IN THIS UNIT YOU LEARN HOW TO: different ities and city life mphasising and + talk about changes in urban areas + tell snd urban myths SPEAKING 1 Work in groups. Look at the photo. Make a list of as many advantages and drawbacks of living in this place as you can think of. Work in pairs. Discuss to what degree you think each adjective would apply to West Palm fun-down wing Rot and humic wibrant safe and secure polluted Would you like to live in a place like this? Why? / Why not?ee. VOCABULARY City life 1 Check you understand the words and phrases in bold in the sentences below. Then put these words into the correct place in the sentences. The first one is done for you. ‘condemned | ‘springing up stoning off choke mgd” Smoot” Gow domsing = | 7 springing up There ere new businesses(all over the place. There's @ real buzz about the place. 2 The erime rate is pretty high. There are a lot of and shootings. 3 There's a big network of buses and trams and it al runs very 4 The smog is awful - you have to wear a mask or you'd on the fumes. 5 The cars jus along most ofthe time ~ you might ag well walk, sa © There's» lot of conspicuous consumption with People thelr weak 7 Thor's not a trace of iter anywhere. Apporent you can get fined heavily for it. = 8 The area s.a slum. Alot of buildings should just be and rebuilt. 2 te A REAL BUZZ ABOUT THE Conversation 2 6 Its, you tke 7 I's more lively. There's 8 So you wouldn't you know. ‘olive there? 9 Don't It's a good place to ve If you're bringing up kids. 10 Soifl | might move back. It's just not what want ight now. 6 Work in groups. Discuss the questions. + What places, people, etc. have taken you by surprise? + Have you ever been out tll four? Where? When? + What drawbacks are there to the place you live in? + What ‘scenes’ are there where you live? Where’sa good place to settle down in your country region? Why? UNDERSTANDING VOCABULARY Emphasising and exaggerating We often use particular vocabulary and patterns to tnyohasise how ia fel orto mas an experience sound ere itpeatg. Fox exer, + rpetion: rely, really vibrant /foads ond foads of obtener mies coal eile, + intensying adverbs: unbearably hum! Incredibly fvoly ee ere lena elickieliemmaming liver Pee feraiee feet peta Fhe ting his thick wal of heat PLACE + expressions with ke: it’ | 7 Worlcin pairs. Do the following: 2 Workin pairs. Answer the questions. 1 List four other intensifying adverbs. 1 which acjectves fom Exercise 2 on page 7 would ‘ereme you use to describe the places in Exercise 17 How. a ef ce el eoeite eueeever cee! Would you say ne opposes? 3 Decide h what stuatons people mich ay the ee ee fetowing ine expresses ‘at other things might gi Place a buzz’ i = Itwas Ike being at a rock concert, 3 What else might you choke on? i twas lke living in a war zone. 4 rate noncescfcorspiiousconsumpton? | ee Buchan lc, Ice ting to. bw LISTENING i Cee : ; 8 With your partner, rewrite these sentences to t Listen to two conversations about cities. i make them more interesting. Try to use all the List the good and bad things you hear about | different patterns in the box above. each place, | 1 It's. an absolutely enormous city. 4 Morita pales Compare your ideas. What cities do 1 It's a big city. Youyhin he speakers could be deserting? Why? | eying alt ot bln wok ich place would you rather live in? Why? | es y seuiate : 3 The cys abit ra-down 5 EME Listen again and complete the sentences, Hf 4 It's not vary expensive there. 5 Some parts of the city are quite dangerous. 6 It's quite interesting. Conversation 1 1 tts really wild. t__, actualy 2 We went out with these people and______at about four in the morning, 3 Actually, that was__ the cangestion, 4 Honestly, you walk out of your hotel and this thick wall of heat. 5 Itdoes but as I say, itjust has a real buzz, DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS: Reinforcing and exemplifying a point iaveerceeeaeraaiia Renee tueston us using Realy? Yeoh? et. We often respond by giving an example, Notice the adverbs we often use to eee meee eles B: .. the nightie Is totally Insane. A Really? Bi: Honestly, We went out with these people and ended up ing place ot about four in the morning and ft was ‘absolutely packed. & Yeah? Bi Seriously. You iteraly couldn't move. 9 Match the sentences (1-5) to the examples (a-e) 1 The place is tke @ wer zone, The place is absolutely spotless. The way people clive is insane. We were staying n a really, realy posh area There's a real buzz about the place. They race along the main toads at about 100 miles, an hour b There isn'ta trace of iter or chewing gum on the pavements. twas lke Beverly Hills | felt a bit conspicuous walking around there. 