Simple Sentence

Five basic structures:

1. Subject + Verb

2. Subject + Verb + Object

3. Subject + Link.V +Predicate

4. Subject + Verb + Object + Complement

5. Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct

object

Subject + Verb

1. He looks very serious. P96

2. That night in my room I was stern in my room. P108

3. He repeated three times. P124

4. Has she gone? P116

5. The stranger is attacked. P132

6. I can't promise, sir. P138

7. Her son has died recently. P144

Subject + Verb + Object

8. I completely forgot my fear. P96

1
9. Her large black hat covered most of her face. P124

10. The last time I had seen him. P116

11. I held my breath. P140

12. Jane, you've had a strange night. P138

13. I can take care of myself. P138

14. He needs so much money! P148

15. I need you. P134

Subject + Link.V +Predicate

1. I was young and foolish then. P92

2. I am not cold. P124

3. But governesses are boring. P118

4. It seemed a long night. P136

5. You look pale. P138

6. I felt calmer. P168

7. You look well and smiling and pretty. P168

8. You seem very eager. P168

Subject + Verb + Object + Complement

1.I found the corridor full of smoke. P96

2
2. I once heard two of the maids talking. P110

3. I heard him showing Mr. Mason to his bedroom. P130

4. I had never intended to love him. P116

5. I warned you not to see her alone. P136

6. I heard him say cheerfully to the gentleman. P140

7. I ask you to be my wife. P162

8. He called me a "hard little thing". P 172

9. I heard the sick woman murmuring. P150

Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object

1. I gave her a carriage and jewels. P92

2. I encourage him to finish the story. P92

3. I told Miss Ingram something about the Rochester property. P126

4. The last time I had seen him. P116

5. I must tell her something. P150

6. I showed him my tiny purse. p144

7. I will buy you some elegant clothes p168.

8. You give me the answer. P170

9. Mr. Rochester explains everything to Mrs. Fairfax. P170

3
 Compound Sentence

Compound Sentences:

1. The early sun warmed the bench and the birds were singing. P140

2. You should have waited till the morning, then we could have seen

her together. P136

3. Mrs. Fairfax had written to me while I was at Gates head, telling me

that the guests had all gone, and Mr. Rochester had gone to London

to buy a carriage for his wedding. P154

4. Mr. Rochester was sometimes able to read my thoughts, but this time

he just smiled warmly at me, and opened the gate. P156

5. The house itself had not changed at all, but my cousins certainly had.

P146

6. He bent to kiss me, but I turned my face determinedly away. P188

7. I had not told my Reed cousins about our wedding, but I had written

to my uncle, John Eyre, in Madeira. P178

8. His dark face looked stern, and he did not speak. P178

4
9. That may prove Ive been married, but it doesnt prove that shes

still alive. P180

10. I read the books they read, and we discussed them early. P212

Coordinative constituents:

1. There was candle-light in my room, and a strange shape examining

the wedding dress hanging in my cupboard. P174

2. I had to remind myself sternly that Thornfield was not my permanent

home, and that the person I was so looking forward to seeing was

perhaps not even thinking of me. P154

3. In that time, I had made some friends, gained much self-confidence,

and finally lost my hatred of the Reeds. P146

4. My future husband was becoming my whole world, and my hope of

heaven. P172

5. I ran across the field and into the house before he had time to answer.

P156

6. We have no friends or family to accompany us to the church. P178

7. I did not notice the weather or my surroundings at all. P178

8. The priest looked up from his book, and stood silent. P180

5
9. We all went up to the top floor, and entered the room where Mason

had been attacked. P182

10. Suddenly he noticed how pale I was, and stopped a moment to let

me get my breath back. P178

Complex Sentences:

1. I was trembling at the unexpected sight of him, and could not control

my voice, so I approached in silence. P154

2. You must wipe away the blood with the damp cloth, like this, and

help him to drink a little water. But on no account, you speak to him.

