MODERN COURSE ShorthandMODERN COURSE IN PITMAN’S SHORTHAND ‘A Complete Handbook, Using the More Frequently Used and Important Words of the English Language as the Material for Learning the Rules of Pitman’s Shorthand When the student has worked carefully through the SHORTER MODERN COURSE, he will find it extremely helpful in obtaining a fuller grasp of Pitman’s Shorthand system if he now studies MODERN COURSE IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. In this book, the rules are explained at greater length, bringing the student to complete mastery of the system. The principles of the SHORTER MODERN COURSE are maintained throughout, and while the method is new and direct, this does not entail any sacrifice of thoroughness in the study of theory. MODERN COURSE, 4s. KEY TO MODERN COURSE, 4s. It is necessary to use, with the MODERN COURSE, the MODERN COURSE EXERCISE AND DRILL NOTEBOOKS These contain the shorthand and longhand material for learning shorthand from the MODERN COURSE. It is essential to have these two ‘Exercise and Drill Notebooks."” since they are in fact an integral part of the book. They are, however, printed separately for three good reasons: 1, The paper is specially selected as the best for writing with pen and ink. 2. The learner is able to make his shorthand outlines in the space provided immediately below the printed examples of the best shorthand writing. 3. The learner is able to work the exercises with two pages of his MODERN COURSE open before him, which is an important help in grasping the sense of the exercises. Part Il of the Exercise and Drill Notebook takes the student to a more advanced stage. Sold separately. Part I, 1s 6d. (+ P.T.); Part Il, 2s. (+ P.T.). PITMAN, PARKER STREET, KINGSWAY, W.C.2 SHORTER MODERN COURSE in Pitman’s Shorthand (WITHOUT EXERCISES) NEW ERA EDITION OaacPhrarn LONDON SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD. PITMAN HOUSE, PARKER ST., KINGSWAY, W.C.2 BATH ‘MELBOURNE JOHANNESBURGOOPYRIGHT.—Turs zprni0x or Sum Isaac Prtuan's Svarau o” SuoRTHAND 16 Tu axcLUsive corvaicu o¥ Sin Isaac PitwaN & SONS, L1D., AND It REPRODUCED IN ANY PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITTHN PERMISSION "Tue Rick ov TRANSLATION Ie RRSERVED CONTENTS 1. Consonant Signs Pee, Consonant, Vowel and Bee, Tee, Dee, CHay, Diphthong Signs. 30 Jay: Vowel Signs 12. SWay and SeZ circles. 32 Avant. 3 13. Loops STee and STeR: CON- or COM-dot 82 14, Signs half as long for the addition of Tee . 34 Signs half as long for the addition of Dee . 35 Signs twice as long for 2. Consonant Signs Kay, Gay, eM, eN, iNG! VowelSignsEandOE 7 45, 3.CircleesS. 10 4, Consonant’ Signs eF, 4g ‘Vee, iTH, THee, eSS, i Zee, iSH, ZHee, down Den ten take” 95 motion sign aR: Use ‘i of Circle eSS and Full 17. Hook aR fo Straight Signs. Vowel Signs SignesS sions 2 for these Hooked 8. First-place Vowel Signs Bors Bot See er A, AH, 6, AU . . 15 Hay (as in PERHAPS) 36 6. Third“place Vowel 18. Hook ‘eL to Straight igns 1, EE, 00, 00 Signs... 37 Signs I, BE, 00, 00: 19. Hook eN ‘to Straight logues and Contrac- Signs ss. 38 mies and Conse” a0. Hook eF/Vee to ters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 17 Straight Signs . |. 39 7. Consotaat'Sigas ek, | 2% AR and el Hooks 10 Signs uves ear SigelE PY 9 22. Hook eN to Curves 41 8. Consonant Signs Way 28. Shun Hook. 42 ‘and Yay: Diphthong 24. Addition of Circle eS$ SignOl ss. 23 toHooks. . «43 9. Consonant’ Sign’ Ray: 25. Addition of a Circle or Ray and ak: How a Loop to Hooks aR used : Diphthong Sign and eN to. Straight ow. Sims... 43 10. Consonant Signs Hay, 26. Compound’ Consonants 44 ‘Up and Down, Tick 27. WayHalfcircle. . 45 Sign: Diphthong Sign 28. Diphones.; | 48 ve * 27 29. Prefixes and Suffixes | 46 11. Table of Simpl ‘The King’s English . 48 Eo—~{S.553) a SHORTER MODERN COURSE CHAPTER ONE 1, Writing shorthand is like writing longhand, but it is a very much quicker way of writing. The two forms of writing are like one another becatise they make use of signs to put on record words which are said or which come to the mind of the writer. Again, in shorthand, as in longhand, we have later to be able in turn to put the signs back into words, and this reading back has to be possible even after a long time. 2, In shorthand, as in longhand, there are four different sorts of signs: (i) SIGNS USED AS PART OF A SYSTEM. In longhand words are made up of different parts: the sign ParD, for example, is made up of four parts—p-a-1-p—but we quickly get used to reading and writing the complete sign. In the same way, in shorthand the signs for words are made up of different parts: the shorthand form for the word parp, for example, is made up of three parts N....