd2 5 sw1 2 1 sw2 5 ~1.41 s w!2. (5)
Since 98. Calculation
sw 5 s w1 5 sw2, (6) 98.1 Proceed as directed in Section 122 of Test Methods
the repeatability, which in accordance with Practice E 173 is E 350.
actually the 95 % confidence limit for sd, is then
99. Precision
R1 5 2s d 5 ~2!~1.41!sw 5 2.82 s w. (7) 99.1 Ten laboratories cooperated in testing this method and
89.1.2 The reproducibility is related in the same way to the obtained the data summarized in Table 8. Although samples
total standard deviation, namely only in the lower part of the scope of this method were
R2 5 2.82 S (8) available for testing, the precision data obtained for specimens
in the remainder of the scope using the methods indicated
should apply.

COPPER BY THE NEOCUPROINE

PHOTOMETRIC METHOD TOTAL ALUMINUM BY THE 8-QUINOLINOL
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

90. Scope
90.1 This method covers the determination of copper in 100. Scope
concentrations from 0.01 to 10.00 %. 100.1 This method covers the determination of total alumi-
num in concentrations from 0.20 to 7.00 %.
91. Summary of Method
91.1 See Section 115 of Test Methods E 350. 101. Summary of Method
101.1 See Section 125 of Test Methods E 350.
92. Concentration Range
92.1 See Section 116 of Test Methods E 350. 102. Interferences

93. Stability of Color TABLE 8 Statistical InformationCopper

93.1 See Section 117 of Test Methods E 350. Copper Repeat- Reproduc-
Test Specimen Found, ability, ibility,
% (R1, E 173) (R2, E 173)
94. Interferences
1. Nickel-base alloy, 57Ni-14Cr (NBS 0.006 0.001 0.004
94.1 See Section 118 of Test Methods E 350. 349, 0.006 Cu)
2. Nickel-base alloy, 77Ni-20Cr (NBS 0.014 0.002 0.006
95. Reagents 169, 0.015 Cu)
3. Cobalt-base alloy 41Co-20Ni (NBS 0.033 0.005 0.004
95.1 See Section 119 of Test Methods E 350. 168, 0.035 Cu)
4. No. 5, E 352 0.078 0.005 0.010
96. Preparation of Calibration Curve 5. No. 6, E 352 0.118 0.007 0.016
6. No. 6, E 353 0.176 0.019 0.021
96.1 Proceed as directed in 120.1 through 120.6 of Test 7. No. 7, E 353 0.200 0.012 0.018
Methods E 350. 8. No. 8, E 353 0.221 0.013 0.022
9. No. 9, E 353 0.361 0.015 0.036
10. No. 5, E 351 1.51 0.04 0.05
97. Procedure 11. No. 6, E 351 5.53 0.19 0.18
97.1 Test Solution:

11
 E 354
102.1 The elements ordinarily present do not interfere if
their concentrations are under the maximum limits shown in 135. Scope
1.1. 135.1 This method covers the determination of nickel in
concentrations from 0.1 to 84.0 %.
103. Apparatus
103.1 See Section 127 of Test Methods E 350. 136. Summary of Method
136.1 Nickel dimethylglyoximate is precipitated by adding
104. Reagents an alcoholic solution of dimethylglyoxime to a solution of the
104.1 Proceed as directed in 128.1 through 128.7 of Test sample containing ammonium citrate. A second precipitation is
Methods E 350. performed to purify the precipitate prior to drying and weigh-
ing.
105. Procedure 136.2 Alternatively, nickel and manganese are separated
105.1 Proceed as directed in 129.1 through 129.10 of Test from other alloying elements by anion exchange in hydrochlo-
Methods E 350. ric acid to eliminate the need for the first precipitation with
105.2 Proceed as directed in 124.2 of Test Methods E 353. dimethylglyoxime. This separation must be used when cobalt
is present in concentrations greater than 0.5 % and may be used
106. Calculation for all other samples. Nickel dimethylgly-oximate is precipi-
106.1 Proceed as directed in 125.1 of Test Methods E 353. tated by adding dimethylglyoxime to the eluate; the precipitate
is filtered, dried, and weighed.
107. Precision 5
107.1 Eight laboratories cooperated in testing this method 137. Interferences
using test specimens 3 and 6, nine using test specimens 4 and 137.1 Cobalt, copper, and manganese are present in the
5, with one laboratory reporting a second pair of values in each divalent state and consume dimethylglyoxime, making it nec-
instance; the data are summarized in Table 9. Although samples essary to add an excess of the precipitant over that required to
covered by this method with aluminum concentrations at the precipitate nickel. When the anion-exchange separation is
upper limit and at the lower limit of the scope were not used, manganese is present in the solution from which nickel is
available for testing, the precision data obtained using the precipitated, and an excess of the precipitant is required.
methods indicated in Table 9 should apply.
138. Apparatus
138.1 Anion-Exchange Column, Approximately 25 mm in
SULFUR BY THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC diameter and 300 mm long, tapered at one end, and provided
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD with a stopcock to control the flow rate, and a second, lower
(This method, which consisted of Sections 108 through 115 stopcock to stop the flow. Apparatus No. 8 may be adopted to
of this standard, was discontinued in 1980.) this method. A reservoir for the eluants may be added at the top
CHROMIUM BY THE PEROXYDISULFATE- of the column.
OXIDATION TITRIMETRIC METHOD 138.2 Filtering Crucibles, fritted glass, 30-mL capacity,
medium-porosity.
(This method, which consisted of Sections 116 through 123 138.3 pH MeterApparatus No. 3A.
of this standard, was discontinued in 1980.)
TOTAL CARBON BY THE COMBUSTION- 139. Reagents
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY METHOD 139.1 Ammonium Citrate Solution (200 g/L)Dissolve 200
g of diammonium hydrogen citrate [(NH4)2HC 6H5O7] in 600
(This method, which consisted of Sections 124 through 134
mL of water. Filter and dilute to 1 L.
of this standard, was discontinued in 1986.)
139.2 Anion Exchange Resin:
NICKEL BY THE DIMETHYLGLYOXIME 139.2.1 Use an anion exchange resin of the alkyl quaternary
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD ammonium type (chloride form) consisting of spherical beads
having a crosslinkage of 8 % and a 200 to 400 nominal mesh
size.12 To remove those beads greater than 180 m in diameter
TABLE 9 Statistical InformationAluminum as well as the excessively fine beads, treat the resin as follows:
Aluminum Repeatability Reproducibility Transfer a supply of the resin to a beaker, cover with water, and
Test Specimen
Found, % (R1, E 173) (R2, E 173) allow sufficient time (at least 30 min) for the beads to undergo
1. No. 1, E 353 0.232 0.036 0.041 maximum swelling. Place a No. 80 (180-m) screen, 150 mm
2. No. 2, E 353 1.16 0.06 0.10 in diameter over a 2-L beaker. Prepare a thin slurry of the resin
3. Nickel-base alloy 57Ni-14Cr 1.21 0.02 0.08
(NBS 349, 1.23 A1)
and pour it onto the screen. Wash the fine beads through the
4. No. 4, E 350 1.44 0.07 0.16 screen, using a small stream of water. Discard the beads
5. Nickel-base alloy 2.88 0.06 0.12
19Cr-19Co-4Mo-3Ti
6. Nickel-base alloy 5.84 0.16 0.26
12
13Cr-4.5Mo-2.2Cb Dowex 1, manufactured by the Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, has been
found satisfactory for this purpose.

12
 E 354
retained on the screen, periodically, if necessary, to avoid 50 to 70C for 30 min. Let stand for at least 4 h at 20 to 25C.
undue clogging of the openings. When the bulk of the collected 140.1.7 Filter using a 12.5-cm coarse paper. Wash five to
resin has settled, decant the water and transfer approximately seven times with cold water. Transfer the paper and precipitate
100 mL of resin to a 400-mL beaker. Add 200 mL of HCl to the original beaker. Moisten a small piece of filter paper, use
(1 + 19), stir vigorously, allow the resin to settle for 4 to 6 min, it to remove any precipitate adhering to the funnel, and place it
decant 150 to 175 mL of the suspension, and discard. Repeat in the original beaker.
the treatment with HCl (1 + 19) twice more, and reserve the 140.1.8 Add 30 mL of HNO3 and 15 mL of HClO4.
coarser resin for the column preparation. Evaporate to strong fumes and continue fuming for 5 min. Cool
139.2.2 Prepare the column as follows: Place a 10 to 20-mm and add 50 mL of water.
layer of glass wool or poly(vinyl chloride) plastic fiber in the 140.1.9 Filter through an 11-cm coarse paper into a 600-mL
bottom of the column and add a sufficient amount of the beaker. Wash the paper 5 times with HCl (5 + 95) and 3 times
prepared resin to fill the column to a height of approximately with water. Dilute the filtrate to 200 mL with water and proceed
140 mm. Place a 20 mm layer of glass wool or poly(vinyl as directed in 140.3140.7.
chloride) plastic fiber at the top of the resin bed to protect it 140.2 Anion-Exchange Separation:
from being carried into suspension when the solutions are 140.2.1 Proceed as directed in 140.1.1.
added. While passing a minimum of 100 mL of HCl (3 + 1) 140.2.2 Proceed as directed in 140.1.2, but dilute with only
through the column with the hydrostatic head 100 mm above 50 mL of water.
the top of the resin bed, adjust the flow rate to not more than
140.2.3 Filter the solution obtained in 140.2.2 through an
3.0 mL/min. Drain 10 to 20 mm above the top of the resin bed
11-cm coarse paper, collecting the filtrate in a 250-mL beaker.
and then close the lower stopcock.
Transfer any insoluble matter to the paper with hot HCl
139.3 Dimethylglyoxime Solution in Alcohol (10 g/L) (5 + 95). Wash the paper alternately with hot water and hot HCl
Reagent No. 104. (5 + 95) until iron salts are removed. Finally, wash the paper
three times with 5-mL portions of hot water. Discard the
140. Procedure residue.
140.1 Double Precipitation: 140.2.4 Carefully evaporate to dryness at moderate heat to
140.1.1 Select and weigh a sample in accordance with the avoid spattering. Cool, add 10 mL of HCl, and evaporate to
following: dryness. Cool, add 20 mL of HCl (3 + 1) and heat, if necessary,
Tolerance Sample, to dissolve salts, but avoid loss of HCl by overheating or
Nickel, % Sample Weight, g Weight, mg
prolonged heating.
0.1 to 1.0 3.0 1.0 140.2.5 Precondition the ion-exchange column with 50 ml of
1.0 to 5.0 1.0 0.5
5.0 to 10.0 0.5 0.2
HCl (3 + 1), and adjust the flow rate by means of the upper
10.0 to 20.0 0.25 0.1 stopcock to not more than 3.0 mL/min. Allow the acid to drain
20.0 to 48.0 1.0 0.5 to 10 to 20 mm from the top of the resin bed.
48.0 to 84.0 0.5 0.2
140.2.6 Place a clean 600-mL beaker under the ion-exchange
Transfer it to a 600-mL beaker. column and open the bottom stopcock. Transfer the solution
140.1.2 Add 60 mL of HCl (1 + 1) and 10 mL of HNO 3. from 140.2.4 to the column. Allow the sample to drain to 5 to
Heat to dissolve the sample and boil to expel oxides of 10 mm from the top of the resin bed. Rinse the 250-mL beaker
nitrogen. Cool the solution and add 30 mL of HClO4. Heat to with a 5-mL portion of HCl (3 + 1) and transfer the rinsing to
strong fumes of HClO4 and continue fuming for 5 min. Cool the column. When it has drained to 5 to 10 mm above the resin
and dilute to 100 mL with water. bed, add a second 5-mL rinse portion from the 250-mL beaker.
140.1.3 Filter the solution through an 11-cm coarse paper Repeat this operation three more times, and allow the level to
into a 600-mL beaker. Transfer any insoluble matter to the drop to 5 to 10 mm above the resin bed before adding the next.
paper with hot HCl (5 + 95). Wash the beaker and paper Add sufficient HCl (3 + 1) at the top of the column to collect a
alternately with hot HCl (5 + 95) and hot water until iron salts total of 200 mL in the 600-mL beaker. Close the lower
are removed. Finally, wash the paper three times with 5-mL stopcock and reserve the solution.
portions of hot water. Discard the residue. If the nickel 140.2.7 Precondition the column for the next sample as
concentration is greater than 20 %, transfer the filtrate from the follows: Open the lower stopcock. Drain any remaining solu-
beaker to a 200-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and tion in the column to 5 to 10 mm from the top of the resin bed.
mix. Using a pipet, transfer a 20-mL aliquot to a 600-mL Add HCl (1 + 19) in 50-mL increments until iron has been
beaker and add 10 mL of HCl. eluted and the eluate is visibly free of color (approximately
140.1.4 Add 200 mL of water and 30 mL of ammonium 300-mL). Drain the solution to 5 to 10 mm from the top of the
citrate solution. Using a pH meter, adjust the pH to at least 7.5 resin bed and close the lower stopcock. If the column is not to
with NH4OH. Acidify the solution with HCl to pH 6.3 6 0.1. be used immediately, cover and store. If another sample
140.1.5 Add 10 mL of the dimethylglyoxime solution plus an solution is to be put through the column, proceed as directed in
additional 0.4 mL for each milligram of nickel, manganese, 140.2.5.
cobalt, and copper present. 140.2.8 Heat the solution reserved in 140.2.6 to boiling and
140.1.6 Using a pH meter, adjust the pH to 7.4 6 0.1 with evaporate to 60 mL to remove excess HCl. If the sample
NH 4OH. Remove the electrode and rinse with water. Heat at contains less than 20 % nickel, cool, and dilute to 200 mL. If

