0% found this document useful (0 votes)
65 views7 pages

%Uhdngrzq&Kdudfwhulvwlfvri&), 1 Dv0L (Wxuhvlqd 1hhgohsodwh Hrphwu

This document discusses breakdown characteristics of CF3I-N2 gas mixtures in a needle-plate geometry. The authors measured breakdown voltages in this geometry for CF3I-N2 mixtures containing 5-30% CF3I over gas pressures of 0.1-0.3 MPa. They investigated the influence of different conditions on breakdown performance and verified the synergistic effect of CF3I-N2 mixtures from breakdown voltage. They also characterized the behavior of the mixtures in highly divergent fields through a pressure range of corona stabilization. Comparison to theoretical breakdown voltages in a uniform electric field showed that breakdown strength reduces with rising non-uniform field coefficient at relatively short gap distances.

Uploaded by

Junaid Alvi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
65 views7 pages

%Uhdngrzq&Kdudfwhulvwlfvri&), 1 Dv0L (Wxuhvlqd 1hhgohsodwh Hrphwu

This document discusses breakdown characteristics of CF3I-N2 gas mixtures in a needle-plate geometry. The authors measured breakdown voltages in this geometry for CF3I-N2 mixtures containing 5-30% CF3I over gas pressures of 0.1-0.3 MPa. They investigated the influence of different conditions on breakdown performance and verified the synergistic effect of CF3I-N2 mixtures from breakdown voltage. They also characterized the behavior of the mixtures in highly divergent fields through a pressure range of corona stabilization. Comparison to theoretical breakdown voltages in a uniform electric field showed that breakdown strength reduces with rising non-uniform field coefficient at relatively short gap distances.

Uploaded by

Junaid Alvi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ'LHOHFWULFVDQG(OHFWULFDO,QVXODWLRQ9RO1R$SULO

 

%UHDNGRZQ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&),1*DV0L[WXUHVLQD
1HHGOHSODWH*HRPHWU\

;LDROLQJ=KDR%LQJ/L'HQJPLQJ;LDR
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ6KDQJKDL-LDR7RQJ8QLYHUVLW\
1R+XDVKDQ5G
6KDQJKDL3HRSOHV5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD

DQG<XQNXQ'HQJ
<XQQDQ3RZHU*ULG(OHFWULF3RZHU5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH
1R<XQGD:HVW5G
.XQPLQJ3HRSOHV5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD


$%675$&7
7KH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV LQ D QHHGOHSODWH JHRPHWU\ KDYH EHHQ PHDVXUHG E\  +]
SRZHUIUHTXHQF\WHVWVIRUWKH&),1JDVPL[WXUHV &), RYHUWKHJDVSUHVVXUH
IURP  WR  03D 7KH LQIOXHQFH RI GLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQV RQ WKH EUHDNGRZQ
SHUIRUPDQFH LV LQYHVWLJDWHG 7KH V\QHUJLVWLF HIIHFW RI &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV LV YHULILHG
IURPWKHUHVSHFWRIEUHDNGRZQYROWDJH0RUHRYHUWKHEHKDYLRURIWKHJDVPL[WXUHVLQ
KLJKO\ GLYHUJHQW ILHOGV LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D SUHVVXUH UDQJH RI FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ
ZKLFKFDQH[SODLQWKHUHODWLRQRIWKHEUHDNGRZQVWUHQJWKWRJDVSUHVVXUHDQGPL[LQJ
UDWLR $ FRPSDULVRQ WR WKH WKHRUHWLFDO EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV LQ XQLIRUP HOHFWULF ILHOG
VKRZVWKDWWKHEUHDNGRZQVWUHQJWKUHGXFHVZLWKWKHULVLQJQRQXQLIRUPFRHIILFLHQWRI
HOHFWULF ILHOG DW UHODWLYHO\ VKRUW JDS GLVWDQFH )XUWKHUPRUH WKH VHQVLWLYLW\ RI WKH
LQVXODWLQJDELOLW\WRGLYHUJHQWILHOGLVZHDNHQHGE\WKHLQFUHDVLQJ&),UDWLR
,QGH[ 7HUPV  %UHDNGRZQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV QRQXQLIRUP
HOHFWULFILHOGV\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWFRURQDVWDELOL]DWLRQ


,1752'8&7,21 WRR]RQHGHSOHWLRQ>@$VIRULWVHOHFWULFDOSURSHUW\WKHUHKDV
EHHQUHVHDUFKZRUNVUHYHDOLQJWKDWWKHLQVXODWLQJDELOLW\RISXUH
 2:,1* WR LWV JRRG GLHOHFWULF DQG KHDW WUDQVIHU SURSHUWLHV &),LVWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWRI6)>@+RZHYHUWKHKLJK
VXOIXUKH[DIOXRULGH 6) LVZLGHO\XVHGDVDGLHOHFWULFPHGLXPLQ ERLOLQJ SRLQW RI &), PDNHV LW D VHULRXV SUREOHP IRU SUDFWLFDO
HOHFWULFSRZHUDSSDUDWXV>@+RZHYHUZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ FRQFHUQ DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ WKH IXWXUH 8QGHU W\SLFDOO\ WHFKQLFDO SUHVVXUH 
RQ WKH SRWHQWLDO HIIHFWV RI JOREDO ZDUPLQJ 6) JDV KDV EHHQ 03DWKHERLOLQJWHPSHUDWXUHRISXUH&),ZRXOGEHXSWR&
OLVWHGDPRQJWKHVL[FRQWUROOHGJOREDOZDUPLQJJDVHVDFFRUGLQJ >@2QHVROXWLRQLVWRGHFUHDVHWKHSDUWLDOSUHVVXUHRI&),E\
WR WKH .\RWR SURWRFRO DW &23 WKH UG &RQIHUHQFH RI 3DUWLHV  PL[LQJLWZLWKRWKHUJDVHVDPRQJZKLFK1LVDJRRGEXIIHUJDV
DQGLVVWLSXODWHGWREHEDQQHGLQWKH\HDU>@7KXVWKHUH $VWKHERLOLQJSRLQWRI1LVIDUEHORZWKDWRI&),WKHERLOLQJ
KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV FRQGXFWHG RQ 6) JDV PL[WXUHV WHPSHUDWXUHRI&),1JDVPL[WXUHVHTXDOVWRWKDWRISXUH&),
DWWHPSWLQJWRUHGXFHWKHDPRXQWEHLQJXVHG>@7RVROYHWKH DWFRUUHVSRQGLQJSDUWLDOSUHVVXUHZKHQERWKJDVHVDUHUHJDUGHGDV
SUREOHPWKRURXJKO\LQWHQVLYHVWXGLHVDUHXQGHUZD\WRVHDUFKIRU LGHDOJDVHV7KXV&),1DWWRWDOSUHVVXUHRI03D
QHZ HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\ JDV WR VXEVWLWXWH 6) DV D QHZ FDQKDYHDERLOLQJWHPSHUDWXUHUHGXFHGWR&>@ZKLFK
LQVXODWLRQ PHGLXP LQ KLJKYROWDJH HOHFWULFDO HTXLSPHQW >@ DSSURDFKHV WR WKDW RI SXUH 6) DW WKH VDPH SUHVVXUH $QRWKHU
DPRQJ ZKLFK &), VWDQGV RXW GXH WR LWV ORZ *:3 WKH *OREDO DGYDQWDJHLVWKDW1FDQHIIHFWLYHO\UHGXFHWKHHOHFWURQHQHUJ\WR
:DUPLQJ 3RWHQWLDO  YDOXH DQG H[FHOOHQW LQVXODWLRQ SURSHUW\ > WKH DWWDFKPHQW HQHUJ\ UDQJH IRU HOHFWURQHJDWLYH JDV VR WKH
@ LQVXODWLRQVWUHQJWKRIJDVPL[WXUHVZLOOQRWEHPXFKORZHUWKDQ
*HQHUDOO\ WULIOXRURLRGRPHWKDQH &),  LV D QRQIODPPDEOH WKDWRISXUHHOHFWURQHJDWLYHJDV>@
QRQWR[LF FRORUOHVV DQG RGRUOHVV JDV ZKRVH RYHUDOO OLIHWLPH LQ
6RPH UHODWLYH VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FRQGXFWHG RQ WKH LQVXODWLRQ
DWPRVSKHUHLVOHVVWKDQGD\V7KXV&),SUHVHQWVDQH[WUHPHO\
SHUIRUPDQFHRI&),JDVPL[WXUHV$VHDUO\DV7R\RWDet al
ORZ*:3RIWRWLPHVRI&2DQGZLOOGRQRVLJQLILFDQWKDUP
SRLQWHGRXWWKDW&),1DQG&),DLUJDVPL[WXUHVDWD&),UDWLR
Manuscript received on 6 June 2016, in final form 22 November 2016, RIKDYHDGLHOHFWULFVWUHQJWKHTXLYDOHQWWRWKDWRISXUH6)
accepted 10 January 2017. Corresponding author: D. Xiao. JDVDQDO\]HGIURPVSDUNRYHUYROWDJHDQGWLPHODJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

