5th Group

Anggi Bagus P (14.1.01.08.0044)

Sistiya Yuliawati (14.1.01.08.0093)

Aulia Dyah A.I (14.1.01.08.0075)

Lailatul Khafifah (14.1.01.08.0088)

Resume topik 9 & 10

A. REFERENTIAL MEANING
It is a meaning that has a referent (something outside of the language referred
to by the word). A word chair is included in referential meaning, because it has
referent that is the kind of the furniture in house. Example: in modern era, all of
activities can be operated by computer. A word computer has referent that is kind of
electronics.
An example is:
The person is slapping people
1 2
In the above examples the people are distinguished from the people because
people as agents (agentif) and orang2 as pengalam (which contain the logical meaning
of verbs), this shows the meaning of different categories, meaning referring to the
same concept (people = human).

B. DISAMBIGUITATION-ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC STRUCTURE

Associated with the analysis of semantic structure there is a term disambigu
which Hatim and Munday are given examples of mistranslations from Spanish-
speaking countries using English as follows. "We are writing to invite you to a
conference. We expect you will attend" The uses of the word expect is considered
inappropriate and needs to be replaced with the word hope. This is because the term in
source language (BS) ieesperar word in Spanish covers a broader semantic field of
English as illustrated as follows.
C. CONNOTATIVE MEANING
It is a figurative meaning that needs some interpretations or can be called
connotative.
Example:

1. Tata is a book-worm
2. It is a book-worm
The first example means Tata is a diligent student in her class, because she always
reads a book every time. The second example tells about there is an animal that lives
in the book.
There are six types of connotative meaning
1. Attitudinal meaning
Is that parts of the overall meaning of an expression which consist of some
widespread attitude to the referent.
Example: The police, The fifth, The boys in blue
2. Associative meaning
Is that part of the overall meaning of an expression which consist of expectations
that are-rightly or wrongly- accociated with the referent of the expression.
Example: Nurse, Crusade.
3. Allusive meaning
Is an intertextual feature. It occurs when an expression evokes an associated
saying or quotation in such a way that the meaning of that saying or quotation
becomes part of the overall meaning of the expression. Collocations are terms
which occur closely together.
Example: Pretty (girl, boy, woman, flower), Handsome ( boy, man, car, vessel)
4. Reflected meaning
Is the meaning given to an expression that calls to mind another meaning of the
same word or phrase.
E.g. Rat
5. Affective meaning
Is the emotive effect worked onthe addressee by the choice of expression, and
which forms part of its overall meaning. The expression does not merely denote
its referent, but also hints at some attitude of the speaker or writer to the adressee.
6. Collocations and collocative menaing
Collocations are terms which occur closely together.
 E.g. Pretty (girl, boy, woman, flower), Handsome ( boy, man, car, vessel)
The importance of finding appropriate collocation in translation can be

D. THE WHOLE-PART RELATION

In all of the language, there is some feature that arranged from the word which
has the whole-part relation. For instance, The whole-part relation of the word tool that
describes the part House, machine section, village section, state structural
organization, organization, Politics, etc. If translator learnt about the grouping of the
whole-part relation of two languages, they will know that there is no exact
comparison for certain word, but there will be missing components in one language or
in other language. Because, each languages are group and divide the field of
knowledge differently. For example, in Indonesian, cin, cheeks, forehead, nose, and
ears is the part of the head. But, in Slavia, they do not have separate word for leg and
hand.

E. CONSERVATIVE MEANING
The form of contranstive pair is very useful for determining a meaning. For
example someone who translates the teminology in Indonesia need to understand the
difference between upah-gaji(sallary), kami-kita(we), pekerja-
pegawai(employee), mendidik-mengajar (teach). The principle of conrast to
determine the meaning is very important, but before comparing the two elements of
lexical the translator need to know if those words are similar.

- Association of contacts or relations (association by contiguity)

When someone hears the word table then the concerned recall or think to the word
chair, because the two words are often used together or in pairs.
Another example :
Cutlery
Coffee milk
Work overtime
Learning events such as the above example are known as association by
contiguity or contact association or relationship association.

- Association of similarities (association by similarity)

When a person hears a difficult word then the person immediately or thinks the
word difficult because both words are synonymous.
Books
Clever smart
Dead died
Events such as the above example are known as association by similarity.

- Association of contrasts (association by contrast)

 When a person hears the word above then the person recalls or thinks the lower
word because the two words have opposite meanings.
Hard happy
Lazy diligent
Young old
Learning events such as the above example are known as association by
contrast or contrasting associations or opposite associations.

F. COMPONENT ANALYSIS
In the view of component analysis, the meaning of words is analyzed not as a whole
concept but rather as a collection formed by the components of meaning each of
which is its semantic origin (Kempson 1977). This analysis can be used to describe
lexical lexical relationships in a meaning field or describe lexical field systems and
structures (Wedhawati, 1999).

Girl
[+ HUMAN]
[-MALE]
[-ADULT].

According to Wahab (1999), component analysis has advantages, among others, can
be used to distinguish the meaning of a word with other meanings, such as
distinguishing girl, from boy, or woman. Notice the differences between these three
words.

Girl Boy Woman

[+ HUMAN] [+ HUMAN] [+ HUMAN]
[-MALE] [+ MALE] [-MALE]
[-ADULT] [-ADULT] [+ ADULT]

From the perian by using the above features, it can be seen that the word girl is
different from the word boy on [-MALE] and [+ MALE]. Similarly, the word girl also
differs from the word woman from the [-ADULT] and [+ ADULT] features. So that
the meaning of the word can be described, as much as possible of this word feature is
displayed. The more features found, the more obvious the meaning of the word in
question. Notice also the example suggested by Gudai (1989) about the features of the
trace and the virgin as well as the difference as follows.

The Virgin
[Adults] [adults]
[Man] [man]
[male Female]