ACADEMIA ROMN

INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE VASILE PRVAN

MATERIALE
I
CERCETRI
ARHEOLOGICE

SERIE NOU
V

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMNE

BUCURETI, 2009
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru. Archaeological
and Archaeometallurgical Approaches
DANIEL SPNU, VIOREL COJOCARU

* **

Key-words: Hoard, Dacia, late Latne period, jewelry, Thasian de monede. Analizele prin fluorescen de raze X nu au putut
tetradrachmai, recycling, X-Ray tests certifica, dar nici nu au putut invalida dac piesele de podoab
Abstract: The late Latne hoard from Bucharest-Herstru i cupa de argint au fost realizate prin reciclarea monedelor.
(first half of the 1st century B.C.) comprises imported pieces
from the Hellenistic-Roman centres (surely the tetradrachmas 1. History and data regarding the discovery
from Thasos, probably the mastos silver-cup and
hypothetically the lost bronze situla) together with silver On March 16, 1938, several inhabitants from
pieces, which, at least under the manufacturing aspect, seem to Bucharest experienced an unexpected the discovery
be local products of artisans from Barbaricum. The question in a sand pit a hoard comprising several coins and
that is raised rises is whether the metallographic analyses
might pay clues for determining the origin of the different
metalwork pieces (fig. 1-4). The place of discovery
pieces from the hoard. The hypothesis according to which the was situated on the territory of Herstru quarter
raw material that represented the basis for the metalwork and therefore, the discovery has entered in the
pieces would have been procured by recycling several coins literature under this name to be. More precise, the
similar to those discovered in the same hoard, could not be hoard was discovered 700 m away from the No. 5
entirely confirmed, but at the same time the analyses did not Romanian Railway station, on the Bucharest-
categorically infirm it. This initial alloy seems to be similar
with the one in the coins. The X-Ray test could not certify, but
Constana track, and 80 m east off the road that
could not invalidate either if the jewelry and cups silver-based links the station to the former Herstru village. In
alloy was obtained by recycling the coins. this area, during the last decade, a pretentious
residential quarter was built. Only the name of a
Cuvinte cheie: Tezaur, Dacia, perioada trzie Latne, piese de street, Nisipari (Rom.: sand diggers), reminds us
podoab, tetradrachme thasiene, reciclare, analize prin today of the soil context where the hoard has been
fluorescen de raze X.
Rezumat: Tezaurul de epoc trzie Latne (prima jumtate a
discovered.
secolului I a.Chr.) de la Bucureti-Herstru reunete piese The hoard was divided between the finders
realizate n centre elenistice i romane (cu certitudine (Popescu 1948 35, reports no. 403 and 435/1938 of
tetradrahmele Thasiene, probabil cupa de argint de tip mastos the Commission of Historical Monuments; cf.
i situla de bronz astzi pierdut) i produse de argint care, cel Mrghitan 1976, 33; 1994, 57-59). The attempt to
puin prin aspectul manufacturii lor, par a fi creaii ale unor
commercialize several pieces determined a jeweller
meteri din Barbaricum. Se pune ntrebarea n ce msur
analizele metalografice ofer indicii pentru determinarea to alert the state's officials, who deployed an
originii diferitelor obiecte din tezaur. Ipoteza potrivit criea unexpected investigation and forced the finders to
materia prim folosit pentru realizarea podoabelor a fost hand over the discovery to the Commission of
procurat prin reciclarea mai multor monede asemntoare Historical Monuments. Dinu V. Rosseti was
celor descoperite n tezaur nu a putut fi pe de-a ntregul delegated by the commission to undertake a further
confirmat, dar, totodat, analizele nu au putut-o infirma.
investigation on the site of the discovery; in the
Aliajul iniial al podoabelor pare s fie similar celui coninut
same time he was allowed to publish the research

results on the hoard; this right was ceded a decade
This article was written within the Archeomet Grant
scheme.
later to Dorin Popescu. The investigation performed

Daniel Spnu: Institute of Archaeology Vasile Prvan, by the passionate amateur archaeologist had led to
Bucharest; Viorel Cojocaru: National Institute of Nuclear the identification of another spiral bracelet
Physics and Engineering Horia Hulubei, Bucharest-Mgurele. termination and three coins. Finally, the hoard was