13
 E 354
the sample contains more than 20 % nickel, cool, and transfer
to a 200-mL volumetric flask. Add 20 mL of HCl, dilute to 143. Scope
volume, and mix. Using a pipet, transfer a 20-mL aliquot to a 143.1 This method covers the determination of tin in the
600-mL beaker, and dilute to 200 mL with water. range from 0.002 to 0.10 %.
140.3 Add 10 mL of ammonium citrate solution and 10 mL
of HCl. Using a pH meter, adjust the pH to at least 7.5 with 144. Summary of Method
NH4OH. Remove and rinse the electrodes with water collect- 144.1 Tin is extracted from a dilute hydrochloric acid
ing the rinsings in the original beaker. solution of the sample, containing ascorbic acid and potassium
140.4 Add 2 mL of HCl and while stirring the solution, add iodide, into a solution of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in
10 mL of dimethylglyoxime solution plus an additional 0.4 mL methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). The MIBK extract is aspirated
for each milligram of nickel present. If the separation was into the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. Spectral energy at 2863
made by anion-exchange, add an additional 0.4 mL for each A from a tin hollow-cathode lamp or tin electrodeless dis-
milligram of manganese present. charge lamp is passed through the flame and the absorbance is
140.5 Using a pH meter, adjust the pH to 7.4 6 0.1 with NH measured.
4OH. Remove and rinse the electrodes with water. Heat at 50 to
70C for 30 min and allow to stand for at least 4 h at 20 to 145. Concentration Range
25C. 145.1 The recommended concentration range is from 4 to 40
140.6 With the aid of suction, filter using a weighed (Note g of tin per millilitre in the final 10 mL of TOPO-MIBK
20) fritted glass crucible. Wash the beaker and precipitate 6 extract.
times with cold water.
NOTE 20Heat the crucible at 150C and cool in a desiccator before 146. Interferences
weighing. 146.1 Copper, when present above 0.1 g, interferes by
140.7 Dry at 150C at least 3 h to constant weight. Cool in precipitating as cuprous iodide (CuI). This interference may be
a desiccator and weigh. eliminated by incorporating a suitable copper separation
scheme into the procedure prior to the solvent extraction step.
141. Calculation
141.1 Calculate the percentage of nickel as follows: 147. Apparatus
147.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, capable of
Nickel, % @~~A 2 B! 3 0.2032!/C# 3 100 (9)
resolving the 2863 A line, equipped with a tin hollow-cathode
where: lamp or tin electrodeless discharge lamp whose radiant energy
A = weight of crucible and precipitate, g, is modulated, with a detector system tuned to the same
B = weight of crucible, g, and frequency and a premix nitrous oxide-acetylene burner. The
C = sample, g, represented in the final test solution. performance of the instrument must be such that the upper limit
of the concentration range (40 g/mL) produces an absorbance
of 0.15 or higher, and a calibration curve whose deviation from
142. Precision 3 linearity is within the limits specified in 149.4.
142.1 Ten laboratories cooperated in the testing of this
method and obtained the data summarized in Table 10. 148. Reagents
Although a sample covered by this method near the lower end 148.1 Ascorbic Acid.
of the scope was not tested, the data obtained for other types of 148.2 Iodide-Ascorbic Acid SolutionDissolve 30 g of
alloys using the methods indicated in Table 10 should apply. potassium iodide and 10 g of ascorbic acid in 60 mL of HCl
(1 + 5). Dilute to 100 mL with water and mix. Do not use a
solution that has stood more than one day.
TIN BY THE SOLVENT EXTRACTIONATOMIC
148.3 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK).
ABSORPTION METHOD
148.4 Tin, Standard Solution A (1 mL = 1.0 mg Sn)
Dissolve 1.000 g of tin (purity 99.9 % min) in 100 mL of HCl.
Cool, transfer to a 1-L volumetric flask, dilute to volume with
TABLE 10 Statistical InformationNickel HCl (1 + 2), and mix.
Nickel 148.5 Tin, Standard Solution B (1 mL = 50.0 g Sn)Using
Repeatability Reproducibility
Test Specimen Found
%
(R1, E 173) (R2, E 173) a pipet, transfer a 10-mL aliquot of Solution A to a 200-mL
volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with HCl (1 + 2) and mix.
1. No. 1, E 352 0.135 0.012 0.015
2. No. 2, E 352 1.81 0.09 0.08 148.6 Trioctylphosphine Oxide (TOPO-MIBK) Solution (50
3. Nickel-chrome steel 16 Cr-4 4.22 0.06 0.05 g/L)Transfer 12.5 g of TOPO to a 250-mL volumetric flask.
Ni-3 Cu (NBS 345, 4.24 Ni)
4. Cobalt alloy 41 Co-20 Ni-20 20.26 0.23 0.17
Dilute to volume with MIBK and mix until dissolution is
Cr-4 Mo-4W (NBS 168, complete.
20.25 Ni)
5. Nickel alloy 77 Ni-20 Cr (NBS 77.13 0.56 0.55
169, 77.26 Ni)
149. Preparation of Calibration Curve
149.1 Calibration SolutionsUsing pipets, transfer 0, 1, 2,

14
 E 354
4, 6, and 8 mL of solution B (1 mL = 50 g Sn) to 100-mL values against micrograms of tin per millilitre on rectangular
volumetric flask. coordinate paper. Calculate the deviation from linearity of the
curve as follows:
NOTE 21Volumetric flasks with ground glass stoppers must be used.
Deviation from linearity 5 ~A 2 B!/C (10)
149.2 Extraction:
149.2.1 Add 15 mL of HCl (1 + 1), 3 g of ascorbic acid, and where:
mix. Add 15 mL of iodide-ascorbic acid solution, adjust the A = absorbance value for 40 g Sn/mL,
volume to approximately 50 mL, and mix. B = absorbance value for 30 g Sn/mL, and
149.2.2 Using a pipet, add 10.0 mL of TOPO-MIBK C = absorbance value for 10 g Sn/mL.
solution, stopper the flask, invert, and shake vigorously several If the calculated value is less than 0.60, correct the indicated
times for a period of 1 min. Allow the phases to separate. Add malfunction or maladjustment of the instrument or lamp and
water to bring the entire organic layer up into the neck portion repeat the calibration.
of the flask. Stopper, invert several times, and allow the phases
to separate. 150. Procedure
NOTE 22Prepare the test solution and have it ready to aspirate
150.1 Reagent BlankCarry a reagent blank through the
immediately after aspirating the calibration solutions. entire procedure using the same amount of all reagents with the
sample omitted.
149.3 Photometry: 150.2 Test Solution:
149.3.1 With a tin hollow-cathode lamp or electrodeless 150.2.1 Select and weigh a sample (Note 26) to the nearest
discharge lamp in position, energized and stabilized, adjust the 0.5 mg in accordance with the following:
wavelength setting to the location that gives the maximum
Tin, % Sample Weight, g
detector response in the immediate vicinity of 2863 A.
149.3.2 Following the instrument manufacturers specific 0.002 to 0.005 3.00
directions, ignite the burner using the air-acetylene mode of 0.004 to 0.010 2.00
0.009 to 0.050 1.00
operation. Immediately after ignition, switch over to the nitrous 0.045 to 0.100 0.50
oxide-acetylene mode of operation and allow the burner to
reach thermal equilibrium, while aspirating water. Cautiously Transfer it to a 400-mL poly(tetrafluoroethylene) beaker.
adjust the height of the red cone of the flame to approximately NOTE 26Select a sample that will pass through a No. 20 (850-m)
12 mm by means of the fuel flow needle valve. Adjust the sieve.
detector response to zero while aspirating water. Aspirate 150.2.2 Add 100 mL of HCl, 20 drops of 30 % H2O 2, and 5
solution B (1 mL = 50 g Sn) and adjust the height of the drops of HF. Cover the beaker with a poly (tetrafluoro-
burner to obtain maximum response from the detector system. ethylene) cover and heat at a low temperature (approximately
Remove the capillary from the solution and allow air to 90C). At 20-min intervals, remove the cover with platinum-
aspirate for 15 to 30 s. Aspirate MIBK for 30 s, then readjust tipped tongs and cautiously add an additional 20 drops of 30 %
the detector response to zero, if necessary. H2O2. Repeat this step until dissolution is complete.
NOTE 23From this point on, only MIBK solutions should be aspirated NOTE 27If silicon is above 0.5 %, use 10 to 12 drops of HF. If
until all test and calibration solution measurements have been completed. dissolution is very slow, add an additional 50 mL of HCl and heat at
If the burner slot shows any sign of blockage, shut off the flame according approximately 90C overnight.
to the instrument manufacturers approved procedures, clean the slot, and
relight as in 149.3.1. 150.2.3 Remove the cover with platinum-tipped tongs and
149.3.3 Aspirate the solution with the highest concentration cautiously rinse into the beaker with water. Cautiously evapo-
(40 g Sn/mL) from the series prepared in 149.1 a sufficient rate the solution at a low temperature (approximately 90C) to
number of times to establish that the absorbance is not drifting. 15 mL. Rinse the sides of the beaker with water, add 20 mL of
HCl (1 + 1), and again evaporate to 15 mL. Rinse the sides of
NOTE 24Make certain that the capillary end does not enter the the beaker with about 5 mL of water and cool.
aqueous (bottom) layer at any time.
NOTE 25Due to the small amount of extract available for making this NOTE 28If niobium, tantalum, tungsten, or certain other elements are
test, the number of readings and the time between readings must be kept present in sufficiently high concentration, they will precipitate. Extract
to a minimum. such samples as directed with minimal delay.
149.3.4 Beginning with the calibration solution to which no 150.2.4 Add 3 g of ascorbic acid for a 1-g sample, plus 2 g
tin was added, aspirate each calibration solution in turn and of ascorbic acid for each additional 1 g of sample. Swirl to
record its absorbance. If the value for the solution with the dissolve. Add 15 mL of the iodide-ascorbic acid solution.
highest concentration (40 g Sn/mL) differs from the average 150.2.5 Transfer the sample to a 100-mL volumetric flask
values obtained in 149.3.3 by more than 0.03 multiplied by the and adjust the volume to approximately 50 mL with water.
average of the values, repeat the measurement. If this value Using a pipet, transfer 10 mL of the TOPO-MIBK solution to
indicates a trend or drift, determine the cause (for example, the flask, stopper, invert, and shake vigorously several times
deposit in the burner or clogged capillary), correct it, and for 1 min.
repeat the procedure in 149.3.1149.3.4. 150.2.6 Allow the phases to separate. Add water to bring the
149.3.5 Proceed immediately as directed in 150.3. entire organic layer into the neck of the flask. Stopper, invert
149.4 Calibration CurvePlot the average net absorbance several times, and allow the phases to separate.

