Dartmouth Model United Nations

Israeli-Palestinian

Summit
April 10 - 12, 2015


D ARTM O U TH M ODEL U NITED N ATIO NS C ONFERENCE

Tenth Annual Conference April 1 0 - 1 2 , 2 0 1 5
Dartmouth College 6048 Haldeman Center Hanover, NH 03755
(603) 306-6676 E-mail: dartmun@dartmouth.edu



February 21, 2015
Ridhima Gurnani
Secretary-General Dear Delegates:

Larry Liao Welcome to the tenth installment of DartMUN! We are confident that this years conference will be
Director-General
the largest, most stimulating, and most rewarding in Dartmouths history. Our experienced staff has
William Jennings worked relentlessly over the past few months to set up the framework for DartMUN X and to
Chief of Staff ensure an educational simulation that cannot be replicated in a traditional classroom. Despite the best
efforts of our staff, each year, it is ultimately the delegates who are the drivers of political dialogue,
Robert Scales the sources of innovative ideas, and the ultimate reason for the conferences success. For this reason,
Charg dAffaires we a grateful and excited you have decided to join us in Hanover, NH.

Jordan Einhorn With this said, Model United Nations is only meaningful when delegates are thoroughly prepared. To
Undersecretary-General of aid in your research preparation, your committee staff has spent hours researching, writing, and
General Assemblies
editing this Background Guide. The Background Guide serves as an introduction to your respective
Kevin Zhang committee and an overview of the topics that you will be debating over the course of the conference.
Undersecretary-General of
Special Committees The Background Guide is intended to be a starting point for your research and is not, in itself, an
adequate exposure to the complexities of your committees topics. To be prepared, each delegate is
Justin Roshak expected to do further research and focus on processing information through the lens of his or her
Undersecretary-General of respective position. If you are having trouble digesting all the information, the Background Guide
Current Crisis Committees contains relevant discussion questions that break down the topics. Also, as questions or ideas arise,

do not be shy in contacting your committee staff via e-mail. Committee directors are knowledgeable
Ksenia Ryzhova
Undersecretary-General of and can help you better understand a particular topic or how your country fits into the larger
Historical Crisis Committees international debate. More often than not, discussing the issue at hand with someone else can
unearth paradigms and viewpoints that may guide you through the brainstorming process.
Joshua Koenig
Undersecretary-General of As in years past, all delegates are expected to write a brief position paper before the conference to
Ad-Hoc Committees
synthesize all of their preparatory research and analysis. Please see the position paper guidelines on
the conference website for specific information about content, format, etc. Committee staff will
Alanna Kane
collect position papers at the beginning of the first committee session on Friday evening, so be sure
Director of Public Relations
to bring two hard copies. Delegates who do not submit position papers will not be eligible for
Adam Grounds awards.
Director of Technology
With this said, welcome to DartMUN X! I am excited to have the opportunity to engage with you
Ruben Gallardo within your respective committees and gain valuable insights from the various ideas you each will bring
Lopez to our conference. I truly look forward to meeting you all in April!
Director of Finances
Sincerely,
Julia Pomerantz
Director of Philanthropy Ridhima Gurnani

Secretary-General
DartMUN X


D ARTM O U TH M ODEL U NITED N ATIO NS C ONFERENCE
Tenth Annual Conference April 1 0 - 1 2 , 2 0 1 5
Dartmouth College 6048 Haldeman Center Hanover, NH 03755
(603) 306-6676 E-mail: dartmun@dartmouth.edu




February 21, 2015
Ridhima Gurnani
Secretary-General
Dear Delegates:
Larry Liao
Director-General
Welcome to DartMUNs Committee on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Your
William Jennings committee directors are Kelvin Chow and Mayer Schein. Kelvin is a freshman at
Chief of Staff Dartmouth College, and is interested in a Biomedical Engineering Major with a
possible Computer Science minor. Mayer is a junior at Dartmouth College, studying
Robert Scales Computer Science and Economics with a minor in Religion.
Charg dAffaires