MATERIALE I CERCETRI ARHEOLOGICE (serie nou) V, 2009, p. 97116

98 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

integrated in the collections of the National appears complete: in Pamfil Polonic's drawings
Museum of Antiquities (report no. 216 from 14th of published in 1968 (Popescu 1968, R 22a/1), in those
June 1939). It was displayed in 1971, when it of Elena Beche, published eight years later
entered in the heritage of the Romanian National (Mrghitan 1976 pl. 5), or in a photo published in
History Museum (MNIR). 1980 (Die Daker 1980 43, fig. 22). They do not
Currently, the hoard comprises 58 tetra-drachmas appear in the illustrations published in the '90s
issued at Thasos and 10 metalwork pieces (either (Goldhelm 1994 178, no. 60.1; I Daci 1997 341, cat.
complete or in fragments), to which the edge of a no. 786); this fact suggests that the detachment of
bronze recipient, a handle and several fragments of the piece from the edge and its positioning on the
iron plate might be added (Popescu 1948 37, fig. 2; reverse side has taken place relatively late.
40, fig. 6/3-4, fig. 7/7; 1968, R22c.7-8). It is It also seems that, the reparation of the great
possible that the bronze and iron metal pieces are spiral bracelet (fig. 2/1) is a late intervention. In the
stored in the MNIR-Bucharest (non vidi). According 1948 illustrations, the fragments that compose this
to Popescu (1948 35), most of the hoard's inventory bracelet were not welded yet (Popescu 1948 37, fig.
has been recovered, except two thirds of the coins 2 /1). However, the traces of this modern welding
that are now lost. To put it differently, the hoard may be observed in Pamfil Polonic's drawing
might have initially comprised approximately 180 (Popescu 1968 R22b/4), traces that were neglected
coins. One cannot mention whether some metalwork in the next published drawings.
pieces have been lost or deteriorated between the We have paid a special attention to these aspects
moment of their discovery and the moment of their mainly in order to emphasise the exaggerated modern
integration in the scientific evidence. persistence in interfering in spectacular pieces of
Furthermore, despite the archaeological investi- the past. Despite the existing legislation on mobile
gation performed by Dinu V. Rosetti, whose results heritage during the passed decades from the
have not been systematically published, most discovery of the Bucureti hoard, the mentioned
probably due to irrelevant results, for the time interventions suggest the poor level of tuition in
being there is no consistent information regarding prehistoric metalwork objects restoration. From the
the discovery context, although the presence of an perspective of the metallographic tests, the dilemma
edge from a bronze recipient of big dimensions and of these interventions (welding, joining and com-
of an iron handle in the hoard suggests that the pletions) consists in the modification of the pieces'
inventory might have been placed in a situla. aspect and characteristics when compared to their
original form.
2. The preservation state of
the metalwork pieces 3. Dating and cultural framing of the discovery
Except the silver cup (fig. 4/1), most of the The main dating element of the Bucureti-
metalwork pieces from the hoard has been received Herstru hoard is represented by the late Thasian
in a fragmentary shape. Some of the pieces have tetra-drachmas, which entered in the Lower Danube
been the subject of some restoration processes, area and in Transylvania during the last decades of
which, in some cases, have unfortunately affected the 2nd century BC and first decades of the next
the originals. Moreover, one should mention that century (Bogdan-Ctniciu I. 1975). One could
were added of three plates that complete the consider the hemispheric silver cup, which, through
missing spaces form the surface of phalera no. 1. its morphology, belongs to the Hellenistic and late
(fig. 1/1a-c). Furthermore, one of the fragments Republican luxury recipients' repertory of the
detached from the edge of the same piece has been middle of the 2nd - middle of the 1st century BC
joined in the central area of the phalera's reverse (Richter 1956 46; Kthmann 1958 116-119; Raddatz
(authors remark, November 2002). The dates when 1969 87; Horedt 1973 143; Graue 1974 30; Pfrommer
these interventions have been performed are 1993 21-22).
uncertain, but some references may be found in The analogies of the metalwork pieces from the
several successive publications regarding the inventory show that the discovery from Bucureti-
hoard. Thus, the modern completion of the missing Herstru belongs to the early phase of the Dacian
part from the surface of one of the phalerae is hoards' group (beginning and the middle of the 1st
already attested since some published illustrations century BC), together with other inventories
were published in 1948 (Popescu 1948 36, fig. 1 /2). characterized by the association of costume and
In all these illustrations, the edge of the phalera jewellery pieces with Thasian coins or with the
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru 99