P134

3. I was crying quietly, while Mr. Rochester looked gently and

seriously at me. P162

4. It was dark and windy outside, and before I went to sleep I could

hear a dog growling in the distance. P174

5. She examined me closely, as if discover the reason for this strange

event, and shook her head. P172

6. I am not angry, but I love you so much, and your pale little face

looked so stern and decided. P192

6
7. Sometime in the afternoon I received a little, but I felt faint as I stood

up, and realized I had not eaten anything all day. P188

8. He was my mother's brother, and he and my father quarreled years

ago about a business deal. P218

9. Of course we shouldn't have expected anything, but Mary and I

would have felt rich with only a thousand pounds each, and St John

would have been able to help more poor people! P218

7
 Modal Verb

Willingness

1. Now nobody would believe me or perhaps even speak to me. P56

2. Will I see you again, Helen, when I die? P56

3. Now they would consider me a bad child forever. P48

4. Her kindness touched me, but I knew that soon she would hear the

lies about me, and then she would hate me. P52

5. It was clear that Mrs. Fairfax would not tell me anymore. P84

6. So, will you agree because of the salary? P88

7. I will try to lead a better life. P90

Necessity

1. You have been accused, and you must have the chance to defend

yourself. P56

2. Tell the housekeeper she must count the needles, and only give out

one at a time to the girls, they lose them so easily! P48

3. I must not forget to say something to the whole school about her.

8
 P52

4. She must stand half an hour longer on that chair, and nobody may

speak to her for the rest of the day. P54

5. Well, master was reading in bed and fell asleep, so he must have

knocked the candle over. P102

6. You must have been dreaming. P104

7. Id like to stay here looking at you forever, but I must stop acting

now. P124

8. I know I must hide my feelings. P116

Possibility

1. But they are entertaining each other at the moment, so I can amuse

myself. P84

2. Why should he stay away? P84

3. I might have been very different. I might have been as good as you,

and perhaps wiser. P88

4. It may be Grace Poole, she answered calmly. P70

5. It must have been Grace Poole. P98

6. We might have burglars at Thornfiled one day, you never know.

9
 P104

Certainty

1. I'll write to him and see if he agrees with what you say. P56

2. Tomorrow, all day, you will wear a notice on your forehead saying

UN-TIDY. P58

Offer

1. If he does, I shall publicly tell the school you are not a liar. P56

2. I shall follow your instructions, sir. P50

3. Yes, I shall send someone tomorrow to cut all the girls' hair. P52

Ability

1. I could not quite believe that heaven existed, and I held tightly to

Helen. P62

2. If I can' t have happiness, I want pleasure, even if it' s wrong. P90

3. Adele, seven or eight years old, who was born in France and could

hardly speak English. P66

4. I could get no further information from Mrs. Fairfax about Mr.

Rochester. P68

10
5. I ran to see if I could help the traveler, who was swearing furiously

as he pulled himself free of his horse. P72

6. I was amazed by her self-control, and could not understand why Mr.

Rochester had not asked the police to arresther. P104

7. How can you all believe in that sort of thing! P122

8. I can prove that youre cold, and ill, and a fool. P124

9. I can see that happiness is waiting for you, if you really want it. P124

10. How can I help you, sir? P128)

11. I could not understand what he meant. P92

12. I knew I could not control my feelings much longer, and I needed

time to think. P98

13. That night, or what was left of it, I could not sleep. P100

11
 Adverbial Clauses

Definition: An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that

functions as an adverb; that is, the entire clause modifies a verb, an

adjective, or another adverb.

Adverbial Clause of Time

An adverb of time states when something happens or how often.

An adverbial clause of time often starts with one of the

following subordinating conjunctions: after, as, as long as, as soon as,

before, no sooner than, since, until, when, or while. Here are some

examples:

1. I used to hate coming home when it was almost dark, with ice-

cold fingers and toes, feeling miserable because Bessie, the

nursemaid, was always scolding me. P2

2. Until I hear from Bessie, or see for myself, that you are really trying

to behave better, you cannot be treated as good, happy child, like my

child. P2

12
3. My whole body trembled when he came near. P6

4. As soon as we arrived in the red room, I became quiet again. P8

5. As the bell rang a third time to indicate the beginning of lessons, the

girls moved into four groups around four tables, and the teachers

came into the room to start the Bible class. P34

6. Lessons started again at nine o'clock and finished at twelve, when

Miss Temper stood up to speak to the whole school. P34

7. As I wondered, I saw a girl near me reading a book. P36

8. I didn't see her again until during the afternoon lessons, when I

noticed that she had been sent to stand alone in the middle of the

schoolroom. P38

9. I could not remember him, but knew he was my mother's brother,

who had taken me to his house when my parents both died. P12

10. I think I told you to leave Jane Eyre in this room till I came. P14

11. When he left, I felt very lonely again. P16

12. I'll stay here talking to Miss Jane till you come back. P18

13. After Bessie had left, he asked, "What really made you ill?" P18

14. "Well, well." said the doctor to himself as he got up. P20

13
15. When I nervously entered the breakfast-room I looked up at a black

column. P22

16. Even before I had finished I began to experience a great feeling of

freedom and relief. P28

17. I shouted wildly, as we walked together out of the front door, to

wait for the coach in the road. P30

18. I read when I should be doing my homework. P42

19. No sooner had l turned away to go downstairs than I heard a strange,

ghostly laugh. P68

20. I called out, as the housekeeper was already on her way downstairs.

P68

21. While on the top floor I often heard Grace Poole strange laugh,

and sometimes I saw her too. P70

22. Madam, when you put bread into these children's mouths, you feed

their bodies but you starve their souls! P50

23. I had hoped to hide my face behind my slate while Mr.Brocklehurst

was talking. P52

24. When all the girls left the schoolroom at five o'clock I climbed

14
 down from the chair and sat on the floor. P56

25. When Miss Temple came to look for me, she found us sitting

quietly together. P56

26. When we reached our bedroom, Miss Scatcherd was checking the

drawers. P58

27. Life at Lowood no longer seemed so hard, as spring approached.

P60

28. When I learned her illness was serious, I decided to visit her at

night. P60

29. Im sure our souls go there when we die. P62)

30. But when she married and moved to distant part of the country, I

decided it was the moment for me to change my life too. P62

Adverbial Clause of Condition

The adverb clause of condition gives the circumstances under

which the action in the main clause will take place.

1. If you cannot speak pleasantly, be quiet. P2

2. I felt sure that if Mr Reed had lived he would have treated me kindly.

P12

15
3. What would uncle Reed say to you if he were alive? P22

4. You must pray to God to change it, if you ever want to go to heaven.

5. If you accept her at Lowood school, please make sure that the

headmistress and teachers know how dishonest she is. P22

6. " If I were you, I' d hate her, " I cried."If she hit me with a stick, I'd

seize it and break it under her nose." P42

7. If you did, Mr Brocklehurst would send you away from school, and

your relations would be upset. P42

8. Wouldn't you be happier if you tried to forget her scolding? P44

9. If he does,I shall publicly tell the school you are not a liar.P56

10. Someone lifted. me up on to a high chair, so that I was close to his

nose. P54

11. I dont want you to fetch help, but you could help me yourself, if

you like. P74

Adverbial Clause of Result

An adverb clause of result or consequence is used to say what

happens or what may happen as a result of the action mentioned in the

main clause. The chief conjunction used to introduce adverb clauses

16
of result are: so that, in order that, sothat and suchthat.

1. There was such a freezing cold wind, and such heavy rain, that we

all stayed indoors. P2

2. I was so used to his bullying that I never thought of hitting him back.

P6

3. I was so frightened by this thought that I hardly dared to breathe.

P12

4. In fact she was so kind to me that I became brave enough to ask a

question. P16

5. When he married my mother, Miss Jane Reed of Gateshead, the

Reed family were so angry that they disnherited her. P20

6. I was so frightened by this thought that I hardly dared to breathe.

P12

7. I could just hear because I was in the front of the class. P48

8. One day I took the opportunity of asking Mrs. Fairfax a few

questions about Mr. Rochester, as I was curious about him, and the

little housekeeper seems happy to talk. P68

9. One day in January I had a free afternoon, as Adele was ill, so I

17
 decided to walk to Hay, a village two miles away, to post a letter for

the housekeeper. P70

Adverbial Clause of Reason

Adverb clauses of reason are introduced by the subordinating

conjunctions because, as, since and that.