4d. There's @ huge music scene. There are loads of venues springing up. There's so much crime and hundreds of places have been condemned, 10 Use the sentences and examples in Exercise 9 to have conversations. Add words like honestly, seriously and literally where appropriate. A: The ploce vas like & war zone. B: Really? ‘A: Honestly. There's so much crime and literally hundreds of places have been condemned. ‘CONVERSATION PRACTICE 11 Write the names of two cities you have been to. ‘Make notes about aspects of the cities and think of at least one thing that happened to you in each city, Use as much language from this lesson as you can. 12 Work in pairs. Have conversations about your chosen cities. Start with Have you been to....? Keep the conversation going by asking questions to get more details or by using comments like Really? or Yeah? CEXCSIONE Unit 1 Cities 9URBAN RENEWAL READING 1 Work in groups. Discuss the questions. + What effects do you think the following ean have on a cily? How serious are they? + Which three things are of greatest concern where you live and which is of least concern? Why? {an economic downturn ‘an earthquake severe poliutlo hurricane an armed contlet flooding a high crime rate terrorism a huge fire 2 Work with the same group. You are going to read about a city and how it was affected by one or more of the problems in Exercise 1. Find out what happened. Group A: read the text in File 1 on page 185, Group B: read the text in File 2 on page 186, Group C: read the text in File 3 on page 197. 3. With a person from your group, do the following: 1 Compare what you understood and what you think of the story 2 Discuss what you learnt about the city 3 Check you understand the phrases in bold — and try to remember them, 4 Make new groups: a Student A, B and C. Close your books. Tell each other about the cities you read about, using some of the words in bold that you learnt. Decide what similarities there are between the three cities. 5 With your group, decide which city each sentence refers to: Bilbao, Bogota or Manchester. Look back at the texts if you need to. 1 Some other citles have unsuccessfully tred to copy what tdi 2 The government forced people to sell something, 3 Sport has played a role in the city’s redevelopment. 4 Some of the changes wore paid for by motorists, 5 Ithas a more diverse economy than it dd in the past. 6 thas aimed to create a child-riendly environment. 7 The changes made it better able to survive a second downturn, 8 Abad event tumed out to be fortunate, 6 With your group, discuss the questions. + Which of the cities you read about has the most interesting story? Why? + Are there comparable cities in your country? In what ways are they similar / different? + How child-friendly is your city? + Wet cities in your country have new icanie buildings? + Why do you think some redevelopment projects fall? + Doyyou think hosting sports events is good for a city? VOCABULARY Recovery and change 7 Replace the words in italics with the correct form of these verbs. Then decide which of the synonyms are more common in academic / written English. be neglected initiate undergo impose flourish pour demolish soar 1 The city has gone through huge changes in recent years ~ rot entirely for the better. 2. The gavernment will have invested £3 billion Into the transport system by the end of this parliament. 3 The slums were knocked down to make way for a golf course and the inhabitants were re-housed nearby. 4 The previous mayor set out an ambitious plan to develop the city centre, but it’s run into financial dificuities and the new mayor has cancelled the project. 5 The whole area has become run-down and the council has managed to secure EU funding to halt the decline. 6 The city has managed to attract a lat of inward investment and businesses are springing up and doing very well Crime had gone up a lot in the 1980s and th mayor's zero-tolerance policy was credited reversing the trend, 8 In order to ease congestion, the government brought Inrestricions on car use. Work in pairs. Give one example of each of the following: 1. a place or institution that has undergone big changes 2 aplace or section of society that has been neglected 3 aplan orstrategy the government has initiated 4 someone or something that is flourishing 5 somethirg the government has poured money into GRAMMAR Perfect forms Perfect forms use a form of hove + past participle. Passive perfect forms use a form of have + been * past participle Primary, perfect forms emphasise that something happened or started before another event or point in time, 9 Work in pairs. Complete the sentences from the texts with the correct perfect form of the verbs. Decide what time or event each one happened before. 