drachmas from the cities of Apollonia and least under the manufacturing aspect, seem to be
Dyrrachium. Without entering in augmentative local products of artisans from Barbaricum. The
details of the Dacian hoards chronology (Horedt question that is raised rises is whether the metallo-
1973 151; Spnu 2002 96-100; 2004 94-97), one graphic analyses might pay clues for determining
should mention several eloquent examples that the origin of the different pieces from the hoard.
support this chronological framing. At Sncrieni However, the scarce or the frequent morpho-
(Popescu 1957, 1958), the mastos cups (for this logical analogies of the different metalwork pieces
terminology see Richter, Litt, Milne 1935 30), suggest a polarization of the significations associated
similar to those from Herstru, associate with a in the hoard. Each of the two spiral bracelets from
Thasian tetra-drachma, or another mastos, discovered Bucureti Herstru are unique pieces, with no
at Lupu (Goldhelm 1994, 180-181; Glodariu, Moga close analogies of the morphological terminations
1997; Spnu 2002), associates with two knot and the decor organization. Due to the simplified
fibulae. A same fibula from the Clipiceti hoard aspect of the zoomorphic endings, these two
(Mitrea 1972) also associates with the Thasian tetra- bracelets cannot be included in the typological
drachmas. These discoveries suggest a relative series of the spiral bracelets, whose terminations
synchronism between the circulation period of the present massive plaques decorated with scales (fig. 5)
tetra-drachmas' lots from the Lower Danube and (Medele F. 1976).
the simultaneous usage of the mastos type cups and Because of the unskilled of the representation of
knot fibulae - the characteristically type of the early the human figures, the gilded phalerae seem to be
Dacian hoards. creations of a toreutic workshop from Barbaricum
From a historical point of view, the inventory of (fig. 7). The style of the Bucureti-Herstru phalerae
the Bucureti Herstru hoard was probably is similar to the so-called graphic stile of the
organised during the period of the Mithridatical Pontic area illustrated by several metal works of
Wars, when the king of Pontus, Mithridates the 6th 'Sarmatian toreutic from the 2nd and 1st centuries
Eupator, had established a huge coalition of Greek B.C. (Pfrommer 1993, 12-13; Mordvinceva 2001, 29-
cities and barbarian elites on the Northern and 30, 37, fig. 4; cf. Spnu 2006). The chain from
Western areas of the Black Sea (Appian, Mithr. Bucureti-Herstru illustrates a well-known system
15.53 and 69; Danov 1979 111-113; Vinogradov of loop-in-loop joining links used during the whole
1987 68; Sullivan 1989, 26-27; Nawotka 1997 42; Antiquity (Higgins 1961 16, fig. 4c-d; Strong, Brown
Avram, Bounegru 1997; Simonenko 2001; Opper- 1976 55-59, fig. 68-69; Williams, Ogden 1994 26,
mann 2004 233-234. Poenaru Bordea 1979, 1999 fig. 24; this chain system is also called la chane
and Callata 1998 debated also some numismatic collone or chane maillon multiples, Boitet 1962
aspects of the mithridatical West-pontic policy). In 157, no.4 or the "Fuchsschwanzkette", Horedt 1973
the same time, the first Roman republican armies 137, Deppert-Lippitz 1984 8, but also Isthmion
had reached the north Balkan areas and the Danube type chain), but is more likely possible to be a
borders (the campaign of C. Screbonius Curio, local product.
74 BC: Florus, Epit. 1.39; Frontinus, Strateg. 4.1.43; Regardless where it has been produced, the
Festus VII, 5; the campaigns of Marcus Terentius mastos type cup illustrates the endorsement at the
Varo Lucullus, 72-71 BC: Appian, Illyr. 30.85). Lower Danube of a type of recipient meant for
Both powers were obviously interested to attract drinking, specific for the ceremonial banquets of
and seduce with gifts and promises the unfaithful the late Hellenistic period. This simple shape of
barbarian local aristocracy. The dynamical cup knew a large diffusion from the Middle East to
complexity of that historical background must be the Iberian Peninsula (fig. 6) (Spnu 2002 115-120,
kept in mind in order to understand the relatively Abb. 25, 130, Beil. 3), but some recipients from the
Varna hoard reflect the closest dimensional
heterogeneous character of the inventory of our
analogies to the Bucureti-Herstru cup (Venedikov
hoard.
1961 357-361, fig. 4-6).
Imported coins of high value and large diffusion
4. The signification of the inventory
in Danubian countries, such as the Thasian tetra-
There are multiple interpretative valences of the drachmas, (fig. 8) did not circulate within a
hoard's inventory. The hoard comprises important monetary economy (Aitchison 1988 274-277) and
pieces from the Hellenistic-Roman centres (surely this is why they have to be included among the
the coins, probably the cup and hypothetically the indices or attributes of a high local social status. In
lost bronze situla) together with pieces, which, at other words, pieces with a unique morphology,
100 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