'2,7'(,

 ;=KDRHWDO%UHDNGRZQ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&),1*DV0L[WXUHVLQD1HHGOHSODWH*HRPHWU\

>@7KHQGH8UTXLMRHWDOPHDVXUHGWKHOLPLWLQJILHOGVWUHQJWKRI &), XVHG LQ WKH WHVW ZDV RI FRPPHUFLDO SXULW\ ZKLOH
&),1DQG&),6)JDVPL[WXUHVLQWKH37 SXOVHG7RZQVHQG  QLWURJHQ ZDV RI WKH XOWUDSXUH JUDGH %RWK WZR JDVHV ZHUH
H[SHULPHQW >@ ,Q  1JX\HQ et al FRPSXWHG WKH '& GULHG DQG ILOWHUHG SULRU WR SUHVVXUL]LQJ WKH FKDPEHU 7KH
EUHDNGRZQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&),DQG&),1JDVPL[WXUH>@ YHVVHOZDVHYDFXDWHGWRDSUHVVXUHRIDERXW3DE\YDFXXP
5HFHQWO\ 'HQJ <XQNXQ et al FDOFXODWHG HOHFWURQ VZDUP SXPS DQG IOXVKHG D IHZ WLPHV ZLWK WKH QLWURJHQ EHIRUH
SDUDPHWHUVIRU&),JDVPL[WXUHVZLWK$U;H+H1DQG&2 SUHVVXUL]DWLRQ 7KH FKDPEHU ZDV ILUVWO\ HYDFXDWHG DQG WKH
XVLQJ%ROW]PDQQHTXDWLRQPHWKRG>@'HVSLWHVRPHSURJUHVVLQ ORZHU FRQVWLWXHQW ZDV DGPLWWHG WR D SDUWLDO SUHVVXUH
WKHSDVWGHFDGHVRPHLVVXHVUHODWHGWRQRQXQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOG FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH WDUJHW PL[WXUH UDWLR >@ 7KH VHFRQG
UHPDLQ WR EH VROYHG EHIRUH WKH UHDOL]DWLRQ RI LQGXVWULDO FRQVWLWXHQW ZDV DGGHG WR WKH SUHGHWHUPLQHG WRWDO SUHVVXUH
DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KRXJK WKH PD[LPXP LQVXODWLRQ VWUHQJWK IRU D EHFDXVH WKH YROXPH UDWLR RI HDFK FRPSRQHQW LQ JDV PL[WXUH
JDVHRXV LQVXODWRU LV REWDLQHG ZKHQ HOHFWURGH FRQILJXUDWLRQ HTXDOHG WR WKH UDWLR RI LWV SDUWLDO SUHVVXUH >@ 7KH FKDPEHU
SURGXFHV XQLIRUP ILHOG GLVWULEXWLRQ LQ WKH JDS VWURQJ ORFDOL]HG ZRXOG EH ODLG WKHUH IRU  KRXUV EHIRUH WHVWV WR HQVXUH DQ
ILHOGVDUHRIWHQHQFRXQWHUHGLQSUDFWLFDOV\VWHPVGXHWRHOHFWURGH LQWHQVLYH PL[WXUH RI GLIIHUHQW JDVHV >@ 8QOHVV RWKHUZLVH
VXUIDFHLPSHUIHFWLRQVDQGWKHSUHVHQFHRIIUHHSDUWLFOHV6RDQ PHQWLRQHGWKHPL[LQJUDWLRr XQLW LQWKLVSDSHUUHIHUVWR
H[SHULPHQWRIDQHHGOHSODWHJHRPHWU\LVDW\SLFDOVLPXODWLRQ WKHSHUFHQWDJHRI&),LQ1E\YROXPH7KHH[SHULPHQWVDUH
IRUORFDOGLVFKDUJHLQGLYHUJHQWHOHFWULFILHOG PDGHDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUH
,QWKLVVWXG\WKHEUHDNGRZQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&),1JDV ,QWKHH[SHULPHQWWKHPL[WXUHUDWLRrZDVYDULHGIURPWR
PL[WXUHV LQ D QHHGOHSODWH HOHFWURGH FRQILJXUDWLRQ DUH  DQG WKH JDV SUHVVXUHV P ZHUH RYHU WKH UDQJH RI 
PHDVXUHG LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQV RI HOHFWURGH JDSV JDV 03D 'XULQJ HDFK WHVW WKH VWDUWLQJ YROWDJH VKRXOG EH
SUHVVXUHVDQGPL[LQJUDWLRV7KHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHVHFRQGLWLRQV VXIILFLHQWO\ORZZKHQSRZHUIUHTXHQF\YROWDJHRI+]ZDV
RQWKHEUHDNGRZQSHUIRUPDQFHLVLQYHVWLJDWHG$OVRV\QHUJLVWLF DSSOLHG WR WKH QHHGOH HOHFWURGH WR SUHYHQW VZLWFKLQJ
HIIHFW DQG WKH SUHVVXUH UDQJH RI FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ DUH RYHUYROWDJH 7KH WHVW YROWDJH LV WKH SHDN YDOXH ZKLFK ZDV
UHVSHFWLYHO\DQDO\]HGRQWKHEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHRI&),1JDV LQFUHDVHG VORZO\ E\  N9V (DFK YDOXH LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH
PL[WXUHV%HVLGHVWKHEUHDNGRZQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHFRPSDUHGWR UHVXOWVZDVDQDULWKPHWLFPHDQRIDWOHDVWUHDGLQJV
WKDW LQ XQLIRUP ILHOG WR ILQG RXW WKH HIIHFW RI QRQXQLIRUP
FRHIILFLHQWRIHOHFWULFILHOGRQWKHEUHDNGRZQVWUHQJWK (;3(5,0(17$/5(68/7
)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH VE IRU &),1 JDV
(;3(5,0(17$/0(7+2'6 PL[WXUHV DV D IXQFWLRQ RI HOHFWURGH JDS d DW GLIIHUHQW PL[LQJ
7KH LQYHVWLJDWLRQV ZHUH FDUULHG RXW LQ DQ DOXPLQXP UDWLRVkDQGJDVSUHVVXUHVP7KHPL[LQJUDWLRrUHIHUVWRWKH
LRQL]DWLRQ FKDPEHU  PP KLJK DQG  PP LQ GLDPHWHU SHUFHQWDJH UDWLR RI &), LQ WKH &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV 7KH
ILWWHG ZLWK D EDVLQW\SH LQVXODWRU DQG D TXDUW] ZLQGRZ 7KH HUURUEDULVPDUNHGLQDOOWKHILJXUHVWRH[SUHVVWKHDFFXUDF\RI
QHHGOHHOHFWURGHZDVIL[HGWRWKHXSSHUHSR[\UHVLQLQVXODWRU WKHGDWD
ZKLFK ZDV XVHG WR LQVXODWH IURP WKH DOXPLQXP SDUW RI WKH 6HHQIURP)LJXUHWKHEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVVERI&),1
FKDPEHU 7KH PP ORQJ QHHGOH HOHFWURGH ZDV KHPL JDVPL[WXUHVLQFUHDVHZLWKWKHJURZLQJHOHFWURGHJDSdDOPRVW
VSKHULFDOO\FDSSHGDQGKDGDUDGLXVRIPP7KHYROWDJHRI OLQHDUO\ ,Q )LJXUHV D E DQG F WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH
WKH QHHGOH HOHFWURGH ZDV DSSOLHG E\ WKH KLJK YROWDJH $& DFFHOHUDWHV ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ HOHFWURGH JDS DQG JDV SUHVVXUH
JHQHUDWRU ZKLFK FDQ VXSSO\ XS WR  N9 7KH JURXQGHG 7KDW LV WR VD\ WKH LQVXODWLRQ VWUHQJWK ZLOO EH HIILFLHQWO\
SODQDU HOHFWURGH PDFKLQHG WR D e5RJRZVNL SURILOH KDG D LPSURYHG E\ SURORQJHG LQVXODWLRQ GLVWDQFH DQG KLJKHU
GLDPHWHURIPPDQGZDVPRXQWHGZLWKWKHLUFRPPRQD[LV JDVSUHVVXUH+RZHYHUDWPL[LQJUDWLRRIDOWKRXJKWKH
YHUWLFDO%RWKHOHFWURGHVZHUHPDGHRIDOXPLQXP%HIRUHHDFK
VHULHV RI WHVWV WKH HOHFWURGHV ZHUH SROLVKHG DQG FOHDQHG
WKRURXJKO\ 7KH GLDJUDP RI H[SHULPHQW FLUFXLW LV VKRZQ LQ
)LJXUH  ZKHUH WKH UDWHG FDSDFLW\ RI WKH WUDQVIRUPHU LV 
N9 DQG WKDW RI WKH YROWDJH UHJXODWRU LV  9 7KH 3URGXFW
PRGHORIWKHHOHFWULFDOSRZHULV-7:*1N$N9