1. He would never have found me, because he was not very intelligent.

P4

2. So I came out immediately, as I did not want him to pull me out. P4

3. Georgiana had a bad temper, but she was popular with everybody

because she was beautiful. P16

4. I'm crying because I'm miserable. P20

5. I expect you are always interested in Miss Temple's lessons, because

you like her and she is good to you. P12

6. One day I took the opportunity of asking Mrs. Fairfax a few

questions about Mr. Rochester, as I was curious about him, and the

little housekeeper seems happy to talk. P68

7. One day in January I had a free afternoon, as Adele was ill, so I

decided to walk to Hay, a village two miles away, to post a letter for

18
 the housekeeper. P70

8. Helen Burns could not come walking with me, because she was ill.

P60

Adverbial Clause of Concession

Adverb clauses of result or consequence are introduced by the

subordinating conjunctions that, sothat, so that and suchthat.

1. The red room was a cold, silent room, hardly ever used, although it

was one of the largest bedrooms in the house. P10

2. I cried all day long and although Bessie tried hard to tempt me with

nice things to eat or favorite books, I took no pleasure in eating or

even in reading. P18

3. Although I was sad to say goodbye to Bessie, I was both excited and

nervous about the new places I would see. P30

4. Anyway, the Bible tells us to do good, even if other people hurt us.

P42

Manner

1. But I was surprised to discover on my first full day at Thornfield

19
1. I had hoped to hide my face behind my slate while Mr Brocklehurst
was talking, so that he would not recognize me. P52

Attributive Clause

Definition: A clause which is functioned as an attributive to

modify a none or a pronoun, and sometimes a sentence.

Relative pronouns

1. I do know that he offered to marry this young girl, who only

discovered during the wedding ceremony. P234

2. He took out of his wallet a tiny piece of paper, which I recognized

as part of my sketch book, and show it to me. P236

3. I saw clearly the chain of circumstances which connected us. P238

4. The people who had saved my life were my close relations! P240

5.I need a wife, who will obey me in life, and who will stay with me

until death. P252

6. I broke away from St John, who had followed, asking me questions.

P254

7. No wonder that letters addressed to people here had never received

an answer. P256

20
8. He looked as strong as before and his hair was still black, but in his

face, I saw a bitter, desperate look, that I had never seen there before.

P260

9. I was very relieved to discover that was all he was worrying about.

P264

10. I described the beauty of the fields and sky to him, as we sat close

together in the shade of a tree. P264

11. As we separated at bedtime, he asked me,' Just one thing, Jane.

P264

Relative Adverb

1. And so I walked to Whitcross, the lonely crossroads on the moor,

where I had arrived a year ago with no money or luggage. P256

2. There, where I had hoped to see a fine, impressive house, was

nothing but a blackened heap of stones, with the silence of death

about it. P256

3. Were there only ladies in the house where you have been.

21
 Nominal Clauses

Subject Clauses

1. What this lawyer says is true. P182

2. Everything around me has changed, so I must change too. P190

3. What he said was true. P200

4. It was obvious that he could see nothing. P260

5. What sweet madness has seized me? P262

6. It seems strange to me that all my friends don't want to join me. P250

Predicative Clauses

1. That was all I was prepared to say. P204

2. But it seems this other relation has inherited his whole fortune. P218

3.This is what is really strange. P268

4. It seemed l had found a brother and sisters to love and be proud of

for the rest of my life. P240

5. There, where I had hoped to see a fine, impressive house, was

nothing but a blackened heap of stones. P256

Object Clauses

1. I realized I had left my parcel inside, and given the coachman all the

22
 coins in my purse. P204

2. To their further questions I answered that I was too tired to speak.

P204

3. I knew that he loved me and I loved him. P196

4. But I don't think you'll stay long in the village. P216

5. No, I think you won't be satisfied by living alone. P216

6. As he never married and had no relations apart from us and one other

person, my father always hoped we would inherit Uncle John's

money. P218

7. But it seems this other relation has inherited his whole fortune. P218

8. I only wanted to know why he looked so fierce. P178

9. Suddenly he noticed how pale I was. P178

10. And tell me what you know of this supposed wife of mine. P180

11. I have a certificate here proving that you married Bertha Mason in

the west Indies fifteen years ago. P180

12. Im afraid your uncle is very ill and will probably die soon. P186

13. Ill ignore that nonsense about you leaving me. P192

14. You know that my father loved money very much. P192

23
15. I know I had to tell him soon. P190

16. I know I still had the power to calm him. P190

17. He decided I should marry Mason, the daughter of his wealthy

friend Jonas Mason.