[l, and we quickly get used to reading and writing the complete outline 4 . (Outline is the name for a shorthand form.) (ii) SIGNS USED NOT AS PART OF A SYSTEM, BUT AS. REPRESENTATIVES OF COMPLETE WORDS. In longhand the special sign “'&” is sometimes used for the quick writing of the word anv. In the same way, in shorthand we have the special sign .~... for this word. In shorthand there are a number of words of this kind, and Grammalogue is the name given to them, (iii) SIGNS WHICH ARE A SHORT FORM OF THE COM- PLETE SIGN. In longhand, Fen. is used as a quick way of writing the word FEBRUARY. In the same way, in shorthand the short outline \..... (which is shorthand for F-2) is used for this word. Shorthand outlines of this sort are given the name Contractions. (iv) SIGNS JOINED TOGETHER FOR THE WRITING AT ONE TIME OF TWO OR MORE WORDS. In longhand, ‘risy’r is a short way of writing 11 1s Nor, In the same way, in shorthand two or more outlines may be joined together to make one sign for two or more words. For example, .b... (IT 1s Not) is used for .L. (11)... (18). (Not). In shorthand these joined outlines are given the name Phrases. 313 MODERN COURSE IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND v4 The purpose of this book is to give the learner a knowledge of all these ways of writing from the start, and, by going over the different words again and again, to make him or her so used to them that the reading and writing of the outlines comes quickly and readily. 3. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS (i) SYSTEM. To be certain of writing in shorthand any word in the English language it is necessary to have signs for the sounds of 24 Consonants. ‘Six of these signs are given in this first Chapter, and they are used in these words— Pee Pay Pace Bee Be ..\... Pa SS uP +: Nu Te Tot pM BE bb may CHay touCH +} - Jay aCe Al s Jedce i In addition, it is necessary to have signs for 12 Vowel signs and 4 Diphthong signs. Two of the vowel signs are used in these words— AY PAY DATE U r0UcH PAID .SW.\. AGE ~f yUpcE. S$. f. PAGE pay b. Ur... (ii) GRAMMALOGUES. Words that are used frequently are given special signs and are given the name Grammalogues. Ten such grammalogues are used so frequently that they make up 25 per cent of all the outlines which a shorthand writer has to “take down” when writing normal English, (On page 48 these words have been marked so that you can see that they come very frequently—making one quarter of normal English.) The ten Grammalogues are— Ayo « axjooom THAT Ewe. (when by itsel wo 1H (when by itself) ay } THE 2... (a small tick when (made with an joined to an outline) ayy 7." up motion) oF y BE 1s To w Nut ms ~® The outlines for BE and 17 are the signs for Bee and Tee used on this page. 4 (ii) CONTRACTIONS. In a number of common words it is not necessary to make use of the full outline, and only some of the consonants are given. The two strokes P-B, for instance, are used for the words— pupric PUBLISH \ PUBLISHED ___., (iv) PHRASES. Most of the grammalogues and outlines given in this Chapter may readily be joined together to make phrases— > To THE Ir Is THE IN THAT opr gr hrm THAT THE ¢ J, IS THAT oF THaT INTHE 1S THAT THE Gang. TO-DAY \ 1s THE MmATIS —g & I TT IS (17S) cb. THAT IS THE.. 4, WRITING SHORTHAND. The way to become an expert shorthand writer is by reading, copying, and taking down from dictation shorthand that is not only rightly formed by the rules of the system, but also a good example of shorthand writing in itself. Take your copy of the Exercise and Drill Notebook, which is specially designed for use with this book, and give special attention to the suggestions for using it given at the front of the book. Then take Exercise 1 and, from the outlines given in this Chapter, first go over the shorthand, reading it a number of times, till the reading of the outlines comes readily and quickly to you, Then do Exercises 2 and 3 of the Exercise and Drill Notebook, keeping in mind these points— (a) The six straight signs for the consonants which are given in this Chapter all go dow hk (0) The Grammalogue IN or any 2°“... is formed by moving the pen from left to right (that is, in the direction of normal Jonghand writing), and the Grammalogue-aND ...... goes wp. The small circle for the Grammalogue ts (it1s) is made by writing in this direction : 2... (0) The outlines are to be made about the same size as the printed shorthand, and the writing done without putting weight on the pen, very little more force being needed for the thicker lines. If for any feason your outlines are smaller or greater than those in the notebook it is important to keep the right relation between parts of outlines. All Pee's, Bee's, Tee's, etc., are to be the same size, (@) You ought to have a pen with a thin, but at the same time easy and smooth moving point. A pen with a thick point is not at any time to be used, and a pencil used only if you have not a good pen. A pencil, if used, ought to have an HB, lead, and you Ought to keep it sharp. 