)LJXUH(TXLSPHQWFLUFXLWGLDJUDP
 9ROWDJHUHJXODWRU  N9$9N9WUDQVIRUPHU  UHVLVWDQFH
FDSDFLWDQFH YROWDJH GLYLGHU ZLWK XQFHUWDLQW\ EHORZ    LRQL]DWLRQ 
FKDPEHU D 
,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ'LHOHFWULFVDQG(OHFWULFDO,QVXODWLRQ9RO1R$SULO
 

EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK VWLOO LQFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH HOHFWURGH JDS LW


GRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\LPSURYH ZLWK KLJKHU JDV SUHVVXUH ,Q DOO
WKH IRXU ILJXUHV WKH PRVW UDSLG LQFUHPHQW RI EUHDNGRZQ
YROWDJH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ SUHVVXUH RFFXUV DW UHODWLYHO\ ORZ JDV
SUHVVXUH ZKLOH WKH LQFUHDVLQJ YROWDJH ZLWK SUHVVXUH DW 
03D LV OHVV REYLRXV ZKLFK VKRZV D VDWXUDWLRQ HIIHFW IRU WKH
LQIOXHQFHRIJDVSUHVVXUHRQLQVXODWLRQVWUHQJWK,Q)LJXUHG
DW  PL[LQJ UDWLR WKH EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK RI  03D LV
HYHQORZHUWKDQWKDWRIDQG03D7KHUHDVRQRIWKLV
SKHQRPHQRQ UHODWHG WR FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ ZLOO EH H[SODLQHG
LQ GHWDLO E\ VHFWLRQ  %HVLGHV WKH FRRSHUDWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQ JDVHV LQ PL[WXUH LV DQDO\]HG LQ VHFWLRQ  DQG WKH
HIIHFW RI HOHFWULF ILHOG GLVWULEXWLRQ RQ LQVXODWLRQ VWUHQJWK LV
GLVFXVVHGLQVHFWLRQ