18. I thought I love her. P194

19. I learned that my bridge's mother and young brother were both mad.

P194

20. I soon found that Bertha and I had nothing in common. P194

21. I thought I might find some reasonable woman who would

understand my case and accept me. P196

22. I began to fear that he might be going mad.232

23. I 'm afraid you've heard it before, but listen anyway.232

24. I had assumed that he would still want me to be his wife, and

wondered why he did not ask me. P264

25. Until now I thought that you would never love another man! P266

26. Lately Ive begun to understand that god has been punishing me

for my pride and my past wickedness. P266

24
 The Nominative Absolute Construction
Definition:
A construction consisting in English of a noun, noun phrase, or

pronoun in nominative case followed by a predictive lacking a finite

verb, used as a loose modifier of the whole sentence, as the play done

in the play done, the audience left the theater.

The forms

Noun/pronoun + participle (phrase)

He lay at full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon his

forearm.

The coward was backing, his face being deathly pale, toward another

room.

Noun + adj.(phrase)

The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden

horse.

The wretched boy, who has recently been dragged from the forest to

scrub floors in the barracks, is now sweeping away the snow, his hands

numb with cold.

Noun + adv.

25
This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a

steadfast gaze at my mute companion.

This intermezzo over, he found himself surrounded by several stunning,

porcelain-faced Japanese woman in kimonos.

Noun + prepositional phrase

The mayor of Hiroshima strode at aleisure pace toward the puzzled

journalist, a bunch of flower sin his hands.

Everyone afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle

house, a vast load of firewood on her back.

26
 The Emphasis Sentence

1. The construction: It is/was + the emphasized part + that/who/whom

+ the rest

(1). Emphasis on subject:

It is I that / who met him in the park yesterday.

It was I that/who met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.

Emphasis on object:

It is him that/who/whom I met in the park yesterday.

It was Li Ming that/who/whom I met at the railway station yesterday.

Emphasis on adverbial of time:

It is yesterday that I met him in the park.

It was yesterday that met Li Ming at the railway station.

It was at eight oclock that I went to sleep yesterday.

Emphasis on adverbial of place:

It is in the park that I met him yesterday.

It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.

(2). Emphasis on adverbial of manner

By making the effort of climbing to the mountain, step by step,

27
eventually the summit is reached.

It is by making the effort of climbing up the mountain, step by step,

that eventually the summit is reached.

We went to the zoo by bus.

It was by bus that we went to the zoo.

Emphasis on adverbial of reason

He cant come, because he is ill.

It is because he is ill that he cant come.

He was late because of the heavy snow .

It was because of the heavy snow that he was late.

2. Interrogative form of the emphasis sentence

The construction (Interrogative sentence): Is/Was it + the

emphasized part + that/who/whom + clause

Was it Sally that phoned just now?

Was it yesterday that he met Jenny?

The construction(Special question): Interrogative + is/was + it

that + the word order of declarative sentence

When was it that you lost your keys?

28
Where was it that Shakespeare was born?

When and where was it that you were born?

3. Emphasis on not... until... sentence

You didnt point it out to me until I realized my mistake.

Its not until you pointed it out to me that I realized my mistake.

He didnt go to bed until his wife came back.

It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.

29
 Subjunctive Mood

(1) To understand the definition of mood and classification of mood

(2) To grasp the use of subjunctive mood

Teaching Process
(1) Definition and classification of mood

(2) Use of subjunctive mood

A. subjunctive mood used in if conditionals

B. subjunctive mood used in that clause

C. subjunctive mood used in special patterns

1. Definition of mood

30
Different speaker may express different purpose.

2. Classification of moods

2.1 Indicative mood: expressing statements or facts.

E.g. we are all students.