symbolic signification and particular iconography 2002 104-105, pl. I/6) or in Dyrrachion/Dures,
are associated to a ceremonial cup with a cosmo- Albania (Treister 2001 189-190, fig. 93). Perhaps the
politan resonance. Otherwise an annexation between idea of combining fibulas with brooches should be
local iconographical samples from the late La Tne searched in the handcrafts milieus of the late
period and imports, such as the mastos type cup or Hellenistic pontic Greek cities (fig. 7).
even sets of cups, although it is not frequent, Although is hard to determine the function of
cannot be considered unusual, due to the fact that the chain, the question is whether its role was to
we also find it in Transylvania, in the Lupu hoard, join the two "fibulae-phalerae". Thus, one should
or in the North-West of Bulgaria, at Jakimovo mention the chain attached to the two silver knot
(Milcev 1973). fibulae with unknown provenience (probably
On the other hand, the fact that the hoard's Transylvania) and which today are part of the Hanns-
inventory reflects the structure of a costume set is Ulrich Haedeke Collection, Germany (Haedeke
based on several plausible presumptions (fig. 9). 2000 18, no. 10).
First, one might assume that both of the phalerae It is uncertain how the spiral bracelets were
have been manufactured with one fibula welded on worn, due to the big diameter of the opening.
the reverse (fig.1/2). In this case, the two "fibulae- Nevertheless, the fact that the inverse rotation of
phalerae" formed a pair, a situation that has been the extremities, eased by the malleability of the
observed in several hoards that contain silver metal, permitted the "adjustment" of the spiral to
fibulae of different shapes (Horedt 1973 153; the thickness of the arm (Horedt 1973 140) should
Dumitracu, Molnar 1975 60; Zirra, Spnu 1992 409; be mentioned. The possibility of wearing them at
Rustoiu 1997 80-81, tab. 1; Spnu 2002 100-101). A the leg must not be excluded (Prvan 1926 548;
suggestive analogy for our case is given by the Medele 1993 16-17; 1995 199), but, unfortunately,
pairs of fibulae with au repouss representations of we miss consistent clues regarding this fact (for
human figures from the hoards of Blneti instance, burial graves). It is hard to believe that
(Popescu 1969; Die Daker 1980 195-196, cat. no. pieces of big dimensions, with special symbolic
349, 56, fig. 32) and Coada Malului hoards (Horedt significations, had a marginal position as far as the
1948 266, 277; Popescu 1954 91-95, fig. 1-3; costume or they were worn underneath the garment.
Mrghitan 1976 31-32, pl. 1/2, 2-4), both located in Consequently, if we accept in the inventory of
Muntenia (the South Romania). Although these the Bucureti-Herstru hoard, the usage of the two
pieces have a different system, the significance of phalerae as the fibulae's ornamental elements,
such a pair of human representations is probably a probably connected by a chain, we may admit the
common one, and it reveals a particularity of the association between a garment closing complex
late La Tne iconography from Muntenia. However, accessory and an adornments set of arms, otherwise
it should be mentioned that the technical solution said a sole costume set. On top of that, unlike in the
of applying phalerae over the fibulae is not a local case of other hoards with a high number of mastos
one. This construction is also attested in the North- type cups (Sncrieni or Varna hoards), at Bucureti-
pontic milieu, for instance: the broaches from Herstru we only find one cup of this kind of
Sokolovo (Simonenko 1994 109, nr. 17, 126, fig. 8; recipient, that means that we already have
2004 139, 166, fig. 4/8), and Smol'ijaninova (Simo- suggestive arguments to deduct in the structure of
nenko 2004 139, 166, fig. 4/7), but most frequently the spectacular inventory merged social identity
in Crimea: irokaja Balka (Simonenko 1993 64-66, symbols of an elite member of those times.
fig. 20/b), Ust'-Alma (Puzdrovskij 2004 fig. 2/6,
fig. 4), Tavel', curgan no. 2 (Daevskaja 1991 121, 5. The archaeological interpretation of the X-
pl. 65/3), Neapolis Skytica (Daevskaja 1991 121, Ray Fluorescence analysis of the coins and
pl. 65/4; Zaicev, Mordvinceva 2004 199, fig. 7/9; jewellery from Bucureti-Herstru
Zaytsev 2004 162, fig. 112/2; 172, fig. 122/1), or at
Beliaus in the grave no. 156 (Daevskaja, Mihlin 5.1. Problems raised
1983 143, fig. 9; Daevskaja 1991 121, pl. 65/1a-b, 2; From todays research perspective of the Dacian
Zaicev, Mordvinceva 2004 201, fig. 9/28). Other hoards, the metallographic analyses that were taken
samples were found in some middle/late Hellenistic within the Arheomet project do not represent a
contexts from the Balkan Peninsula, for instance in premire. Previous analyses (Preda 1957; 1958;
Mesembria Pontica/Nesebar, Bulgaria (Galabov intea, Kovcs 1964; Stoicovici, Winkler 1967;
1955 141-144, fig. 7-8b, fig. 9b and 11; Tonkova Stoicovici, Stoicovici 1973; 1974), performed in the
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru 101