 7+(25(7,&$/$1$/<6,6
E 
 6<1(5*,67,&())(&7$1'0,;,1*5$7,22)
&),1*$60,;785(6
7KH GLHOHFWULF SHUIRUPDQFH RI JDV PL[WXUH LV UHODWHG QRW
RQO\ WR WKH HOHFWULF VWUHQJWK RI HDFK JDVHRXV FRPSRQHQW EXW
DOVR WR WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW
FRQVWLWXHQWV*HQHUDOO\VXFKUHODWLRQVRIELQDU\JDVPL[WXUHV
FDQ EH FODVVLILHG LQWR  FDWHJRULHV LQFOXGLQJ QHJDWLYH
V\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWOLQHDUHIIHFWV\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWDQGSRVLWLYH
V\QHUJLVWLF HIIHFW >@ *DV PL[WXUHV ZLWK OLQHDU HIIHFW KDYH
WKHEUHDNGRZQVWUHQJWKHTXDOLQJWRWKHZHLJKWLQJVXPRIWKH
VWUHQJWKV RI WZR SXUH JDVHV 6\QHUJLVWLF HIIHFW PHDQV WKH
LQVXODWLRQVWUHQJWKLVKLJKHUWKDQWKHYDOXHRIZHLJKWLQJVXP
ZKLOHQHJDWLYHV\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWLVRSSRVLWH=KDQJSRLQWVRXW
WKHV\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWRQSDUWLDOGLVFKDUJHLQFHSWLRQYROWDJHIRU
&),1JDVPL[WXUHVE\PHDVXUHPHQW>@+HUHZHDQDO\]H
WKHUHDFWLRQUHODWLRQIURPWKHUHVSHFWRIEUHDNGRZQSURSHUWLHV
 7KHRES UHODWLYHHOHFWULFVWUHQJWK LVDSDUDPHWHUWRMXGJH
F  WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ UHODWLRQ RI WZR JDVHV ZKLFK LV GHILQHG DV WKH
UDWLRRIWKHDEVROXWHHOHFWULFVWUHQJWKVEDQGDUHIHUHQFHYDOXH
ZKLFK LV RIWHQ WKH HOHFWULF VWUHQJWK RI JDV FRPSRQHQW ZLWK
VWURQJHU LQVXODWLRQ >@ +RZHYHU WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH RI
SXUH &), LV DOPRVW LPSRVVLEOH WR PHDVXUH E\ H[SHULPHQWV
EHFDXVHRILWVKLJKERLOLQJSRLQWDVPHQWLRQHGEHIRUH6RWKH
UHIHUHQFHYDOXHLVPRGLILHGWRWKHYROWDJHRI&),1
JDV PL[WXUHV ZKLFK FRQWDLQV WKH KLJKHVW &), UDWLR WKDW KDV
LQGXVWULDO VLJQLILFDQFH %HFDXVH WKH 1DWLRQDO VWDQGDUG *%7
VWLSXODWHWKDWWKHZRUNLQJWHPSHUDWXUHIRULQGRRU
VZLWFKLQJ HTXLSPHQW LV EHWZHHQ  DQG   :KHQ WKH
PL[LQJ UDWLR LV EHORZ  WKH OLTXHIDFWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH RI
&),PL[WXUHVVDWLVI\WKHUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKHQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUG
XQGHU03D>@)LJXUHWDNHVWKHUHODWLRQRIWKHRESDQG
PL[LQJUDWLRrDWPPHOHFWURGHJDSDVDQH[DPSOHLQZKLFK
WKHEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVRISXUH1DUHPHDVXUHGWKURXJKWKH
VDPHH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRG,QRUGHUWRSURYLGHHDV\DFFHVVWR
 WKH RES FKDQJLQJ WHQGHQF\ ZH KDYH ILWWHG WKH SRLQWV WR
G  TXDGUDWLF ILWWLQJ FXUYHV LQ )LJXUH  6HHQ IURP )LJXUH  WKH
EUHDNGRZQYROWDJHRI&),1JDVPL[WXUHVLVKLJKHUWKDQWKH
)LJXUH  %UHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV VE RI &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV DV D IXQFWLRQ RI
HOHFWURGH JDS d DW GLIIHUHQW JDV SUHVVXUHV P DQG PL[LQJ UDWLR r 7KH PL[LQJ
ZHLJKWLQJ VXP RI WKDW RI &), DQG 1 DQG WKXV WKH RES
UDWLRVr  RIWKHIRXUILJXUHVUHVSHFWLYHO\DUH D r  E r  F r DQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DSSHDU DV XSSHU FRQYH[ FXUYHV ZKLFK EHORQJ
G r  WR WKH V\QHUJLVWLF HIIHFW >@ ,W FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKDW WKH
 HOHFWULF VWUHQJWK DW  PL[LQJ UDWLR XQGHU  03D JDV

 ;=KDRHWDO%UHDNGRZQ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&),1*DV0L[WXUHVLQD1HHGOHSODWH*HRPHWU\

SUHVVXUHLVRYHURIWKHUHIHUHQFHYDOXHRI&),7KH HIIHFW PDNHV WKH EUHDNGRZQ SHUIRUPDQFH QRW WR GHFOLQH


V\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWDOVRH[LVWVEHWZHHQWZRFRQVWLWXHQWVRI6) JUHDWO\ZKHQPL[LQJZLWK1
1 PL[WXUHV >@ 7KH FRPPRQ SURSHUW\ ZLWK 6) SURYLGHV
FRQYHQLHQFHWRUHSODFHLWLQHOHFWULFDSSDUDWXV  ())(&72)&2521$',6&+$5*(217+(
%5($.'2:1675(1*7+
$VVHHQIURP)LJXUHWKHEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVDWKLJK&),
PL[LQJUDWLRUHVHQWGLIIHUHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFLQWKHFRQGLWLRQRI
KLJKSUHVVXUHDQGORQJJDSGLVWDQFHDVWKHRYHUDOOYROWDJHVRI
03DLQ)LJXUHGGRQRWVKRZDQREYLRXVLPSURYHPHQWDV
RSSRVHGWRWKDWRIDQG03D7KHYROWDJHRI03D
LV HYHQ ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI  DQG  03D DW JDSV ORQJHU
WKDQ  PP 7KLV LV GXH WR WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ EUHDNGRZQ
DQGFRURQDGLVFKDUJHLQQRQXQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOGDWGLIIHUHQW
JDVSUHVVXUHV7KHEHKDYLRURI&),1JDVPL[WXUHVLQKLJKO\
GLYHUJHQWILHOGVLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHH[LVWHQFHRIDSUHVVXUH