1 Since its completion in 1997, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, the capltal of the Basque region of northern Spain, ‘one of the most famous buildings in the world. (become) 2 There some voices of opposition that suggest the process did not benefit the working-class. people ... (oe) 3 The slum effectively __a barrier between the affluent north and the more deprived south of the city. (create) 4 Up until the early 80s, Bilbao plants and shipbuilding. (dominate) Iother mayors _ the city's finances before him... the changes wouldn't have been so successful (not/ secure) 6 Ifwe ever achieve a successful ety for children, we the perfect city forall citizens. (ould) 7 Other cities trying to replicate the so-called ‘Guggenheim effect because they alant take up the other strands of Bilbao's regeneration project (fal) 8 ____one space, Peftalosa’s administration then ‘expropriated the land of a private country club. (clear) by steel your Ideas on page 166 and do Exerc 10 Work in pairs, Discuss the questions. + How has your city changed in the last few years? + How do you think your city or country will have changed In ten years’ time? Why? + What are the two most important events in your citys { country’s history? Why? + Can you think of any places that have suffered any of the situations or events in Exercise 1? What happened? ET @Quimeame: SPEAKING 11 Work in groups. You are going to decide how to spend some funding on a town called Oldbury. First read the information and the ideas on how to spend the money in File 4 on page 186. Then put the ideas in order of priority and decide how much should be spent on each idea and an approximate timescale for change. 12. Write a short pitch for your proposal to present to the class. Explain the reasons for your choices, the timescale for the different strands and what the outcomes will be. Unit 1 Cities 11URBAN TALES SPEAKING 1 Work in groups. Look at the comments below, then discuss the questions. Have you heard about any af these stories before? + Which stories would you find most / least interesting to talk about? Why? + What connection might there be between the six comments? Dic you see that thing about Google Street View Ccopturing @ murder in Edinburgh? In any big city, you're never more than two metres from a ra. lead somewhere thet we only use 10% of our brain capacity. id you know that Walt Disney had his body frozen after he dled? heard somewhere that they think lemon peel can cure cancer, | heard they've spotted these huge alligators in the seers under New York, READING 2 Read this article about a similar story, Find out: 1 what the story is and what impact it had in New Orleans. 2 what's known about the roots of the story and how it spread. 3 what connects this story to the six comments in Exercise 1 BUYING INTO THE MYTH In early 1997, as the city of New Orleans was busy getting ready for its annual Mardi Gras carnival, an email entitled “Travellers beware’ went viral, sparking hundreds of calls to the local police department, who felt compelled to issue an official statement designed to calm public fears, The email claimed that an organised gang was planning to drug visitors to the city, surgically remove their kidneys and sell them on the black. market. Now, you may well be thinking this story sounds familiar: Ifso, that’ hecause versions of it have been around for over three decades now. Back in the 1980s, Guatemala was gripped by stories of ‘Americans kidnapping local children and harvesting their organs. By the early 1990s, there were stories in the States about Latino women tempting American men to similar fate, and before long the idea appeared in TV dramas and movies ~ and variations started to appear all over the world. One thing that unites all these stories ~ and others like them — is that no hard evidence exists of them ever having occurted. These urban myths apparently: emerge from nowhere and take om a life of their own. This raises interesting questions about why we continue to share them and, on occasion, even fall for them! Dios ees 3 Work in pairs. Discuss what you think the words in bold in the article mean, Then use the words in bold to complete each group of phrases below. 