15
 E 354
150.3 PhototometryAspirate the top (MIBK) phase of the
test solution and the reagent blank solution (Note 24) and 153. Scope
record the absorbance values. Take three readings on each 153.1 This method covers the determination of molybdenum
solution (Note 25). Measure the absorbance of the calibration in concentrations from 0.01 to 1.50 %.
solution with the highest concentration of tin to check for drift
as in 149.3.4 and 149.3.5. 154. Summary of Method
154.1 The test solution is treated with thiocyanate to develop
151. Calculation the molybdenum and iron thiocyanate complexes. Molybde-
151.1 Convert the average absorbance of the test and the num and iron are reduced with stannous chloride, and the
reagent blank solutions to micrograms of tin per millilitre of molybdenum complex is extracted with butyl acetate. Photo-
the final solution by means of the calibration curve. Calculate metric measurement is made at approximately 475 nm.
the percentage of tin as follows:
Tin, % 5 @~D 2 E!/~F 3 1000!# (11) 155. Concentration Range
155.1 The recommended concentration range is 0.0003 to
where: 0.003 mg of molybdenum per millilitre of solution using a
D = tin, g, per mL of the final test solution, 1-cm cell.
E = tin, g, per mL of the final reagent blank solution, and
F = sample used, g. NOTE 29This method has been written for cells having a 1-cm light
path. Cells having other dimensions may be used, provided suitable
adjustments can be made in the amounts of sample and reagents used.

152. Precision and Bias 13

152.1 PrecisionEleven laboratories cooperated in testing
this method and obtained the precision listed for No. 1, 2, 4, 156. Stability of Color
and 6 in Table 11. This method differs only slightly from the 156.1 The color is stable for at least 2 h; however, photo-
method for tin, Test Methods E 350, in that the reagents used metric readings should be taken promptly because of the
for sample dissolution were slightly modified. The fact that the volatile nature of the solvent.
precision obtained for No. 2, 4, and 6 of Table 11, corresponds
closely to that obtained for samples of similar tin content in 157. Interferences
Test Methods E 350, suggests that the precision of the two 157.1 The elements ordinarily present do not interfere if
methods is the same. their concentrations are under the maximum limits shown in
152.2 BiasNo information on the accuracy of this method 1.1.
is available. The accuracy of a method may be judged,
however, by comparing accepted reference values with the 158. Reagents
arithmetic average obtained by interlaboratory testing. The 158.1 Butyl Acetate:
values listed for these samples, while not certified, were NOTE 30Operations with this chemical should be carried out away
obtained by other methods and are believed to be substantially from heat and open flame and are best done in a well ventilated hood.
correct. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor.
158.2 Dissolving SolutionWhile stirring, add 300 mL of
MOLYBDENUM BY THE PHOTOMETRIC
H3PO4 and 300 mL of HNO 3 to 1400 mL of HClO4.
METHOD
158.3 Iron14Purity: 99.8 % minimum, molybdenum
0.001 % max.
158.4 Iron Solution A (1 mL = 70 mg Fe)Dissolve 25 g of
13
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: E03-
ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO 4)3H2O) in 75 mL of hot water. Cool and
1022. add 10 mL of H2SO4. Cool, and dilute to 100 mL.
158.5 Iron Solution B (1 mL = 0.84 mg Fe)Add 12 mL of
TABLE 11 Statistical InformationTin iron Solution A to 175 mL of H2SO 4 (1 + 1), and dilute to 1 L.
Repeat- Repro-
158.6 Molybdenum, Standard Solution A (1 mL = 0.2 mg
Tin Found, Mo)Reagent No. 8A, or 8B, Practice E 50.
Test Specimen ability ducibility
%
(R1, E 173) (R2, E 173) 158.7 Molybdenum, Standard Solution B (1 mL = 0.1 mg
1. Cobalt-alloy (49 Co-balance 0.0017 0.0002 0.0004 Mo)Using a pipet, transfer 50 mL of molybdenum Solution
Fe), 0.001 Sn (not certified)
A to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and mix.
2. Nickel-base alloy (74 Ni-15 Cr), 0.0021 0.0005 0.0006
0.002 Sn (not certified) 158.8 Molybdenum, Standard Solution C (1 mL = 0.01 mg
3. No. 1, E 350 0.0034 0.0009 0.0014 Mo)Using a pipet, transfer 10 mL of molybdenum Solution
4. Nickel-base alloy (74 Ni-15 Cr), 0.0076 0.0013 0.0017
0.008 Sn (not certified)
A to a 200-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and mix.
5. No. 2, E 350 0.0079 0.0009 0.0014 158.9 Sodium Thiocyanate Solution (100 g/L)Reagent No.
6. Nickel-base alloy (74 Ni-15 Cr), 0.015 0.002 0.003 137, Practice E 50.
0.017 Sn (not certified)
7. No. 4, E 350 0.031 0.003 0.004
14
8. No. 6, E 350 0.097 0.011 0.011 Johnson-Matthey JMC 847 sponge iron has been found suitable for this
purpose.

16
 E 354
158.10 Stannous Chloride Solution (350 g/L)Transfer 350 159.6 Calibration CurvePlot the net photometric readings
g of stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl 22H2O) and 200 g of of the calibration solutions against milligrams of molybdenum
tartaric acid to a 1-L beaker, add 400 mL of HCl (1 + 1), and per 25 mL of butyl acetate.
heat at 60 to 70C until dissolution is complete. Cool, and
dilute to 1 L. Add several pieces of tin, and store in an air-tight 160. Preparation of Calibration Curve for Concentrations
bottle. from 0.05 to 0.55 %
NOTE 31This solution is used for color development in 159.3, 160.3,
160.1 Calibration Solutions:
161.3, and 162.3. When an absorption cell is used sequentially for a 160.1.1 Transfer 0.3 g of iron to each of four 250-mL
number of photometric measurements, a white film of an insoluble tin Erlenmeyer flasks. Using pipets, transfer 2, 5, 10, and 15 mL of
compound may adhere to the inside of the cell and must be removed molybdenum solution B (1 mL = 0.1 mg Mo) to the flasks. Add
before further measurements are made. 30 mL of dissolving solution and heat until dissolution is
complete.
160.1.2 Increase the temperature and evaporate to HClO4
159. Preparation of Calibration Curve for Concentrations fumes. Cool, add 50 mL of water, and 70 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 1).
from 0.01 to 0.05 % Heat to boiling and cool in a water bath.
159.1 Calibration Solutions: 160.1.3 Transfer to a 500-mL volumetric flask, dilute to
159.1.1 Transfer 0.3 g of iron to each of four 250-mL volume, and mix. Proceed as directed in 160.3.
Erlenmeyer flasks. Using pipets, transfer 2, 5, 10, and 15 mL of 160.2 Reagent Blank SolutionTransfer 0.3 g of iron to a
molybdenum solution C (1 mL = 0.01 mg Mo) to the flasks. 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 30 mL of dissolving solution
Add 30 mL of dissolving solution and heat until dissolution is and heat until dissolution is complete. Proceed as directed in
complete. 160.1.2, 160.1.3, and 160.3.
159.1.2 Increase the temperature and evaporate to HClO4 160.3 Color DevelopmentUsing a pipet, transfer 50 mL to
fumes. Cool, add 50 mL of water and 70 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 1). a 250-mL separatory funnel. Add in order, mixing for 15 s after
Heat to boiling and cool in a water bath. each addition, 15 mL of NaSCN solution, 15 mL of SnCl2
159.1.3 Transfer to a 200-mL volumetric flask, dilute to solution, and 50 mL of butyl acetate measured with a pipet.
volume, and mix. Proceed as directed in 159.3. Stopper and shake vigorously for 2 min. Allow the phases to
159.2 Reagent Blank SolutionTransfer 0.3 g of iron to a separate, remove the stopper, drain off, and discard the aqueous
250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 30 mL of dissolving solution phase. Add to the funnel 50 mL of H2SO 4 (1 + 6), 5 mL of
and heat until dissolution is complete. Proceed as directed in NaSCN solution, and 5 mL of SnCl 2 solution. Replace the
159.1.2, 159.1.3, and 159.3. stopper and shake vigorously for 2 min. Allow the phases to
159.3 Color DevelopmentUsing a pipet, transfer 100 mL separate, remove the stopper, drain off, and discard the aqueous
to a 250-mL separatory funnel. Add in order, mixing for 15 s phase. Drain enough of the butyl acetate layer through a funnel
after each addition, 15 mL of NaSCN solution, 15 mL of SNCl2 containing a dry filter paper to fill an absorption cell. (See Note
solution, and 25 mL of butyl acetate measured with a pipet. 32.)
Stopper and shake vigorously for 2 min. Allow the phases to 160.4 Reference SolutionButyl acetate.
separate, remove the stopper, drain off, and discard the aqueous 160.5 Photometry:
phase. Add to the funnel 50 mL of H2SO 4 (1 + 6), 5 mL of 160.5.1 Multiple-Cell PhotometerMeasure the reagent
NaSCN solution, and 5 mL of SnCl 2 solution. Replace the blank (which includes the cell correction) using absorption
stopper and shake vigorously for 2 min. Allow the phases to cells with a 1-cm light path and a light band centered at
separate, remove the stopper, drain off, and discard the aqueous approximately 475 nm. Using the test cell, take the photometric
phase. Drain enough of the butyl acetate layer through a funnel, readings of the calibration solutions.
containing a dry filter paper, to fill an absorption cell. 160.5.2 Single-Cell PhotometerTransfer a suitable portion
NOTE 32This funnel should be cleaned thoroughly after each filtra- of the reference solution to an absorption cell with a 1-cm light
tion to avoid development of a pink color that would contaminate the path and adjust the photometer to the initial setting, using a
filtrate. light band centered at approximately 475 nm. While maintain-
159.4 Reference SolutionButyl acetate. ing this adjustment, take the photometric readings of the
159.5 Photometry: calibration solutions and the reagent blank.
159.5.1 Multiple-Cell PhotometerMeasure the reagent 160.6 Calibration CurvePlot the net photometric readings
blank (which includes the cell correction) using absorption of the calibration solutions against milligrams of molybdenum
cells with a 1-cm light path and a light band centered at per 50 mL of butyl acetate.
approximately 475 nm. Using the test cell, take the photometric
readings of the calibration solutions. 161. Preparation of Calibration Curve for Concentrations
159.5.2 Single-Cell PhotometerTransfer a suitable portion from 0.40 to 1.50 %
of the reference solution to an absorption cell with a 1-cm light 161.1 Calibration Solutions:
path and adjust the photometer to the initial setting, using a 161.1.1 Transfer 0.3 g of iron to each of five 250-mL
light band centered at approximately 475 nm. While maintain- Erlenmeyer flasks. Using pipets, transfer 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25
ing this adjustment, take the photometric readings of the mL of molybdenum solution A (1 mL = 0.2 mg Mo) to the
calibration solutions and the reagent blank. flasks. Add 30 mL of dissolving solution and heat until