'60s and '70s in the University of Cluj labs by using 2. Do the pieces of the hoard constitute a
different methods, have targeted a modest number technological unit?
of objects; the results prove their general character, 3. If the raw material source of the manu-
lacking sometimes accuracy and suffering especially factured pieces is local or was imported?
from the absence of a constant collaboration and of 4. If the source is not local, could one determine
a fertile dialog between archaeologists and their indications regarding the imported coins'
physicists partners (Spnu 2005, 87-89). Thanks to recycling? At the end of the 19th century,
several debates between the members of the Tgls (1892 408) and later Preda (1957 and
Archeomet project, an agreement was reached to 1958) have suggested the hypothesis of
study the Bucureti-Herstru hoard, which presented recycling imported silver coins in order to
several suitable characteristics: discovered under produce local late La Tne jewellery. Western
satisfactory circumstances, it is the only Dacian archaeologists had brought abundant evidence
hoard from the collections of MNIR-Bucharest, in favour of the prehistorically recycling (see
where distinct categories of objects associate: the synthesis of Bradley 1988). To put it
costume and jewellery pieces, a silver recipient and differently, can one determine a similitude
a significant lot of tetra-drachmas issued at Thasos. relation between the metallographic structure
In other words, the crucial argument for choosing of the adornments, cup and coins?
the hoard was the complexity of its inventory.
5.2. Results
The main goal of the metallographic aspect of
the study was to determine the unity or the Out of the complete set of jewellery pieces, only
diversity of the elements composition of the pieces 15 of the 58 Thasian tetra-drachmas (selected by
from the hoard. The intention was to determine Dr. E. Oberlnder-Trnoveanu) of the Bucureti-
through tests several clues that might have supported Herstru hoard have been subjected to the same
or rejected several hypotheses regarding the origin type of metallographic analyses (X-ray fluorescence)
of the Dacian metalwork raw material and the in the lab of the National Institute of Nuclear
technological processes used by the craftsmen of Physics and Engineering Bucharest-Mgurele (on
the 1st B.C. century. Therefore, answers to the the relativity of this method and its limits see
following questions have been searched: Pernicka 1990 83). Dr. Cojocaru performed the
1. How many sources of raw material may be analysis; the results are presented in the table
determined? below:

Objects inv. no. Cu% Zn% Ag% Sn% Au% Pb% Bi%
1.a Phalera - inside 8415 4.560 0.320 85.600 2.870 1.690 3.340 0.460
1.b Phalera - gilded outside - - - - 22.000 - -
2. Phalera 11140 2.500 0.120 92.400 2.100 0.990 1.600 0.200
3. Chain 8419 1.380 0.160 95.800 - 1.710 0.780 0.160
4. Fragmentary spiral bracelet 11141 12.330 0.240 76.000 9.600 0.560 1.180 0.090
5. Fragmentary spiral bracelet 11142 16.150 0.340 74.000 7.430 0.300 1.780 0.090
6. Fragmentary spiral bracelet 8416 38.500 0.200 46.400 11.600 0.620 2.400 0.230
7. Fragment of bracelet 8417 31.500 - 49.000 10.450 2.650 6.030 -
8. Fragment of bracelet 11143 6.190 0.420 87.300 4.400 0.790 0.700 0.250
9. Concave and arched band 8420 16.070 1.550 71.400 7.750 0.760 2.150 0.280
10. Mastos type cup 11144 3.150 0.300 95.700 - 0.460 0.330 0.060
Thasian tetradrachma 6952 0.182 0.055 94.240 - 5.132 0.111 0.280
Thasian tetradrachma 6954 0.523 0.103 97.960 - 0.812 0.463 0.133
Thasian tetradrachma 6958 0.137 0.070 98.220 - 1.043 0.120 0.414
Thasian tetradrachma 6959 0.078 0.106 97.740 - 1.377 0.062 0.634
Thasian tetradrachma 6965 0.792 0.175 97.880 - 0.345 0.495 0.316
Thasian tetradrachma 6966 0.267 0.066 97.540 - 1.520 0.119 0.484
Thasian tetradrachma 6967 0.463 0.108 98.440 - 0.669 0.119 0.201
Thasian tetradrachma 6969 0.104 0.056 99.090 - 0.049 0.518 0.186
Thasian tetradrachma 6970 0.139 0.184 96.020 - 3.073 0.030 0.555
Thasian tetradrachma 6971 1.140 0.248 97.970 - 0.367 0.204 0.072
Thasian tetradrachma 6973 2.112 0.081 97.260 - 0.374 0.138 0.038
Thasian tetradrachma 6978 0.745 0.046 98.420 - 0.448 0.189 0.154
Thasian tetradrachma 6980 0.086 0.067 97.700 - 1.428 0.011 0.704
Thasian tetradrachma 6989 0.123 0.120 98.160 - 1.366 0.070 0.157
Thasian tetradrachma 6990 2.830 0.066 96.290 - 0.263 0.477 0.075
102 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