Jordan Einhorn The quality of this committee rests on the commitment and preparation of its
Undersecretary-General of delegates. We encourage you to read this guide and use it, along with the provided
General Assemblies resources, to prepare for your sides debate. Please take note of the history of each
Kevin Zhang
side and prepare your argument accordingly. This conflict has a very long and well-
Undersecretary-General of documented history. Documents on preparation and procedure have also been
Special Committees provided for your convenience.
Justin Roshak
Undersecretary-General of This Special Committee will function pursuant to the regulations of parliamentary
Current Crisis Committees procedure. The particulars of Special Committee procedure as well as the purview of
this committee will be explained during the opening session. Finally, should you have
Ksenia Ryzhova any questions regarding topic, procedure, of otherwise, feel free to contact the dais.
Undersecretary-General of
Historical Crisis Committees We look forward to a fun and productive committee!

Joshua Koenig Sincerely,
Undersecretary-General of
Ad-Hoc Committees

Kelvin Chow and Mayer Schein
Alanna Kane IPS Committee Chairs
Director of Public Relations DartMUN X
Adam Grounds
Director of Technology

Ruben Gallardo
Lopez
Director of Finances

Julia Pomerantz
Director of Philanthropy



Israeli-Palestinian Summit
DartMUN X

Committee Overview UN because (1) the territorial disputes and

military actions of both sides have caused issues
with refugees and their rights (2) water sources
What is a specialized committee? run between the two states and have been widely
disputed and (3) civilians, especially those living
At DartMUN, Special Committees are smaller
at the boundary between the two states, are at
groups of delegates who assemble to discuss
high risk.
specific topics that pertain to the countries that
the delegates represent. In Special Committees, Mandatory Palestine
delegates may discuss past, present, or future Modern-day Israel contains a wide number of
issues that are relevant to the primary focus of holy sites that hold significant cultural and
the committee. Special Committees are thus religious importance to several world religions.
often characterized by their unique Having been conquered and settled by Jews,
composition of delegates and occasionally the Greeks, Byzantines, and Muslims, the region was
unique circumstances under which the controlled by the Ottoman Turks by the end of
committees were created. the 19th century.

On August 29th, 1897, hundreds of Jews came

together in Basel, Switzerland for the First
Situation Overview: Applicable to Zionist Congress in order to discuss the
formation of a Jewish state. They encouraged
Topics 1, 2, and 3 immigration to the former home of the Jews,
modern-day Israel. As a result, tens of thousands
of Jews, mostly from Europe, immigrated to the
Introduction area.
Ever since its conception and formation in the
early 20th century, Israel has had an unstable and, After the First World War, the region was
at times, violent relationship with Palestine and occupied by Great Britain, and was called
its neighbors. Issues such as water rights, control Mandatory Palestine. Having helped overthrow
of Jerusalem, territorial disputes, and rights of the Turks, the Arabs living in Mandatory
refugees have escalated into uprisings, terror Palestine were promised independence.
attacks, and military invasions, with both military
and civilian casualties on either side. Attempts to In the years approaching, and especially during
broker peace have often been unsuccessful, and World War II, Jewish immigration to Mandatory
in the rare cases that an agreement has been Palestine exploded as anti-Semitic sentiments
reached, they have often been broken. and Jewish persecution began. This wave of
immigration created religious and cultural
The conflict has had many examples of heinous tension, as the differing religions and the
war crimes and human rights violations, which weakening of Palestinian national identity
have gradually embittered Israeli-Palestinian erupted into the Jaffa riots from May 1st-7th
relationships. Civilians are at great risk in this 1927, the 1929 Palestine riots from August 23rd-
conflict, as attacks have entangled bystanders 29th, and the Arab revolt from 1936-1939, the
and displaced thousands of citizens on both last of which called for United Kingdom to
sides. suppress the rebellion.
The ongoing disputes between Israel and During the Second World War, Palestinian
Palestine require action and resolution by the