54 MODERN COURSE (¢) The penis to be held easily in the fingers, as near to the point as possible. The chief weight of the hand ought to be taken by the muscles of the arm, the rest of the weight being taken on the little finger so that the hand is free to go from side to side of the page. (f) Put the consonant and vowel signs in the same place in relation to the line and to one another as in the printed shorthand. (g) If an outline is made up of two or more parts (as in Pai. PAGE...) its parts are to be made WITHOUT LIFTING THE POINT OF THE PEN FROM THE PAPER. outline is only one sign, and no time is to be wasted over the joining of the parts of the outline. The writing of the consonant signs COMES FIRST, and the vowel signs are put in afterwards. In the outline for PAGE, for example, the consonants are first put down: +) , and the vowel sign is then put in S- (#) Tt will be a great help to you later if in these early stages You Set into the way of writing your shorthand outlines with care, jut you are to make your shorthand outlines sharply, writing quickly and smoothly. (}) Make use of Phrases where you are able to do so, because they take much less time in writing. In the longhand exercises of the Exercise and Drill Notebook the parts where phrases may be used are marked in the first half of every exercise, but in the second half you ought to be able to make use of the right phrases without help, (7) You ought to make a point of reading back—or getting another learner to do so—every outline of your shorthand, Summary 1, The six shorthand signs used for the six Engtish consonant sounds Pee, Bee, Tee, Dee, CHay, Jay are XL AL They are at all times formed by moving the pen down. ‘Sign | Letter [Name ‘Asin wd| P| pee Pap Si. Pace oon} B bee L.| tee TOUCH .. DATE {- -l.}] D | dee DATE PAID ‘ PAGE .N.. JUDGE f- J.) CH | chay www | J | jay IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND 15 2. A thick point or “dot” in the middle place is used for the vowel-sound in Pay X..., PaID -\., Day. page >... DATE, {-. ace... A short thin line or “dash” in the middle place is used for the vowel-sound in ur ..., TOUCH + » JUDGE f 3. When the vowel comes before the consonant, the vowel-sign is placed to the left, as in ace 7... and up ...; when the vowel comes after the corisonant, the vowel-sign is placed to the right, asin pay .... and roucn -} 4, In making shorthand signs for all words (other than some Grammalogues) the shorthand signs to be used are those of the sounds of the word in speech, not of the longhand signs in writing. The shorthand writer goes by sound, and not by the letters that may be used in longhand.* 5. Outlines for common words are joined to make phrases, 6. The “tick” for THE is used only when there is another sign before it to which it can be joined. At other times the dot is used. The tick is made at a sharp angle, and may go up or down to make the angle: rarp Tae. tar mae WA, mv THEO, ete 7. The Grammalogue ..... (AND) goes up. 8. In phrases the first outline of the phrase takes its right place in relation to the ine, and the rest of the outlines are placed where they come naturally: 17 15 -b.., 18 17 poy THAT IS 1S THAT .¢. From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 4. CHAPTER TWO 5. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS (i) SYSTEM. These words give you five more consonants— Kay TAKE Came MAKE bia. BECAME pu per CHECK Ln Gay Ger 1. + This true not only of consonants bat of vowels. Tn the Tonghand form of the two words pace and jupce, the one consonant sound of i given in thee ways: , J, D6, bu in shorthand there is only one sign for the sound of j J. Again, ih the longhand form of the three words, pay, paid, and page the vowel sound of ‘Ay ig given in three ways-~Av, i, and A! but fn shorthand there i only one sign {or the sound of ay~the thick dot” Pitman’s Shorthand makes point of tsing signs {or sounds without ever using the same sign for diferent sounds, that isis a ‘"Puonetie system,” based on the sounds ofthe words and not on the letes ofthe Jonghand. In other words the shorthand writer goss by the sounds of words, and Rot by the longhand teers that make ts "speling.© 7IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND 16 q6 MODERN COURSE eM May Monpay MAKE @>..@.