INGLES III

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN CRISTBAL DE

HUAMANGA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERA DE MINAS GEOLOGIA Y
CIVIL
ESCUELA DE FORMACIN PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERA CIVIL

TRABAJO GRUPAL
ASIGNATURA : INGLES III IN-241
INSTRUCTOR : Lic. Miguel A. Andia Guerrero.
ALUMNOS : 1. AYALA MEDINA, Edson Joel
2. CAYAMPI PILLACA, Efran
3. HUAMAN MIGUEL, Juan Inoc
4. LOPEZ AUCCASI, Erich Von
5. CANDIA ROMAN, Jos Luis
CICLO ACADEMICO : 2017 - I
FECHA ENTREGA : 05/07/2017

AYACUCHO-PER
2017
 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN CRISTOBAL DE HUAMANGA

ESCUELA DE FORMACION PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

1. VERB TO BE. PRESENT TENSE. ......................................................................... 3

1.1. TO BE - AFFIRMATIVE .............................................................................. 3
1.2. To Be - Contractions ...................................................................................... 3
1.3. To Be - Negative Sentences ........................................................................... 3
1.4. To Be - Negative Contractions ....................................................................... 4
1.5. To Be - Questions ........................................................................................... 4
1.6. To Be - Short Answers ................................................................................... 4
1.7. The verb to be - exercise ................................................................................ 6
1.8. negative forms of the verb to be - exercise .................................................... 6
1.9. yes / no questions with the verb to be - exercise ............................................ 7
1.10. reading comprehension ............................................................................... 7
1.11. reading comprehension ............................................................................... 8
2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. ............................................................................... 12
2.1. english grammar rules .................................................................................. 12
2.2. replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives: ............................. 17
2.3. choose the right possessive adjective: .......................................................... 17
2.4. technology .................................................................................................... 18
3. COUNTRIES. ......................................................................................................... 20
4. PLURAL NOUNS: RULES AND EXAMPLES ................................................... 21
4.1. grammarly ................................................................................................ 21
4.2. plural noun rules ........................................................................................... 21
4.3. plural noun rules for irregular nouns ............................................................ 23
4.4. plural or possessive noun?............................................................................ 24
4.5. plural or possessive noun answers ............................................................... 25

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1. VERB TO BE. PRESENT TENSE.

English Grammar Rules

1.1. TO BE - AFFIRMATIVE

SUBJECT TO BE EXAMPLES

I am I am from New Zealand.

You are You are Chilean.
He is He is twenty years old.
She is She is a nurse.
It is It is a big dog.
We are We are intelligent.
You are You are students.
They are They are married.

1.2. To Be - Contractions
Contractions of To Be are very frequent when we are speaking.

TO BE CONTRACTION EXAMPLES

I am I'm I'm from New Zealand.

You are You're You're Chilean.
He is He's He's twenty years old.
She is She's She's a nurse.
It is It's It's a big dog.
We are We're We're intelligent.
You are You're You're students.
They are They're They're married.

1.3. To Be - Negative Sentences

The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb.

SUBJECT TO BE EXAMPLES

I am not I am not from Spain.

You are not You are not Australian.
He is not He is not thirty years old.
She is not She is not a secretary.
It is not It is not a small cat.
We are not We are not stupid.
You are not You are not teachers.
They are not They are not single.

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1.4. To Be - Negative Contractions

There are two ways of forming contractions of To Be in negative sentences. One
is with a contraction of the subjectand the verb (e.g. I am = I'm) OR a
contraction of the verb and not (e.g. are not = aren't)
I'M NOT FROM SPAIN.
You're not Australian. OR You aren't Australian.
He's not thirty years old. OR He isn't thirty years old.
She's not a secretary. OR She isn't a secretary.
It's not a small cat. OR It isn't a small cat.
We're not stupid. OR We aren't stupid.
You're not teachers. OR You aren't teachers.
They're not single. OR They aren't single.

Notice that the only possible contraction for I am not is I'm not.

1.5. To Be - Questions
To create questions with To Be, you put the Verb before the Subject.

YOU ARE HAPPY.

Affirmative

Subject Verb

Question Are you happy?

Verb Subject

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION

I am intelligent. Am I intelligent?
You are a student. Are you a student?
He is a pilot. Is he a pilot?
She is from Spain. Is she from Spain?
It is a big house. Is it a big house?
We are ready. Are we ready?
You are doctors. Are you doctors?
They are rich. Are they rich?

