Pro
Andi Adam Azwardani Elita Kabayeva
Teknik Mesin, Program Studi Teknik Konversi Energi, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta program LNG Academy
andiadamad@gmail.com angger.sembodo@gmail.com yevawedd@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The presence of fallen leaves at Badak LNG housing complex is categorized as waste dried
leaves. The daily cleaning of waste dried leaves is done to keep the environment looks good. Waste dried
leaves are non-edible substance so that it will not affect food security in the future if we process it into
bioetanol. Leaf is part of a plant that contains cellulose and hemicellulose. These cellulose and
hemicellulose contents have potential to be changed into glucose that can be fermented into bioetanol.
Bioetanol is an alcohol compound obtained from biomassa fermentation process with the help of
microorganisms. Bioetanol is usually used for medical purposes, solvents, food additives, cosmetics,
paints, pharmaceuticals, toothpaste, perfumes, and as an alternative fuel that is being popular nowadays.
It needs at least 4 integrated steps in one sequence (raw materials crushing, hydrolysis, fermentation, and
distillation) to produce bioetanol.
Keywords: dried leaves, glucose, bioetanol, fermentation.
Background
Fallen dry leaves are organic trash which we could find on the streets full of
trees. Even in Badak LNG housing complex, dry leaves trash routinely taken
alongside with other organic trash, like grasses. All along this time, those dry
leaves, also the grass being functioned to be fertilizer in Badak LNG Nursery. But
then, it is being found that dry leaves have greater usage value if we can change it
to make ethanol before being as fertilizer. Dry leaves have lignocellulose which is
can be used as ethanol main ingredients. Moreover, dry leaves are non edible so it
would not affect the future logistics. To change dry leaves we need hydrolisis,
fermentation, and distillation. Bioethanol has various function like organic
molecules, solvent, anti-septic, changeable kerosine fuel, and the purity is so high
thus it can be made into gasoline mixture.
Problem Summary
Changing process from dry leaves into bioethanol is by using lignocelullose
part which is a sugar molelluclose which will be fermented. This process divided
into some parts; hydrolisis, fermentation, and distiilation.
Hydrolysis process has 2 methods : physically and chemically. Physically
the object is being destroyed so it will be easieer to be hydrolisized, meanwhile
chemically the material solved in a certain way.
Hydrolysis process, doing it, there are several ways that is with physical
and chemical. In general, materials are destroyed for easy hydrolysis. The
fermentation process is carried out using the help of microorganisms to convert the
sugars into ethanol. The distillation process is also distinguished into two: batch
distillation and continue. We apply thermal hydrolysis to the hydrolysis process
and distillation of the batch on the distillation process and using yeast tape in the
fermentation process.
The constraint in the thermal hydrolysis process is the uneven drying of dry
leaves and the size of dried leaves. Then we use agitators to stir the previously
done pre-treatment on the dried leaves using a wrapper machine (diskmill).
Another constraint is the time required for fermentation, therefore we use sugar
cane waste to accelerate the fermentation process. In addition, the configuration of
the distillation process of the batch is that the purity level of bioethanol produced is
less high so we add the adsorbent that absorbs the air.
The design of this equipment requires several stages: pre-experimental lab,
design calculation, tool design.
The purpose of the design process of bioethanol from dry leaves are :
Designed a pilot plant of dry leaf processing into bioethanol with
feedminimal volume capacity of 25 [lt].
Designing a process unit consisting of thermal hydrolysis, fermentation,
and batch distillation.
Determine the most optimum operating conditions to produce bioethanol.
Laboratorium Scale testing
Before designing a wastewater treatment unit to bioethanol, we made a lab-
scale test. In non-hydrolysis fermentation the dry leaves precipitate upward due to
the lighter weight of the solution and insoluble with the solution, the bubbles are
visible in the middle between the dry leaf deposits with the solution, the plastic
bottle hardened by the occurrence of CO2 gas at the time of fermentation
In fermentation with the hydrolysis of dried leaves precipitated below due
to dissolved with the solution, many bubbles arise on the surface, plastic bottles are
also hard as non-hydrolysis fermentation.
Then the fermentation results are distilled to obtain higher levels of ethanol.
Distillation is performed using a simple distillation apparatus. The distillation is
carried out at a temperature of about 80 [C]. Before it is distilled, the fermented
solution is separated from the dregs (dried leaf powder). The non-hydrolysis and
hydrolysis solutions were each distilled with a volume of 100 [ml], then distillate
the distillate product by ethanol content using the density table. Measurements are
made at room temperature and pressure.