— NAME oe SO eN No NAME RRiou] “Ar HoNbar wa OF enavor by iNG supcING MAKING CHANGING BEING (oN KAMING ene TAKING Ep Two more vowels are used in these words— Sie TLL, OF xow | (i) GRAMMALOGUES ve) vou te) or sg Sy me : Ms} — fe (iii) CONTRACTIONS ANYTHING So NOTHING wom, (iv) PHRASES MMNG THe yes RNOW THAT HE 10 GET THE 1 KNOW THAT HE IS (#48) 3S Sane tie a ty Moway OS (as) THE stay tum. Ana tune 1 TAKE AND THE, to oe raat wou nay vor 7 rn ial vor ed. THAT HE IS (HAS) ¢ g —-IT IS (IAS) NOT c AS HE IS (HAS) THAT HE 1S (HAS) NOT beet 6. From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 5, 6, and Zin the Exercise and Drill Notebook. Go over the outlines in Exer- cises 5 and 6 again and again till your eye takes them in nearly as quickly as it takes in longhand. In Exercise 6 the vowel-signs have not been put in the outlines which came into Chapter I. The reading of these outlines, even without the signs for vowels, will come * As will be seen from Chapter 14, this outline is not in fact a Grammalogue, but is given as early as this because it comes $0 frequently in English Go by Sound, not by Longhand 8 quite readily to you. This 1s because in English the consonants are much more important than the vowels * If all the consonants are given in an outline, the reading of nearly every word, without the help of the signs for the vowels, is quite simple. In all the shorthand exercises after Exercise 5 signs for vowels will not be put in outlines which have been given before, when it is safe not to put them in. Do as is done in the Notebook, either not putting in the vowels at all or putting them in as in the Examples, Summary 1, The five shorthand signs ~~ and... are used for the five English consonant sounds Kay, Gay, eM, eN, and iNG. They are at all times made by moving the pen FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, that is, in the direction of normal longhand writing — Sign | Letter] Name] Asin —-| K | kay foams oy take LL. MaKe a. wa] G | gay joer) 1. ) M | em |may wc. Monpay No | en [KNOW yt NAME ye. cuance..Ly ‘ ox. | NG | ing supeinc../- BEING .\U. 2. A thin “dot” at the middle of a stroke is used for the vowel: sound in cet J. cueck £... 3. A thick “dash” at the middle of a stroke is used for the vowel: sound in KNOW, XO sy 4. If the vowel comes before the consonant, the vowel-sign is placed over a left-to-right sign: AIM 2S., ACHE, OAK. if the vowel comes after the consonant in the longhand, the vowe sign is placed under the sign: MAY .c7., GAY mpney COE =p * When a payment has been made the sign Pa is wsed in longhand, Tn the same way in shorthand the consonant sgns:>)-- are enough. 10 Telephone Boks vowels are looked upon as being of no great importance, For example, Ra is used for Road, Biskpegt and Templ Br forthe Bishopsgte and Temple Bar Tec shone Exchanges, Pay} =}. Judge = Jil f- 9 Pagev7 MODERN COURSE 5. Vowel-signs do not have to be used in all outlines Jose Goh 6. The Grammalogue HE ..1.. is used only when it is possible for it to be joined to an outline coming before it: Tuat we .)., as ne f 7. Only the first part of the Grammalogue I comes before eM: 1 May >. 8. In outlines like Monpay 1. and cet “l., where the first part of the outline is made from left to right and the later part goes own, the first part is put over the line in such a way that the down sign may take its right place: Monpay t From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 8. CHAPTER THREE 7. CIRCLE eSS (i) SYSTEM. The consonant eSS (or Zee) is one of the most important of all the consonants because it comes into English words so frequently. ‘Take the following words and outlines— AGES PAYS Sunpay : paces Ld}. pays a. bu. Suxpays Sh.Sb is used when it, TOUCHES Monpays: ‘SET JupGEs +}: -f: pase b...NR. SETS CHANGES DOES _ sat , pares Lyf. case ke suc fh cers custom THINGS cuecks bt, customs TEs The pupuisues we. TAKES xxiows axincs bebop SAME |X pPonitDo MAKES SOME NAMES Guasech SENSE aN 82. (i) GRAMMALOGUES wo SPECIAL ‘our roo} stectatty} Sot) sassy ALL por sPEaK x ARE, how (up motion) English Shorthand is based on English Sounds 10 IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND is (int) CONTRACTIONS, EXCHANGE expect c Excnaxcen) ~~ gxpecrep) “—\~SOMETINNG eo. EXCHANGES expects oN. (iv) PHRASES. Dots Te bose AY tee ese Nope Mo ouns apa Sou ane A oT excnanceD) Zan You ane wot uo extecte] A 8, UNIMPORTANT VOWELS. See page 8, Par. 6. In all the shorthand from now on the vowel-signs will not be given in outlines in which they are not important if the outlines have frequently been given before From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 9, 10, and 11. Summary 1. For the consonant eSS (or Zee), which comes into English so frequently, a small circle is used in shorthand. It is put— (a) INSIDE CURVES: xxows ,2., NAMES 522, SAME 2. SOME .oy., SENSE 2:2. (#) ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF STRAIGHT SIGNS WHICH GO DOWN: pays Ne. races ..., Touces jm pays .b.., cets b., ser f., saw f. (9 ON THE TOP SIDE OF STRAIGHT LEFT-TO-RIGHT SIGNS AND ON THE LEFT OF STRAIGHT SIGNS WHICH GO UP: TAKES bo, MAKES mma, CASE mpl, HOURS 2 (d OUTSIDE THE ANGLE FORMED BY TWO STRAIGHT SIGNS: custom hs., customs The., excuance-p 7. EXPECT-ED IN. - Came = KayM = cn u Know = Noe19 MODERN COURSE 2. The writing of circle eSS at the end of a Grammalogue or Con- traction is the same as with other shorthand outlines: THINGS .