Handbook of

Cucurbits
Growth,Cultural Practices,
and Physiology
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 Handbook of
Cucurbits
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Growth,Cultural Practices,
and Physiology

Mohammad Pessarakli
The University of Arizona
School of Plant Sciences
Tucson, Arizona, USA

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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 To the memory of my beloved parents, Fatemeh and Vahab, who regretfully,
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did not live to see this work and my other works, which, in no small part,
resulted from their gift of many years of unconditional love to me.
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 Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... xiii
Editor................................................................................................................................................ xv
Contributors....................................................................................................................................xvii

Section I Introductory Chapters

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Chapter 1 Cucurbits: History, Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Reproductive Growth...................3

S. Ramesh Kumar

Chapter 2 Cucurbits: Importance, Botany, Uses, Cultivation, Nutrition, Genetic

Resources, Diseases, and Pests................................................................................... 23
David O. Ojo

Section II Cucurbit Physiological Stages

ofGrowth and Development I

Chapter 3 Carbohydrate Metabolism of Cucurbits...................................................................... 69

Minmin Miao and Zhiping Zhang

Section III Cultural Practices of Cucurbits

Chapter 4 Cultivation and Bioprospecting of Perennial Cucurbits.............................................. 95
Shrawan Singh and L.K. Bharati

Chapter 5 Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Live Mulch Climatic Adaptation Capabilities

in Humid Tropics Cropping System.......................................................................... 113
David O. Ojo

Chapter 6 Cultural Practices of Persian Melons........................................................................ 119

Jamal Javanmardi

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 viii Contents

Chapter 7 No-Tillage Production Systems for Cucurbit Vegetables.......................................... 129

Stuart Alan Walters

Chapter 8 Botany and Crop Rotation Management of New Specialty Japanese Melon
inHumid, Tropical Climate Zones........................................................................... 139
Hong Li
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Section IV Cucurbits Physiological Stages

ofGrowth and Development II

Chapter 9 Cucurbits Physiological Stages of Growth................................................................ 151

Lord Abbey

Chapter 10 Flowering and Its Modification in Cucurbits............................................................ 171

Meenu Kumari, H.S. Singh, and T.K. Behera

Chapter 11 Pollination in Cucurbit Crops.................................................................................... 181

Isac Gabriel Abraho Bomfim, Breno Magalhes Freitas, Fernando Antonio
Souza de Arago, and Stuart Alan Walters

Chapter 12 Sex Expression in Cucurbits: Special Reference to Cucumber and Melon............... 201
Puja Rattan and Sanjeev Kumar

Section V Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding of Cucurbits

Chapter 13 Muskmelon Genetics, Breeding, and Cultural Practices.......................................... 213

B.R. Choudhary and Sudhakar Pandey

Chapter 14 Ash Gourd (Benincasa hispida) Breeding and Cultivation...................................... 237

Sudhakar Pandey and Suhas G. Karkute

Section VI Cucurbit Grafting

Chapter 15 Cucurbit Grafting: Methods, Physiology, and Responses to Stress.......................... 255

Maryam Haghighi, Atena Sheibanirad, and Mohammad Pessarakli
 Contents ix

Chapter 16 Effects of Grafting on Nutrient Uptake by Cucurbits Irrigated with Water

ofDifferent Qualities................................................................................................ 273
Menahem Edelstein and Meni Ben-Hur

Chapter 17 Melon Grafting.......................................................................................................... 285

Xin Zhao, Wenjing Guan, and Donald J. Huber

Section VII Cucurbit Pathology and Diseases

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Chapter 18 Important Diseases of Cucurbitaceous Crops and Their Management.................... 301

Akhilesh Sharma, Viveka Katoch, and Chanchal Rana

Section VIII W
 eed Control, Pest Control,
and Insects of Cucurbits

Chapter 19 Important Insect Pests of Cucurbits and Their Management.................................... 327

Akhilesh Sharma, Chanchal Rana, and Kumari Shiwani

Chapter 20 Insect Pest Management in Cucurbits: Research Development and Perspective...... 361
Ruparao T. Gahukar

Chapter 21 Cucurbit Insect and Related Pests............................................................................. 387

Paul J. McLeod and Tahir Rashid

Section IX Therapeutic and Medicinal Values of Cucurbits

Chapter 22 Cucurbits: Assortment and Therapeutic Values........................................................405

Krishan Pal Singh, Beena Singh, Prem Chand, and Reena Nair

Section X Growth Responses of Cucurbits under

Stressful Conditions (Abiotic and Biotic Stresses)