UDQJHFDOOHGFRURQDVWDELOL]DWLRQRYHUZKLFKWKHEUHDNGRZQ
RFFXUV DW YROWDJHV FRQVLGHUDEO\ LQ H[FHVV RI WKH FRURQD
WKUHVKROG ZKLOH DW KLJKHU SUHVVXUHV WKH EUHDNGRZQ DQG
FRURQDLQFHSWLRQOHYHOVFRLQFLGH,QWKHORZHUSUHVVXUHUDQJH
WKHKLJKEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHLVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHVWDELOL]DWLRQRI
WKH ILHOG QHDU WKH KLJKO\ VWUHVVHG HOHFWURGH E\ VSDFH FKDUJHV
 JHQHUDWHGDVDUHVXOWRIFRURQDGLVFKDUJH>@7KLVXQLIRUPHG
)LJXUH 7KHRESRI&),1JDVPL[WXUHVDVDIXQFWLRQRIPL[LQJUDWLRrDW
PPHOHFWURGHJDS7KHSRO\QRPLDOILWWLQJFXUYHVDUHSORWWHGE\VROLGOLQHV
HOHFWULFILHOGSUHYHQWVWKHWRWDOEUHDNGRZQLQQHHGOHSODWHJDSV
WRSUHVHQWWKHRYHUDOOFKDQJLQJWUHQG IURP RFFXUULQJ WR VRPH GHJUHH 0RUHRYHU XQGHU VRPH
FRQGLWLRQV FRURQD GLVFKDUJHV SURGXFH HOHFWURQLFDOO\ H[FLWHG
,WKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGWKDWV\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWFRPPRQO\H[LVWV PROHFXOHV LQ VXIILFLHQW QXPEHUV WR FRQWULEXWH WR DQ
EHWZHHQ D VWURQJO\ HOHFWURQHJDWLYH JDV DQG D ZHDNO\ HQKDQFHPHQW LQ WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH EHFDXVH HOHFWURQV
HOHFWURQHJDWLYHJDVZKHQWKHHOHFWURQDWWDFKPHQWUDWHRIERWK DWWDFKWRPROHFXOHVLQHOHFWURQLFDOO\H[FLWHGVWDWHVZLWKKLJKHU
JDVHVUHODWHVOLWWOHWRJDVSUHVVXUH>@7KHV\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFW SUREDELOLW\ LH. ZLWK ODUJHU FURVV VHFWLRQV WKDQ WR PROHFXOHV
RI&),1JDVPL[WXUHVLVGXHWRWKHUHODWLYHO\ORZLRQL]DWLRQ LQWKHJURXQGHOHFWULFVWDWH>@)LJXUHVKRZV WKH YROWDJH
UDWHVRI1DVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHHOHFWURQLQHODVWLFFROOLVLRQ SUHVVXUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DW  PL[LQJ UDWLR LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQ
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKYLEUDWLRQDOH[FLWDWLRQ6LQFH1PROHFXOHVFDQ RIDQGPPHOHFWURGHJDSVZKLFKH[KLELWVDSHDNLQ
VORZ GRZQ HOHFWURQV WR WKH HQHUJ\ UDQJH RI HOHFWURQ WKLVFRURQDVWDELOL]DWLRQUDQJH7KLVKXPSHIIHFWLQEUHDNGRZQ
DWWDFKPHQW IRU &), PROHFXOH IUHH HOHFWURQV FDQ EH FDSWXUHG YROWDJHV EHFRPHV PRUH REYLRXV ZLWK ORQJHU JDS GLVWDQFH
E\WKHHOHFWURQHJDWLYHFRPSDQLRQPRUHHDVLO\ZKLFKUHGXFHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK RI &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV
WKH QXPEHU RI VXFFHVVIXO LRQL]DWLRQ DQG SUHYHQWV PRUH GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LPSURYH ZLWK JDV SUHVVXUH LQ QRQ
HOHFWURQV IURP EHLQJ JHQHUDWHG E\ LRQL]DWLRQ >@ 7KLV XQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOG
FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ &), DQG 1 PDNHV WKH WRWDO HOHFWULF
VWUHQJWKVXSHULRUWRWKHVLPSOHZHLJKWLQJVXPRIWKDWRIHDFK
JDVFRPSRQHQW
$QRWKHUGLHOHFWULFEHKDYLRURIV\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWZKLFKFDQ
DOVR EH REVHUYHG LQ 6)1 PL[WXUHV >@ LV WKDW WKH IDVWHVW
LQFUHDVH LQ EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH ZLWK PL[LQJ UDWLR LV DFKLHYHG
ZKHQ WKH ILUVW WUDFHV RI &), DUH DGGHG WR 1 $ PL[WXUH
FRQWDLQLQJ&),KDVDEUHDNGRZQOHYHOZKLFKLQFUHDVHVE\
FRPSDUHGWRSXUH1+RZHYHUDIXUWKHUDGGLWLRQRI
&),LQWKHPL[WXUHVGRHVQRWUHVXOWLQVXFKDUDSLGLQFUHDVHLQ
WKH EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK 7KXV WKH EHQHILFLDO LQIOXHQFH RI
DGGLQJ &), RQ WKH EUHDNGRZQ SURSHUWLHV RI 1 WHQGV WR
VDWXUDWH DW ORZ PL[LQJ UDWLR 6LQFH &), KDV D YHU\ KLJK
DWWDFKPHQWFURVVVHFWLRQDWORZHQHUJLHVRIWRH9>@LW
DSSHDUVWKDWDPRGHVWDPRXQWRI&),FRXOGDWWDFKPRVWRIWKH
ORZHQHUJ\HOHFWURQVUHVXOWLQJLQDVXEVWDQWLDOLQFUHDVHLQWKH
EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK DQG IXUWKHU LQFUHDVH RI &), FRQWHQW KDV 
)LJXUH  7KH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV DV D IXQFWLRQ RI JDV SUHVVXUH DW 
UHODWLYHO\ OLWWOH HIIHFW RQ WKH GLHOHFWULF VWUHQJWK RI WKH JDV
PL[LQJUDWLR
PL[WXUHV
6LQFHSXUH&),FDQQRWEHGLUHFWO\XVHGDVDQLQVXODWLRQJDV 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ LQ )LJXUH  WKDW WKH HOHFWULF VWUHQJWK RI
PHGLXP GXH WR LWV KLJK ERLOLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH WKH V\QHUJLVWLF  DQG  PL[LQJ UDWLRV HYHQ H[FHHGV WKDW RI  UDWLR
,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ'LHOHFWULFVDQG(OHFWULFDO,QVXODWLRQ9RO1R$SULO
 

