DOCUMENTING

EVIDENCE

In-text Citation
APA format
Quotation

 Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?

vFirstly, do you want to be accused of

PLAGIARISING
someone elses work?
 Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?

v Secondly, you would surely want to show the

readers

a) the range, extent and nature of academic sources

that support your arguments, and
b) the good abilities you have in selecting
appropriate sources for you to develop your
research.
Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?
So, you use them to
vprovide support for claims or add credibility
to your writing.

vrefer to work that leads up to the work you

are now doing.

vgive examples of several points of view on a

subject.
 Why use quotations, paraphrases,
summaries, and syntheses?

vcall attention to a position that you wish to agree or
disagree with.

vhighlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or

passage by citing the original.

vdistant yourself from the original by citing it in

order to cue readers that the words are not your
own.

vexpand the breadth or depth of your writing.

Keys to Parenthetical Citations

Readability
vKeep citations brief by giving
only relevant information to
support your arguments.

vDo not repeat unnecessary

information.
What are the similarities in quoting,
paraphrasing, summarizing, and

synthesizing?
vThey are the 4 possible ways of incorporating other
writers' work into your own writing and attributing
to the original authors.
 How do they dier?

These 4 citing techniques dier according to

the closeness of your writing to the original
materials. That means
 The dierences

v When you quote, the quote must be

identical to the original, using a narrow
segment of the source.

v When you paraphrase, it involves putting

a passage from a source into your own words
in a slightly condensed and shorter version.
 The dierences

vWhen you summarize, the main idea(s) are put

into your own words. Summaries are
signicantly shorter than the original sentences
and take a broader overview of the material
sourced.
vWhen you synthesize, one similar idea/similar
ideas from two or more dierent sources are
combined.
In-text citation 1

QUOTING
In-text citation 1 : Quotations

v You repeat/copy the exact words from your

sources.

v You quote if the language is distinctive OR

the idea is dicult to be paraphrased or
summarized accurately.

v You need to use quotation marks

_____________.

WARNING! L
Do not overuse.
v Use accurately and sparingly.
 The general dierences are

v When you quote, your words must be identical to

the original source, using a narrow segment of the source.
They must match the source document word for word.

v When you paraphrase, your own words are used

to deliver the information obtained from the source materials
but the meaning matches exactly that of the original writers.
In-text citation 1 : Quotations
How many types of quotations are there in the
APA format ?
Answer : 2 types

v In-text quotation or short quotation:

-for less than 40 words, incorporated into the
text and enclosed by double quotation
marks ().
v Block quotation or long quotation.
-for 40 or more words , no quotation marks are
used but it is indented
 QUOTING

(1)Short quotations
 Short quotations
Examples:
Notice how a pair of quotation marks are used.


vAccording to Zaleha Esa (2008), The typical Malaysian student
has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality
of the work (p. 199).

vOne academic belief is that, The typical Malaysian student has
been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of
the work (Zaleha Esa, 2008, p. 199), but she did not oer an
explanation as to why.

(The letter `p refers to page number; `p for one page, `pp for
multiple pages)




 Short quotations
Examples:



* What would it mean if Zaleha Esa (2008) was right when she stated the
typical Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless
of the quality of the work (p. 199)?


* This has been seen many times in the context of Malaysian tertiary
education. According to Zaleha Esa (2008), The typical Malaysian student
has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the
work (p. 199). This is a very valid point and one which has also been
discussed by

 Short quotations
NOTES:

1) Your punctuation marks (such as full-stops, commas,
semicolons, question marks, and exclamation points) should
appear after the parenthetical citation.

What would it mean if Zaleha Esa (2008) was right when she
stated the typical Malaysian student has been trained to
expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work (p.
199)?
 Short quotations
NOTES:


2) Question marks and exclamation points that are part of the
text should appear within the quotation marks.

Furthermore Mohaida Mohin (2009) asked, Does the average
Malaysian student need to be trained in the art of public
speaking? (p. 199).

 Short quotations
NOTES:


3) If you use the authors name in the text, do not put it in the
parenthetical citation.

According to Smith (2010), There are a considerable number

of students in universities who do not have good study
skills (p. 19).