Chapter 23 Soil Salinity: Causes, Effects, and Management in Cucurbits.................................. 419

Akhilesh Sharma, Chanchal Rana, Saurabh Singh, and Viveka Katoch

Chapter 24 Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Cucurbits to Drought Stress.............. 441

Amir Hossein Saeidnejad
 x Contents

Chapter 25 Growth Responses of Watermelon to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses............................ 453

Satya S.S. Narina

Section XI Examples of Cucurbit Crop Plants Growth

and Development and Cultural Practices

Chapter 26 Physiological Stages of Growth and Development in Bitter Melon.......................... 479

Satya S. Narina
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Chapter 27 Snapmelon................................................................................................................. 489

Rakesh Kr. Dubey, Vikas Singh, Garima Upadhyay, and Hari Har Ram

Chapter 28 Kachri (Cucumis callosus [Rottler] Cogn.)............................................................... 499

Rakesh Kr. Dubey, Vikas Singh, GarimaUpadhyay, and Hari Har Ram

Chapter 29 Squashes and Gourds................................................................................................ 513

Sanjeev Kumar, Puja Rattan, and R.K. Samnotra

Chapter 30 Snake Gourd: Taxonomy, Botany, CulturalPractices, Harvesting,

MajorDiseases, and Pests......................................................................................... 533
A.V.V. Koundinya and M.K. Pandit

Chapter 31 Snake Gourd: Nutritional Values, Medicinal Properties and Health

Benefits, Cultivable Cultivars, Cultural Practices, Diseases and Pests,
and Crop Improvement..............................................................................................547
Rakesh Kr. Dubey, Vikas Singh, Garima Upadhyay, and A.K. Pandey

Index............................................................................................................................................... 561
 Preface
Cucurbits are part of the daily diet of people around the world. Therefore, cucurbit products are
important and need special attention in their cultural practices, physiology, and production. There
are numerous books and articles available on cucurbits, but these all exist relatively in isolation of
each other, covering only one or a few specific topics on cucurbits. Therefore, the information on
these important plants is scattered. I felt the need for a single unique comprehensive source of infor-
mation that includes as many factors as possible on cucurbits, and this resulted in the Handbook of
Cucurbits. It is a complete collection of the factors on cucurbits.
This comprehensive source is an up-to-date reference book effectively addressing issues and
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concerns related to cucurbit growth, physiology, cultural practices, diseases, and production. These
aspects of cucurbits have efficiently and effectively been addressed in this unique handbook.
While previous authors have indeed competently covered relevant areas separately in various
publications, the areas are, nonetheless, interrelated and should be covered comprehensively in a
single text, which is the purpose of this book.
The Handbook of Cucurbits has been prepared by many competent and knowledgeable scientists,
specialists, and researchers in agriculture and horticulture from several countries. It is intended to
serve as a resource for both lectures and independent purposes. Scientists, agriculture researchers,
agriculture practitioners, and students will benefit from this unique comprehensive guide, which
covers issues related to cucurbits from planting to production.
As with other fields, accessibility of knowledge is among the most critical of factors involved
with cucurbit production. Without due consideration of all the elements contributing to cucurbit
crop production, it is unlikely that a successful production system will be achieved. For this reason,
as many factors as possible are included in this handbook. To further facilitate the accessibility of
the desired information in various areas covered in this collection, the book is divided into 11 sec-
tions: Introductory Chapters; Cucurbit Physiological Stages of Growth and DevelopmentI; Cultural
Practices of Cucurbits; Cucurbit Physiological Stages of Growth and Development II; Genetics,
Genomics, and Breeding of Cucurbits; Cucurbit Grafting; Cucurbit Pathology and Diseases; Weed
Control, Pest Control, and Insects of Cucurbits; Therapeutic and Medicinal Values of Cucurbits;
Growth Responses of Cucurbits under Stressful Conditions (Abiotic and Biotic Stresses); and
Examples of Cucurbit Crop Plants Growth and Development and Cultural Practices. Each of these
sections consists of one or more chapters to discuss, independently, as many aspects of cucurbits as
possible in that specific topic.
Section I consists of two chapters, including one that provides basic and general introductory
information on cucurbit plants/crops.
Section II contains one chapter, which provides details on cucurbit carbohydrate metabolism.
Section III includes five chapters, each of which presents in-depth information on their topic.
Section IV contains four chapters that provide detailed information on various physiological
stages of cucurbit growth and development.
Section V consists of two chapters that provide information on muskmelon and ash gourd,
respectively.
Section VI includes three chapters that discuss improvements in cucurbit productions and stress
tolerance responses of cucurbit plants/crops
Section VII contains one chapter that presents important diseases of cucurbits and their proper
management strategies.
Section VIII consists of three chapters that present up-to-date, detailed information on the con-
trol and management practices of weeds, pests, and insects of cucurbit plants/crops.
Section IX contains one chapter devoted to the health benefits of cucurbit plants/crops.