5.3. Interpretation of the results preferred, therefore presenting a higher purity

5.3.1. Indications of the deliberate modifications level, for the easy hammering of the bowl's elegant
of the alloy's composition conic form.
The most important conclusion, that led to the A similar explanation may as well be put
interpretation of the undertook metallographic forward for the absence of tin from the chains
analyses, is represented by the possibility to composition. In this case, the small dimensions of
highlight a deliberate intervention of the ancient the thin wire links that make up the chain might
metalwork artisans in the dosage of the alloy based have made necessary the usage of a malleable
on the silver metallographic structure out of which alloy. Links from a wire that was too rigid would
the metalwork pieces have been manufactured, have broken up much easily.
especially those that reveal their local-barbarian Therefore, no matter if the pieces from the
origin through their morphology and ornament- hoard are all locally manufactured or not, the
tation. It might be presumed the fact that the performed analyses suggest the fact that the
deliberate modification of the alloy based on silver artisans from late La Tne/late Hellenistic period
and its depreciation by adding bronze comprising deliberately changed the structure of the raw material,
cooper and tin (fig. 10/2) have not been caused by depending on the functional and the aesthetic
the precious metal scarcity, but more likely by the properties the desired object should have had.
need of strengthening certain objects, namely the The deliberate character of the alloy's alteration
bracelets. Additions of important quantities of tin is suggested also by the correlation of tin and
in order to produce strengthened alloys stand out in cooper quantities (the relative constant proportion
the case of some bracelets of Chersones from the of tin-cooper ratio) in the case of metalwork pieces
1st - 4th centuries AD (Olgovsky 2001 110, tab. 1). (fig. 10/2). On the other hand, the only piece that
Important percentages of tin were identified in presents a disproportionate tin-cooper ratio among
some Roman bronzes (Dr. Cojocarus remark), but the other pieces is the great spiral bracelet
this metal seems to be present also in late medieval (different of the other bracelets from the hoard due
alloys (Pintea 1966 and Stoicovici, Tini, Tini to its dimensions and weight, but as well due to its
1966). ornamental valences). In other words, the question
The usage of such an alloy, containing a is if this piece of special dimensions, morphology
significant percentage of tin and cooper probably and ornamentation, would not mean the creation of
responded to the need of strengthening some a specially structured alloy.
bracelets made out of relative thin wires and rods 5.3.2. Do the pieces of the hoard present a
(0.2 cm in diameter; only the section of the great technological unity?
bracelets' spiral body is 0.6 cm). By using a silver The presence or absence of tin and the varying
alloy with a higher title, the finite form of these percentage of copper determine a partition of the
pieces would have been too easily deformed. metalwork pieces from the Bucureti-Herstru
Probably, the added tin and cooper has been far too hoard in two groups (fig. 10/2). One group consists
generous: all the bracelets in the hoard were easily of pieces from an alloy with significant Sn, Cu and
broken, even since ancient times, or during their Pb supplement, namely the bracelets and the bowls.
discovery. The other group contains pieces manufactured out
In turn, the mastos type cup, which, through the of an alloy in which Sn is absent, and the Cu and
accuracy of the execution and also through the Pb values are reduced (the cup and the chain).
external analogies (some of them at very far The metallographic structure of these two latter
distances), seems to be rather the product of a pieces is very similar to that of the Thasian coins.
Hellenistic workshop, since it presents a metallo- Regardless where they have been manufactured,
graphic structure with no additional tin and copper. these observations show the fact that from metallo-
In this case, the explanation of this ascertainment graphic and, implicitly, technological perspective,
should be searched in the execution technique of the inventory of the hoard is not a unitary one. The
this type of recipients through hammering at high significance of this observation should not be
temperatures on a lathe. A malleable alloy was exaggerated. We may assume the pieces with a
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru 103