#., sears -.,excuanees f.,pxrncrs 3. Only the first part of the Grammalogue I... is used before Kay and Gay: 1 EXPECT-ED A. 1 EXCHANGE-D ~~ 4. It is possibly wise to go over again what was said about writing shorthand on pages 5 and 6, In the same way that there are bad writers of longhand there are bad writers of shorthand, and it is important that every student makes an attempt to get a good writing behaviour, and a tendency automatically to make good shorthand outlines. If this tendenc formed early in the learning of shorthand it will be kept, but if bad writing behaviour and tendencies are formed it is very hard to over- come them later. Go carefully through the suggestions made on pages 5 and 6 of the Modern Course and on pages i, ii and iii of the Exercise and Drill Notebook. From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 12. CHAPTER FOUR 9, CONSONANTS, (i) SYSTEM. Nine of the other consonants are used in these outlines — eF Face saPE Vee saVe Facinc Medex SAFES Seah SAVES Sunn Sue EFFEct ENOUGH (enuF).S— 4%. SAVING Swe iTH (light sound) THee (heavy sound) wow TH : MoNTHs 24.6. noTH . THey hon eSS Say SY SRD, Zee was (wor) 2 Let your Ear tell you the Shorthand Outline, not your Eye 2 IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND io 18H sum Ze low vSuat SHows .A.o4, SHowep fp USuarty} (uehuat) aR AiR *D0oR customER aR Anse DOORS ok... customels Tn Th FORCE 2) Me (ii) GRAMMALOGUES For USUAL Hose wave Soh. usuatey} tas OG WAS enon Donmnn THEM Cee fRROM wD) (iii) CONTRACTIONS MANUFACTURE ) ot MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURERS © ayy MANUFACTURED FeBrvary wba (iv) PHRASES mar mwas ¢ OF SOME 4% TO FACE THE Ta is JS. SEE TL TEM Co me 0 SAVE From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 13, 14, and 15. oF THIS * This selection from the possible vowelsounds for this word may seem wrong to some, but it wil scm quite right to others. There are two points tobe had in mind (1) The sound “ Daw” isnot pleasing to many people; (2) the sign Lis not only the best for those who are able to make the sound of the "R,” but gives a beter sign for shorthand reading purposes It is possibly interesting that itis chiefly in eases where an ‘'R" is present that there are different opinions about the sound on which the shorthand sign is 10 be based + The reason for this form is made clear on page 40. Check = CHEK =.L.. Monday = MiNDay = 7-1. 1319 MODERN COURSE Summary 1. The English consonant sounds eF, Vee, iTH, THee, SS, Zee, iSH, ZHee, and aR, have curved shorthand signs, as under— Sign | Letter | Name Asin S| Fo] of | race Sen. SAFE A... enouan.citX. K..| Vo | vee | save 8. saves he. -| TH] ith | monte. 2. norm ¥ TH| the | tary 4... THem ess | SAY Yous 80 dn. us af Z| see | WAS nn SH| ish | sow ...A... sHoweD r ZH | zhee| usvat.4.... usvatty 1... { R | ar | am A... poor & Force Sy DELELRR 2. There are two shorthand signs for the sounds of eS and Zee— (i) The small circle ... (ii) The curves eSS ..)... and Zee .)... The circle eSS is generally used, but the curve is used— (a) At the start of an outline when a vowel comes before the €SS or Zee: us 2). (0) At the end of an outline when a vowel comes after the SS or Zee: sav 2, 80 7, (If the curve is used in the root word, it is kept in other like words that come from that root: say J, savs 2 From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 16. Shorthand gives Signs for Sounds, not for Letters of Longhand 14 IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND G10 CHAPTER FIVE 10. VOWELS (i) SYSTEM. These words give you four other vowels, Make a note of the place of the vowel in relation to the sign and of the place of the outline in relation to the line. Aoar 4 ASKING SPASSING \ oe Ap Ld Skee he SIAR Apps Lo BAcKs TAX Roprne L pane, SANS Rie be be sAT ~~ BANKS \ Aco af FACT Sa Awoxe OZ. *AsK FACTS { wg ASS GS AH Ar >. CAR 7) FAR og fis 032 A DOD Ae SS « FAnMs 6 Or fr A C cor kOe DS trons So AU TALK [_ [L, CAUSE j» pe cAUsep j TALKS co CAUSING. ce SAW uf ) (i) GRAMMALOGUES Pur wap | burenex TOBE XX DO | pirrErence || BEEN SHOULD we (up motion) * Readers who say these words (Asx, oFF, ete) with the long vowels, as in the ‘words ARMS, TALK, ete, should keep in mind (wo things— 1. That those in the North of England, in Scotland, in Canada, and in the USA, say Ask, not alisk, OFF not AUF 2. That, because Isaac Pitman used an ordered system in listing his signs for vowel robles auted by the ag that some say the words dteenl rom others. Those who say 3sk may use "=. in writing shorthand, those who say ask, may use 2. Whichever is said, there will be no error in reading the sin ds. In the same way, those who say a long AU in OFF and those who say a short & in corr will readily be able to put what they say into writing, without there being any doubt about what they are'writing. The same is true of FoI and oR, thouglt here