17
 E 354
dissolution is complete. 50 mL of water and 70 mL of H 2SO4 (1 + 1), heat to boiling,
161.1.2 Increase the temperature and evaporate to HClO4 and cool in a water bath. If the solution is not clear, filter the
fumes. Cool, add 30 mL of water and 70 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 1). solution through an 11-cm fine filter paper, collecting the
Heat to boiling and cool in a water bath. filtrate in a volumetric flask that provides for dilution in
161.1.3 Transfer to a 500-mL volumetric flask, dilute to accordance with the guide given in 162.1.3. Wash the paper
volume, and mix. Proceed as directed in 161.3. with five 5-mL portions of H2SO4 (1 + 99), collecting these in
161.2 Reagent Blank SolutionTransfer 0.3 g of iron to a the same volumetric flask. Proceed as directed in 162.3. If the
250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 300 mL of dissolving solution solution is clear, proceed to 162.1.3.
and heat until dissolution is complete. Proceed as directed in 162.1.3 Transfer to a volumetric flask that provides for
161.1.2, 161.1.3, and 161.3. dilution in accordance with the following aliquot guide, dilute
161.3 Color DevelopmentUsing a pipet, transfer 25 mL of to volume and mix.
iron solution B and 25 mL of the calibration solution to a Aliquot Iron Butyl Weight of Sample
250-mL separatory funnel. Add in order, mixing for 15 s after Molybdenum, Dilution, Volume, Solution Acetate, in Final Butyl
% mL mL B, mL mL Acetate Solution, g
each addition, 15 mL of NaSCN solution, 15 mL of SnCl2
solution, and 100 mL of butyl acetate measured with a pipet. 0.01 to 0.05 200 100 None 25 0.15
Stopper and shake vigorously for 2 min. Allow the phases to 0.05 to 0.55 500 50 None 50 0.03
0.40 to 1.50 500 25 25 100 0.015
separate, remove the stopper, drain off, and discard the aqueous
phase. Add to the funnel 50 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 6), 5 mL of Proceed as directed in 162.3.
NaSCN solution, and 5 mL of SnCl2 solution. Replace the 162.2 Reagent Blank SolutionTransfer 0.3 g of iron to a
stopper and shake vigorously for 2 min. Allow the phases to 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 30 mL of dissolving solution
separate, remove the stopper, drain off, and discard the aqueous and heat until dissolution is complete. Proceed as directed in
phase. Drain enough of the butyl acetate layer through a funnel 162.1.2, 162.1.3, and 162.3, using the same dilution and
containing a dry filter paper to fill an absorption cell. (See Note aliquots used for the test solution.
32.)
162.3 Color DevelopmentUsing a pipet, transfer the ap-
161.4 Reference SolutionButyl acetate. propriate aliquot to a 250-mL separatory funnel containing the
161.5 Photometry: appropriate amount of iron solution for the specified aliquot.
161.5.1 Multiple-Cell PhotometerMeasure the reagent Add in order, mixing for 15 s after each addition, 15 mL of
blank (which includes the cell correction) using absorption NaSCN solution, 15 mL of SnCl2 solution, and, measured with
cells with a 1-cm light path and a light band centered at a pipet, the amount of butyl acetate specified in the aliquot
approximately 475 nm. Using the test cell, take the photometric guide. Stopper the separatory funnel and shake vigorously for
readings of the calibration solutions. 2 min. Allow the phases to separate, remove the stopper, drain
161.5.2 Single-Cell PhotometerTransfer a suitable portion off, and discard the aqueous phase. Add to the funnel 50 mL of
of the reference solution to an absorption cell with a 1-cm light H 2SO4 (1 + 6), 5 mL of NaSCN solution, and 5 mL of SnCl2
path and adjust the photometer to the initial setting, using a solution. Replace the stopper and shake vigorously 2 min.
light band centered at approximately 475 nm. While maintain- Allow the phases to separate, drain off, and discard the aqueous
ing this adjustment, take the photometric readings of the phase. Drain enough of the solvent layer through a funnel
calibration solutions and the reagent blank. containing a dry filter paper to fill an absorption cell. (See Note
161.6 Calibration CurvePlot the net photometric readings 32.)
of the calibration solutions against milligrams of molybdenum 162.4 Reference SolutionButyl acetate.
per 100 mL of butyl acetate.
162.5 PhotometryTake the photometric reading of the test
solution and of the reagent blank solution as directed in 160.5.
162. Procedure
162.1 Test Solution:
163. Calculation
162.1.1 Transfer 0.3-g sample, weighed to the nearest 1 mg,
163.1 Convert the net photometric reading of the test
to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. If the alloy contains tungsten,
solution to milligrams of molybdenum in the final solution by
add 30 mL of dissolving acid. Add HCl, or HNO3, or mixtures
means of the appropriate calibration curve. Calculate the
and dilutions of these acids, or bromine and HCl in a ratio of
percentage of molybdenum as follows:
1:3 (plus a few drops of HF), and heat until dissolution is
complete. A
Molybdenum, % 5 B 3 10 (12)
162.1.2 Increase the temperature and heat to HClO4 fumes.
Continue fuming until chromium, if present, is oxidized and
the white HClO 4 fumes are present only in the neck of the
flask. Add, with care, 1.0 to 1.5 mL of HCl, allowing it to drain TABLE 12 Statistical InformationMolybdenum
down the side of the flask. If there is evidence of the Test Specimen
Molybdenum Repeatability Reproducibility
Found, % R1, F173 R2, E 173
volatilization of chromyl chloride, make repeated additions of
HCl, followed by fuming after each addition, until most of the 1. No. 1, E 350 0.012 0.002 0.006
2. No. 3, E 353 0.432 0.010 0.017
chromium has been volatilized. Continue fuming the solution 3. No. 4, E 353 1.34 0.032 0.092
until the volume has been reduced to about 15 mL. Cool, add

18
 E 354

where: 170.1 Chromium, Standard Solution (1 mL = 0.1 mg Cr)

A = molybdenum, mg, found in 25, 50, or 100 mL, as Transfer 2.8290 g of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (NBS
appropriate of butyl acetate, and the aliquot volume 136 or equivalent) to an 800-mL borosilicate beaker, add 500
used, and mL of water, and mix. When dissolution is complete, add 5 mL
B = sample, g, represented in 25, 50, or 100 mL, as of H2SO4 and, while stirring, add 10 mL of H2O2 (30 %). Heat
appropriate, of butyl acetate and the aliquot used (see at near boiling for 5 min to remove excess H2O2. Cool, transfer
aliquot guide 162.1.3). the solution to a 1-L volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and
mix. Using a pipet, transfer 20 mL to a 200-mL volumetric
flask, dilute to volume, and mix.
164. Precision and Bias 15 170.2 Iron,16 Low ChromiumCr <0.0001 %.
164.1 PrecisionNo data are presently available to deter- 170.3 Potassium Carbonate Solution (50 g/L)Dissolve 50
mine the precision of this method. However, the difference g of potassium carbonate (K2CO 3) in water, and dilute to 1 L.
between this method and molybdenum Test Methods E 350, Store the solution in a polyethylene bottle.
E 351, E 352, and E 353 are minor and will not affect the
precision of the results (see Table 12.). This fact suggests that 171. Preparation of Calibration Curves
the precision for these methods is the same. 171.1 Calibration Solutions for Concentrations 0.005 to
164.2 BiasNo data are presently available to determine the 0.10 %To each of seven 250-mL borosilicate beakers, trans-
accuracy of this method. fer 1.0 g of low chromium iron weighed to the nearest 1 mg.
Add to each beaker 20 mL of HCl and 10 mL of HNO3 and heat
CHROMIUM BY THE ATOMIC ABSORPTION
gently until dissolution is complete. Evaporate to dryness on a
METHOD
hot plate and cool. Add 10 mL of HCl and warm to dissolve
salts. Dilute to about 50 mL and transfer to 100-mL volumetric
flasks. Add 10 mL of K2CO3 solution to each of 7 flasks. Using
165. Scope pipets, transfer 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 mL of chromium standard
165.1 This method covers the determination of chromium in solution to each flask respectively. Designate the seventh flask
concentrations from 0.006 to 1.00 %. as zero chromium concentration. Dilute to volume and mix.
171.2 Calibration Solution for Concentrations 0.10 to
166. Summary of Method 1.00 %Transfer 2 g of low chromium iron weighed to the
166.1 The sample is dissolved in mineral acids and the nearest 1 mg to a 250-mL borosilicate beaker. Add 20 mL of
residue fused, dissolved, and combined with the soluble HCl and 10 mL of HNO3. Warm as necessary to dissolve the
portion. The sample solution is aspirated into a nitrous oxide- sample. Evaporate just to dryness on a hot plate and cool. Add
acetylene flame of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 20 mL of HCl and warm to dissolve salts. Dilute to about 100
Spectral energy at approximately 3579A from a chromium mL and add 20 mL of K2CO3 solution. Transfer to a 200-mL
hollow-cathode lamp is passed through the flame, and the volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and mix. Transfer 10-mL
absorbance is measured. The spectrophotometer is calibrated aliquots to each of seven 100-mL volumetric flasks and add 9
with solutions of known chromium concentrations. mL of HCl to each flask. Using pipets, transfer 1, 3, 5, 7, 10,
and 15 mL of chromium standard solution to each flask
167. Concentration Range respectively. Designate the seventh flask as zero chromium
167.1 The recommended concentration range is 0.001 to concentration. Dilute to volume and mix.
0.015 mg of chromium per millilitre of solution. 171.3 Photometry:
171.3.1 With the chromium hollow-cathode lamp in posi-
168. Interferences tion, energized and stabilized, adjust the wavelength to maxi-
168.1 Because iron acts as a depressant, the calibration mize the energy response of the 3579A line. The wavelength
solutions must contain approximately the same concentration setting in the vicinity of 4289A may be used provided that the
of iron as the test solutions. instrument meets the performance requirements.
171.3.2 Light the burner, allow it to thermally equilibrate,
169. Apparatus and adjust the instrument to zero while aspirating water.
169.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, capable of Aspirate the chromium solution with the highest concentration
resolving the 3579A line, equipped with a chromium hollow- from the series prepared as directed in 171.1, and adjust the
cathode lamp, and a laminar flow nitrous oxide burner. The burner, nitrous oxide, and fuel pressures and flow rates to
performance of the instrument must be such that it meets the obtain maximum response. Whenever one or more of these
limits defined in 171.4. If your instrument does not meet this parameters are changed, recalibration is required.
criteria, you cannot expect to obtain the precision and accuracy 171.3.3 Aspirate the chromium solutions used in 171.3.2 to
stated in this method. assure that the absorbance reading is repeatable. Record 6
readings, and calculate the standard deviation, s, of the
170. Reagents readings as follows:

15 16
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: E03- Johnson-Matthey sponge iron or Spex iron has been found suitable for this
1023. purpose.