XQGHU  03D LV DOVR UHODWHG WR FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ 7KH 6HHQ IURP 7DEOH  EN OLP LQFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH JURZLQJ
FULWLFDOSUHVVXUHDWZKLFKWKHEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHLVPLQLPXP FRQWHQW RI &), $ KLJK YDOXH RI OLPLWLQJ ILHOG VWUHQJWK
DQG LV QRW SUHFHGHG E\ VWHDG\ FRURQD GHFUHDVHV ZLWK ULVLQJ EN OLPVXJJHVWVDVWURQJHOHFWULFVWUHQJWKLQXQLIRUPHOHFWULF
FRQWHQWRIHOHFWURQHJDWLYHJDV>@7KXVIRUJDVPL[WXUHVDW ILHOG ,Q LGHDO FRQGLWLRQ RI XQLIRUP HOHFWULF ILHOG WKH
PL[LQJ UDWLR EHORZ  WKH JDV SUHVVXUH  03D LV ZLWKLQ EUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVELVSURSRUWLRQDOWROLPLWLQJILHOGVWUHQJWK
WKH UDQJH RI FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ DQG WKH EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK EN OLPZKLFKFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV>@
LV HQKDQFHG E\ ORFDO FRURQD GLVFKDUJHV +RZHYHU IRU JDV
Vb E  N OLP Nd   
PL[WXUHV FRQWDLQLQJ  &), WKH JDV SUHVVXUH  03D
H[FHHGV WKH FULWLFDO SUHVVXUH DQG WKH EUHDNGRZQ WDNHV SODFH 7KHJDVGHQVLW\NFDQEHGHULYHGE\,GHDO*DV/DZDV
GLUHFWO\ ZLWKRXW WKH HQKDQFHPHQW IURP FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ
P NkT   
7KXVDWKLJKPL[LQJUDWLRZLWKUHODWLYHO\ORZFULWLFDOSUHVVXUH

WKHFULWLFDOSUHVVXUHLVZLWKLQWKHUDQJHRIGLVFXVVHG SUHVVXUH ZKHUH k  -. LV WKH %ROW]PDQQ FRQVWDQW DQG T LV
UDQJH DQG WKXV WKH HOHFWULF VWUHQJWK LQ QRQXQLIRUP HOHFWULF WKHDEVROXWHWHPSHUDWXUH
ILHOGPD\QRWQHFHVVDULO\LQFUHDVHZLWKJURZLQJPL[LQJUDWLR %DVHG RQ WKH EN OLP GDWD LQ 7DEOH  DV ZHOO DV )LJXUHV 
7KH FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ UHODWHG WR JDV SUHVVXUH DQG PL[LQJ DQG  WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV RI &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV LQ
UDWLR LV VLPLODU IRU 6)1 JDV PL[WXUH LQ VRPH FHUWDLQ LGHDOO\XQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOGDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH+HUHWKH
FRQGLWLRQRIH[WUHPHO\QRQXQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOG>@ DEVROXWHWHPSHUDWXUHLVVHWDV.
7+(())(&72)12181,)250(/(&75,&
),(/'727+(%5($.'2:1&+$5$&7(5,67,&6
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH VE RI &),1 JDV
PL[WXUHV LQ KRPRJHQHRXV DQG LQKRPRJHQHRXV HOHFWULF ILHOGV
DUHFRPSDUHGLQWKHVDPHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHU03D$VLGHDO
XQLIRUP HOHFWULF ILHOG LV DOPRVW LPSRVVLEOH WR REWDLQ LQ
SUDFWLFDO H[SHULPHQWV HOHFWURQ VZDUP SDUDPHWHUV GHULYHG
IURP D 3XOVH 7RZQVHQG 37  H[SHULPHQW DUH DSSOLHG KHUH WR
GHGXFHWKHEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVLQXQLIRUPILHOG
(OHFWURQ VZDUP SDUDPHWHUV LQFOXGLQJ HIIHFWLYH LRQL]DWLRQ
FRHIILFLHQW DQG OLPLWLQJ UHGXFHG ILHOG VWUHQJWK DUH RI JUHDW
VLJQLILFDQFHWRMXGJHWKHHOHFWULFVWUHQJWKRIDJDVLQXQLIRUP
HOHFWULF ILHOG IURP ZKLFK WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH VE LQ D
FHUWDLQ FRQGLWLRQ RI JDV SUHVVXUH P WHPSHUDWXUH T DQG
HOHFWURGH JDS d FDQ EH WKHRUHWLFDOO\ GHULYHG 7KH HIIHFWLYH
LRQL]DWLRQFRHIILFLHQW D  N LVGHILQHGDV>@ 
)LJXUH  7KH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV VE DV D IXQFWLRQ RI HOHFWURGH JDS d LQ
DN D  K  N    LGHDOO\XQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOGXQGHU03D