Israeli-Palestinian Summit
DartMUN X
leadership set up an alliance with German neighboring states.
leadership. In exchange for Palestinian
opposition to Great Britain and their allies, The war ended up in an Israeli victory, with
Germany would ensure that a Jewish state would Israel taking almost all of the territory of former
not be created. Mandatory Palestine. The refugees, however,
were denied citizenship in most of the
Jewish forces also rebelled against the neighboring Arab states and Israel, with the
occupational British. The Jewish Resistance exception of Transjordan (later to become part
Movement, formed because of British policy of modern-day Jordan). Israel eventually offered,
limiting Jewish immigration into Mandatory in 1949, to allow for some refugees to return and
Palestine and limiting Jewish land ownership, to free their bank accounts. However, this action
conducted several armed attacks and bombings, was rejected by the Arab states, as this would
culminating in the King David Hotel Bombing involve recognizing Israel as an independent
of June 22, 1946. state. As a result, many of these refugees still live
in refugee camps. Arabs in Israel were granted
Creation of a Jewish State and the PLO citizenship, but were subject to martial law,
At the end of World War II, the General which was lifted in 1966. Many Jews in
Assembly decided, through Resolution 181, to neighboring Arab states were subject to
separate Mandatory Palestine into three sections: discrimination and insecurity, and fled to Israel.
an independent Jewish state, an independent
Arab state, and the city of Jerusalem. While Meanwhile, the governments of the Arab League
neither the Jews nor native Arabs were created the Palestinian Liberation Organization
completely satisfied with the plan, it was in order to control the region. However,
implemented on November 29th, 1947. Palestinian sentiment was for a more
independent government, free from the control
Almost as soon as the resolution was passed, of the Arab League governments. This sentiment
fighting began between Jewish and Arabic was the goal of Yasser Arafat, who became the
peoples in a conflict known as the 1947-48 war. chair of the PLO 1969. He also created a militant
Around 2,000 people, both Jewish and Arabic, organization, called Fatah.
died in the violence, and around 4,000 suffered
injuries, as was estimated by a UN special The Six-Day War
commission. From 1950-1957, in response to attacks on
civilian targets by the Jordanian Army, the newly
As the mandate for British occupation of formed Fedayeen (Palestinians trained and
Palestine expired, a full-scale war resulted, in armed by the Egyptian army), and the amassing
which the countries constituting the Arab of Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel
League (Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon) launched a preemptive strike against Egypt in
invaded the region. Jewish forces also began what is now called the Six-Day War. Israel
taking territory allotted for both themselves and captured the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and
the native Arabs. The Haganah, the main Jewish Jerusalem, of which they assumed sovereignty
military force, as well as smaller Jewish militant (Jerusalem was originally separated into West
groups Irgun and Lehi carried out operations on and East Jerusalem, with Israel controlling West
Arab settlements, with Irgun and Lehi allegedly Jerusalem and Jordan controlling East
massacring civilians at the settlement of Deir Jerusalem). Palestinian residents in East
Yassin, causing hundreds of thousands of Jerusalem were given Israeli citizenship.
Palestinians (the native Arabs) to flee into the However, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians

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DartMUN X
were displaced because of the war, adding to the Lebanon with the intention of destroying
already excessive number of refugees. At the end Palestinian militant bases, like those of Abu
of the war, the Security Council issued Nidal. However, the attack progressed further
Resolution 242, calling for Israeli withdrawal than intended, and ended up pushing the PLO
from the newly occupied territories, an end to out of Lebanon.
the belligerence from both sides, and a definitive
solution to the refugee situation. As PLO forces retreated from the country,
Israeli forces encircled the Sabra and Shatila
The Yom-Kippur War refugee camps. In one of the worst atrocities in
Following their loss in the Six-Day War, Egypt the history of the conflict, the Phalangists, a
and Syria attempted to retake lost territory on group allied to Israel, massacred hundreds of
October 6, 1973 in a war later known as the Palestinians in the two camps. As a result, the
Yom Kippur War, named after the Jewish defense minister to the Israeli forces, Ariel
festival that the attack started on. Advances were Sharon, resigned from his post after it was
made by Egyptian and Syrian forces in the first determined that he did nothing to prevent the
few weeks, but they were eventually reversed, massacre.
and Israel advanced to the Suez Canal in the
west and into Syria in the east. Diplomatic The First Intifada
intervention by the UN (Resolution 338) called The first Intifada, or uprising, started on
for an end to the fighting and the establishment December 8, 1987, and involved civil
of lasting peace between the belligerents. disobedience, strikes, boycotts, and stone-
throwing. Although the uprising was originally
Meanwhile, the PLO, having been expulsed to spontaneous, the PLO eventually started to
Jordan and then Lebanon, launched an escalating organize the protests, coordinating attacks on
series of attacks on. However, on November 13, targets as well. Israeli Forces attempted to
1974, Yasser Arafat, the chair of the PLO, suppress the uprising, resulting in over a
appeared before the UN, condemning the thousand deaths through the brutal methods
actions of the Israelis, but calling for a peaceful used to suppress the rebellions.
solution to the conflict.
After the First Intifada, Palestinian leadership,
The Camp David Accords now exiled to Tunis, agreed to push for the
On September 17, 1998, the Egyptian President original UN partition plan (Resolution 181)
Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister which called for a two-state solution to the
Menachem Begin signed the Camp David conflict. However, Israel refused to negotiate
Accords, a peace agreement that recognized with the PLO due to seeing it as a terrorist
Israel as a sovereign nation, set forth autonomy organization. Instead, Israel called for election in
for Palestinians, and settled territorial disputes the occupied Palestinian territories before
between Israel and Egypt. Although beginning negotiations.
controversial among Arab states, the agreement
set forth a precedent for future peace in the
Middle East. The Oslo Accords and the Second Intifada
In the Norway, starting on January 20, 1993,
Peace for Galilee Israeli and Palestinian leadership started
In the summer of 1982, following the attempted groundbreaking negotiations to make peace. In
assassination of an Israeli ambassador by the return for Palestinian recognition of Israels right
Palestinian group Abu Nidal, Israel invaded to exist, Israel would begin withdrawal from

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occupation of occupied territories as laid out by Another major issue is the right of refugees.
the original UN partition. Both sides agreed to Most of the refugees in Israel were displaced
start working towards a two-state solution. A through one of several territorial disputes with
self-governing body was also created in the Palestine and other neighboring countries. There
occupied Palestinian territories called the is a question of whether or not these refugees
Palestinian Authority. However, these accords have the right to return to Israel as citizens.
did not create a Palestinian state.
Water resources are also a matter of dispute
Following the Oslo Accords and the failure to between the two parties. Originally, by the
create a Palestinian State, the Second Intifada Second Oslo Accord, water usage was to remain
started on September 28, 2000. The Second at the current usage when the accord was signed.
Intifada was marked by numerous terror attacks However, a report by the UN concluded that
carried out mainly by Hamas, a Palestinian Israel settlements had confiscated water that
militant organization. Israeli forces responded belonged to the Palestinians. According to
with raids and arrests in the West Bank, a another UN report, Palestine will have a hard
majority-Palestinian area. A large barrier, called time accessing enough water, due to the
the West Bank Fence, was also built in order to population growing significantly faster than the
deter attacks. At the end of the Second Intifada economy.
in 2005, Israel decided to pull al forces out of
Gaza, ending occupation of the region.
Topic 1: Status of Jerusalem
The Rise of Hamas
The Palestinian elections of January 25, 2006
gave power to Hamas, resulting in a wave of Following the establishment of the State of
rocket and terror attacks. The previous party in Israel in 1948, the status of Jerusalem was very
power, Fatah, struggled with Hamas, resulting in vague. Israel claimed sovereignty, but so did
a civil war called the Battle of Gaza from June Jordan. Under Resolution 181, the United
10-15, 2007 that resulted in a Hamas victory. Nations has stated that
Increasing tensions between Israel and Gaza led
to the Gaza War from December 27, 2008 to The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a
January 18, 2009. corpus separatum under a special international
regime and shall be administered by the United
Current Disputes Nations.
Currently, several issues stand in the way of
peace between Israel and Palestine. Before peace Under this position, Jerusalem would become an
can be found between the two countries, international territory, and the United Nations
solutions must be found for these disputes. would have sovereignty over it. Consequently,
the United Nations General Assembly does not
One especially sensitive topic is ownership of recognize Israels proclamation of Jerusalem as
Jerusalem and other religious sites, due to their the capital of Israel, and no country besides
religious and cultural significance. The city of Israel considers Jerusalem to be the capital of
Jerusalem is essential to Judaism, Christianity, Israel.
and Islam. The Camp David Summit of 2000
proposed to give Arab parts of Jerusalem to the Following the Six Day War in 1967, Israel
Palestinians, and to leave the rest to Israel. extended its sovereignty to include Eastern
Jerusalem, and established new municipal