19
 E 354
s 5 ~A 2 B! 3 0.40 (13) (see Note 33). Cool and add 15 mL of water. Add HCl
dropwise until reaction ceases. Add 5 drops of HCl in excess
where:
A = the highest of 6 values found, and and warm on a hot plate, if necessary, to obtain a clear solution.
B = the lowest of the 6 values found.17 NOTE 33Fusion of the residue is made in order to include in the
171.3.4 Using water as a reference solution, and beginning sample solution any chromium that might exist in the sample in an acid
with the solution to which no addition of chromium was made insoluble form.
in 171.1 and 171.2, aspirate each calibration solution in turn
and record its absorbance. If the value for the solution with the 172.1.4 Transfer this solution to the filtrate from 172.1.2 and
highest concentration differs from the average of 6 values evaporate just to dryness. Add 10 mL HCl and warm to
calculated in 171.3.3 by more than twice the standard devia- dissolve salts. Transfer quantitatively to a 100-mL volumetric
tion, or by more than 0.01 multiplied by the average of the 6 flask, dilute to volume, and mix. For samples with expected
values, whichever is greater, repeat the measurement. If a chromium concentrations less than 0.10 %, proceed as directed
problem is indicated, determine the cause, correct it, and repeat in 172.3. For samples with expected chromium concentration
the steps in 171.3.1171.3.4. greater than 0.10 %, transfer by pipet 10 mL to a 100-mL
171.3.5 Proceed immediately as directed in Section 172. volumetric flask, add 9 mL of HCl, dilute to volume, and mix.
171.4 Calibration for Concentrations from 0.005 to 172.2 Prepare for each concentration range a reagent blank
0.10 %Plot the net absorbance values against milligrams of by treating the same amount of all reagents as directed in
chromium per millilitre on rectangular coordinate paper. Cal- 172.1.1172.1.4, including the low chromium iron. Use re-
culate the deviation from linearity of the curve as follows: agents from the same lots for blank and test solutions.
Deviation from linearity 5 ~C 2 D!/E (14) 172.3 PhotometryUsing water as a reference solution,
where: aspirate and record the absorbance of the calibration, test, and
C = absorbance value for 0.015 mg Cr/mL, reagent blank solutions. After each group of 4 or fewer test
D = absorbance value for 0.010 mg Cr/mL, and solutions and reagent blank solutions has been aspirated, apply
E = absorbance value for 0.005 mg Cr/mL. the test using the standard solution as directed in 171.3.4,
If the calculated value is less than 0.60, make the proper depending on the concentration range. If the value differs from
adjustment of instrument or hollow cathode lamp, and repeat the average of the 6 values by more than twice the standard
the calibration. The absorbance value for C must be 0.200 or deviation, s, found in 171.3.3, or more than 0.01 multiplied by
higher. the average of 6 values used to calculate s, whichever is
171.5 Calibration for Concentrations from 0.10 to 1.00 % greater, determine the cause and repeat the calibration and
Proceed as directed in 171.4. aspiration of test solutions.
172. Procedure 173. Calculation
172.1 Test Solution:
172.1.1 Select and weigh a sample in accordance with the 173.1 Convert the absorbance of the test solution and the
following: reagent blank to milligrams of chromium per millilitre of the
Tolerance Dilution HCl to
final test solution by means of the appropriate calibration
Sample Aliquot Final curve. Calculate the percentage chromium as follows:
Chromium, in Sample after dis- be added
Weight, Required, Dilution,
% Weight, solution, to Aliquot,
g
mg mL
mL
mL
mL ~A 2 B! 3 C
Chromium, % 5 W 3 10 (15)
0.0050.10 1 0.10 100 0 0 100
0.101.00 1 0.10 100 10 9 100 where:
Transfer it to a 250-mL borosilicate beaker. A = chromium, mg, per mL of final test solution,
172.1.2 Add 20 mL HCl, 10 mL HNO3, and 5 drops of HF. B = chromium, mg, per mL of final reagent blank solu-
Heat to dissolve. Remove from the hot plate and dilute to tion, and
approximately 50 mL. Add a small amount of filter pulp and C = final volume of test solution, and
W = weight of sample, in g, in final volume of test
filter the solution through 11-cm fine filter paper into a 250-mL
solution.
borosilicate beaker. Wash the paper 5 times with HCl (1 + 99),
and reserve the filtrate.
172.1.3 Transfer the paper and contents to a platinum
crucible. Dry on a hot plate, and transfer to a muffle furnace
that is less than 400C. Gradually heat to 600C and hold at
this temperature for 1 h. Cool, add 0.5 g of K2CO3, and TABLE 13 Statistical InformationChromium
carefully fuse over a free flame until a clear melt is obtained Chromium Repeatability Reproducibility
Test Specimen
Found, % (R1, E 173) (R2, E 173)
1. 40 Ni 0.2 Si 0.5 Mn 0.02 C 0.072 0.007 0.009
Steel
17
The value 0.40, which is used to estimate the standard deviation from the range 2. No. 1, E 352 0.149 0.028 0.025
of six values, was published by Dixon, W. J. and Massey, F. J., Introduction to 3. 18 Ni 9 Co 5 Mo 0.5 Ti Steel 0.961 0.036 0.093
Statistical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1957, Table 8b, (1), p. 404.

20
 E 354
174. Precision and Bias 18 178.1 Apparatus for Potentiometric TitrationsApparatus
174.1 PrecisionNine laboratories cooperated in testing this No. 3B (Practices E 50) with a saturated calomel reference and
method and obtained the precision data summarized in Table platinum indicator electrode.
13.
174.2 BiasThe accuracy can be inferred from the data in 179. Reagents
Table 13 by comparing the certified values for chromium with 179.1 Ammonium Peroxydisulfate SolutionDissolve 15 g
the average value obtained by using this method. of ammonium peroxydisulfate [(NH4)2S2O 8] in water and
dilute to 100 mL. Do not use solutions that have stood for more
CHROMIUM BY THE PEROXYDISULFATE than 24 h.
OXIDATIONTITRATION METHOD 179.2 Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate, Standard Solution (0.05 N
and 0.10 N)Reagent No. 5 (Practices E 50) but use 20 and 40
g of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)26H 2O, respectively, instead of the speci-
175. Scope fied weight. Standardize the solution as directed in 180.1,
175.1 This method covers the determination of chromium in 180.2, or 180.3 depending upon the titration procedure to be
concentrations from 0.10 to 33.00 %. employed. Use only if the solution has been standardized or
restandardized within 24 h.
176. Summary of Method 179.3 Potassium Dichromate, Standard Solution (0.05 N and
176.1 Chromium in an acid solution of the sample is 0.10 N)Reagent No. 10 (Practices E 50) but use 2.4518 and
oxidized to the hexavalent state with ammonium peroxydisul- 4.9036 g of recrystallized K2Cr2O7 (NBS 136c) or equivalent
fate in the presence of silver nitrate catalyst. The sample is then primary standard grade, instead of the specified weight.
titrated with excess ferrous ammonium sulfate to reduce 179.4 Potassium Permanganate Solution (25 g/L)
chromium and the excess back-titrated with either potassium Dissolve 25 g of reagent grade KMnO 4 in 200 mL of water,
permanganate or potassium dichromate, depending upon the dilute to 1 L, and mix.
presence or absence of vanadium. 179.5 Potassium Permanganate, Standard Solution (0.05 N
and 0.10 N)Reagent No. 13 (Practices E 50) but use 1.6 and
NOTE 34In the dichromate titration, the vanadium is not oxidized
along with the excess ferrous ions and, therefore, the volume of dichro-
3.2 g of KMnO4, respectively, instead of the specified weight.
mate added reflects the total of vanadium and chromium and the Standardize as directed in 34.2 of Practices E 50 but use 0.1500
calculated value for percent Cr is high. In the permanganate titration, the g of sodium oxalate, (NBS 40h) or equivalent primary standard
VIV is oxidized to VV, thereby compensating for the reduction of grade.
vanadium by ferrous sulfate in a previous step. 179.6 Silver Nitrate Solution (8 g/L)Reagent No. 133
(Practices E 50).
179.7 Sodium Diphenylamine Sulfonate Indicator Solution
177. Interferences (2.0 g/L)Reagent No. 121 (Practices E 50).
177.1 The elements ordinarily present do not interfere if 179.8 1,10 Phenanthroline Ferrous Complex Indicator So-
their concentrations are less than the maximum limits shown in lution (0.025 M)Reagent No. 122 (Practices E 50).
1.1.
177.2 Each of the following elements, when present above 180. Standardization of Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate
the indicated limit, imparts color to the solution so that Solution
diphenylamine sulfonate indicator cannot be used when 180.1 Against Potassium Permanganate Solution:
K2Cr2O7 is chosen as the back-titrant. The limits are: nickel 180.1.1 Transfer 180 mL of water, 12 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 1),
1.300 g, copper 0.260 g, and tungsten 0.005 g. The effects of and 5 mL of H3PO4 into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 20
the elements are additive. If the numerical value of the mL of 0.05 or 0.10 N Fe(NH 4)2(SO4)2 with either 0.05 or 0.10
following expression does not exceed 1.300, the indicator may N KMnO4 solution (179.2) from a 25-mL buret and record the
be used: volume to the nearest 0.01 mL. Add 1 to 2 drops of 1,10
~2.6A 1 0.05B 1 0.01C! D (16)
phenanthroline indicator solution. Using a 25-mL buret, titrate
the ferrous ions with 0.05 N KMnO4 standard solution (179.5)
where: while swirling the flask. As the end point is approached, add
A = tungsten, %, in the sample, KMnO4 dropwise. Continue until the pink color changes to
B = copper, %, in the sample, clear green and persists for at least 60 s.
C = nickel, %, in the sample, and 180.1.2 Calculate the normality of the Fe(NH4)2(SO 4)2
D = sample weight, g. solution as follows:
When the value exceeds 1.300, the end point must be deter-
Normality 5 AB/C (17)
mined potentiometrically if K 2Cr 2O7 is the back-titrant.
where:
178. Apparatus A = normality of KMnO 4 solution (179.5),
B = KMnO 4 solution, mL, and
C = Fe(NH 4)2(SO4)2 solution, mL.
18
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: E03- 180.2 Against Potassium Dichromate Solution Using Diphe-
1030. nylamine Sulfonate End Point:

21
 E 354
180.2.1 Transfer 180 mL of water, 12 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 1), this maximum change. Determine the two differences between
and 5 mL of H3PO4 into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 20 the three voltage readings corresponding to the volume (0.1-
mL of 0.05 or 0.10 N Fe(NH 4)2(SO4)2 (179.2) from a 25-mL mL) increment before the maximum, the maximum, and after
buret and record the volume to the nearest 0.01 mL. Add 2 the maximum. This is a very close approximation of the second
drops of diphenylamine sulfonate indicator solution. Using a derivative of the volume versus change in voltage curve
25-mL buret, titrate the ferrous ions with either 0.05 or 0.10 N corresponding to the maximum inflection if this curve were
K2Cr 2O7 solution, while swirling the flask. As the end point is plotted. Sum the two voltage differences. Determine the ratio
approached, add the K2Cr2O7 titrant dropwise. Continue until a of the first of these two differences to the sum and multiply 0.1
blue color appears and persists for at least 30 s. Record the mL by this ratio to obtain the volume to be added to the smaller
buret reading to the nearest 0.01 mL. Refill the burets, add the volume between the two incremental additions that the maxi-
same volume of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution as before, and again mum change in voltage occurred. See the following example:
titrate with either 0.05 or 0.10 N K2Cr2O7 solution to the blue Volume of 0.05 N Difference Before
end point. Subtract this volume of K2Cr2O 7 solution from the K2Cr2O7 Back Voltage D Voltage and After
Titrant (mL) (mV) (mV) Maximum
volume recorded for the first titration and record the difference
as the indicator blank. 20.80 555
180.2.2 Calculate the normality of the Fe(NH4)2(SO 4)2 20.90 570 50 50
21.00 620 100 20
solution as follows: 21.10 720 80
Normality 5 ~0.05 or 0.10 ~A 2 B!!/C (18) 21.20 800
21.30 835
21.40 854
where:
A = 0.05 or 0.10 N K2Cr2O7 solution, mL, used in the first
titration, Maximum voltage change occurred between 21.00 and
B = mL equivalent to the indicator blank, and 21.10 mL of K 2Cr2O7 solution. The changes in voltage were
C = Fe(NH 4)2(SO4)2 solution, mL, used in the first titra- 50 mV before the maximum, 100 mV at the maximum, and 80
tion. mV after the maximum. The two differences between the
maximum corresponding to before and after the maximum
180.3 Against Potassium Dichromate Using Potentio-metric were 50 and 20 mV, respectively. Their sum equals 70 and the
End Point: ratio of the first to the sum equals 50/70. Thus 50/70 multiplied
180.3.1 Using a 25-mL buret, transfer 20 mL of 0.05 or 0.10 by 0.1 mL must be added to the smaller volume between the
N K2Cr2O7 solution into a 600-mL beaker. Reserve the remain- two increments where the maximum change in voltage oc-
ing 0.05 or 0.10 N K 2Cr2O7 solution in the buret for the curred. The end point is 21.07 mL.
back-titration. Add 150 mL of water, 10 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 1),
and 5 mL of H3PO4. Insert the saturated calomel reference 180.3.2 Calculate the normality of the Fe(NH4)2(SO 4)2
electrode and the platinum indicator electrode into the beaker solution as follows:
and connect them to the potentiometer apparatus. While Normality 5 0.05 or 0.10 A/B (19)
stirring the solution, add Fe(NH 4)2(SO4)2 until the dichromate
where:
ion yellow color disappears and then a slight excess. Record
A = 0.05 or 0.10 N K2Cr 2O7 solution, mL, and
the volume of the Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution to the nearest 0.01 B = Fe(NH4)2(SO4) 2 solution, mL.
mL. Back-titrate with the remaining 0.05 or 0.10 N K2Cr2O7
solution by adding the solution in 0.1-mL increments as the end
point is approached. Record the voltage when equilibrium is
reached after each 0.1-mL increment. Inspect the data for the 181. Procedure
maximum voltage change per 0.1-mL increment. Determine 181.1 Select and weigh a sample in accordance with the
the voltage change for the 0.1-mL increments before and after following:

22
 E 354
Chromium, Sample Weight, Tolerance in Sample Normality of present as colorless manganous ions. Cool to room temperature
% g Weight, mg Titrants and dilute to 200 mL. If vanadium is present or its absence has
0.10 to 0.50 3.50 2.0 0.05 not been confirmed, proceed as directed in 181.9. If vanadium
0.40 to 1.00 2.00 1.0 0.05 is absent and the criteria of 177.2 are met, proceed as directed
0.80 to 1.60 1.25 0.3 0.05 in 181.9. If vanadium is absent and the criteria of 177.2 are not
1.50 to 3.50 0.50 0.1 0.05
3.30 to 8.00 0.25 0.1 0.05 met, or if potentiometric titration is preferred and vanadium is
8.00 to 14.00A 0.50 0.1 0.10 absent, proceed as directed in 181.10.
13.00 to 20.00A 0.40 0.1 0.10
18.00 to 30.00A 0.20 0.1 0.10
181.8 Titration With Potassium PermanganateWhile
28.00 to 33.00A 0.15 0.1 0.10 swirling the flask, add 1 to 2 drops of 1,10 phenanthroline
__________ indicator solution and then add sufficient Fe(NH4)2(SO4) 2
A
Use 50 mL burets for this concentration range instead of the 25 mL burets solution to effect a change in color from clear green to pink.
specified in the procedure. Add 1 to 2 mL more and record the buret reading to the nearest
Transfer it to a 600-mL beaker. 0.01 mL. Using a 25-mL buret, back-titrate the excess ferrous
181.2 Add 80 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 5) and 5 mL of H3PO4. ions with 0.05 N KMnO4 standard solution. Add KMnO4
Cover the beaker with a ribbed cover glass and heat at 85 to dropwise as the end point is approached. Continue the titration
100C until the sample is decomposed. Add sufficient HNO3 in until the pink color has changed to clear green which persists
small increments to oxidize iron. Boil 2 min to expel oxides of for 60 s. Record the buret reading to the nearest 0.01 mL.
nitrogen. Proceed as directed in 181.4.
181.9 Titration with Potassium Dichromate to the Dipheny-
181.3 If the alloy does not dissolve in the acids specified in
lamine Sulfonate End PointWhile swirling the flask, add
181.2, add amounts of HCl or HNO3, or mixtures and dilutions
Fe(NH 4)2(SO4)2 solution from a 25-mL buret until the disap-
of these acids, or bromine and HCl in a ratio of 1 to 3 plus a
pearance of the yellow color. Then add 1 to 2 mL in excess and
few drops of HF, which are sufficient to dissolve the sample.
record the buret reading to the nearest 0.01 mL. Add 2 drops of
When dissolution is complete, add 80 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 5), 5
diphenylamine sulfonate indicator solution. Using another
mL of H 3PO4, and evaporate to light fumes. Rinse the cover
25-mL buret, back-titrate the excess ferrous ions with 0.05 N
walls of the beaker. Again evaporate to fumes and fume for 1
K2Cr 2O7 standard solution. Add the K2Cr2O 7 solution drop-
min. Cool, add 100 mL of water, and heat at 85 to 100C until
wise as the end point is approached. Continue the titration until
salts are dissolved.
a blue color appears and persists for at least 30 s. Record the
181.4 Dilute the solution to 150 mL, add paper pulp, and
buret reading to the nearest 0.01 mL.
filter through an 11-cm fine paper into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer
flask or a 600-mL beaker if the potentiometric titration proce- 181.10 Titration with Potassium Dichromate and Potentio-
dure is to be used. Wash the residue 10 to 12 times with warm metric End Point DetectionStir the sample solution in the
water, and reserve the filtrate. 600-mL beaker with a magnetic stirrer and insert the saturated
181.5 Transfer the paper and residue to a platinum crucible, calomel reference and platinum indicator electrodes. With the
char the paper, and ignite at 850 to 900C for 15 min. Cool, add electrodes connected to the potentiometer apparatus, add from
sufficient H 2SO4 (1 + 1) to moisten the residue, and then 3 to a 25-mL buret the Fe(NH4)2(SO 4) 2 solution while stirring until
5 mL of HF. Evaporate to dryness and heat at a gradually the yellow color disappears.Then add 1 to 2 mL in excess and
increasing rate until H2SO4 is removed. Fuse the residue with record the buret reading to the nearest 0.01 mL. Using another
a minimum amount of either fused sodium hydrogen sulfate 25-mL buret add 0.05 N K 2Cr 2O7 standard solution in 0.1-mL
(sodium pyrosulfateNa 2S2O7) or potassium pyrosulfate increments recording the voltage after equilibrium for each
(K2S 2O7). Cool the crucible, place in a 250-mL beaker, and increment. Inspect the data for the maximum voltage change
dissolve the melt in 20 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 10). Remove the between increments of standard dichromate solution (see
crucible, rinse with water, transfer the solution to the reserved 180.3). Determine the voltage change for the increments before
filtrate (181.4), and dilute to 200 mL. and after the maximum change and interpolate the end point to
181.6 Add 5 mL of AgNO3 solution and 20 mL of the nearest 0.01 mL as described in 180.3.
(NH4)2S2O8 solution. If a beaker is used, cover it with a ribbed
cover glass. Boil the solution 8 to 10 min, maintaining the 182. Calculations
volume at 200 mL by additions of hot water. If the color due to 182.1 If KMnO4 was used, calculate the percentage of
permanganate ions does not develop, or develops but does not chromium as follows:
persist, add 2 drops of KMnO 4 solution (179.4), 5 mL more of Chromium, % 5 @~AB 2 CD! 3 1.733#/E (20)
AgNO3 solution, 20 mL more of (NH4)2S2O8 solution, and boil
for an additional 8 to 10 min. Add hot water to maintain the where:
volume at 200 mL during this operation and the operations that A = Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution, mL
follow in 181.7. B = normality of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution,
181.7 Reduce the permanganate ions as follows: Add 5 mL C = KMnO4 solution used, mL
of HCl (1 + 3) and continue boiling for 10 min after the D = normality of the KMnO 4 solution, and
E = sample taken, g.
disappearance of permanganate color. If the permanganate ions
have not been completely reduced or if a precipitate of MnO2 155.2 If K2Cr2O7 was used, calculate the percentage of
is present, add 2 mL of HCl (1 + 3) and boil again for 10 min. chromium as follows:
Repeat the addition of HCl and boiling until all manganese is Chromium, % 5 @~AB 2 CD! 3 1.733#/E (21)