ZKHUH   DQG N UHVSHFWLYHO\ GHQRWH WKH LRQL]DWLRQ


FRHIILFLHQW DWWDFKPHQW FRHIILFLHQW DQG JDV QXPEHU GHQVLW\ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOW LQ VHFWLRQ  WKH
7KH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ YDOXH RI EN DW ZKLFK HOHFWURQ FROOLVLRQ EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV VE LQ QHHGOHSODWH HOHFWURGHV DV D I
LRQL]DWLRQ H[DFWO\ EDODQFHV DWWDFKPHQW i.e. XQFWLRQRIHOHFWURGHJDSdDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
D  N D  K  N  LVFDOOHGOLPLWLQJILHOGVWUHQJWK EN OLP 7KHQRQXQLIRUPFRHIILFLHQWfUHIOHFWLQJWKHLQKRPRJHQHRXV
ZKLFK LV WKH WKUHVKROG IRU WKH KRPRJHQHRXV HOHFWULF ILHOG GHJUHHRIHOHFWULFILHOGLVGHILQHGDV
VWUHQJWKVXVWDLQDEOHE\DJDV>@ EPD[
5HIHUHQFH>@JLYHVWKHHOHFWURQVZDUPSDUDPHWHUVRI&), f   
EDYHU
1 JDV PL[WXUHV DW   DQG  PL[LQJ UDWLR GHULYHG
IURP 37 H[SHULPHQW 7KH EN OLP LQ ZKHUH EPD[ DQG EDYHU DUH UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH PD[LPXP DQG
D  N  E  N FKDUDFWHULVWLFV>@DUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH DYHUDJHYDOXHVRIHOHFWULFILHOG

7DEOH7KHOLPLWLQJHOHFWULFVWUHQJWK EN OLP DQGWKHVORSHVcDW EN OLP>@
&),PL[LQJUDWLRr   EN OLP 7G7G 9FP 
 
 
 

 ;=KDRHWDO%UHDNGRZQ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&),1*DV0L[WXUHVLQD1HHGOHSODWH*HRPHWU\

&),UDWLR7KXVWKHEUHDNGRZQVWUHQJWKDWKLJKPL[LQJUDWLR
LVOHVVVHQVLWLYHWRQRQXQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOGWKDQWKDWDWORZ
PL[LQJUDWLR,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHZLWKVWDQGLQJDELOLW\WRQRQ
XQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOGLVVWUHQJWKHQHGE\WKHLQFUHDVLQJFRQWHQW
RI&),

&21&/86,21
 7KH EUHDNGRZQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV LQ
QHHGOHSODWH JHRPHWU\ HOHFWURGHV DUH LQYHVWLJDWHG E\
H[SHULPHQW1RQXQLIRUPILHOGEUHDNGRZQVWXGLHVVKRZWKDW
D ,QQRQXQLIRUPHOHFWULFILHOGWKHEUHDNGRZQVWUHQJWKRI
&),1JDVPL[WXUHVLPSURYHVZLWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJHOHFWURGH
JDSEXWGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\ULVHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ&),
PL[LQJUDWLRDQGJDVSUHVVXUH
 E7KH WZR FRQVWLWXHQWV LQ &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV KDYH D
)LJXUH  7KH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV VE DV D IXQFWLRQ RI HOHFWURGH JDS d LQ D V\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWRQHDFKRWKHULQWKH&),UDWLRUDQJHEHORZ
QHHGOHSODWHJHRPHWU\XQGHU03D7KHOLQHDUILWWLQJFXUYHVDUHSORWWHGE\ 
VROLGOLQHVWRSUHVHQWWKHRYHUDOOFKDQJLQJWUHQG
 F7KH GLHOHFWULF EHKDYLRU RI &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV UHODWHG WR
JDV SUHVVXUH DQG PL[LQJ UDWLR LQ KLJKO\ GLYHUJHQW ILHOGV LV
&RPSDUHG WR XQLIRUP HOHFWULF ILHOG WKH LQVXODWLRQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D SUHVVXUH UDQJH RI FRURQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ
SHUIRUPDQFH UHGXFHV FRQVLGHUDEO\ LQ GLYHUJHQW HOHFWULF ILHOG %DVHGRQWKHSUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDWKHFULWLFDOSUHVVXUH
7DEOH  OLVWV WKH UHGXFLQJ SHUFHQWDJHV RI EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH GHFUHDVHVZLWKULVLQJ&),PL[LQJUDWLR7KHFULWLFDOSUHVVXUH
FRPSDUHG WR WKDW RI XQLIRUP ILHOG LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQ RI DW PL[LQJ UDWLR  LV EHWZHHQ  03D ZKLOH WKDW RI
PL[LQJUDWLRVkDQGHOHFWURGHJDSVdZKHUHWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ PL[LQJUDWLREHORZLVDERYH03D
QRQXQLIRUPFRHIILFLHQWVfDUHDOVRPDUNHG7KHFRQGLWLRQVRI
G7KH EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK RI &),1 JDV PL[WXUHV UHGXFHV
HDFKWZRFRPSDULQJEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVDUHWRWDOO\WKHVDPH
ZLWK WKH ULVLQJ QRQXQLIRUP FRHIILFLHQW RI HOHFWULF ILHOG DW
H[FHSWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIHOHFWULFILHOG
VKRUW JDS GLVWDQFH 0RUHRYHU WKH VHQVLWLYLW\ RI WKH
$W VKRUW HOHFWURGH JDS EHORZ  PP WKH RYHUDOO UHGXFLQJ EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJH WR GLYHUJHQW ILHOG LV ZHDNHQHG E\
SHUFHQWDJHV SUHVHQW D ULVLQJ WHQGHQF\ ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVLQJ LQFUHDVLQJ &), PL[LQJ UDWLR &RQVLGHULQJ WKH OLTXHIDFWLRQ
HOHFWURGH JDS DW D FHUWDLQ PL[LQJ UDWLR $V WKH QRQXQLIRUP WHPSHUDWXUH DQG UHODWLYH LQVXODWLRQ VWUHQJWK RI &), JDV
FRHIILFLHQW f ULVHV ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVLQJ HOHFWURGH JDS d WKH PL[WXUHVWKHLVWKHPRVWDGYLVHGPL[LQJUDWLRRI&),
HIIHFWRIQRQXQLIRUPFRHIILFLHQWRQWKHEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHLV 1JDVPL[WXUHVDSSOLHGLQHOHFWULFDOHTXLSPHQWDVLQVXODWLRQ
LQFUHDVHG ZLWK WKH ULVLQJ FRHIILFLHQW +RZHYHU DW ORQJ JDS PHGLD
GLVWDQFHWKHUHGXFLQJSHUFHQWDJHGRHVQRWLQFUHDVH ZLWK QRQ
XQLIRUPLW\ GHJUHH RI HOHFWURGH ILHOG $ SRVVLEOH H[SODQDWLRQ $&.12:/('*0(17
IRU WKH ORZHU UHGXFLQJ SHUFHQWDJHV DW PP HOHFWURGH JDS LV 7KLV ZRUN ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ JUDQWV IURP WKH 1DWLRQDO
WKDW FRURQD GLVFKDUJH LV PRUH OLNHO\ WR KDSSHQ LQ ORQJHU 1DWXUDO6FLHQFH)RXQGDWLRQRI&KLQD 1R 
HOHFWURGH JDS ZKLFK ZLOO XQLIRUP HOHFWULF ILHOG DQG LQFUHDVH
WKH EUHDNGRZQ YROWDJHV WR VRPH GHJUHH 6R WKH FRQFOXVLRQ 5()(5(1&(6
FRPHV RXW WKDW WKH EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK UHGXFHV ZLWK WKH
>@ 0 6 'LQFHU DQG 7 $\GLQ 6LPXODWLRQ RI OLPLWLQJ ILHOG EHKDYLRU LQ
LQFUHDVLQJ QRQXQLIRUP FRHIILFLHQW RI HOHFWULF ILHOG DW VKRUW HOHFWURQVZDUPVLQ6)1JDVPL[WXUHV ,(((7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU
JDSGLVWDQFH ,QVXO,9ROSS
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDWDFHUWDLQHOHFWURGHJDSZLWKWKHVDPH >@ ; / /LX - : :DQJ < $ :DQJ = 6 =KDQJ  DQG ' 0 ;LDR
$QDO\VLVRIWKHLQVXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIF&)DQG1JDVPL[WXUHV
GLIIHUHQFH RI HOHFWULF ILHOG GLVWULEXWLRQ WKH UHGXFLQJ E\ %ROW]PDQQ HTXDWLRQ PHWKRG - 3K\V ' $SSO 3K\V 9RO  SS
SHUFHQWDJH DSSHDUV DV D GHFOLQLQJ WUHQG ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVLQJ 