xi
 xii Preface

Section X consists of three chapters that discuss in detail the responses of cucurbit plants/crops
under stressful conditions.
Finally, Section XI, consisting of six chapters, presents detailed information on various cucurbit
plants/crops.
Numerous figures and tables are included in the handbook to facilitate comprehension of the
presented material. Hundreds of index words are also included to further increase accessibility to
desired information.

Mohammad Pessarakli, PhD

Professor
University of Arizona
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Tucson, Arizona
 Acknowledgments
I express my appreciation for the assistance I received from the secretarial and administrative staff
of the School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona.
The encouraging words of several of my colleagues, which are always greatly appreciated, have
certainly been a driving force for the successful completion of this project.
In addition, I sincerely acknowledge Randy Brehm (acquiring editor, Taylor & Francis Group,
CRC Press) whose professionalism, patience, hard work, and proactive methods helped in the com-
pletion of this project and my previous book projects. This job would not have been completed as
smoothly and rapidly without her valuable support and efforts.
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I am indebted to Jill Jurgensen (senior project coordinator, Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press)
for her professional and careful handling of this book and my previous publications. I also acknowl-
edge the eye for detail, sincere efforts, and the hard work put in by the copy editor and the project
editor, Rachael Panthier.
The collective efforts and invaluable contributions of several experts on cucurbits plants/crops
made it possible to produce this unique resource that presents comprehensive information on this
subject. Each and every one of these contributors and their contributions are greatly appreciated.
Last, but not least, I thank my wife, Vinca, a high school science teacher, and my son, Dr. Mahdi
Pessarakli, MD, who supported me during the course of this work.

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 Editor
Mohammad Pessarakli, PhD, is a professor in the School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture
and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. His work at the University of Arizona
includes research and extension services and teaching courses in turfgrass science, management,
and stress physiology. He is the editor of the Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress and the Handbook
of Plant and Crop Physiology (both titles published by Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press [for-
merly Marcel Dekker, Inc.]), and the Handbook of Photosynthesis, and Handbook of Turfgrass
Management and Physiology. Dr. Pessarakli has written 20 book chapters; has been an editorial
board member of the Journal of Plant Nutrition, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,
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Advances in Plants and Agriculture Research Journal and the Journal of Agricultural Technology;
a member of the Book Review Committee of the Crop Science Society of America, and a reviewer
of the Crop Science, Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America and the HortScience journals. He
is author or coauthor of 185 journal articles and 55 trade magazine articles. Dr. Pessarakli is an
active member of the Agronomy Society of America, the Crop Science Society of America, and the
Soil Science Society of America, among others. He is an executive board member of the American
Association of University Professors (AAUP), Arizona Chapter.
Dr. Pessarakli is a well-known, internationally recognized scientist and scholar and an esteemed
member (invited) of Sterling Whos Who, Marques Whos Who, Strathmore Whos Who, Madison
Whos Who, and Continental Whos Who, as well as numerous other honor societies (i.e., Phi
KappaPhi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Pi Lambda Theta, Alpha Alpha Chapter). He is a certified profes-
sional agronomist and a certified professional soil scientist (CPAg/SS), designated by the American
Registry of the Certified Professionals in Agronomy, Crop Science, and Soil Science. Dr. Pessarakli
is a United Nations consultant in agriculture for underdeveloped countries. He earned his BS (1977)
in environmental resources in agriculture and MS (1978) in soil management and crop production
from The Arizona State University, Tempe, and earned his PhD (1981) in soil and water science
from the University of Arizona, Tucson. Dr. Pessaraklis environmental stress research work and
expertise on plants and crops are internationally recognized.
For more information about Dr. Pessarakli, please visit http://ag.arizona.edu/pls/faculty/
pessarakli.htm, http://cals.arizona.edu/spls/people/faculty

xv
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 Contributors
Lord Abbey Menahem Edelstein
Department of Plant and Animal Sciences Department of Vegetable Crops
Dalhousie University Agricultural Research Organization
Nova Scotia, Canada Ramat Yishay, Israel

Fernando Antonio Souza de Arago Breno Magalhes Freitas

Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetic Department of Animal Sciences
Resources Federal University of Cear
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Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry Fortaleza, Brazil