China is in Asia.

2.2 Imperative mood: putting forward demands or orders.

E.g. Please be careful.

Dont smoke here.

2.3 Subjunctive mood:

Definition: expressing subjective wishes or hypothetical and

Non-factual meaning

3. Classification of subjunctive mood

3.1 Be- subjunctive mood

1) be is used in that clause containing the meaning of order,

decision and suggestion.

a) used in that clause after the verbs: Decide, decree, demand,

Insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request,

require, suggest, vote

31
b) used in that clause after the adjectives: Advisable,

Appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important,

impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper

c) used in that clause after the nouns: Decision, decree, demand,

instruction, order, requirement, resolution

2) be is used in that clause introduced by if, though

Be- subjunctive mood can be used in that clause introduced by if,

though, whatever, lest, so long assuch sentences have the meaning

of speculation, concession, or precaution.

3) be is used in some formula sentence patterns to express wish,

curse, or prohibition

E.g. long live the Peoples Republic of China!

God bless you!

God damn you!!

Heaven forbid!

Devil takes him! 1

So be it!

Suffice it to say that

32
3.2 were- Subjunctive mood

1) Used in some adverbial clause

used in conditional or concessive adverbial clause introduced by if,

if only, as though, though

2) Used in some noun clause

used in the clause introduced by wish, would rather, suppose,

imagine

4. The use of subjunctive mood

4.1 subjunctive mood used in if-conditional

A conditional sentence (or conditional for short) is commonly

Composed part: conditional clause + main clause. Despite the many

possible sequences of verb forms in conditionals, the following four

types

Represent perhaps the commonest and the most useful ones:

If you heat ice, it melts.

If we catch the 10 oclock train, we will get there by lunch-time.

If we caught the 10 oclock train, we would get there by lunch time.

If we had caught the 10 oclock train, we would have got there by

33
Lunch time.

1) Real conditional

A. The first one called whenever-type in that if here is used

in the

sense ofwhenever. It can be used to denote the following meanings:

a. Universal truth or general validity

Statements of this type commonly appear in factual discussions,

scientific or technical material. The sequence of verb forms is as

follows.

If simple present + main simple present

E.g.

a. If you pour oil on water, it floats.

b. present habitual action

To denote present habitual action, it takes the same pattern.

If simple present + main simple present

E.g. If it rains, I go to work by car.

c. past habitual action

34
To denote past habitual action, the simple past is used in both the

conditional and the main clause.

If simple past + main simple past.

E.g. If I made a promise, I kept it.

B. The second falls into three forms: basic form, variant form, and

Alternative form.

Basic forms:

a) (If) simple present + (main) will, etc. + infinitive

If it is fine tomorrow, we can have a picnic somewhere.

35
(If) simple present + (main) imperative

(If) simple present + (main) imperative

If you wake up before me, give me a call.

Variant forms:

a) (If) should + infinitive + (main) will, would, etc + infinitive

If he should come tomorrow, I would tell him everything.

b) (If) will + infinitive + (main) will, would, etc + infinitive

If you would read more carefully, you would understand what the

author means.

Alternative forms

a) Imperative + and-clause

Set your alarm clock, and you wont oversleep.

b) Imperative + or-clause.

Set your alarm clock, or (else) youll oversleep.

What we have enumerate above only represent the commonest.

Types of real conditionals, which are actually too variegated to be

exhausted in few patterns. As a matter of fact, there are far more

possible sequences of verb forms for real conditionals. So long as

36
They do not make unreal conditionals, almost all sequences of verb

Forms are possible. Thus, in addition to the above-mentioned types,

We can also say, for example:

If he has finished his work, we shall be able to take him with us.

If youve been traveling all night, you probably need a rest.

The means to express mood meanings

1) to express Ability and possibility: Can, could, be able

to

2) to express Permission: Can/could, may/might

3) to express Obligation or Necessity: Should, ought to, must

4) to express Prediction or Predictability

5) to express Willingness, intention or Determination:

Will/would, shall

6) other mood meanings: to express pity, worry, happiness,

surprise

37