 A short quotation

An example of an in- text quotation:

Source: Gardner, H. (2009). The disciplined mind: what all students
should understand. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Original material: In-text quotation:
While we possess all of the
intelligences, perhaps no Gardner (2009) explained,
While we possess all of the
two persons not even
intelligences, perhaps no two
identical twins exhibit persons not even identical
them in the same twins exhibit them in the same
combination of strengths. combination of strengths(p.
72).
 QUOTING

(2) Long quotations

 A long quotation
An example of a block quotation:
Source: An article written by Clarence Chua and Niluksi
Koswanage, published in the Focus section of the Sunday Star
dated February 10, 2010, on page 21.
Original material:
By bringing in foreign migrant workers, the cost of providing housing,
health-care services and education has to be taken into consideration. This is
the social cost for ensuring that the countrys economic growth is constantly
moving upwards. However, with the number of illegal squatter areas
mushrooming around the country, employers and the Government have not
really understood the fact that foreign workers, too, need basic services and
infrastructure. Without these necessities, foreign workers are seen as public
liabilities as they build squatter colonies, over-crowd hospitals and send their
children to the same schools as locals.
 A long quotation
The block quotation:

Chua and Koswanage (2010) stated:
By bringing in foreign migrant workers, the cost of providing
housing, health-care services and education has to be taken
into consideration. This is the social cost for ensuring that the
countrys economic growth is constantly moving upwards.
However, with the number of illegal squatter areas
mushrooming around the country, employers and the
Government have not really understood the fact that foreign
workers, too, need basic services and infrastructure. Without
these necessities, foreign workers are seen as public liabilities
as they build squatter colonies, over-crowd hospitals and send
their children to the same schools as locals (pp.21-22).
 Long quotations
NOTES:


Quotations that are longer than 40 words

vmust be placed in a free-standing block of double-spaced

typewritten lines.

vmust be without the quotation marks

vmust be in a block (indent the left margin but not the

right)


 In-text citation 1 : Quotations a reminder
Be sure to introduce and interpret your quotation.



vFor example:
Putnam (2010) explained the nature of social capital production
when he wrote,
Stocks of social capital, such as trust, norms, and networks, tend to be
self-reinforcing and cumulative. Virtuous circles result in social
equilibrium with high levels of cooperation, trust, reciprocity, civic
engagements, and collective well-being. These traits dene the civic
community. Conversely, the absence of these traits in the uncivil
community is also self-reinforcing. Defection, distrust, shirking,
exploitation, isolation, disorder, and stagnation intensify one another in a
suocating miasma of vicious circles (p. 177).

vWhilst Putnams view has its merits, there are certain shortcomings in
his assessment of the situation



 MORE EXAMPLES OF QUOTING
AND PARAPHRASING
Source: Morley-Warner, T. (2011). Academic Writing (2nd ed), Lineld,
NSW, CREA Publications.
Original: The highlighted segment is used for the following sample
quotation and paraphrasing
To write successfully at university you need a sense of what the nal product
should look and sound like, so if possible, read model assignments or if these are
not available, study the way in which journal articles have been written in your
specic area. These articles may be lengthy and some may be based on research
rather than a discussion of issues, but from them you will get a sense of how
academic writing 'sounds', that is, its tone, and also how respected writers in
your eld assemble information. You will also gain a sense of the complexity of
being an apprentice writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures, where
expectations may vary from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject and
where you can build a repertoire of critical thinking and writing skills that
enable you to enter the academic debates, even to challenge.

.


EXAMPLE 1- SHORT QUOTATION

Morley-Warner (2011, p. 6) acknowledged the
challenges of writing at university. She
described the novice student writer as an
apprentice writer in an academic culture, or
rather cultures, where expectations may vary
from discipline to discipline, even subject to
subject.
 EXAMPLE 2- LONG QUOTATION
Morley-Warner (2011) discussed how university students can learn to
acquire and convey the appropriate academic tone in their assignments. She
suggested that students should focus on how journal articles in their subject
are written and structured. She described another benet of this process:

You will also gain a sense of the complexity of being an apprentice

writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures, where expectations may vary
from discipline, even subject to subject and where you can build a repertoire
of critical thinking and writing skills that enable you to enter the academic
debates, even to challenge (Morley-Warner, 2011, p. 6).

 Some other expressions of
introducing quotations

vIn the nal part of the Theses, Marx wrote: "Philosophers

have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways;
the point ...

vSachs concluded: "The idea of development stands today
like a ruin in the intellectual landscape" (Sachs, 2009a:
156).

vAs Smith argued: "In the past, the purpose of education was
to ..." (Smith, 2010:150).

vAs Carnoy (2008: 215) stated: "there are many good reasons
to be sceptical".