Fortaleza, Brazil
Ruparao T. Gahukar
T.K. Behera Arag Biotech Pvt. Ltd.
Division of Vegetable Science Maharashtra, India
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi, India Wenjing Guan
Department of Horticulture and Landscape
Meni Ben-Hur Architecture
Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Southwest Purdue Agricultural Program
Sciences Purdue University
Agricultural Research Organization Vincennes, Indiana
Bet Dagan, Israel
Maryam Haghighi
L.K. Bharati Department of Horticulture
Central Horticultural Experimentation Station Isfahan University of Technology
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Isfahan, Iran
Orissa, India
Donald J. Huber
Isac Gabriel Abraho Bomfim Horticultural Sciences Department
Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida
Federal University of Cear Gainesville, Florida
Fortaleza, Brazil
Jamal Javanmardi
Prem Chand Department of Horticultural Sciences
India Council of Agricultural Research College of Agriculture
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Shiraz University
Madhya Pradesh, India Shiraz, Iran

B.R. Choudhary Suhas G. Karkute

Division of Crop Improvement ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research
Central Institute for Arid Horticulture Uttar Pradesh, India
Rajasthan, India
Viveka Katoch
Rakesh Kr. Dubey Department of Vegetable Science and
Department of Vegetable Science Floriculture
Central Agricultural University Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University
Arunachal Pradesh, India Himachal Pradesh, India

xvii
 xviii Contributors

A.V.V. Koundinya David O. Ojo

Department of Vegetable Crops National Horticultural Research Institute
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya University of Ibadan
West Bengal, India Ibadan, Nigeria

Sanjeev Kumar A.K. Pandey

Division of Vegetable Science and Floriculture College of Horticulture and Forestry
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Central Agricultural University
Sciences and Technology Arunachal Pradesh, India
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Sudhakar Pandey
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S. Ramesh Kumar Division of Crop Improvement

Department of Horticulture ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Uttar Pradesh, India
Tamil Nadu, India
M.K. Pandit
Meenu Kumari Department of Vegetable Crops
Central Horticultural Experimentation Station Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research West Bengal, India
Orissa, India
Mohammad Pessarakli
Hong Li School of Plant Sciences
Environment and Plant Protection Institute The University of Arizona
Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science Tucson, Arizona
Haikou, Hainan, China
Hari Har Ram
and
Department of Vegetable Science
Nova Scotia Institute of Agrologists GB Pant University Agriculture & Technology
Nova Scotia, Canada Uttrakhand, India

Paul J. McLeod Chanchal Rana

Department of Entomology Department of Vegetable Science and
University of Arkansas Floriculture
Fayetteville, Arkansas Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University
Himachal Pradesh, India
Minmin Miao
School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Tahir Rashid
Yangzhou University Department of Agriculture
Wenhui, Yangzhou, Peoples Republic of China Alcorn State University
Mound Bayou, Mississippi
Reena Nair
Department of Horticulture Puja Rattan
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Department of Agriculture
Madhya Pradesh, India DAV University
Punjab, India
Satya S. Narina
Department of Agriculture Amir Hossein Saeidnejad
Agricultural Research Station Department of Agriculture
Virginia State University Payame Noor University
Petersburg, Virginia Tehran, Iran
 Contributors xix

R.K. Samnotra Saurabh Singh

Division of Vegetable Science and Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture
Floriculture Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Himachal Pradesh, India
Sciences and Technology
Jammu and Kashmir, India Shrawan Singh
Division of Horticulture and Forestry
Akhilesh Sharma
Central Island Agricultural Research Institute
Department of Vegetable Science and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Floriculture
Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University
Himachal Pradesh, India Vikas Singh
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Department of Vegetable Science

Atena Sheibanirad Central Agricultural University
Department of Horticulture Arunachal Pradesh, India
Isfahan University of Technology
Isfahan, Iran Garima Upadhyay
Department of Vegetable Science
Kumari Shiwani
Central Agricultural University
Department of Vegetable Science and
Arunachal Pradesh, India
Floriculture
Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University
Himachal Pradesh, India Stuart Alan Walters
Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural
Beena Singh Systems
SG College of Agriculture and Research Station Southern Illinois University
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Carbondale, Illinois
Chhattisgarh, India
Zhiping Zhang
H.S. Singh
School of Horticulture and Plant Protection
Central Horticultural Experimentation Station
Yangzhou University
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
Wenhui, Yangzhou, Peoples Republic of China
Orissa, India

Krishan Pal Singh Xin Zhao

College of Horticulture and Research Station Horticultural Sciences Department
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University University of Florida
Chhattisgarh, India Gainesville, Florida