1.6. To Be - Short Answers

In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions.

Are you a student? - Yes, I am (a student). The last part (a student) is not necessary. We
use shorts answers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is clear.

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QUESTION SHORT ANSWERS** SHORT ANSWERS

Am I intelligent? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.

Are you a student? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is he a pilot? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
Is she from Spain? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
Is it a big house? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
Are we ready? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are you doctors? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are they rich? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.

With To Be, We don't use contractions in affirmative short answers unless there is
additional information after it (in which case they are no longer considered short answers).

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1.7. The verb to be - exercise

Chose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are.

is
1. It cold today.

am
2. I at home now.

are
3. They Korean.

is
4. There a pen on the desk.

is
5. My name Nikita.

are
6. We from Ukraine.

is
7. That right.

am
8. I OK, thanks.

are
9. Clara and Steve married.

is
10. She an English teacher.

1.8. NEGATIVE FORMS OF THE VERB TO BE -

EXERCISE

Complete the gaps with the negative forms of the verb to be.

Example:

isn't
1. This book mine.
aren't
2. Jane and Peter married.
isn't
3. That right.
isn't
4. My brother here at the moment.
aren't
5. We in England.
isn't
6. It Monday today.
isn't
7. Jennie's surname Peters.

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ESCUELA DE FORMACION PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

1.9. YES / NO QUESTIONS WITH THE VERB TO BE -

EXERCISE

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb to be - am, is, are.

Are
1. Jane and Alice sisters?

Is
2. this car yours?

Am
3. I in your way?

Is
4. Maria John's sister?

Are
5. you twenty-five years old?

Are
6. the Smiths divorced?

Is
7. this your new bicycle?

1.10. READING COMPREHENSION

Good Morning, I am Susan Myers, I am a reporter at Central News and today I am

making a report on immigrants, todays guests are two immigrants from China, they
are Jane lee, and Peter Lee, they are Students at the community college, she is 19
years old and he is 20. They are students but they are not workers. They live in an
apartment downtown. Susan: Where are you from? Peter: We are from the
Guanddong Province Susan: Are you happy in America? Dorothy: Yes, we are, we
enjoy living here. Susan: Dorothy, is your real name Yang Lee? Dorothy:
No, its not, it is Dai
xia, and it means summer. Susan: Thank you very much. They are two Chinese
people living the American Dream, this is Susan Myers reporting from the
Community College, and tomorrow we will
have more guests in living in America, see you then!

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1.10.1. TRUE OR FALSE

1. Susan Myers is a teacher at the community College ______

2. They are from Vietnam ______
3. Peter is a student at Harvard ______
4. Dorothy is 25 years old ______
5. They live in the suburbs ______

1.11. READING COMPREHENSION

1.11.1. TASK 1 - READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY

Marys family
Mary is ten years old. She is from Dorset. Her hair is long and brown. She has got
Brown eyes. She has got a cat and a dog. Their names are Pat and Fluffy. Pat, the dog
has got a small house in the garden. Marys cat, Fluffy is 3 years old.
Marys mother is Jane. She is a teacher. Shes thirty-six years old. Her husband is Nick.
He is thirty-eight. Hes a bus driver. He has got brown hair and blue eyes. Janes hair is
blonde and her eyes are brown. They have got three children Mary, Sean and Peter.
Sean is six and Peter is twelve years old. The children are pupils. Seans hair is blonde,
Peters hair is brown. The boys have got blue eyes.
Jane hasnt got a pet. She has a friend. Her name is Laura. Nick has got a horse. Its
name is Lightning. Nicks Friends are bus drivers. They are Tom, Charles and John.
Peters pet is a hamster. Its name is Tiny. She is so small. Sean has got a goldfish. Its
names Goldie. Peter and Sean have got four friends. Peters friends are James and
Doug. Brian and Adam are Seans friends. Marys friends are Maggie and April.

TASK 2 - FILL IN THE CHART WITH THE SUITABLE INFORMATION

FROM THE TEXT.

NAME MARY

AGE 36

HAIR blonde

JOB bus driver

FRIEND(S)

PET(S) a hamster

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TASK 3 - TRUE OR FALSE. PUT A TICK INTO THE CORRECT PLACE.

SENTENCE TRUE FALSE

1) Mary has got a spider.