4 ~ the issue at the meeting / ~ fears /~ doubts about 2 be ~ to appear as a witness / feel ~ to resign / feel ~ torespord 3 ~ and 1cb tourists /~ someone's drink J ~ his vietins 4. ~ as a gobal power / ~ from recession / the ideas ~ from 5 ~ the markets /~ my nerves /~ the angry crowd 6 ~ awave of protests /~ criticism /~ fears 7 ~ the whole community / what ~ them Is (political party 8 the courtry is ~ by recession / the trial has ~ the nation /~ by fear the g 4 Work in groups. Make a list of reasons why people both tell urban myths and believe them. ‘Then compare your list with another group. Which do you think is the most likely reason? LISTENING 5 EET Listen to three people telling urban myths. ‘You won't hear the end of each story yet. Answer the questions about each story. 1 Who didit (supposedly) happen to? 2. Where cid it happen? 3 Who else appears in the story? 4 What was the key thing that happened? 6 [REI Work in pairs. Retell the stories in as much detail as you can using these words. Then listen, again and check your ideas. 1 stolen - reported - driveway ~ note ~ il concer fantastictime UNDERSTANDING VOCABULARY ‘2S Binomials Binomials are pairs of words usually inked together by ‘and, The words are always used in the same order. The {two main words ina binomial may: start with the same letter or contain similar sounds; be near synonyms; be connected in meaning or be opposites, He went to 0 supermarket to buy a few bits and pieces. He was walking up and down the aisies. Complete the binomials in the sentences with these words. foremost miss had off ‘order regulations there quiet then tired 1 I've been studying Russian for about six years now onand 2 There's a huge number of places to eatin the city, but the quality is ¢ bit hit and 3 stil ike to party every now and. but ve calmed down a lo. 4 ts quite hard to find peace and in the city. 5 I thought long and 6 It’s a fairly affluent area, but there are stil litle pockets of poverty here and. 7 Lean take It anymore. 'm sick and constant noise. ‘about it before deciding. of the 8 After the hurricane struck, there was a complete breakdown of law and in the city 9 The city's being ruined by the ever-growing number of stupic rules and 10 Cities should be first and places for kids. 10 Work in groups. Think of examples of the 2 collapsed ~ rushed ~ diagnosed ~ poisoned ~ eee i incident - the case lowing: 2 elderly ~ desperatly sad ~ a lat ~teakes out— 1 Inv paca wares BPS Abe an run out ef ~ cashier — trolley —the spiting image favour good deed 2 three big decisions people usually have to think long oy ana el and hard about REE With your partner, discuss how you thin yee things people that live Inctles may get sik each story will end. Then listen and see if you Sete sea a guessed correctly. 4 ‘two reasons why law and order might break down 8 Work in groups. Discuss the questions. 5 two examples of stupid rules and regulations + Which story do you Ike best? Why? + What doyou think ofthe main characters in the thee SPEAKING stories? Why? 11 Work in pairs. Choose one of these tasks. + What do you think the moral message of each story is? + Do you agree with the messages? Student A: read the urban myth in File 5 on page 187. Student B: read the urban myth in File 6 on page 185, Try to remember the details. Then tell your partner your story. bb Search the Internet for an urban myth thal you find Interesting and want to share with other students. Try to remember the details. Then tell your partner your story. Cities 13SPEAKING 1 Work in pairs. Look at the table and chart and discuss the questions. + What ate the main fects, predictions and trends that the table and chart show? + What do you think is meant by ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries? + Why do you think these trends are happening? + Can you see similar tends in your country? + Hovr do you fee! about these changes? What is good / bad about them? World's biggest cities by population (in millions) 2014 2030 HERD 20 orory [372 If exe anon Deen aka) 250 2 Delhi nda) Shanghai (China) | 23.0 [ll shanghai (china) 4 Mexico City Mexico) | 20.8 |) Mumbai india) 5 Sto Paulo Braz) 20.8 [BH | Beijing (China) Mumbai naiay 20.7 [6 Ohaka (Bangladesh) ‘Osaka (Japan) 20.1) Karachi Pakistan) Beting (China) 195 B | Caro (€ayoy) New York (USA) 18.6 |_| Lagos (Nigeria) Cairo Eaves) 184 | 10 | Mexico city (Mexico) Dheks @ansiodesh) 17.011 S80 Paulo Braz Karachi(Palistan) 16.1 ABI Kinshasa emacratic Republic of Congo) BBB city located on coast or major river WRITING 2 Read the description of the data in the table and the chart. Find six factual mistakes. The table shows the 12 lags cts in the worl by area in 2014 and projected figures for 2030. Asean be seen, withthe expen f Tall oh fie man ites oe