23
 E 354
TABLE 14 Statistical InformationChromium to a 2-mm bore outlet, fitted with a hosecock or stopcock to
Chromium
Repeatability Reproducibility
control the liquid flow. All parts of the apparatus must be
Test Specimen Found, constructed of HF-resistant plastic, such as polytetrafluoroet-
(R1, E 173) (R2, E 173)
%
hylene, polyethylene, or poly (vinyl chloride) (Note 35).
1. No. 2, E 350 0.481 0.015 0.053
2. No. 2, E 351 1.96 0.10 0.16 NOTE 35The ion exchange column system must be carefully as-
3. No. 3, E 352 3.68 0.16 0.48 sembled and checked to avoid possible leakage of solutions containing
4. High-Temperature Alloy 19.46 0.25 0.49
HF.
Waspalloy (NBS 349,
19.50Cr)
5. High-Temperature Alloy 20.26 0.35 0.57
41Co, 20Ni, 20Cr (NBS
168, 20.33Cr) 188. Reagents
188.1 Ammonium Chloride Solution (240 g/L)Dissolve
240 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in 800 mL of water.
where: Warm to room temperature, dilute to 1 L and mix.
A = Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution, mL 188.2 Ammonium Fluoride (NH4F).
B = normality of Fe(NH4) 2(SO4)2 solution, 188.3 Ammonium Oxalate(NH4OCOCOONH 4H2O).
C = K 2Cr2O7 solution, mL 188.4 EDTA Solution (10 g/L)Dissolve 10 g of EDTA-
D = normality of K2Cr2O7 solution, and sodium salt in water. Dilute to 1 L and mix.
E = sample taken, g. 188.5 Eluent Solutions WARNINGSee Note 36.
NOTE 36Warning: HF causes serious burns which may not be
immediately painful; read the paragraph about HF in the Safety Precau-
183. Precision and Bias 19
tions section of Practices E 50.
183.1 PrecisionNine laboratories cooperated in testing this
method and obtained the data summarized in Table 14. 188.5.1 Hydrofluoric Acid/Hydrochloric Acid/Water
Although samples at the lower and midrange of the scope were (4+1+95)To 800 mL of water in a 1-L polyethylene gradu-
not tested, the precision data for other types of alloys using the ated cylinder, add 40 mL of HF and 10 mL of HCl; dilute to 1
methods indicated in Table 14 should apply. L and mix. Store in an HF-resistant plastic bottle.
183.2 BiasNo information on the accuracy of this method 188.5.2 Hydrofluoric Acid/Hydrochloride Acid/Water
is known. The accuracy of this method may be judged, (1+5+4)To 300 mL of water in a 1-L polyethylene graduated
however, by comparing accepted reference values with the cylinder, add 100 ml of HF and 500 mL of HCl; dilute to 1 L
corresponding arithmetic average obtained by interlaboratory and mix. Store in an HF-resistant plastic bottle.
testing (see Table 14). 188.5.3 Hydrofluoric Acid/Hydrochloric Acid/Water
(20+25+55)To 500 mL of water in a 1-L polyethylene
MOLYBDENUM BY THE ION EXCHANGE graduated cylinder, add 200 mL of HF and 250 mL of HCl;
8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD dilute to 1 L and mix. Store in an HF-resistant plastic bottle.
188.5.4 Hydrofluoric Acid/Ammonium Chloride/Water
(4+60+36)To 600 mL of ammonium chloride solution (240
184. Scope g/L) in a 1-L polyethylene graduated cylinder, add 40 mL HF;
184.1 This method covers the determination of molybdenum dilute to 1 L and mix. Store in an HF-resistant plastic bottle.
in concentrations from 1.5 to 30 %. (This solution is 14.4 % in NH4Cl on a weight/volume basis).
188.5.5 Ammonium Fluoride/Ammonium Chloride
185. Summary of Method SolutionTo 600 mL of ammonium chloride solution (240
185.1 Molybdenum is separated from interfering elements g/L) in a 1-L polyethylene graduated cylinder, add 41 g of
on an anion-exchange resin column using a sequence of NH4F. Add water to the 900 mL mark and stir to dissolve.
hydrofluoric acid + hydrochloric acid (HF+HCl) eluent solu- Dilute to 1 L and mix. With narrow-range pH paper, verify that
tions. The isolated molybdenum is precipitated with the pH is between 5.6 and 5.8. If it is above this range, adjust
8-hydroxyquinoline and weighed as the anhydrous complex. the solution with dropwise additions of HF; if it is below this
range, adjust the solution with dropwise additions of NH4OH.
186. Interferences Store in an HF-resistant plastic bottle. (This solution is 14.4 %
186.1 All interfering elements which are normally present in NH4Cl and 4.1 % in NH4F on a weight/volume basis.)
are removed by the anion exchange separation. 188.6 8-Hydroxyquinoline Solution (30 g/L)Dissolve 30 g
of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 120 mL of glacial acetic acid
187. Apparatus (CH3COOH). Cautiously add water, with stirring to a total
187.1 Ion Exchange Column, Polystyrene,20 approximately solution volume of 600 mL. Warm to 40C. Add NH4OH (1+1)
400 mm long and 25 mm in inside diameter, the bottom tapered dropwise with stirring until a slight permanent precipitate is
formed. Carefully add glacial CH3COOH with stirring until the
19
precipitate first dissolves. Dilute to 1 L.
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:E03-
188.7 Ion-Exchange Resin:
1036.
20
Columns available from Ledoux & Co., Inc., Teaneck, NJ have been found 188.7.1 Use an anion-exchange resin of the alkyl quaternary
satisfactory. ammonium type (chloride form) consisting of spherical beads

24
 E 354
having a cross-linkage of 8 % and of 200 to 400 nominal U.S. to room temperature and dilute to 100 mL with water.
mesh size.21 To remove those beads greater than about 180 m
NOTE 37It may be necessary to add additional water and to stir
in diameter, as well as the very small diameter beads, treat the cautiously with a polytetrafluoroethylene stirring rod to completely
resin as follows: Transfer a supply of the resin to a beaker, dissolve all salts.
cover with water, and allow at least 30 min for the beads to 189.3 Drain the solution in the ion exchange column by
undergo maximum swelling. Place a No. 80 (180-m) screen, passing 100 mL of HF/HCl/water (4+1+95) through it at a rate
150 mm in diameter, over a 2-L beaker. Prepare a thin slurry of of approximately 2 mL/min. Allow the solution to drain to the
the resin and pour it into the screen. Wash the fine beads top of the resin bed. Collect the effluent in a plastic beaker and
through the screen using a small stream of water. Discard the discard it.
beads retained on the screen periodically to avoid undue 189.4 Place an 800-mL plastic beaker under the column.
clogging of the openings. When the bulk of the resin has settled Place a small plastic funnel holding a high-porosity hard-
in the 2-L beaker, decant the water and transfer approximately surface filter paper in the top of the column. Ensure that an air
100 mL of resin to a 400-mL beaker. Add 200 mL of HCl seal does not form between the funnel and the column.
(1+19) and stir vigorously. Allow the resin to settle for 4 to 6 Cautiously filter the sample solution onto the column. Adjust
min, decant 150 to 175 mL of the suspension, and discard. the effluent flow to about 2 mL/min. Rinse the beaker with
Repeat the treatment with HCl (1+19) twice more, and reserve HF/HCl/water (4+1+95) transferring the washings to the paper.
the coarser resin for the column preparation. Cautiously police the beaker with a polytetrafluoroethylene
188.7.2 Prepare the column as follows: Place a 10 to 20-mm policeman, if necessary, and rinse onto the paper with HF/HCl/
layer of poly (vinyl chloride) plastic fiber22 in the bottom of the water (4+1+95). Wash the paper well with HF/HCl/water
column, and add a sufficient amount of the prepared resin to fill (4+1+95). Cautiously, remove and discard paper (Note 38).
the column to a height of approximately 150 to 175 mm. Place
a 20-mm layer of poly (vinyl chloride) plastic fiber on the top NOTE 38If insoluble molybdenum compounds are suspected or
of the resin surface to protect it from being carried into known to be present, halt the flow from the column when the washing of
the paper is complete. Cautiously transfer the paper to a platinum crucible
suspension when the solutions are added. Add 100 to 125 mL and ignite at 500C (no higher) in a muffle furnace. Cool in a desiccator,
of HCl (3+1) to the column. When the solution level is 5 to 10 add 1 g anhydrous sodium carbonate powder (Na2CO3) and fuse over a
mm above the top of the resin bed add 100 mL of HCl (1+9) burner. Cool, add 20 mL water and heat to dissolve the melt. Carefully
to the column. Repeat this cycle twice more and finally wash acidify with dropwise additions of HCl (1+4) until effervescence ceases
the resin bed with 200 mL HCl (1+3) turning off the stopcock plus 10 drops excess. Evaporate to dryness, cool, add 20 mL HF/HCl/
when the solution level is 10 to 20 mm above the top of the water (4+1+95), heat to dissolve, cool, and transfer this solution to the
column. Resume the 2 mL/min flow from the column.
resin bed.
188.8 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (100 g/L)Dissolve 100 189.5 Continue to add HF/HCl/water (4+1+95) until 650 mL
g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in about 100 mL of water. have been collected in the 800 mL plastic beaker (Note 39).
When dissolution is complete, cool, and dilute to a 1 L. Store Drain solution to the top of the resin bed. Cautiously discard
in a plastic bottle. this solution.
188.9 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (10 g/L)Dissolve 10 g NOTE 39This solution contains all the iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt,
of NaOH in about 100 mL of water. Cool and dilute to 1 L. aluminum, copper, and manganese.
Store in a plastic bottle. 189.6 Place an 800-mL plastic beaker under the column and
elute 500 mL of HF/HCl/water (1+5+4) at a rate of 2 mL/min.
189. Procedure Drain solution to the top of the resin bed. Cautiously discard
189.1 Transfer 1 g of sample weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg this solution (Note 40).
to a 200-mL polytetrafluoroethylene beaker marked at the
100-mL level on the outside. Add 10 mL of HF and cover with NOTE 40This solution contains all the tungsten, titanium, zirconium,
and hafnium.
a polytetrafluoroethylene watchglass. Warm the solution with
low heat and cautiously add HNO3 in 1-mL increments 189.7 Place an 800-mL polytetrafluoroethylene beaker under
allowing the reaction to subside between additions. High the column and elute the molybdenum with 500 mL of
chromium samples may also require cautious dropwise addi- HF/HCl/water (20+25+55) at a rate of 2 mL min. Drain
tions of HCl. When dissolution is complete, cool the beaker, solution to the top of the resin bed. Proceed with this eluent
remove the cover with platinum-tipped tongs and cautiously solution as described in 162.11.
rinse it into the solution with water. 189.8 Place an 800-mL plastic beaker under the column and
189.2 Over a steambath or other low temperature arrange- elute 300 mL of HF/NH4Cl/water (4+60+36) at a rate of 2
ment evaporate the solution to dryness. Cool, wash down the mL/min. Drain solution to the top of the resin bed. Cautiously
sides of the beaker with HCl (1+1) and again evaporate to discard this solution (Note 41).
dryness over low heat. Cool, add 5 mL HF and 25 mL water. NOTE 41This solution contains all the niobium.
Warm over low heat until all salts are dissolved (Note 37). Cool 189.9 Place an 800-mL plastic beaker under the column and
elute 350 mL of NH4F/NH4Cl solution at a rate of 2 mL/min.
21
AG1-X8, 200 to 400 mesh, chloride form, available from Bio-Rad Laborato- Drain solution to the top of the resin bed. Cautiously discard
ries, Richmond, CA, has been found satisfactory.
22
this solution (Note 42).
Dynel plastic wool available from Union Carbide Corp., Chemical Division,
Textile Fibers Department, Needham Heights, MA, has been found satisfactory. NOTE 42This solution contains all the tantalum.