itis the R that makes one person say the words differently from another. Change = CHayNJ = ..t, “p~ Custom = KuSTuM The. 15q10 MODERN COURSE CONTRACTIONS INSURANCE «52... (iv) PHRASES January Lo. 1 Put Fass THE S| 1 SAW THe 1 BOUGHT AT THE 20. SHOULD HAVE oq. THAD VN OONTHE You sHOULD 1AM De BUT THE wn. DO YOU ea Figm the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 17, 18, and 19. ‘Summary 1. An outline is placed over the line if the first vowel-sign in the outline is a first-place vi ARM IT. OFF Sn. TALKING , the first vowel-sign is placed at the start of the outline—that is, in the FIRST place, and the outlines are put in the FIRST place, that is, OVER the line, For example, the outlines taux .E=..., saw... ract =]... are placed over the line and are first-place outlines. The outlines Take .. say .).., EFFECT Sem are on the line and are second-place outlines, el. In the outlines app .1.., 2. A first-place outline ought to be so formed that the end of the first down sign of the outline is over and clear of the line. For example r r coral tax Ce on 2D but Get. TAKES... AIR 3. If in a first-place outline there are left-to-right signs only, the outline is put well over the line: awone “T=, aco 4. Whatever the vowels that come after, if the first vowel-sound in a word is a first-place vowel the outline for that word is put in the first place—that is, OVER the line. In the outlines amon “T~.. and Aco -.". for example, the first vowel is put in the first place and the outline is placed over the line. 5. The outiines which came into Chapters 1 to 4 are all ON the line—that is, in the second place—because the first vowel-sign in the outlines comes at the middie of the stroke—that is, in the second place: par .\,.., TOUCH J exovent SiN. BOTH Ne IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND Bit 6, By writing outlines in the't proper places in relation to the line it is possible for the place of the first vowel in an outline to be made clear without any vowel being put in. For example, if you see the two outlines and .\__, and someone says to you that ‘one is the outline for Fact and the other for EFFECT, then, because the first outline is over the line and the second outline is on the line, the reader is able to say that the vowel in the first outline is a first-place vowel and that “=. is racr and‘. is errzcr, 7. A grammalogue is sometimes put a little higher or a little lower so that an outline coming after it may take its right place: IN THESE XG... (See Chapter 6) 8. The outlines for the phrases on THE .". and BUT THE ... are made a little sloping. From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 20. ww THose .&., a8 THs CHAPTER SIX 11. VOWELS, (i) SYSTEM. These words give you four other vowels. Make a note of the place of the outline in relation to the line and of the place of the vowel sign in relation to the outline. 7 i EE Bac 60 200K BUSINESS 4-5. EASE BOOKS sit Ese Boone sits. SHE J BOOKINGS ay SEE)? yoo SO ainUrE sEAJ “7k wt pay fow Bic PEACE] 00 FOOD . sulP PIEcE}“Nev~ MOVE ok Me sules, = cuEAP xows SIXTY Ju%f. DEEP fandom MOVING 2 x xEEP oO Noon TEACH Af ROOM ny FEAR ? wes THESE tec ROOMS Pay attention to the Sounds of the English Language, not to the Letters of Longhand 16 = Ln Some = SIM = .cm.. Age 7 218.355)2 MODERN COURSE IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND us 12. Here are some more examples. Because thereare clear reasons against writing an outline completely under the line, these outlines are put on the line— i since, EE sEEw 00 s00n 2% MIss 82... sEEMs .<..o28. sIx KING aa-—o SEEN 13, It is the first-sounded vowel in a word that gives the of the outline in relation to the line of writing; the later vowels are not taken into account for the placing of the outline— sooy x. woxey cory DR A et comes TA, SAFETY APPEAR cornice YS. Stay aPreats Sy— > (i) GRAMMALOGUES can ucH ‘mer ‘THERE (iii) CONTRACTIONS INFORM) 4 BECOME InronMeD iweomz .. (iv) PHRASES. SHE 18 (HAS) ‘THAT You CAN « SHE SAYS flee IN WHICH Lae F vou 1 SHALL Have TP YOU ARE hosp Sgiw OF THEIR ee 1 suaLL BE 0 THEIR TO MOVE me FOR THEIR yp ‘THAT THERE WAS TOBE aD REM eb 9 AND HAS (18) YT SEEMS omen From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 21, 22, and 23, * The reason for this form is made clear on page 40. Shorthand is based on Sound, not on the Appearance of Longhand 18 TABLE OF GRAMMALOGUES AND CONTRACTIONS GIVEN IN CHAPTERS 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, AND 6 A(AN) me oa < usuan 2. THE ANY! ~ vsuatty} (when by itself) qumne = eee THERE: weve ARE (UP) ween THEIR (when in a phrase) Guy Joon) FROM (UP) nZone oF noun} (OP! EXPECT 70 SHOULD (Up) wn» EXPECTED ALL Pur coon EXCHANGE two TOBE Nuun. EXCHANGED 00 aN S— pustise ox ap { Postisen| .