Israeli-Palestinian Summit
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borders with guaranteed freedom of access to Questions to Consider
the holy sites for all religions. In July 1980, Israel 1. Is it possible to negotiate a situation where
passed the Jerusalem Law, which declared both Israel and Palestine claim sovereignty over
Jerusalem the unified capital of Israel. Jerusalem?
There have been six UN Security Council 2. Should religious and historical significance
resolutions that have denounced or declared
play a role in the discussion of the status of
invalid Israels control of the city, and member
states have been advised to withdraw their Jerusalem?
diplomatic representation from the city. The
official United Nations position is that East 3. What are the ramifications of Israel claiming
Jerusalem is occupied territory subject to the sovereignty over Jerusalem while the rest of the
provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention. world refuses to recognize it?

The Palestinian National Authority (PNA) views

East Jerusalem as occupied territory according to
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242.
The Palestinian Authority position is that all of Topic 2: Right of Return
East Jerusalem, including the Temple Mount, is
the capital of the State of Palestine, and the
status of West Jerusalem should be subject to In December 1948, the United Nations General
negotiations. Assembly Resolution 194 determined:

The Israeli position is that it acquired That the refugees wishing to return to their
sovereignty of West Jerusalem when it won the homes and live at peace with their neighbors
War of Independence in 1948, and of East should be permitted to do soand that
Jerusalem when it won the Six Day War in 1967. compensation should be paid for the property
According to Israel, Jordan took control of East for those choosing not to return and for loss of
Jerusalem illegally, via an act of aggression in
1948, and therefore never acquired sovereignty. or damage to property.
Since Israel conquered the territory in 1967 In 1967, following the Six-Day War, another
during a war of self-defense, it claims to have a
Palestinian exodus occurred. Between 280,000
stronger basis for sovereignty over the land.
and 350,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled
The Israeli position on Resolution 181 is that from the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the
when the Arabs rejected the resolution, it Golan Heights. Among them were an estimated
became null and void, and the possibility of 120,000 to 170,000 refugees from the first war,
Jerusalem being an international territory ended. fleeing for the second time.
Almost all Prime Ministers of Israel have openly
announced that they refuse to divide Jerusalem, In November 1974, United Nations General
and that Jerusalem will remain Israels undivided Assembly Resolution 3236 declared the right of
and eternal capital, though they all agree that the return to be an inalienable right.
city should be open to people of all faiths.
Many Palestinians believe in an inherent right of
return to the land that their ancestors owned
and lived on prior the establishment of the State

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of Israel in 1948. They therefore believe that any
peace agreement should be grant them full
Questions to Consider
Israeli citizenship. Following Resolution 194,
many Palestinians have argued that Israel is 1. Can there be a peace treaty between Israel
bound under international law to accept a full and the Palestinians that does not grant either
Palestinian right of return. side the right of return? Can they simply cancel
each other out?
Other Palestinian leaders point out what they
see as a massive injustice the fact that Jews 2. Should the right of return be limited to
from around the world are allowed to immigrate granting citizenship, or should people be
to Israel, and become full citizens, under Israels allowed to return to the actual land they left
Law of Return, even if their ancestors did not behind?
live there. Palestinians, who cannot apply for
citizenship nor return to the territory that their 3. If you leave on your own, are you entitled to
ancestors live on, view this as a discriminatory the land you leave behind? Does being expelled
policy. make you entitled to return to that land?