2) Marys mother is 38 years old.

3) Nick is Seans father.

4) Sean has got a sister.

5) Mary has got two brothers.

6) The children have got four friends.

7) Tiny is a horse.

8) John is a bus driver.

9) Tom is Peters friend.

10) Fluffy is a cat.

TASK 4 - WRITE SHORT ANSWERS TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1) How many pets has the family got?

___________________________________________________
2) Has the family got a garden?
___________________________________________________
3) Where is the family from?
___________________________________________________
4) Who is the daughter in the family?
___________________________________________________

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ESCUELA DE FORMACION PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

SOLUTION

TASK 2 - FILL IN THE CHART WITH THE SUITABLE INFORMATION

FROM THE TEXT.

NAME MARY NICK PETER JANE SEAN

age 10 38 12 36 6
long and
hair brown brown blonde blonde
brown
eyes brown blue blue brown blue

job pupil bus driver pupil teacher pupil

Tom,
Maggie and James and Brian and
friend(s) Charles and Laura
April Doug Adam
John
a dog and a
pet(s) a horse a hamster no a goldfish
cat
pets Pat and
Lightning Tiny no Goldie
name Fluffy

TASK 3 - TRUE OR FALSE. PUT A TICK () INTO THE CORRECT PLACE.

SENTENCE TRUE FALSE

1) Mary has got a spider.

2) Marys mother is 38 years old.

3) Nick is Seans father.

4) Sean has got a sister.

5) Mary has got two brothers.

6) The children have got four friends.

7) Tiny is a horse.
8) John is a bus driver.

9) Tom is Peters friend.

10) Fluffy is a cat.

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TASK 4 - WRITE SHORT ANSWERS TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1) 5.
2) Yes, it has.
3) From Dorset.
4) Mary.
5) 10.
6) Sean.
7) Jane and Sean.
8) He is Marys brother.
9) Nick, Peter and Sean.
10) He is Peters friend.

TASK 5 - HERE ARE SOME DEFINITIONS.

CAN YOU GUESS THE WORD OR NAME? (THE
WORDS ARE FROM THE TEXT.)

1) Hamster
2) Charles
3) Sean
4) Children / Pupils
5) Pet
6) Garden
7) Small
8) Nick
9) Teacher
10) Boy

2. Possessive adjectives.

2.1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR RULES

Possessive adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of something. While we

use them when we refer to people, it is more in the sense of relationship than ownership.

Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their - modify the noun
following it in order to show possession.

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My (Mi) - Mi, Mis

Your (Ir) - Tu, Tus / Su, Sus (De Usted)
His (Jis) - Su, Sus (De l)
Her (Jer) - Su, Sus (De Ella)
Its (Its) - Su, Sus (De Algo)
Our (uar) - Nuestro/A/Os/As
Your (Ir) - Su, Sus (De Ustedes/Vosotros)
Their (Dr) - Su, Sus (De Ellos/As)
MY (MI) - MI, MIS

I am a teacher. I like my job.

Soy profesor. Me gusta mi trabajo.
I live with my girlfriend in New York.
Vivo con mi novia en Nueva York.
On Sundays I play tennis with my friends.
Los domingos juego al tenis con mis amigos.

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YOUR (IR) - TU, TUS / SU, SUS (DE USTED)

What is your name?

Cul es tu nombre?
Do you like your job?
Te gusta tu trabajo?
You work here, and your wife works here too.
T trabajas aqu y tu esposa trabaja aqu tambin.
Can you give me your opinion about this?
Puedes darme tu opinin acerca de sto?

HIS (JIS) - SU, SUS (DE L)

Bill washes his car every day.

Bill lava su auto todos los das.
Jack lives here, with his parents.
Jack vive aqu, con sus padres.
He is painting his house.
El est pintando su casa.
He wants to sell his car.
El quiere vender su auto.

HER (JER) - SU, SUS (DE ELLA)

Mary went to her English class yesterday.

Mary fue a su clase de ingls ayer.
She is sad because her teachers are very strict.
Ella est triste porque sus maestros son muy estrictos.
Sarah is married. Her husband works with me.
Sarah est casada. Su esposo trabaja conmigo.

ITS (ITS) - SU, SUS (DE ALGO)

This car has a hole in its roof.