7DEOH7KHUHGXFLQJSHUFHQWDJHVRIEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHLQLQKRPRJHQHRXVILHOGFRPSDUHGWRWKDWLQKRPRJHQHRXVILHOG
(OHFWURGHJDS 1RQXQLIRUP 5HGXFLQJSHUFHQWDJH  
d PP  FRHIILFLHQWf r  r  r 
    
    
    
    
    
,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ'LHOHFWULFVDQG(OHFWULFDO,QVXODWLRQ9RO1R$SULO
 

>@ ; ; =KDQJ - % 5HQ - 7DQJ DQG 6 &DL[LQ .HUQHO VWDWLVWLFDO >@ ;;=KDQJ--=KRX-7DQJ6;LDRDQG<)+DQ([SHULPHQWDO
XQFRUUHODWHG RSWLPXP GLVFULPLQDQW YHFWRUV DOJRULWKP IRU *,6 3' 5HVHDUFKRQWKH3DUWLDO'LVFKDUJH,QVXODWLRQ3URSHUWLHVRI&),&2DQG
UHFRJQLWLRQ ,(((7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU,QVXO,9ROSS &),1 *DV 0L[WXUHV 3URF &KLQHVH 6RF (OHFWU (QJ &6((  9RO
 1RSS LQ&KLQHVH 
>@ 1+ 0DOLN DQG $+ 4XUHVKL $ UHYLHZ RI HOHFWULFDO EUHDNGRZQ LQ >@ / * &KULVWRSKRURX DQG 5 - 9DQ %UXQW 6)1 PL[WXUHV EDVLF DQG
PL[WXUHV RI 6) DQG RWKHU JDVHV ,((( 7UDQV 'LHOHFWU (OHFWU ,QVXO, +9 LQVXODWLRQ SURSHUWLHV ,((( 7UDQV 'LHOHFWU (OHFWU ,QVXO, 9RO 
9ROSS SS
>@ '0;LDR//=KXDQG<=&KHQ(OHFWURQVZDUPSDUDPHWHUVLQ6) >@ 1 + 0DOLN $ + 4XUHVKL DQG * ' 7KHRSKLOXV %UHDNGRZQ DQG
DQGKHOLXPJDVPL[WXUHV-3K\V'$SSO3K\V9ROSS// 3UHEUHDNGRZQ 3KHQRPHQRQ LQ 6)1 *DV 0L[WXUHV 9,,, ,QWO
 6\PSRV  (OHFWULFDO ,QVXO 'LVFKDUJHV 9DFXXP $OEXTXHUTXH 1HZ
>@ '0;LDR//=KXDQG;*/L(OHFWURQWUDQVSRUWFRHIILFLHQWVLQ6) 0H[LFRSS))
DQG [HQRQ JDV PL[WXUHV - 3K\V ' $SSO 3K\V 9RO  SS / >@ 3 5 +RZDUG ,QVXODWLRQ 3URSHUWLHV RI &RPSUHVVHG (OHFWURQHJDWLYH
/ *DVHV 3URF ,((3DUW $ 3RZHU (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO  SS 
>@ - GH 8UTXLMR DQG ( %DVXUWR (IIHFWLYH LRQL]DWLRQ HOHFWURQ DQG LRQ 
WUDQVSRUW LQ 6)+H PL[WXUHV - 3K\V ' $SSO 3K\V 9RO  SS >@ <.'HQJDQG'0;LDR$QDO\VLVRIWKHLQVXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
 RIF&)DQG1JDVPL[WXUHVE\%ROW]PDQQHTXDWLRQPHWKRG(XURS
>@ 0 +LNLWD 6 2KWVXND 6 2NDEH DQG 6 .DQHNR ,QVXODWLRQ 3K\V-$SSO3K\V9ROSS
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI *DV 0L[WXUHV LQFOXGLQJ 3HUIOXRURFDUERQ *DV ,((( 
7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU,QVXO,9ROSS 
>@ + 7R\RWD 6 0DWVXRND DQG . +LGDND 0HDVXUHPHQW RI VSDUNRYHU ;LDROLQJ =KDR ZDV ERUQ LQ +XEHL 3URYLQFH &KLQD LQ
YROWDJH DQG WLPH ODJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ 6)1 JDV PL[WXUHV E\ XVLQJ  6KH UHFHLYHG WKH %( GHJUHH LQ HOHFWULFDO
VWHHSIURQW VTXDUH YROWDJH ,((- 7UDQV )0, 9RO $ SS  HQJLQHHULQJDQGDXWRPDWLRQLQ:XKDQ8QLYHUVLW\:XKDQ
 &KLQDLQ6KHLVFXUUHQWO\ZRUNLQJWRZDUGWKH3K'
>@ 0 7DNL ' 0DHNDZD + 2GDND + 0L]RJXFKL DQG 6 <DQDEX GHJUHH LQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ
,QWHUUXSWLRQFDSDELOLW\RI&),*DVDVDVXEVWLWXWLRQFDQGLGDWHIRU6) 6KDQJKDL -LDR 7RQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KDQJKDL &KLQD +HU
JDV ,(((7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU,QVXO,9ROSS LQWHUHVWLVWKHJDVLQVXODWLRQDQGDUFTXHQFKLQJLQSRZHU
>@ +.DVX\D<.DZDPXUD+0L]RJXFKL<1DNDPXUD6<DQDEXDQG HTXLSPHQWDVZHOODVDOWHUQDWLYHJDVRI6)
1 1DJDVDNL ,QWHUUXSWLRQ FDSDELOLW\ DQG GHFRPSRVHG JDV GHQVLW\ RI 
&), DV D VXEVWLWXWH IRU 6) JDV ,((( 7UDQV 'LHOHFWU (OHFWU ,QVXO, 
9ROSS 
>@ < &UHVVDXOW 9 &RQQRUG + +LQJDQD 3 7HXOHW DQG $ *OHL]HV <XQNXQ 'HQJ 6  ZDV ERUQ LQ <XQQDQ 3URYLQFH
7UDQVSRUWSURSHUWLHVRI &), WKHUPDO SODVPDV PL[HG ZLWK &2 DLU RU &KLQD LQ  +H UHFHLYHG WKH 3K' GHJUHH LQ
1DVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWR6)SODVPDVLQKLJKYROWDJHFLUFXLWEUHDNHUV- HOHFWULFDO HQJLQHHULQJ IURP 6KDQJKDL -LDR 7RQJ
3K\V'$SSO3K\V9ROSS 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KDQJKDL &KLQD LQ   +H LV FXUUHQWO\
>@ 6 6RORPRQ - % %XUNKROGHU $ 5DYLVKDQNDUD DQG 5 5 *DUFLD ZRUNLQJ LQ <XQQDQ 3RZHU *ULG (OHFWULF 3RZHU
2]RQH GHSOHWLRQ DQG JOREDO ZDUPLQJ SRWHQWLDOV RI &), - 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH.XQPLQJ&KLQD+LVLQWHUHVWLVWKH
*HRSK\VLFDO5HVHDUFK$WPRVSKHUH9ROSS JDVLQVXODWLRQLQSRZHUHTXLSPHQW
>@ < < 'XDQ 0 6 =KX DQG / = +DQ ([SHULPHQWDO YDSRU SUHVVXUH 
GDWD DQG D YDSRU SUHVVXUH HTXDWLRQ IRU WULIOXRURLRGRPHWKDQH &),  
)OXLG3KDVH(TXLOLEULD9ROSS 
>@ -GH8UTXLMR,V&),DJRRGJDVHRXVGLHOHFWULF"$FRPSDUDWLYHVZDUP 
VWXG\ RI &), DQG 6) - 3K\V &RQI 6HULHV 9RO  SS  %LQJ /L ZDV ERUQ LQ +HQDQ 3URYLQFH &KLQD LQ 
 6KH UHFHLYHG WKH %( GHJUHH LQ HOHFWULFDO HQJLQHHULQJ
>@ - GH 8UTXLMR $ -XDUH] ( %DVXUWR DQG - +HUQDQGH]$YLOD (OHFWURQ IURP6KDQJKDL-LDR7RQJ8QLYHUVLW\6KDQJKDL&KLQD
LPSDFW LRQL]DWLRQ DQG DWWDFKPHQW GULIW YHORFLWLHV DQG ORQJLWXGLQDO LQ  6KH LV FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ WRZDUG WKH 0DVWHU
GLIIXVLRQLQ&),DQG&),1PL[WXUHV-3K\V'$SSO3K\V9RO GHJUHH LQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ
SS 6KDQJKDL -LDR 7RQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KDQJKDL &KLQD +HU
>@ -GH8UTXLMR$0LWUDQL*5XL]9DUJDVDQG(%DVXUWR/LPLWLQJILHOG UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ LQVXODWLRQ DQG KLJK YROWDJH
VWUHQJWKDQGHOHFWURQVZDUPFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKH&),6)JDVPL[WXUH WHFKQRORJ\
-3K\VLFV'$SSO3K\V9ROSS 
>@ 10 1JX\HQ $ 'HQDW 1 %RQLIDFL DQG 2 /HVDLQW (OHFWULFDO 
EUHDNGRZQRI&),DQG&),1JDVPL[WXUHV,(((&RQI(OHFWU,QVXO 
'LHOHFWU3KHQRPHQD9LUJLQLD%HDFK86$SS 'HQJPLQJ ;LDR 60  ZDV ERUQ LQ *XDQJ[L
>@ <.'HQJDQG'0;LDR$QDO\VLVRIWKHLQVXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV SURYLQFH&KLQDLQ+HUHFHLYHGWKH3K'GHJUHH
RI &), JDV PL[WXUHV ZLWK $U ;H +H 1 DQG &2 XVLQJ %ROW]PDQQ LQ HOHFWULFDO HQJLQHHULQJ IURP ;LDQ -LDR 7RQJ
HTXDWLRQPHWKRG-DSDQHVH-$SSO3K\V9ROSS 8QLYHUVLW\ ;LDQ &KLQD LQ  &XUUHQWO\ KH LV D
>@ 1 + 0DOLN $ + 4XUHVKL DQG * ' 7KHRSKLOXV 6WDWLF ILHOG 3URIHVVRU ZLWK WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO
EUHDNGRZQRI6)1PL[WXUHVLQURGSODQHJDSV ,(((7UDQV'LHOHFWU (QJLQHHULQJ6KDQJKDL-LDR7RQJ8QLYHUVLW\6KDQJKDL
(OHFWU,QVXO,9ROSS &KLQD +H KDV ZRUNHG RQ JDV LQVXODWLRQ V\VWHP
>@ <&4LXGIS Apparatus and Its Insulation TechnologyQGHG:DWHU HOHFWULFDOHTXLSPHQW RQOLQH PRQLWRULQJ DQG IDXOW
5HVRXUFHV DQG (OHFWULF 3RZHU 3UHVV %HLMLQJ SS    LQ GLDJQRVLV IRU PRUH WKDQ  \HDUV 7KH UHVHDUFK WHDP
&KLQHVH  OHG E\ KLP KDV PDGH JUHDW SURJUHVV RQ WKH DOWHUQDWLYH JDV RI 6) DQG PRUH
>@ = < /L $ VXUYH\ RQ WKH OLPLWLQJ EUHDNGRZQ VWUHQJWK DQG HOHFWURQ WKDQ ILYH UHVHDUFK SURMHFWV ZHUH VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 1DWLRQDO 1DWXUDO 6FLHQFH
DWWDFKPHQW UDWH FRQVWDQWV LQ HOHFWURQHJDWLYH JDV PL[WXUHV $FWD 3K\V )RXQGDWLRQRI&KLQD
6LQLFD9ROSS 








You might also like