predleted to row, which unsurprising given the continued Shit fom urban tout! ving usted the caren the developed worl, two oto every three people sea lve tn ees, and between now and 2030, the global urban Population ts expected tose by 25%, the bulk of which wail cc in developing counties. This shift towards growth in developing regions selected in the iable chow thatthe populations of ces suchas Delhi, Sangha and Mumba wall ineease quite subsantaly and by 2030, lean cles {Cagos and Kinshasa forecast to have entered the top 12 forthe ins time. Petape most emarkabby the populaion of Dhaka in Bangladesh looks sto Ineease by amon 90% isimerexing to note that signicant minor ofthe cies preted to grow ae located onthe coaster on mar vers, Tellecting the importance of trae murban development 3 Work in pairs and do the following: 1 Compare the mistakes you found and correct them, 2 Decide one other feature of the table and chart you would craw attention to. WRITING Describing visual data World rural and urban populations 100 372 80 361 308 278 60 277 274 248 245 242 Pn 239 200 40 2012 72030 urban sural VOCABULARY Describing percentages 4 Replace the words in italics with these words and phrases. | atin percentage four out of fve the vast majority almost fith a signlicant minority more than haWved slightly higher fourtola 1 The chart shows there were around 20,000 immigrants, 93% of whom came from other European counties. 2 The graph illustrates that urban sprawl increased by 19% over this period, 2 Asis illustrated in figure 1, violent erime fell from 5% to 2%, while burglary rates Increased from 1.5% to 6%. 4 As can be seen in the pie chart, 80% of customers, were satisfied with the service, which was 6% more. than last year 5 This is illustrated in fqure 3, which shows that only 0.13 of household income is spent on books, 6 The survey indicated that 43% of respondents were concemed about the effects of the proposals, the main cites are predieted to grow. .en now and 2030, the global urban population fs ted to rise by 25% 1 York and Osaka, meanwhile, are projected to drop ofthe top 2 altogether, can use a perfect infinitive to show we think something il happen before a pelnt inthe future, 2030, African cities ...are forecast to have entered the top 12 for the first time. 5 Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in brackets. 1 By 2025, the population wl have rsen to 16 milion (project) 2 Inthe nest 20 years, the rural popultion wil start falling. (predict) ‘ican cies wil gow rapidly over the next few years. epee) 4 China wil become the wor’ largest economy in the next ton years. forecast) PE ne eRe EE Remember the we use cher tnses to describe past and RES Between 2000 and 2005, internet usage rose oreo ‘hice 2000, veal crime has fallen steal The number of bilaguel schools is curently Increasing. © See also the Grammar reference on page 166 [perfect forms) 6 Work in pairs. Think of an example for each of the following, Discuss why they are happening / have happened and predict how they will develop in the future, 1 an upward trend 2. a downward trend 3. agenera shift from one thing to another KEY WORDS FOR WRITING of whom / of which \We can give informetion about a part of a group or statistic we have just mentioned using of whom or of which. OF whom refers to people and of which to things. We modify these with a, some, many, the vast majority, etc. to show the proportion of the group we are talking about ‘The global urban population is expected to rise by 25% the bulk of whieh wil occur In developing counties. There were around 20,000 immigrants, 91% of whom ‘came from otner European countries. Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence using of whom or of which. 1. The government donates 0.6% of GDP as aid, The bulk of that money goes to countries in Arica, 2 There were 2,650 fatalities from car accidents last year, The vast majority of the accidents were caused by diver error, 3. The city has around 200,000 inhabitants. This igure Includes 25,000 students. 