Este auto tiene un agujero en su techo.
We are studying Japan and its culture.
Estamos estudiando al Japn y su cultura.
New York is famous for its exciting nightlife.
Nueva York es famosa por su excitante vida nocturna.

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OUR (UAR) - NUESTRO/A/OS/AS

The Earth is our planet.

La Tierra es nuestro planeta.
We cook our own meals.
Cocinamos nuestras propias comidas.
We don't want to spend all our money.
No queremos gastar todo nuestro dinero.
We live with our parents.
Vivimos con nuestros padres.

YOUR (IR) - SU, SUS (DE USTEDES/VOSOTROS)

You all love your country.

Todos ustedes aman a su pas.
You all have to make your own decisions.
Ustedes tienen que tomar sus propias decisiones.
I want to thank you all for your help.
Quiero agradecerles a todos ustedes por su ayuda.
You are my parents and I am your son.
Ustedes son mis padres y yo soy su hijo.

THEIR (DR) - SU, SUS (DE ELLOS/AS)

Our neighbors are painting their house.

Nuestros vecinos estn pintando su casa.
Grandparents usually love their grandchildren.
Los abuelos generalmente aman a sus nietos.
I saw Sally and John with their children.
V a Sally y John con sus hijos.
Most Americans love their cars.
La mayora de los norteamericanos aman a sus autos.

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EXAMPLES 1:

My car is very old.

Her boyfriend is very friendly.
Our dog is black.
Their homework is on the table.

Like all adjectives in English, they are always located directly in front of the noun they
refer to. (Possessive Adjective + Noun)

We do not include an S to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other
languages.

EXAMPLES 2:

Our cars are expensive. (Correct)

Ours cars are expensive. (Incorrect)

However, the verb that is used needs to be in agreement with the noun - if the noun is
singular then the verb is singular; if the noun is plural then the verb is plural.

EXAMPLES 3:

My pen is black. (Singular)

My pens are black. (Plural)
Our child is intelligent. (Singular)
Our children are intelligent. (Plural)

2.1.1. Its vs. It's

Be careful not to confuse its and it's.

Its = The possessive adjective for It.

It's = a contraction of it is.

2.1.2. Do the exercises below on possessive adjectives and click on the

button to check your answers.

(Before doing the exercises you may want to read the lesson on possessive adjectives)

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2.2. REPLACE THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS BY

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:

my
1. Where is (I) book?
our
2. Here is (we) teacher.
her
3. She goes to school with (she) brother.
Their
4. (They) father works in a car factory.
Your
5. (You) laptop is very expensive.
His
6. (He) favorite hobby is tennis.
My
7. (I) husband and I want to go to Paris.
its
8. We want to see (it) historical monuments.
her
9. Leila likes (she) dog !
Its
10. (It) name is Bobby.

2.3. CHOOSE THE RIGHT POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE:

their
1. Two students didn't do mathematics homework.
Its
2. I have a car. color is black.
Its
3. We have a dog. name is Pancho.
Her
4. Nancy is from England. husband is from Australia.
Their
5. Ann and Nadia go to a high school. little brother goes to primary
school.
His
6. Alan has a van. van is very old.
Our
7. We go to a high school high school is fantastic.
My
8. I like singing. mother sings with me.
Their
9. Franois and Alain are French. family are from France.
her
10. Mary likes grandmother. She often visits her.

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2.4. TECHNOLOGY
2.4.1. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?

Etymologically the term technology comes

from the combination of these two Greek
morphemes tkhn, (meaning art) and -
loga (meaning study). It refers to the
collection of techniques, skills, methods and
processes used in the production of goods or
services or in the accomplishment of
objectives, such as scientific investigation.

The human species' use of technology

began with the conversion of natural
resources into simple tools. The prehistoric
discovery of how to control fire and the
later Agricultural Revolution increased the
available sources of food. Likewise, the
invention of the wheel helped humans to
travel in and control their environment.
Later developments in historic times, including the printing press, the telephone, and the
Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to
interact freely on a global scale. The steady progress of military technology has brought
weapons of ever-increasing destructive power.

2.4.2. THE GREEKS VIEW ABOUT TECHNOLOGY

Technology has been a subject of discussion in philosophy since the Greeks. The Greek
philosopher Democritus, for example, believed that technology is an imitation of nature.
House-building and weaving were first invented by imitating swallows and spiders
building their nests and nets, respectively.Aristotle held the same view that technology
is the consequence of imitation of nature, but he added in his book Physics Book II that:

"generally art in some cases completes what nature cannot bring to a finish."