The traditional Israeli viewpoint is that Arab 4. There were 750,000 Palestinian refugees, but
leaders are the ones who told Palestinians to their descendants add up to over 5 million
evacuate their homes when the neighboring people. Should they all be included in the right
Arab countries initiated the war in 1948. of return?
Opponents of the Palestinian Right of Return
argue that the Palestinian refugees left on their
own, and Israel has no obligation to them.
Topic 3: Water Rights
Additionally, they argue that international law
does not have the authority to demand
repatriation of refugees and their descendants. The primary source of water in the area that
This severely limits the power of international borders Israeli and Palestinian territory is a
legislation, as well as United Nations number of springs that are fed by the Mountain
resolutions, downgrading them to Aquifer, which is located under both Palestine
recommendations rather than law. and Israel. Israels water resources include the
Sea of Galilee, a large freshwater lake, water
In recent years, Israelis have responded to
from the Jordan River, reclaimed water,
Palestinian complaints by demanding that Jews
desalinated water from the ocean, and water
who were displaced from Arab countries during
from the Mountain Aquifer. Most of Palestines
the two wars also be granted a right of return, or
water comes from the Mountain Aquifer.
at least compensation. Bringing this issue to
light has made the negotiations even more As Israel has continued to settle into Palestine,
complicated. disagreements over the rights over water springs
in the area have continued to occur. The Oslo
Accords set water usage of the Mountain

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Aquifer as the amount that was currently used
by both sides at the time, and restricted the
References
drilling of new wells. However, Israeli
settlements have continuously claimed wells, The CIA World Factbook
reducing the amount of water available to
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
Palestinians.
world-factbook/
Almost all Palestinians believe that these wells
are rightfully theirs. This is partially due to the
belief that Israeli settlements into Gaza are BBC: A Timeline of Conflict
illegal due to previous agreements on land http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle
partitions, and that Israeli water usage is a _east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/
violation of human rights of their people.

Israelis believe that their water usage has not Amnesty International Israel
changed since the agreement, since rainfall has
been reduced in the region that feeds into the http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/israel-
Mountain Aquifer. They believe that they use occupied-palestinian-territories
the amount of water agreed upon in the Oslo
Accords.
Amnesty International Palestine
http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/palestinian
Questions to Consider -authority

1. Has Israel violated previous water

agreements by claiming wells in Gaza? Is the UN Resolution 181
water necessary for the settlers?
http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2B
2. Is there a solution that can be found that D897689B785256C330061D253
fairly gives water to both sides?

3. Does the West Bank Barrier claim water that UN Progress Report on Palestine (December
rightfully belongs to Palestine? 11, 1949 October 23, 1950)
http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/93037
E3B939746DE8525610200567883

UN Resolution 194
http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C758
572B78D1CD0085256BCF0077E51A

Israeli-Palestinian Summit
DartMUN X
UN Resolution 3236 (Bottom Left Section) http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?New
sID=42751#.VHujMTHF98F
http://daccess-dds-
ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/7
38/38/IMG/NR073838.pdf?OpenElement
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http://unispal.un.org/pdfs/OCHA_PalWaterS
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http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7D35E1F7
29DF491C85256EE700686136
UN Water Dispossession Report
http://unispal.un.org/pdfs/OCHA_PalWaterS
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http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7FB7C26F
CBE80A31852560C50065F878
UN Water and the Development of Palestine
http://unispal.un.org/pdfs/47657-GZ.pdf
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http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-
11101797
Oslo Accords
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1993DeclarationofPrinciples_OsloAccords.pdf 4, 2014)
http://unispal.un.org/pdfs/OchaGazaSitRpt_0
40914.pdf
Oslo II Accords
http://www.refworld.org/cgi-
bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3de5ebbc0 MUN Preparation Guidelines
http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation

UN Report on Israel Water Usage

http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countri MUN Rules of Procedure
es_regions/israel/index.stm http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/ruleso
fprocedure

UN Announcement on Palestine and Future

Water Usage