4 There was a significant fal in crime in the last decade. A large part of the drop was attiIbuted to rising ving standards 5 The survey interviewed 950 people altogether. The Interviewees were mostly 18 to 25 years old, PRACTICE 8 Work in pairs. Look at the visuals below and discuss the following: + what the pie chart and graph generally show + the main facts, trends and predictions key statistles that illustrate the trend + any surprising aspects you would highlight 9 Write a description of the main trends illustrated in the chart and graph. Use between 150 and 200 words. Fig.1 Website content languages English 55% 8 Others 11% fm Russian 6% Gorman 5% Spanish 5% Chinese 4% French 4% Japanese 4% im Arabic 3% Im Portuguese 2% Source: watechscam Fig,2 Milions of adults learning English 2000 1500] 1000 soo 4 7 1950 2000 2050 ‘Sure: The Engish Company Writing 151GRAMMAR REFERENCE OOM PERFECT FORMS Present perfect simple The present perfect simple shows that something happened or started before now. There is usually a present result The Guggenheim Museum has become one of the most famous buildings in the world. (= The change happened before now) There have been some voices of opposition. Compare these present perfect and present simple forms: They have invested a lot of money in the area. (- before now, ‘we don't know if it's continuing) They invest c fot of money in the area. (= generally) ‘ve had 0 car for six years, (= from sox years ago to now) | have a car. (=a present fact, time unknown) Past perfect simple The past perfect simple emphasises that something happened oF started before another event or time in the past The slum had effectively created a barrier between the affluent north and tie more deprived south of the city. .efore it was Gemolished} Up unti the early 80s, Bilbao had been dominated by steel plants and shipbuilding. (= before the 1980s) ‘Compare these past perfect and past simple forms: He had gone when f arrived. (= He left before | arrived) He went when larrived (= Fist | arrived and at that mament hele} He said he'd been a teacher. (= When we spoke, he no longer taught) He sald he was a teacher. = When we spoke, he stil taught) We also use the past perfect simple to refer to hypothetical ‘events in the past (Le. before now), ‘other mayors hadn't secured the city’s fnances before him... (@ The finances were secure) wish I adn done it, But | ci. will have done (future perfect) and other modals After a modal verb, we use infinkives without to. The perfect, form is will may / should + have + past participle. Ire ever achieve a successful city for children, we will have ‘built the perfect city for al chizens. (= Before achieving it, you have to bull it) Other cities may have foiled because they didn’t take up the other strands of Bilbao's regeneration project. = before now, ‘may shows possibilty here} | should have finished work by six, but I call you if haven't Participle clauses Sometimes we need an -ing form to form a participle clause, Having cleared one space, Pefiolosa's administration then expropriated the land of a private county club, (= After they cleared / had cleared ..) Compare these sentences: Iwas disappointed when | got there, having read so mary ‘900d things about it Reading cbout t now makes me want to go there, Exercise 1 Complete the pairs of sentences with the verbs in bold = fone sentence with a perfect form, one not. 1 not/ call aii b Asaruie,| 2 be done up alt 2 fewv years ago, but the place is already falling apert. bb Itused to be very run-down, but it 3 be struck 4. Itwas the second time the city. earthquake. b Ourhouse 4 change ‘a Idoubt anything b I think things power inthe election 5 consult 2 They should — out what they want b They should _more widely, but they just ‘werent interested in what others wanted and that's why the regeneration failed 6 be a wish he __hete now. 'b itsounds ike you had a great time. | wish | there. 7 spend by six, it means Im not coming, anyone after nine at night. ——_byan by lightning last year. by this time next year, ifthe Freedom Party win the people who live here to find millions on the project, the clty centre stil leaks aval b ___any amount of ime there, you quickly start {0 feel stressed, 8 undergo 2 Following the disaster, the city, transformation, b When the disaster struck, the city of changes already. Infinitive form Sometimes we use an infinitive with to after certain verbs, Compare the perfect and simple forms: seem to have lost my wallet (= before now) He seems to fase things all the time. (= generally) He is belloved to have killed several people. He is believed to be dangerous. a huge ‘a number Exercise 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar ‘meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and five words, including the word given, 1 [don't think my fight wil get in in time to catch the last train home, LEFT The lest train the time my flight gets in, The first time | saw anything lice that was when | went 10 Mumbai NEVER |____ke that before | went to Mumbai fm not sure I can give you any advice as i's so long since I've been there, RECENTLY Not ___, I don’t think can give you any advice. 