25
 E 354
189.10 Place an 800-mL plastic beaker under the column and where:
elute 100 mL of water, then 100 mL of HCl (1+3), stopping the A = weight of crucible plus precipitate, in g,
flow when the liquid level is 10 to 20 mm above the resin bed. B = weight of crucible, in g,
Cautiously discard the solution. The column is now ready to be C = aliquot factor (direct: C = 1, aliquot: C = 2.5), and
stored for future use or to be preconditioned for another sample D = sample weight, in g.
(189.3).
189.11 To the eluent containing the molybdenum (from
189.7) cautiously add 15 mL of H2SO4 (1+1) and evaporate to 191. Precision and Bias
light fumes on a sandbath or other carefully controlled heat 191.1 PrecisionSeven laboratories cooperated in testing
source. ( WARNINGSee Note 43.) Cool and cautiously this method and obtained the data summarized in Table 15. The
rinse into a 400-mL borosilicate glass beaker. Heat to low unavailability of appropriate test specimens at the upper limit
volume (about 10 mL), cool, add 2 mL of HNO3, and evaporate of the Scope necessitated the inclusion of Test Material 5
to strong fumes of SO 3. which is a different class of material. While the testing range
exceeds the upper limit of the Scope, the data for Test Material
NOTE 43Warning: Ensure that the applied temperature does not
exceed the softening point of polytetrafluoroethylene.
5 suggests the precision at upper limit of the Scope is adequate.
191.2 BiasNo information on the accuracy of this method
189.12 Cool to room temperature, dilute to about 30 mL with is known. The accuracy of this method may be judged by
water, add 5 mL of HNO3 and 5 mL of HCl. Cover and heat for comparing accepted reference values with the corresponding
10 min. arithmetic average obtained by interlaboratory testing.
189.13 Dilute to 100 mL. Heat to boiling and while hot,
cautiously add NaOH solution (100 g/L) until litmus paper
moistened with the solution just turns blue, then add 10 mL IRON BY THE SILVER REDUCTION
excess. Boil for 1 min. If a precipitate is present, filter through TITRIMETRIC METHOD
high porosity, surface hardened filter paper and wash paper
thoroughly with warm NaOH solution (10 g/L). Discard paper.
If no precipitate is present, proceed directly to 189.14. 192. Scope
189.14 If the molybdenum content of the solution or 192.1 This method covers the determination of iron in
filtrate obtained in 189.13 is known to be less than 125 mg concentrations from 1.0 to 50.0 %.
proceed to paragraph 189.15. If the molybdenum content of the
solution or filtrate obtained in 189.13 is known to be greater 193. Summary of Method
than 125 mg, transfer the solution to a 250-mL volumetric 193.1 The sample is dissolved in HCl and HNO3 and fumed
flask, cool to room temperature, dilute to volume, and mix. in HClO4. Iron is precipitated with NH4OH in the presence of
Transfer a 100 mL aliquot by pipet to a 400-mL borosilicate ammonium peroxydisulfate. The precipitate is dissolved in
beaker (PRECAUTIONNote 44). HCl. The resulting solution is adjusted to dilute acidity and
passed through a silver reductor. After addition of a mixture of
NOTE 44Precaution: Minimize contact time of caustic solutions in
volumetric glassware; wash glassware thoroughly immediately after use. H3PO4 and H2SO 4 and sodium diphenylaminesulfonate indi-
cator the sample is titrated with standard potassium dichromate
189.15 Adjust the volume of the solution in the 400-mL solution.
beaker to approximately 200 mL. Add 10 mL of EDTA solution
(10 g/L) and 3 g of ammonium oxalate. Warm gently to obtain 194. Interferences
a clear solution and cool to room temperature. Adjust the pH to 194.1 The elements normally present do not interfere if their
4.0 using a pH meter and dropwise additions of HCl (1+1) and concentrations are less than the maximum amounts shown in
NaOH solution (10 g/L). 1.1.
189.16 Heat the solution to boiling, remove from heat and
slowly add 20 mL of 8-hydroxyquinoline solution (30 g/L) 195. Apparatus
while stirring. Heat at just below the boiling point for 10 min,
stirring occasionally. TABLE 15 Statistical InformationMolybdenum Ion Exchange
189.17 Filter through a tared medium-porosity fritted glass 8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravimetric Method
filtering crucible using gentle suction. Wash the contents of the Test Material
Molybdenum Repeatability, Reproducibility,
Found, % (R1, E 173A) (R2, E 173A)
beaker into the filtering crucible with hot water and wash the
precipitate with additional hot water for a total volume of about 1. No. 1, E 351 1.48 0.070 0.086
2. Co-base alloy 43Co- 3.92 0.219 0.250
100 mL. 21Ni-20Cr-5W-3Nb-2Fe-2Mn
189.18 Dry the precipitate in a drying oven set at 125C for (NBS 167, 3.90 Mo-prov.)
at least 4 h. Cool the filtering crucible for at least 2 h in a 3. No. 3, E 352 8.85 0.180 0.188
4. Ni-base alloy 16Cr- 17.49 0.285 0.641
desiccator and weigh. 5Fe-4W-Bal. Ni (AMS 5388,
17 Monot cert.)
190. Calculation 5. Ferromolybdenum Balance 52.70 1.21 2.34
Fe (FeMo-2, 53.20 Mo)
190.1 Calculate the percentage of molybdenum as follows: A
This test was performed in accordance with the 1980 version of Practice
Molybdenum, % 5 @~A 2 B! 3 C 3 23.05#/D (22) E 173.

26
 E 354
195.1 Silver Reductor Column:
195.1.1 PreparationUse a glass column (2-cm diameter 197. Procedure
and 25-cm length) fitted with a stopcock and a reservoir cup 197.1 Select a sample weight which is expected to contain
(approximately. 100-mL capacity). Lightly insert a glass wool 60 to 100 mg of iron (but not exceeding 3.0 g). Weigh the
plug above the stopper. Fill the column with a slurry of silver sample to the nearest 0.2 mg and transfer it to a 400-mL beaker.
powder in HCl (1+11) and drain the acid solution to within 1 Add 25 mL of HCl and 25 mL of HNO 3 and heat to dissolve.
cm of the top of the column to produce a silver metal column Add 4 drops of HF to remove SiO2. Cool and cautiously add 20
of 17-cm length. Wash the column with 150 mL of HCl (1+11), mL HClO4. Heat to dense white fumes. Continue heating for 5
allowing the acid solution to drain at a rate of about 30 min to fully oxidize chromium.
mL/min. Store the column with 1 to 2 cm of HCl (1+11) above 197.2 Cool and dilute to 200 mL with water. Add NH4OH
the top of the metal. slowly, while stirring, until the precipitate redissolves slowly,
195.1.2 RegenerationWhen a dark grey area extends down then add 25 mL additional NH4OH and 2 g of ammonium
10 cm from the top of the metal column, the column must be peroxydisulfate. Boil carefully for 2 min and filter through a
regenerated as follows. Pass 150 mL of H2SO4(1+99) through high-porosity filter paper,23 wash 5 times with NH4OH (1+50).
the column at a rate of about 30 mL/min. Leave 1 cm of Discard the filtrate.
solution above the metal. Lower two zinc rods (15 cm long) 197.3 Place the original beaker under the funnel and dissolve
attached to cotton strings until they contact the silver metal and the precipitate in 50 mL hot HCl (1+3). Wash the paper
let stand overnight. Pass 50 mL of H 2SO4 (1+1) through the alternately with hot water and with hot HCl (1+3) until it is free
column. Remove the zinc rods. Pass 150 mL of HCl (1+11) of yellow iron color. Discard the paper.
through the column at a rate of 30 mL/min. The column is now NOTE 46Several drops of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 30 %, added to
ready for reuse. Store the column with 1 to 2 cm of HCl (1+11) the hot HCl (1+3) in the funnel will aid in dissolving the precipitate if a
above the top of the metal. large amount of manganese is present.
NOTE 45If the flow from the column slows significantly in use or if 197.4 Dilute the solution to 150 mL. Add NH4OH cau-
the liquid layer falls below the metal, the metal and glass wool must be tiously, while stirring, until the precipitate redissolves slowly,
removed and the column repacked. For this reason some laboratories may then add 25 mL additional NH4OH and 2 g ammonium
find it convenient to maintain two silver reductor columns. peroxydisulfate. Boil carefully for 2 min and filter through a
high-porosity filter paper,19 wash 5 times with NH4OH (1+50).
Discard the filtrate.
196. Reagents 197.5 Place the original beaker under the funnel and dissolve
196.1 Ammonium Peroxydisulfate, [(NH4)2S2O8]. the precipitate in 50 mL hot HCl (1+3). Wash the paper
196.2 Potassium Dichromate, Standard Solution (0.10N) alternately with hot water and with hot HCl (1+3) until it is free
Dissolve 4.9032 g of National Bureau of Standards standard of yellow iron color. Discard the paper.
potassium dichromate in water, transfer to a 1-L volumetric 197.6 Boil the solution to reduce the volume to approxi-
flask, dilute to volume, and mix. mately 10 mL. Cool, dilute to 100 mL with water. Place a
196.3 Silver Powder: 600-mL beaker under the silver reductor column. Pass the
196.3.1 Use high purity (99.9 % minimum purity) silver solution through the column at a rate of approximately 35
powder, 40 to 60 mesh. mL/min. Rinse the 400 mL beaker 3 times with HCl (1+11) and
196.3.2 Alternate: add the rinsings to the column. Drain the solution to within 1
Dissolve 100 g silver nitrate (AgNO3) in 400 mL of water in cm of the top of the silver metal, then add 150 mL of HCl
a 600-mL beaker. Add 10 mL of HNO3. Place two zinc rods (15 (1+11) to the column, collecting all the eluent at approximately
cm in length) crosswise in the solution and let stand overnight. 35 mL/min in the 600-mL beaker. Retain a 1 cm layer of HCl
Remove the rods, washing them into the solution. Decant the (1+11) above the silver.
supernatant solution and discard it. Add 400 mL H2SO4 (1+99) 197.7 Add 25 mL of the sulfuric acid-phosphoric acid
to the precipitated silver metal, stir well, allow to settle, and mixture to the 600-mL beaker, then add 5 to 6 drops of sodium
discard the supernatant solution. Repeat the decantation until diphenylaminesulfonate indicator solution. Titrate immediately
the supernatant solution is clear. The precipitated silver may be with potassium dichromate standard solution (0.10N) to a
transferred to the glass column in this form, then washed with permanent purple end point.
HCl (1+11), as described in 195.1.1.
196.4 Sodium Diphenylaminesulfonate Indicator Solution (2 198. Calculation
g/L)Dissolve 0.20 g of sodium diphenylaminesulfonate in 198.1 Calculate the percentage of iron as follows:
100 mL of water. Store in a dark glass bottle. Iron, % 5 @~0.55847! 3 ~A!/~B!# (23)
196.5 Sulfuric AcidPhosphoric Acid MixtureAdd 150
mL of H3PO4 to 400 mL of water, stirring well. Cool in a water where:
A = K2Cr2O7 standard solution (0.1000N), mL, and
bath and cautiously add 150 mL of H2SO 4 while stirring well.
B = sample taken, g.
Cool to room temperature and dilute to 1 L while cautiously
cooling and stirring. Cool again to room temperature.
196.6 Zinc Metal Rods (approximately 8 mm in diameter and
150 mm in length), 99.9 % purity. 23
Whatman No. 541 has been found acceptable.

27
 E 354
TABLE 16 Statistical InformationIron by the Silver Reduction method and obtained data summarized in Table 16. The
Titrimetric Method precision data demonstrates that the method is applicable
Repeatability, Reproducibility, between 0.5 to 53 % iron well within the stated concentration
Sample Cert, % Iron Found %
(R1, E 173A) (R2, E 173A)
range, in the scope.
NBS 169 0.54 0.54 0.0179 0.0186
Ni Base 199.2 BiasNo information on the accuracy of this method
NBS 162a 2.19 2.19 0.0317 0.0331 is known. The accuracy of this method may be judged by the
Cu-Ni
NBS 864 9.6 9.62 0.0289 0.0688 agreement between the certified reference values and the
Inconel 600 corresponding arithmetic average obtained by interlaboratory
NBS 161 15.01 15.00 0.1152 0.1260
Ni Base
testing (see Table 16).
NBS 348 53.3 53.25 0.1653 0.2952
A286 200. Keywords
A
This test was performed in accordance with the 1980 version of Practice 200.1 aluminum; chromium; cobalt; cobalt alloys; combus-
E 173.
tion analysis; copper; high temperature alloys; induction fur-
nace; infrared absorption; iron; manganese; magnetic alloys;
molybdenum; nickel; nickel alloys; phosphorus; silicon; sulfur;
tin; total carbon
199. Precision and Bias
199.1 PrecisionSix laboratories co-operated in testing this

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28