Vehicle ergonomics:
driving comfortably
Margaret Hanson
Principal Ergonomics Consultant
BSc(Hons), FIEHF, CMIOSH
WorksOut
Driver health research
Review of business drivers (Gyi et al. 2003)
65% reported low-back pain
43% neck discomfort
40% shoulder pain
1/3 of all drivers reported that they experienced
moderate or severe low-back discomfort in a typical
week (Gyi et al. 2003)
Low-back related sickness absence is 6 times greater
for those who drive >4 hours a day (Loughborough University
2001)
Drivers who spend >50% of their day driving are 3 times
more likely to experience a slipped disc.
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Causes?
Postures:
Static, constrained postures
Increased pressure on discs
External pressure on body
Duration of driving / sitting in vehicle:
Commuting
Traffic volumes / delays
Use as office
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An ergonomics approach
User
Vehicle
Task
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Users characteristics
Size and shape
Existing discomfort
Strength
Specific needs e.g. air
conditioning, clothing
Driving style / tension
when driving
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Seat
Supportive
Comfortable
Adjustable
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Seat
Long enough to support without restricting
Height and tilt adjustment
Shape
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Backrest
Height (up to shoulders, but should not restrict
rear view)
Width and lateral support
Shape
Angle (typically 20-30 reclined)
Lumbar support in-out, up-down adjustment
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Lumbar supports
Can help, but not ideal:
Shorten seat length/
prevent contact with
whole backrest
Dont stay in place
Best to offer integral
lumbar support:
Up / down
In / out
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Head
restraints
Avoid forcing
awkward
postures
Middle of
headrest should
be level with
middle of ear
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Headroom
Be aware of internal
structures / bulkhead
Ensure adequate
clearance above head
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Legroom
Be aware of handbrake or facia which may
press onto legs
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Steering wheel
Ideally, should be adjustable in:
Angle
Height
Depth
Ease of holding
Ease of turning (e.g. power steering)
Centrally positioned
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Steering wheel position
Should be centrally
positioned. Test by
putting your hands
together in prayer
position, and point
at steering wheel.
At a comfortable
height and distance;
preferably should be
adjustable in depth
and angle.
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Pedals
Should be:
Centrally positioned
Sufficiently large (re: shoes worn)
Suitable distance apart (to avoid accidental
activation)
Reached comfortably
Also consider:
Height above floor
Travel on depression
Left foot rest
Floor surface
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Offset pedal position
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Pedals close together
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Foot rest too narrow
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Gear stick
Should be easy to reach.
Be aware of vibration if hand is rested on
gear stick.
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Hand brake
If closer to passenger seat may be OK for
broad drivers but a stretch for smaller drivers
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Vision
To displays within vehicle be aware of
impact of steering wheel position.
External view may be blocked by:
Car frame
Overhead storage
Rain channelled
onto side windows
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Driving task
Duration of driving
Complexity of task (types of roads,
unpredictability of road environment)
Route navigation
Time of day of journey
Time pressure
Allowing time for the journey
Driving style / purpose
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Getting into / out of vehicle
Seat shaping
Height of vehicle (higher usually better)
Where it is parked (e.g. beside kerb)
Door clearances
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Storage and manual handling
What?
What into?
A sill may hinder easy
access
Beware of head clearance,
and catches on boot lids
that stick out
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Other tasks in the vehicle
Paper work
Laptop / tablet
Think about:
Posture
Duration of use
Safe storage
Security
Consider providing:
Guidance and information on working comfortably
(e.g. sitting in passenger rather than drivers seat)
Ancillary equipment to facilitate better posture
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Improving comfort / reducing risk
Use the adjustments, and change them
regularly when driving / vary posture
Cushions etc in car
Alternative seat (e.g. Recaro)
Alternative cars
Regular active breaks
Reducing driving (e.g. relocate; phone calls;
alternative transport)
Reducing stress (e.g. sat nav, plan routes,
advice on not gripping steering wheel)
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Vehicle selection for organisations
Assess vehicles for design problems:
Does not force awkward postures
Is adequately adjustable / supportive for a
range of users
Offer a range of cars
Allow test drives / consultation
Dont assume that the seat will be the same
from the same manufacturer, one model to
another
Features available at top of one range are
often better than those at bottom end of
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next model up.
Vehicle selection: pool vehicles
Consider:
Fit to drivers (and adjustability)
Driving patterns
Tasks undertaken / equipment required
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Further info
Guidance:
www.aohnp.co.uk/media/Vehicleergonomicsbes
tpracticeguide$28Highwaysagency$29.pdf (or
google: Highways agency vehicle ergonomics)
http://safety.dept.shef.ac.uk/guidance/DRIVING
%20POSTURE.pdf
www.drivingergonomics.com includes a car
selection checklist
Car review sites e.g.:
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www.thecarconnection.com
Thank you!
Any questions?
Margaret@worksout.co.uk
www.worksout.co.uk
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