44 When the current government camo to power, they largely, continued the previous government's policies. INITIATED ‘The curtent government's policies previous one. §5 People were moved out of the area before the storm hit so there were very few casuallies. EVACUATED There would have been @ lot more casualties if before the stom. 6 As fer as I can el, things are much better than they were when | was there last. IMPROVED Things appear bythe since my last vist ID YOU KNOW? ‘We sometimes use wil / will have to refer to the present to talk about what we believe. ‘Many people will have visited the city ust to see it and found @ flourishing city wth a vibrant nightlife. However, fewer will be aware of the profound change that the gallery symbolises. ‘A: Where are you from? B: You won't know it | You won't have heard of It's tiny. Bn USES WOULD Conditionals Would introduces the hypothetical result or consequence in @ conditional sentence. Iprobobly would've stayed with him ithe'd opologised. Ifthey’d intervened, the situation would be a Jot worse non. fit hadn't been for my friend Andrew, | would never have got together with Ana. Would have + past participle refers back to a hypothetical past situation. Note that compared to might, would shows more certainty here. Habits We can use would Instead of used to or the past simple to talk about habitsin the past When he was a toddler, "'d do the childcare most days. Before the anger management classes, he'd often get into unnecessary confrontations. Note we also use would with wish to talk about present habits we (den) want people to have. Iwish he'd showa bit more commitment. ish they wouldn't interfere. Past of will We use Would as tne past form of wil. It tends to follow verbs such as knew, Sad, thought, promised, threatened, etc. I knevr it would come to no good, but you can’t really Interfere, can you? They said it would be miserable today, but its actuatly turned out quite nice. She promised she'd come, so I'm sure she'll be here soon. We often use won't to refuse to do something and so we Use would to report it, Notice that this can also be applied to animals and machines! remember once | asked him to change desks ond he just wouldn't — just refused point blank. For some reason, the car woulda’t start this moming so I'm waiting for the breakdown people. Advice We use I'd to give advice. Itsometimes goes with expressions such as if were you, fT were In your shoes, et., but itis more often used on its own, He should obviously be punished, but after that'd stil give hm another chance. Pd consider tolking t over with a theropist. We sometimes use would in other advice expressions, 'd advise you to see a therapist. Pd recommend taking o class. You'd be best talking it over with someone, Being more cautious with opinions We often use J woutd J! wouldn't say to Introduce our opinions about people or a situation. Nate we can also sometimes use / would've said / wouldn't have said in the same way. These structures show more cautlon. I would say he has a stubborn streak and he’s been prone {0 outbursts and ansvrering back; Iwouldn't say it's 0 disaster — just a slight setback I wouldn't have said it's a big problem. ‘Sometimes we use would to make a prediction or speculation sound more cautious. Compare the examples to the less ‘cautious versions in brackets: Although he's @Iitte frail nov, 'd expect him to recover well, (Vexpect him to.) | don't imagine there'd be a problem with that. (| don't think ‘therolll be a problem ..) I'd hope to be back by six. hope to be back by six) would think / | would've thought they'd get married at some point (think they will get married ..) We also sometimes do this with requests because it can sound more polte. Would it be OK to leave early? Is it OK to leave early?) Would you mind helping me with this? (Do you mind helping sme wath this?) Exercise 1 Use would, the word in bold and up to four other words to complete the second sentence so it has the same meaning. asthe first sentence. 1. Im completely with you on that. AGREE ‘about that. 2 Ifyou ask me, itwasn't his faut. SAY |__tobleme. 3 We made several offers, but they rejected all of them. NoT They our offers. 4 Lthink the best thing to do Is walk away. INVOLVED. 1 if were you. 5 He's always saying nasty things behind peoplo’s backs, BITCH wish ‘behind their backs. 6 They shouldn't let him stay if he’s going to behave ike that KICK If he behaved like that in my house 7 Fm unlikely to replace it IMAGINE 1|____a new one. 8 It shouldnt take more than a week to arrive. EXPECT {get here before next Friday. Grammar reference 167