Aristotle also distinguishes between natural things and artifacts. According to Aristotle,
the former have their principles of generation and motion inside, whereas the latter,
insofar as they are artifacts, are generated only by outward causes. For example,
animals, which are natural things, can grow, move and reproduce. A wooden bed, which
is an artifact made by a human, cannot move, grow, or reproduce itself.

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2.4.3. CONTEMPORARY VIEW ABOUT TECHNOLOGY

Today, technology is a subject of debate because it is considered to be a double-edged

sword. While it has helped humanity in extending its potential with outstanding
inventions, it is nonetheless threatening humankind through some other destructive
ones. In addition to polluting the earth in unprecedented ways, wars have become more
and more devastating due to technological inventions. Ethical dimensions of recent
technological developments, such as DNA engineering, have become a focal point of
questioning and discussion. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of
technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition
or worsens it.

To make matters worse, a consensus definition of technology has become more difficult
to find due to recent evolution in science and its applications. It is especially confusing
to decide whether technology refers to the machines (or more precisely the hardware),
the rules that govern or make them work, the system that operates them or the different
applications of science that are related to them. What is sure is that technology has
shaped societies and adapted itself to people's changing needs.

2.4.4. TOOLS MADE BY ANIMALS

Until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to
human beings, but 21st century scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain
dolphin communities have developed simple tools and passed their knowledge to other
generations.

2.4.5. COMPREHENSION

1. It is easy to provide a satisfactory definition of technology.

False - b (a consensus definition of technology has become more difficult to
find)
2. Aristotle considered technology as merely an imitation of nature.
False - b (Aristotle thinks that art in some cases completes what nature
cannot bring to a finish)
3. Undoubtedly, technological development made human life better.
False - b (There is a disagreements over whether technology improves the
human condition or worsens it)
4. Technological development is not limited to humans.
True - a (Some animals such as primates and some dolphins developed
simple tools and passed their knowledge to other generations)

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3. Countries.
Afghanistan (afgnistan) - Afganistn Korea (kora) - Corea
Argentina (ardchentna) - Argentina Lebanon (lbanon) - Lbano
Australia (ostrilia) - Australia Malaysia (malisha) - Malasia
Austria (stria) - Austria Malta (mlta) - Malta
Belgium (blchom) - Blgica Mexico (mksikou) - Mxico
Bolivia (bolivia) - Bolivia Morocco (morkou) - Marruecos
Brazil (brasl) - Brasil Nepal (nepl) - Nepal
Bulgaria (balguria) - Bulgaria Netherlands (nderlands) - Pases Bajos
Canada (knada) - Canad New Zealand (ni siland) - Nueva Zelanda
Chile (chli) - Chile Nicaragua (nikargua) - Nicaragua
China (china) - China Nigeria (naidchiria) - Nigeria
Colombia (kolmbia) - Colombia Norway (norwei) - Noruega
Costa Rica (kostarka) - Costa Rica Palestine (plestain) - Palestina
Cuba (kiba) - Cuba Panama (pnama) - Panam
Denmark (dnmark) - Dinamarca Paraguay (praguai) - Paraguay
Ecuador (kuador) - Ecuador Peru (per) - Per
Egypt (dchipt) - Egipto Philipines (filipns) - Philipines
Englan (ngland) - Englan Poland (puland) - Polonia
Finland (fnland) - Finlandia Portugal (prchugal) - Portugal
France (frns) - Francia Puerto Rico (purtou rkou) - Puerto Rico
Germany (dchrmani) - Alemania Rumania (ruminia) - Rumania
Greece (gris) - Grecia Russia (rsha) - Rusia
Greenland (grinland) - Groenlandia Scotland (sktland) - Escocia
Guatemala (guatemla) - Guatemala Singapore (sngapur) - Singapur
Haiti (hiti) - Hait Spain (spin) - Espaa
Hawaii (haui) - Hawai Sweden (suiden) - Suecia
Honduras (hondras) - Honduras Switzerland (sutserland) - Suiza
Hungary (hngari) - Hungra Syria (sria) - Siria
Iceland (island) - Islandia Tahiti (tahti) - Tahit
India (ndia) - India Thailand (tiland) - Tailandia
Indonesia (indounsha) - Indonesia Tunisia (tunsha) - Tnez
Iran (irn) - Irn Turkey (trki) - Turqua
Iraq (irk) - Iraq Ukraine (iukrin) - Ucrania
Ireland (irland) - Irlanda United States (iunited stits) - EEUU
Israel (srael) - Israel Uruguay (iruguai) - Uruguay
Italy (tali) - Italia Venezuela (vnessuela) - Venezuela
Jamaica (dchamika) - Jamaica Vietnam (vietnm) - Vietnam
Japan (dchapn) - Japn Wales (wils) - Pas de Gales
Yugoslavia (dchgoslvia) - Yugoslavia