\ cor “PUBLIC HE po “ANYTHING AND (up) DIFFERENT } ‘NOTHING 1] Youve BECOME Nene EYE, AL. INCOME —— you INFORM «) INFORMED as insurance 52 1s xwowzepce 1 ns, Fesruary Sy — seus) THOSE BRUPACTORE | a SPECIALLY, mms MANUFACTURED | SPEAK =~ SHALL MANUFACTURER a BE —X\. WISH January — 1 - was Enough = ENUF =X. Effect = EFEKT = np 19a4 MODERN COURSE Summary 1. An outline (other than one made of left-to-right signs only) is put through the line of writing (that is, in the third place) if the first vowel-sound in the word is a third-place vowel, 2, The use of the three places is of special value in making the sense clear if there are three words having the same consonants but different vowels— Tank sat P TAKE Coben SEP ctf en Too tet f 3. A third-place outline is to be so placed that the first sign of the outline which goes down is put THROUGH the line: BIG sixty 4, Outlines in which there are only left-to-right signs have no third place. Such outlines, even though the first vowel-sound is a third-place vowel, are put in the second place: KING —w>., MISS -., SINCE 2. 5. When a third-place vowel comes between two signs it is put in ‘the third place BEFORE the sign which comes after it: BIG ..\uv su J, DEEP 1 TOOK vfsp, BOOKS \uipuy ROOM From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 24. CHAPTER SEVEN 14, STROKE eL () SYSTEM. Here are some examples of another consonant. The second list, however, gives examples of outlines in which the eL takes the same form, but is made in the opposite direction, eL (up) ww Ce LE LEAD paws LO avInG gegey LEADING -/4.~ Low Lives LoNG BOVE orl LEAVE Rages LOOK, ‘LOVING LEAVING * LOOKED Loves Che LEAVES usAly LOOKING =} The Method of Writing the English Language ought clearly to de Based on the Sounds of that language and not on the Forms of another Kind of Sign 20 IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND qis oss cq FARLY Less SAV NaateLY Dae ato Fouows ¢ MONTHLY coat PUY yd EASY SC Meat seu sane c MEALS pu uy. SELLING SAIL —— couour swat i sates) ge COLOURS yg FAMILY sans} -—<—— AsIvAL FAMILIES sur awiniats SOOO pera seuves iL iMe Pou DEratts POLES APN MTR gaps SHFRL af €L (down) ine SE TE" Bi * amrnnans’ a 15. DIPHTHONG IE (i) SYSTEM. The sign for the diphthong-sound IE is put in the first place— By a nu FIRE SIDE nove FIRES stow avvinc SX Jue SS fem stoxs me py tue size DYING ——wewe = LIKE wo SCIENCE i“ umny = — te a tte oO mesne 4— (ii) GRAMMALOGUES WHY Lo ¢ co — ME with Give } Hot WHEN GIVEN (ii) CONTRACTIONS ELECTRIC .C.. Btctricity .Cp Taxus MODERN COURSE (iv) PHRASES 1 wit ur WHEN THEY 10 ME gat vou wa h ~ WHEN HE 18 -§-—f- WHY DO YOU w=. TLIKE THE 7 « 70.60 win IT ZL to Give | Sper Feet From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 25, 26, and 27. Summary 1. The sign —.C.... is used for the sound of eL and is formed some- times by an up motion and sometimes by a down motion of the pen. Tt generally goes up: LEAVE Aen, LEAD ~/-, tone 6 £°_, Avps ... Down motion is, however used: (2) To make the, writing of eL simpler when it comes after eN or ING: onty i (0) To make it more clear where the vowels come in a word— (i) When el. comes after a vowel and before a left-to-right sign. For example— ALONG toxe mene CY but (2 me The outlines C.. and... make it clear to the shorthand writer that there is a vowel at the start of the word before the eL, and that the words are for that reason ALONG and ‘ALIKE, (ii) When eL comes at the end of a word after €F Sn. Vee \...., SKay om and no vowel comes after it, For example— FULL FULLY FALL whe tae but | seats 4%. ‘The outlines «,2. and CC. make it clear to the shorthand writer that thefe is a vowel at the end of the word after the el. (0) To make a more readily formed sign so that the pen may go in the right direction. When el goes before or comes after @ fircle eSS and a curve, the eL. takes the direction of the circle and curve: LEsseN .£..., SENSELESS SE. 2 IN PITMAN’S SHORTHAND sus 2. The form of eL used in the root outline is kept in out- lines from the same root: FEEL “toy FEELING ses PULL Dyn POLLING Ac. “ 3. The sign .".. is used for the diphthong-sound IE, and is put in the first place: sy X., te ! 4. If a vowelsound comes after a diphthong, a small tick is put on to te diphthong: poy x , BuyING SS, » FIRE SS \_, puver, ., SCIENCE (These signs are named Triphones.) 5. The stroke form of eSS is used at the start of an outline when a triphone comes after the SS: SclENCE “2. SCIATICA .{.... 6. When a word starts with eSS-vowel-eSS, the stroke form of eSS is generally used first in the shorthand outline: size savcer A... 7. An_upstroke eL is used for the word WILL in phrases: awn ., vou win «G., rr WILL BEI. 8. Only the first half of the Grammalogue I .”