different morphology were manufactured by different trapezoidal profile. The side panels of the phalera
techniques. On the other hand, although the have been ornamented, in turn, with groups of 2-3
percentage values of the secondary elements (Au, lines. The bust is surrounded by a circular row of
Zn, Pb, Bi) of the bowls are different from those of pearls. The strong profiled head is represented in
the bracelets, the ratio between them is never- frontal position. The eyes are over-dimensioned,
theless similar (!). The same observation can be with accentuated eyelids and eyelashes made by a
made in the case of the mastos-cup, of the chain slide punching; the nose is accidentally flattened;
and of the tetra-drachmas, secondary elements of the mouth slightly opened, with the extremities
which although they are not close, they are still marked through a small round hollow. The garment
found in a close ratio (fig. 10/1). is indicated by two groups of accentuated strips,
5.3.3. The problem of the relation between the symmetrically disposed to the median axis of the
metalwork coins and pieces chest. In the neck area, three rows of relatively
The hypothesis according to which the raw concentric punches indicate the folds of a collar, or
material that represented the basis for the metalwork maybe the necklaces. The areas placed on both
pieces manufacturing would have been procured by sides of the head have been made by punching and
recycling several coins similar to those discovered are ordered on relatively horizontal rows. The
in the same hoard, could not be entirely confirmed, anatomical indications for the gender of the figure
but at the same time the analyses did not have not been clearly marked, but one can suppose
categorically infirm it. The interpretation of the that the represented character is a woman. The
Bi/Au/Ag ratio (Fig. 10/1) does not lead to beardless face, but also the long coiffure, pleads in
segregation between coins and jewellery; only the favour of this latter case. A bronze fibula with the
variation of Cu and Sn can point it. To put leg twisted over the arch (8 cm long) has been
differently, in the case of the bracelet and the cup, fixed by dwelling on the reverse side of the
an initial alloy based on silver has been enriched on phalera. Modern interventions make uncertain the
purpose with Cu and Sn. This initial alloy seems to traces of the fibula's dwelling. The phalera is
be similar with the one in the coins. The X-Ray test significantly deteriorated on the left side (the left
could not certify, but could not invalidate either if shoulder and the area above it are missing), as well
the jewelry and cups silver-based alloy was the right extremity of the chest; modern comple-
obtained by recycling the coins. tions have been performed in both missing areas.
MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 523/8415; W =
Appendix. 20.15g. Fig. 1/1.
The description of the metalwork pieces 2. Phalera with the representation of a human
Note: I express my gratitude to the director of bust, made by au repouss and poinonnage
MNIR, Dr. Crian Mueeanu, for the permission to techniques, is similar to the precedent phalera. The
examine the metalwork pieces of the Bucureti- superior-left part of the phalera is missing,
Herstru hoard in November 2002. For the including the forehead, a significant part of the
description of the preserved Thasian coins, see coiffure and the left shoulder. Interventions for
Popescu 1948 42-49. completing the missing part have not been under-
1. The phalera with the representation of a taken, as in the case of the previous phalera. On the
human bust represented by hammering (au repouss) reverse, on the superior part, slight traces of ancient
and poinonnage techniques, has a slightly oval dwelling may be observed. A similar fibula to the
form, with the vertical diameter higher than the one jointed on the first phalera has been probably
horizontal one (9.2 to 8.5 cm). The outside is fixed on the reverse of this one. MNIR Bucharest -
gilded. The plinth, with a width of 0.5-0.6 cm, is inv. no. 14 572/11140; the diameters of the phalera =
decorated with a zigzag performed with the help of 8.7 / 7.2 cm; W = 11.60g. Fig. 1/2.
a punch with right point. The plan out of which the 3. Fragmentary chain comprising 51 links
bust has been manufactured is placed on the higher jointed in the double loop-in-loop system (each link
level than the surface of the phalera with passes through the previous two). Heavily deterio-
approximately 1 cm, therefore the piece presents a rated, some of the rings are missing. MNIR
104 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

