ASSIGNMENT

in
M.E. 101

Submitted by: Richard Allen Mark C. Echavez

CHISELS
Woodworking Chisels
Bevel Edge Chisels - The term Bevel Edge Chisels is
typically given to normal wood chisels or firmer
chisels with blades that are bevelled on the long
edges. These bevels make the blade less strong
compared to a straight edge chisel but in return allow
for better clearance when trimming joints such as
dovetails. In terms of general woodworking, a good
set of bevel edge chisels should probably be close to
the top of anybody's tool list. Our selection include
makers from Germany, England and Japan. Our
brands include Two Cherries, Henry Taylor and
Traditional Woodworker.
Butt chisel - short chisel with beveled sides and
straight edge for creating joints.
 Carving chisels - used for intricate designs and
sculpting; cutting edges are many; such as gouge,
skew, parting, straight, paring, and V-groove.
Corner chisel - resembles a punch and has an L-
shaped cutting edge. Cleans out square holes,
mortises and corners with 90 degree angles.
Flooring chisel cuts and lifts flooring materials for
removal and repair; ideal for tongue-and-groove
flooring.
Framing chisel usually used with mallet; similar to a
butt chisel, except it has a longer, slightly flexible
blade.
Slick a large chisel driven by manual pressure, never
stuck.
Mortise chisel thick, rigid blade with straight cutting
edge and deep, slightly tapered sides to make
mortises and similar joints.
Paring chisel has a long blade ideal for cleaning
grooves and accessing tight spaces.
Skew chisel has a 60 degree cutting angle and is
used for trimming and finishing.
Dovetail chisel made specifically for cutting dovetail
joints. The difference being the thickness of the body
of the chisel, as well as the angle of the edges,
permitting easier access to the joint.
Cold chisels
 Flat chisel the most widely known type, which is
used to cut bars and rods to reduce surface and to cut
sheet metal that is too thick or difficult to cut with
thin snips.
Cross cut chisel is used for cutting grooves and slots.
The blade narrows behind the cutting edge to provide
clearance.
Round nose chisel is used for cutting semi-circular
grooves for oil ways in bearings.
Diamond point chisel is used for cleaning out corners
or difficult place and pulling over center punch marks
wrongly placed for drilling.
Hot chisel
Hotcut hardy is used in an anvil hardly hole with the
cutting edge facing up. The hot piece of work to be
cut is placed over the chisel and struck with a
hammer.