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4. Plural Nouns: Rules and Examples

4.1. GRAMMARLY

Most singular nouns are made plural by simply putting an -s at the end. There are
many different rules regarding pluralization depending on what letter a noun ends in.
Irregular nouns do not follow plural noun rules, so they must be memorized or
looked up in the dictionary.

4.2. PLURAL NOUN RULES

There are many plural noun rules, and because we use nouns so frequently when
writing, its important to know all of them! The correct spelling of plurals usually
depends on what letter the singular noun ends in.

1 To make regular nouns plural, add -s to the end.

cat cats

house houses

2 If the singular noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add -es to the end to make
it plural.

truss trusses

bus buses

marsh marshes

lunch lunches

tax taxes

blitz blitzes

3 In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s
or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.

fez fezzes

gas gasses

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ESCUELA DE FORMACION PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

4 If the noun ends with -f or -fe, the f is often changed to -ve before adding the -s
to form the plural version.

wife wives

wolf wolves

Exceptions:

roof roofs

belief beliefs

chef chefs

5 If a singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change
the ending to -ies to make the noun plural.

city cities

puppy puppies

6 If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply
add an -s to make it plural.

ray rays

boy boys

7 If the singular noun ends in -o, add -es to make it plural.

potato potatoes

tomato tomatoes

Exceptions:

photo photos

piano pianos

halo halos

With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for words
that end in -o or not. Its your choice! Both of the following are correct:

volcanoes

volcanos

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ESCUELA DE FORMACION PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

8 If the singular noun ends in -us, the plural ending is frequently -i.

cactus cacti

focus foci

9 If the singular noun ends in -is, the plural ending is -es.

analysis analyses

ellipsis ellipses

10 If the singular noun ends in -on, the plural ending is -a.

phenomenon phenomena

criterion criteria

11 Some nouns dont change at all when theyre pluralized.

sheep sheep

series series

species species

deer deer

You need to see these nouns in context to identify them as singular or plural.
Consider the following sentence:

Mark caught one fish, but I caught three fish.

4.3. PLURAL NOUN RULES FOR IRREGULAR NOUNS

Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so its best to memorize these or look up the
proper pluralization in the dictionary.

child children

goose geese

man men

woman women

foot feet

person people

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ESCUELA DE FORMACION PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

4.4. PLURAL OR POSSESSIVE NOUN?

Circle the correct noun form and explain why it is the correct form. See example
below.

Example: Mr. Mortons / Mr. Mortons favorite flavor of ice cream is strawberry.
Explain why your answer is correct:
Mr. Mortons is correct because in this sentence Mr. Morton is singular, and the
apostrophe indicates possession.

1. The cars / cars brakes failed to operate on the snowy mountain road.
Explain why your answer is correct:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. On weekends, students / students love to sleep in.

Explain why your answer is correct:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

3. Albert Einsteins / Albert Einsteins theory of relativity changed our understanding of

time.
Explain why your answer is correct:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

4. Civil liberties / Civil liberties were bought with blood.

Explain why your answer is correct:

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

5. Todays / Todays lesson taught us how to indicate possession.

Explain why your answer is correct:

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

6. Fast food has its / its downsides.

Explain why your answer is correct:

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN CRISTOBAL DE HUAMANGA

ESCUELA DE FORMACION PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL

4.5. PLURAL OR POSSESSIVE NOUN ANSWERS

1. The car's brakes failed to operate on the snowy mountain road.

Possesive

2. On weekends, students love to sleep in.

Plural

3. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity changed our understanding of time.

Possessive

4. Civil liberties were bought with blood.

Plural

5. Today's lesson taught us how to indicate possession.

Possessive

6. Fast food has its downsides.

Possessive but not the contraction of "it is."

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