Bucharest - inv. no. 8419; L = 18.7 cm; thickness = 9. Concave and arched silver band; MNIR
0.4 cm; W = 4g. Fig. 1/3. Bucharest - inv. no. 8420; the diameter of the
4. Fragmentary spiral bracelet manufactured section = 8.35 cm; the length of the unfolding =
of circular section wire (the diameter of the section 13 cm; W = 6g. Fig. 4/2.
is 0.6 cm), forming five coils, with only one 10. Mastos type cup in the shape of a truncated
preserved termination. The extremity is formed by cone and with a round bottom. In the interior, under
a short prismatic volume (2.7 cm length/1 cm width/ the bolded edge, a fluting of 0.2 cm length; the
0.6 height), with the side panels slightly over- inferior part presents repairing traces, probably
raised, continuing with a small conic ophidian like dating from antiquity; MNIR Bucharest - inv.
ending, with a circular section, with the eyes 14 567/; the diameter of the lip = 17.7 cm; height =
represented as two incised circles. The extremity is 10.1 cm; the thickness of the panel=0.4 cm; W =
preceded by two groups of three (and one of two) 467g. Fig. 4/1.
incised lines. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14
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World Archaeology 20, 1988, 2, p. 270-279.
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circulaiei tetradrahmelor Macedoniei Prima i ale
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6. Fragmentary spiral bracelet manufactured Dunod, Paris 1962.
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SovArh 3, 1983, p. 129-147.
13.77 g. Fig. 3/2.
Deppert-Lippitz 1984 B. Deppert-Lippitz, Goldschmuck der
8. Fragment of bracelet (circular?) manu- Rmerzeit. Ausgewhlte Stcke aus den Sammlung des
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the section is 0.3 cm), then with a quadratic section Die Daker 1980 Die Daker. Archologie in Rumanien
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Dumitracu, Molnar 1975 S. Dumitracu, E. Molnar, Tezaurul
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de podoabe dacice de argint de la Sacalasu Nou j. Bihor,
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37.41g. Fig. 3/3. I Daci 1997 I Daci (Catalogue), Milano, 1997.
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de la Dubova, SCIVA 52-53, 2001-2002, p. 83-132.
Spnu 2005 D. Spnu, Consideraii privind teoria mono- "problemii sarmatskoi arheologii i istorii", Krasnodar, 2004,
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Stoicovici, Stoicovici 1974 E. Stoicovici, F. Stoicovici,
Aurul din argintul dacic, ActaMN 11, 1974, p. 19-21. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Stoicovici, Tini, Tini 1966 E. Stoicovici, G. Tini G., V.
Tini, Rezultatul analizei metalografice a sabiei atribuite Fig. 1. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1.-2. The Phalerae -
lui Cloca, ActaMN 3, 1966, 489 p. draw and photo after original; the bronze fibula on the
Stoicovici, Winkler 1967 E. Stoicovici, I. Winkler, Studiul back side of the no. 1 phalera after D. Popescu 1948, 40-
constituiei i compoziiei unor monede antice prin cercetri 41, fig. 6/4 and 7/4. 3. The chain - draw after original.
metalurgice, ActaMN 4, 1967, 449-456. Fig. 2. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1.-2.: the spiral
Strong, Brown 1976 D. Strong, D. Brown, Roman Crafts, bracelets - draw after original.
London, 1976. Fig. 3. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1.-3.: Fragmentary
Sullivan 1989 R. D. Sullivan, Near Eastern Royalty and bracelets - draw after original.
Rome 100-30 B.C., Toronto, Buffalo, London 1989. Fig. 4. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1. Mastos cup - draw
Tgls 1892 G. Tgls, A trtnelemeltti Dcirl, Archrt 12,
after original. 2. Concave silver band - draw after original.
1892, p. 403-410.
Fig. 5. Distribution of spiral Dacian bracelets.
Tonkova 2002 M. Tonkova, Nakiti s polihromna ukrasa ot V-I v.
Fig. 6. Distribution of mastos type silver cups in Europe and
pr. Hr. ot Trakija, IzvestijaBurgas 4, 2002, p. 98-113.
Treister 2001 M. Y. Treister, Hammering Techniques in Greek Near East.
and Roman Jewellery and Toreutics, Leiden-Boston-Kln, Fig. 7. Distribution of 2nd 1st centuries BC phalerae from the
2001. northern and western areas of the Black Sea.
intea, Kovcs 1964 H. intea, C. Kovcs, Compoziia Fig. 8. Distribution of hoards with Thasian tetradrachmas in
chimic a unor monede de argint din antichitate, ActaMN Bulgaria and Roumania, after Bogdan-Ctniciu I. 1975,
1, 1964, p. 469-472. 182, fig. 4.
Venedikov 1961 I. Venedikov, Dve skrovita ot elinistieskata Fig. 9. The Bucureti-Herstru hoard's inventory interpreted
epoha v Trakija. In: Izsledvanija v pamet na Karel korpil, as a costume set.
Sofia, 1961, p. 355-368. Fig. 10. 1. Bi vs. Au / Ag plot. 2. Sn vs. Cu plot.
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru 107

Fig. 1. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1.-2. The Phalerae - draw and photo after original; the bronze fibula on the back side of the
no. 1 phalera after D. Popescu 1948, 40-41, fig. 6/4 and 7/4. 3. The chain - draw after original.
108 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

Fig. 2. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1.-2.: the spiral bracelets - draw after original.
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru 109

Fig. 3. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1.-3.: Fragmentary bracelets - draw after original.
110 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

Fig. 4. The Bucureti-Herstru Hoard. 1. Mastos cup draw after original. 2. Concave silver band draw after original.
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru

Fig. 5. Distribution of spiral Dacian bracelets.

111
 112
Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

Fig. 6. Distribution of mastos type silver cups in Europe and Near East.
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru

Fig. 7. Distribution of 2nd 1st centuries BC phalerae from the northern and western areas of the Black Sea.
113
114 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

Fig. 8. Distribution of hoards with Thasian tetradrachmas in Bulgaria and Roumania, after Bogdan-Ctniciu I. 1975, 182, fig. 4.
 The Dacian Hoard from Bucureti-Herstru 115

Fig. 9. The Bucureti-Herstru hoard's inventory interpreted as a costume set.

116 Daniei Spnu, Viorel Cojocaru

Fig. 10. Fig. 10. 1. Bi vs. Au / Ag plot. 2. Sn vs. Cu plot.