Pliers
Slip-joint pliers - The key to the versatility of this tool
is the slip-joint that gives the pliers their name. Like
most pliers, they are operated by opening and closing
the handles, which produces an opening and closing
action of the jaws. But slip-joint pliers have the added
advantage of an adjustable pivot point, which allows
 the two parts of the jaws to be shifted with respect to
one another. So a pair of slip-joint pliers can be used
to grip securely objects ranging in thickness from a
single sheet of paper to a half inch or more,
depending upon the size of the pliers.
Water-pump pliers - The jaws of water-pump pliers
are serrated, with a curved shape. Like slip-joint
pliers, they can be adjusted to grasp various sized
objects. The pivot point on arc-joint models shifts like
that on slip-joint pliers, while on others there are a
series of grooves that allow the jaws to be positioned
at different openings but that keep the jaws parallel
to one another. The varieties with the channel design
offer a more positive grasp of the pipe or other
object. The jaws may be set in seven different
positions on many varieties of plumbers pumps.
Linesmens pliers - Like other pliers, they hinge at a
pivot point, so working the handles together or apart
causes the jaws to close or open. The jaws have
shallow serrations for firm gripping, especially of flat
objects like sheet metal, which explains their
popularity among sheet-metal workers. An electrician
relies upon the jaws for twisting together wires into a
cone-shaped knot that is then protected by a plastic
insulator called a wire nut. Immediately behind the
jaws are a pair of side cutters, designed for cutting
wire. Using them to cut nails will dull them quickly.
 Locking pliers - Their jaws are closed like those on
other pliers by squeezing the handles together.
However, the jaw opening is adjusted by turning a
screw-drive in one handle and when the jaws contact
the object to be gripped, the added pressures lock it
in a vice-like grip. To release the tools grip, a lever in
the other handle is triggered. The compound lever
action of the tool means that the jaws can apply
tremendous force.
Needle-nose pliers - These are essentially small-scale
electricians pliers, with long, tapered jaws. Smaller in
scale than linesmans pliers, the needle-nose pliers
are particularly well suited to working with wire in
confined spaces like electrical boxes, though they are
also useful for bending and holding metal fittings.
Their jaws taper to a point, and at the nose have
serrations on the gripping surface. At the throat of
the tool near the pivot there is a side cutter.
Tinner snips
Straight-pattern - The Flat face helps guide the snip
along a straight line. Made for plumbing, heating, air
conditioning and roofing trades, these blades cuts
straight or wide curves (when trimming light gauge
stock).
Duckbill-pattern - also known as trojan-pattern snips,
have blades that taper down from the pivot to the tip
 of the blades. The blade edges are also bevelled to
more easily cut curves and circles or shapes. They are
a lighter duty snip that can only cut up to 25 gauge
mild steel.
Holding devices
Collets - A slotted sleeve which when expanded or
contracted by a tapered collar or rod, grips a
cylindrical workpiece on its inside or outside
diameter.
Collet Chucks - To machine a workpiece that is turning
while being machined, typically in a lathe, a chuck is
used to secure the workpiece to the end of the
spindle. One type of chuck is used in conjunction
with a slotted collet which grips the workpiece and
thus the name collet chuck.
Arbors - A workholding device which typically grips on
an inside diameter or feature of a cutter or workpiece
such as a gear.
Fixtures - A custom workholding device used to
securely hold a specific workpiece in position during
machining operations.
Machining Tombstones A term coined to describe a
multi-sided block that provides for the attachment of
one or more fixtures on each side for holding multiple
workpieces to accommodate automated machining
operations with one set-up.
 Center Mandrels - A cylindrical or symmetric shaft,
sometimes tapered, that locates on an inside
diameter or feature of the workpiece.
Face Drivers This device is an alternative to a chuck
that uses a live center and tailstock pressure to locate
and drive the workpiece thus allowing for the entire
workpiece to be machined in one operation without
flipping.
Punches
Pin punch - is used to remove metal pins from a hole.
First use a starter punch to loosen metal pin then use
a pin punch to finish removing the pin from hole.
Centre punch - is used to mark the center of a point.
It is usually used to mark the centre of a hole when
drilling holes. A drill has the tendency to "wander" if
it does not start in a recess. A centre punch forms a
large enough dimple to "guide" the tip of the drill.
The tip of a centre punch has an angle between 60
and 90 degrees. When drilling larger holes, and the
web of the drill is wider than the indentation
produced by a centre punch, the drilling of a pilot
hole is usually needed.
Prick punch - is similar to a center punch but used for
marking out. It has a sharper angled tip to produce a
narrower and deeper point. It is also known as a dot
punch. The mark can then be enlarged with a centre
 punch for drilling. The tip of a prick punch is 40
degrees (the angle depends on what type of prick
punch you are using.)
Drift punch - is misleadingly named; it is not used as a
punch in the traditional sense of the term. A drift
punch, or drift pin, or lineup punch, is used as an aid
in aligning bolt or rivet holes prior to inserting a
fastener. A drift punch is constructed as a tapered
rod, with the hammer acting on the large end of the
taper. The tapered end of a drift punch is placed into
the semi-aligned bolt holes of two separate
components, and then driven into the hole. As it is
driven in, the taper forces the two components into
alignment, allowing for easy insertion of the fastener.
Unlike most punches, force is never (and should
never be) applied to the tip, or end of a drift pin.

Parts of a Micrometer
Frame - The body used to hold the anvil and barrel firmly
in their place is called frame, in micro meter screw gauges,
thick C shaped frames are used . Their mass helps in
minimization of expansion or contraction due to
temperature some manufacturers also deliver gauges with
insulated frames to serve the above mentioned purpose.
Anvil - It is the fixed part mounted at one end of frame
exactly parallel to the moving spindle which move towards
 it , Anvil face which comes directly in contact to the object
being measured is machined extremely fine so to achieve
highest degree of precision.
Spindle - The cylindrical part which displaces by rotation of
thimble decreasing the clearance between itself and anvil
until the object being measured become stable between
the two of them , in modern micrometer screw gauges ,
anvil and spindle`s open face are tipped with carbide.
Sleeve/Barrel - The stationary part with having linear scale
onto it, called the main scale, it also covers the screw
mechanism of screw gauge , now screw gauges are
available with adjustable sleeves which makes it easy to
eliminate the zero error.
Screw - It is the most important part of instrument
because all measurement is done through it in fact. Very
fine stainless steel screws are used for this purpose with a
definite pitch.
Thimble - It is the part through which measuring screw is
rotated, this screwing results in the displacement of
spindle and thimble itself.
Locking device - It is actually a nut whose operation is
facilitated by means of a lever, usually used to hold tight
the spindle at its place so that current reading of that time
could be maintained up to a desired length of time.
Scales - Micrometer screw gauge comes with two scales,
one rotating scale which can be found on its rotating
cylindrical part it is also called circular scale and the other
 one can be found on its stationary sleeve which is called
main scale or sleeve scale, some designs of instrument can
also have a vernier scale as well.
Parts of Vernier Caliper
Inside jaws - Internal length measurements are found by
using this part.
Retainer or locking screw - This part blocks the
instrument's movable parts in order to transfer between
measurement methods easily.
Vernier scale (inch)
Rail (inch)
Depth probe The part used in order to find the depth
measurement.
Frond end of the rail
Main scale (mm)
Vernier scale (mm)
Sliding Jaw
Outside jaws This part makes measuring external lengths
possible.
Fixed jaw