Flow Diagram Project
Design Protoype and Spesification
The design of the dry leaf processor into bioethanol comprises several
major components of yaitukolom hidrolisis, fermenter, distillation column,
condenser, and water tank. The full picture of this design can be seen in the
following figure:
Gambar 44. Gambar Lengkap Rancang Bangun
Data dan Analysis result of examination
No Dry Leaves Total Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Glucose from
Grain Weight Volume Temperatu Time Hydrolysis Result
re
1 1,11 [kg] 25 [lt] 80 [C] 1 jam 3.11 %
2 1,11 [kg] 25 [lt] 90 [C] 1 jam 3.56 %
3 1,11 [kg] 25 [lt] 100 [C] 1 jam 4.14 %
Tabel 32. Glucose Composition From Hydrolysis Result
The test was done 3 times with the same dry leaf powder weight of 1.11
[kg] each. The hydrolysis process uses different temperature sets that are 80 [C],
90 [C], and 100 [C]. From the thermal hydrolysis process is expected
lignosellulose that partially hydrolyzed on pre-treatment becomes more
hydrolyzed. After that, the glucose level was analyzed using a brix refractometer.
The working principle of this brix refractometer is by the difference in the density
of the type of glucose solution. There are three different samples based on the
hydrolysis process. The analysis results are shown in the following table:
5.25
4.2
Glucose Yield (%)
3.15
2.1
1.05
0
75 81 88 94 100 106
Hydrolysis Temperature (oC)
Gambar 50. Grafik Pengaruh Suhu Hidrolisis terhadap Kandungan Glukosa
Based on the results of hydrolysis obtained different glucose results, with
the highest glucose is thermal hydrolysis with temperature 100 [oC]. The higher
the temperature the better the lignocellulosic hydrolysis. The maximum
temperature that can be attempted is 100 [oC] due to the limitations of the tool
designed for temperature 100 [oC].
Data and analysis from Fermentation result
Of the three samples of hydrolysis yield, each fermented with the same
amount of sugar cane waste and yeast volume. The result of hydrolysis was
fermented by mixing sugar cane waste 2.5 [lt] volume and tape yeast as much as
160 [gr]. Checking glucose levels after fermentation using brix refractometer. It is
expected that the fermented glucose level is not there because it means it has been
converted to bioethanol. Bioethanol content can not be analyzed because of
alcohol limitation hydrometer in measuring alcohol content below 10%.
Glucose Composition in the Amount of
Hydrolysis Fermentation Fermentation converted
No
Temperature Duration Glucose
Before After
1 80 [C] 6 hari 11,11 % 4,34 % 6,77 %
2 90 [C] 7 hari 11,56 % 4,59 % 6,97 %
3 100 [C] 8 hari 12,14 % 4,72 % 7,42 %
Tabel 33.Glucose Composition Before and After Fermentation
7.65
7.43
Converted Glucose (%)
7.2
6.98
6.75
6.53
6.3
5 6 7 7 8 9
Fermentation Duration (Day)
Gambar
Based on the data, the content of glucose after fermentation becomes less
because most have been converted into bioethanol. However, glucose levels after
fermentation have not yet been converted can all be due to a non-optimal
fermentation process such as an inadequate environmental temperature (lower),
yeast conditions and a shorter fermentation time.
Data and analysis about density
No Samples Converted Distillation Result
Glucose
Volume Ethanol
composition
1 Hydrolysis 80 [C] 6,77 % 67 ml 69,73 %
2 Hydrolysis 90 [C] 6,97 % 74 ml 70,21 %
3 Hydrolysis100 [C] 7,42 % 79 ml 71,54 %
Tabel 34.Ethanol Composition from Converted Glucose
The result of fermentation is then distilled to obtain higher bioethanol
purity. The distillation uses a 97c [bottomColom] bottomkolom set with a dew
pointtemperaturetop column of about 80 [C].
A mixture of aqueous sulfin will form a decane ethanotrope, so it is not
possible to obtain 100% purity when using ordinary distillation. This occurs
because when the azeotrop is heated, steam has the same proportion of the
constituent as a heated mixture. At the usual distillation the highest ethanol
purification only reached 95.63% ethanol and 4.73% water.
The distillation of our tool has a high purity because it only runs one batch
and is assisted with silica adsorbent to absorb water.
From table above we can calculate the mass of bioethanol follow ;
Hydrolysis 80 oC
Hydrolysis 90 oC
Hydrolysis 100 oC
Bioetanol average mass
After that, from the result of average mass of Bioethanol, we could get
Ethanol yield from the amount of dry leaves. Thus we get Bioethanol Yield
towards the dry leaves is 0.041 gr/gr dry leaves or 4.1 %.
Conversion calculation Glucose to Ethanol :
Perhitungan konversi glukosa ke etanol:
Hydrolysis 100 oC
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Converted Glucose 7,42 %
So we gat ethanol mole and mass, ethanol mass is from the result of distillation
machine :
%-ethanol = 71,54% density= 0,885 [g/ml]
Hydrolysis 90 oC
From above table the bioethanol mass, we calculate as follow :
Bioethanol mass with purities of 52% and 2 litres volume.
Bioethanol mass with 44% purities and 2.2 L volume.
Bioethanol mass with the purities of 40% and 2L volume.
Bioethanol average mass.