... is used before eL: Twit pet, DYING = 9, Make a note of the special outline atso and of the phrase To co... The vowel is put in this phrase to keep it lear from 10 GIVE From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 28. CHAPTER EIGHT 16, CONSONANTS Way AND Yay (i) SYSTEM. Two more consonants—straight signs formed with an up motion—are used in these outlines. Way (up) way ware auways waren) ~~ Waretes wipe eA wavs wixpow wise Wate) Wepvespay,,aqcf wiseiy Le away 23w7 MODERN COURSE IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND us “Yay (up) Use UsEFUL USELESS USING AAC USEFULL preys YES Aad. 17, DIPHTHONG OL “ el), SYSTEM. The sign for the diphthong-sound OF is put in the firs st place: nor <-BOYISH = ¢ pos So Se voice (i) GRAMMALOGUES wast your WOULD soe YEAR wae yme WE ohn (iii) CONTRACTIONS never \. Novemper ... can —\-, Door ss The down form aR is used— (a) When it is the first consonant in a word and a vowel ‘comes before it: on 2). at (0) Generally when aR comes at the end of a word: oor, Fire Sy... APPEAR (0) Before eM: arm 2S. ROOM .: Dy 3. The up form Ray is used— (a) When it is the first consonant in a word and no vowel comes before it: WRONG nore HOUSE eee Shane HEAD HOPES mitan 41. tnstony Qauhhn Hay (down) HE HIGHER HIGHWAY tow mony monmonn.2< 2 aqi MODERN COURSE Hay (tick) Woes hoch. eee 2. ou | MER xD. won) DRA. meatrny ZZ, mene} Syme LL. 21. DIPHTHONG UE (i) SYSTEM, The sign for the diphthong-sound UE is put in the third place— ile ey Hin stag. willie SCS oe aw News wee) ee Boar oe (ii) GRAMMALOGUES THANK THANKED. (iii) CONTRACTIONS REPRESENT. | RESPECT \ A nevasseyteo} > Resrecrep} (iv) PHRASES WITH YoU, TO HEAR Sy mut vex Wenty V~ rank .C. You Sg. FOR ER ey Hat WE WERE wiat you y 70 WHOM”, NE CAN WOULD YOU Sang FOR WHOM yey 2X0 WE THINK famed sive vou CAN YOU me THEY WERE HE 18 (Has) 4, ¢ From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 37, 38, and 39. Summary 1. In order to make outlines as simple as possible, three* forms are used for the consonant Hay— w (a) The up form Hay <7. is generally used: nappy oy tend A. stan .., mistoRY ag * Tn certain other words a small dot is used for the sound of H, and in certain others no sign is necessary. HOPE .. 28 IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND an (0) The down form Hay .2... is used when Hay is the only consonant in the word, or when it comes before Kay or Gay Hoc come from,,the root HIGH: mrcuer ..5 stonway 2. (0) The small tick for Hay is used before eM, eL, and the down sign aR: HOME 4p... WHOLE DT, HELP LO. worn 271, Horse \and in words that » HIGHLY ‘The word HoMeLieR is of value as a help to the memory for the use of tick Hay, because it has in it the three consonants eM, eL, and aR before which tick Hay is used. 2. The grammalogue HE 1... is used only when it,is joined to fa stroke coming before it. THAT HE .\., THAT HE 1s .P.. At other times the stroke form 7. is used: HE 18 .f..., HE CAN =f. 3. The diphthong-sign for UE is put in the third place: Tugspay sfc ENS aw sews 8 The UE diphthong is sometimes joined to a stroke coming before it: FEW Soy VIEW Aopen wa KNEW <4. The triphone sign .ac. is used as in VALUER 4. The grammalogue YOU is sometimes put on its side when joined to other outlines: GIVE YOU -—..., WITH YOU ......, WHEN 3 YOU .¢.-, WHAT YOU >, WOULD YOU -3.., ARE YOU << 5. In phrasing, the down sign aR or the joined signs Lae used forthe word WERE. YOU WERE 0 IF YOU WERE Ley wore (L. we WERE 1 6. If in longhand there is a line joining two words, two small lines are used in shorthand: MAKE-UP m—*>s. The sign <7 is used in shorthand where a line is used in longhand. For example—922 MODERN COURSE IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND 13 22. TABLE OF CONSONANTS— CHAPTER ELEVEN Sign [Letter | Name Asin P| pe | Pa -N- uP A p [de [aor Sve t | te | axe E- rovew D | de | peep —4- rouowep y (iv) PHRASES As WELL AS 6° ay VERY MUCH ‘as soon as very many Spo THIS 18 AS WE HAVE o wns cry &.~%.. aswe are © 2 aps wecessary how From the rules you are able to make for yourself in working these Exercises do Exercises 43, 44, 45, and 46. If you have difficulty in making rules for yourself, or if you have become a keen student. you will possibly want to have the rules set out for you. If so, you will find them in the Modern Course. CHAPTER THIRTEEN 26. LOOPS STee AND STeR: CON- OR COM- DOT (i) SYSTEM. Loops, like circles, are used in Pitman’s Short- hand as a very quick way of writing two or more consonants— 32 27. CON- OR COM- DOT (i), SYSTEM, A small and light point or dot is used for the syllable CON-, COM- when it comes first in a word— CONTINUE conTINvOUS ‘common or continues f.--[- comma bs {-- company S CONTINUAL committee =) CONTINUALLY}. iy ‘COMMITTEES .. j- compamtes, (i) GRAMMALOGUES cust wots NEXT @nM@un SEVERAL RS pecause, (iii) CONTRACTION ENGLISH 7... (iv) PHRASES: Bee ES ME oe Se From the rules you are able to make for yourself in working these Exercises do Exercises 47, 48, 49, and 50. Exercises 48 to 125 will be found in the Modern Course Exercise and Drill Notebook, Part Two. 33